Question: Why do some online services (banks etc.) require passwords of a specific length. For example my online banking requires a password that is exactly 6 characters. This seems less secure than allowing any length. Why do they do this?

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 Why do some online services (banks etc.) require passwords of a specific length. For example my online banking requires a password that is exactly 6 characters. This seems less secure than allowing any length. Why do they do this?

There is no explanation other than an antiquated system they can't be bothered to upgrade. I cannot stress enough just how pathetically weak a 6 character limit password is. Every bit used in a password causes a doubling of the number of possible combinations. So 1 bit is 2^1 = 2, because you can have a value of 0 or 1, but two bits is 2^2 = 4 because you can have 00, 01, 10, and 11. 6 characters, assuming 8 bits per character, that's 2^6*8 bits = 2^48 bits that's 281,474,976,710,656 possible passwords. But not quite... Can we figure out a way to get the number of possible passwords down? Yes we can. Because you speak English, I presume the bank is in the US or another English speaking nation, can we speculate the majority of the users are English speaking as well? We can then reasonably assume UTF-8 or ASCII encoding - these are standards in computing that dictate which combination of binary bits represent which character. For example, in both, the character for 'a' is represented in binary as 1100001, but 'A' is 1000001. ASCII only uses 7 bits, so that's 2^6*7 bits = 2^42 bits = 8,796,093,022,208. Holy shit we got that down in a hurry. But it gets even worse. Not all 7 bits are visible, printable characters; indeed, a fair few characters are used for text terminals to manipulate the cursor position or cause an audible beep, things you'll never type into a keyboard, let alone use in your password. There's only 94 characters on your English keyboard you can type into a password field. There are binary patterns in 7 bits you'll never use, 33 of them, actually. So that's a mere 94^6 = 689,869,781,056 possible password combinations. We can get that down even further if we start making other reasonable assumptions about password complexity. For example, do you really expect people to use any other punctuation mark than a period? You mean you think people are going to *press shift* and reach for the top row or obscure marks?!? If we do that, then we can assume 64^6 = 68,719,476,736 password combinations, for letters - capital and lower, numbers, period, and space. That'll get you the lions share of user passwords. That's an absolutely pathetic number. Even assuming the limited number of characters, if your password was 64^33 characters long, you'd get 401,734,511,064,747,568,885,490,523,085,290,650,630,550,748,445,698,208,825,344 possible passwords!!!!! And how hard is it to write a password that long? Well, how about "She sells sea shells by the sea shore."? That's 38 right there, and it's easy to remember. --- Now, as u/tyler1128 said, passwords are stored and communicated in "hash" form - this is where you map an arbitrary input into a finite space. For example, taking the remainder of division by 7. Take any number you want, any size, divide by seven and take the remainder. No matter what number you pick, it will always be between 0-6, a finite range. Another property to observe is that there's no going back - given the numbers 0-6, I've no idea what number you picked to start with. Also notice lots of number inputs - your password, make the same hash output. Remainder 7 makes for a lousy security hash. You want a hash algorithm that is hard to find duplicates, because that's a security concern - with a finite output, there are an infinite number of inputs that can produce the same value. You want to make it too computationally expensive to hack a password by finding collisions. This is why MD5 was retired in the late 90s as a security hash - which it was never meant to be anyway; it got easier to find collisions than it did to find the original password. When you login, you generate a hash from your plain password and send it over, that is compared to the hash they have on file. No one knows what your original password is, no one knows how to reproduce it without computing every possible combination until they find a collision (possibly the original). So what hackers do is they use an exploit to break into a system, a topic for another time, and once they gain administrator privileges, they'll copy the password hash file. This is a table of usernames to hashes. They'll have already generated a gigantic - terabytes, exabytes - table of hash keys to plain text passwords. This is called a rainbow table, and it can take months to generate, and so large it's distributed across the internet. The hashes from the password file are the inputs, and the plain text is the output. Now they have a map of username - > hash - > plain text password. Now, until someone at URL_0 notices, they can use legitimate users for illegitimate means, whatever that may be.


Question: If the moon immediately vanished forever, what would would be the immediate effect on earth and what would happen to the planet and humans in the long run?

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 If the moon immediately vanished forever, what would would be the immediate effect on earth and what would happen to the planet and humans in the long run?

I won't talk about how the tides would stop and the environmental effects of that, as others already spoke of that. Instead, I'll talk about the moon's very important role as a rotational stabilizer for the earth. First, let's talk about how the moon affect's earth's rotation speed. The moon affects earth's rotation speed via a phenomenon known as Tidal Braking. Basically, because the moon pulls on earth's oceans, it causes the oceans to have increased friction with the earth itself, which acts as a brake of sorts and slows the earth rotation down ever so slowly. This is not a one sided effect - as the complex interaction between the moon, the oceans, and the earth, also cause the moon to drift away slowly from the earth. Very early in earth's history, it rotated at a high speed, where a day lasted for about 5 hours as opposed to today's 24(ish). The moon's slowing of the earth rotation allowed it to gradually become more hospitable to life. This is a double edged sword, as in the far future, an extreme slowing down of earth's rotation will do the opposite of that. If the moon were to completely vanish (not drift away, not explode, just vanish) - the Tidal Braking effect would stop (or diminish, as other objects still pull on the earth's oceans), and the earth rotation will stop slowing down (or rather, the slowing down would slow down by a lot). In addition, the moon provides a stabilization to the earth's rotation axis. All rotating planets & stars don't rotate steadily - they wobble. Their rotational axis constantly moves around, wobbling like a spinning top. The effect is most pronounced in cosmic bodies which have other gravitational influences around it - for example the sun wobbles a whole bunch because of all the orbiting planets around it which pull it in all directions all the time. This is no different with the earth - the earth wobbles. However having a massive moon like ours provides a strong stabilization factor to this wobble. Because of the moon's mass and proximity, it offers the biggest influence on the earth's rotational axis, and in fact stabilizes it. Thanks to the moon, earth's axis is actually very stable, with a lot less wobble than other cosmic bodies, and this axial stabilization allows the earth's weather to be a lot more consistent as well. This has been a tremendous boon for life on earth, as a larger axial wobble would cause more climate instability, having catastrophic effects on earth's ecosystem. So if the moon were to completely vanish, one of the other things that would happen is that earth's climate will become less stable and less hospitable. Basically, the moon is our planet's other MVP. It's the reason you and I are here to talk about it today. Edits: A bunch of spelling & some minor elaborations


Question: What causes material to burn instead of melting?

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 What causes material to burn instead of melting?

> I know paper can't melt, only burn That just isn't true. First you need to understand what burning is. Burning or more properly "combustion" is a chemical reaction of a fuel with oxygen. This oxidation reaction requires a minimum amount of free heat energy to take place and in turn releases heat energy when it occurs. Reactions which release energy are called "exothermic" and those that absorb energy are "endothermic". Some reactions such as the oxidation reaction of combustion are so exothermic that they release enough energy to "catalyze" or cause the reaction of other fuel with oxygen as well. This results in a chain reaction where the combustion of fuel will cause other fuel to combust as well, the phenomenon you know as "fire". The cellulose in paper has a temperature at which it would melt but the temperature at which it would react with oxygen in the air is lower. To melt it you would simply need to remove it from oxygen while heating so it would reach melting temperature without burning.


Question: How does compression wear help with blood flow?

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 How does compression wear help with blood flow?

If you ever see someone with one or both legs that look much larger than what you'd expect, often times discolored (red splotches or bruising), that's from blood pooling in their leg(s). Wearing compression socks/stockings pulls everything in tighter which forces the areas that blood travels through to be smaller and therefor raise it's pressure and helps it return to the heart. Said another way, if you compress your legs really tightly, blood can't pool down there. Think of it like filing a water balloon. If you try to fill a water balloon while squeezing it, eventually the water is going to come back out the top.


Question: How is nearly every book that is written nowadays listed as a “#1 New York Times Bestseller”? Something isn’t adding up to me.

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 How is nearly every book that is written nowadays listed as a “#1 New York Times Bestseller”? Something isn’t adding up to me.

The New York Times is just a popularity list. So things are ranked by week, month, year like any other list. So if you are the only major book released in the week you might be an instant number one. In reality though there are so many books released every week it’s a half a decent metric to go by as any. An astronomical number of books are released that don’t end up on the list, just the ones popular enough to afford advertising are the ones you hear of.


Question: Who do all the planet not eventually get sucked into the sun?

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 Who do all the planet not eventually get sucked into the sun?

To get sucked in, they would have to lose their momentum and energy. But what's going to do that in space? Nothing really. A well lubricated, low friction clock pendulum can swing for a very long time, a massive planet flying through basically empty space experiences essentially zero friction. They can keep flying in a circle around the sun because they have the speed to do that and aren't losing it. But how did they all end up with enough energy to keep flying around the sun? Wouldn't some of them have less speed and a path that would eventually hit the sun? Absolutely, and that happened a few billion years ago. The current planets, moons, asteroids, and meteors in their present configurations are not all that ever existed in our solar system. Lots of things fell into each other when the solar system was young. Will they ever fall into the sun? It there a very small amount of friction slowing them? Yes. The inner planets will end up in the sun. Definitely mercury and venus. Probably earth. Probably not mars. Not because they fall it, but because the sun will grow to a red giant before it dies and engulf them. But ignoring the sun ever dying, foreseeably the planets would eventually decay. There is gravitational waves, and gravitational orbits do trigger tiny amounts of these waves that carry away energy and momentum. In a few trillion or more years, longer than the existence of the entire universe so far, the planets might fall into the sun. Sun of course by then will be a small, cold black ball rather than a star. Life as we know it will be long dead and impossible to exist.


Question: Why are domestic dishwashers so slow?

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 Why are domestic dishwashers so slow?

Commercial dishwashers typically reach much higher temperatures than their residential equivalent, use a lot more water, and are a lot louder. All of those are acceptable tradeoffs when running a business, but you likely wouldn't want one in your own home, where it's not imperative that dishes are cleaned as quickly as possible.


Question: Why can you have tonnes of pressure from the weight of the air above you but be able walk into buildings/rooms without feeling any change in pressure?

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 Why can you have tonnes of pressure from the weight of the air above you but be able walk into buildings/rooms without feeling any change in pressure?

Because the pressure doesn't go away. It is not only the column of air pressing down upon you that is then taken over by the building. The pressure is the whole environment, the 'depth' of the 'sea' of air you are at. So as long as the building you are walking in is not airtight, there is no change in pressure. & #x200B; That said, I've done some SCUBA diving, and have been lower than 30m; 4 times the pressure you get on the shore. Even that fairly drastic change is not really noticeable. You do notice pressure changes while going down, mostly in your ears - because some lower pressure air is trapped there until you clear it.


Question: What are the economics behind some processed goods costing less than raw goods, despite potentially more work put into the former?

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 What are the economics behind some processed goods costing less than raw goods, despite potentially more work put into the former?

There is a lot that goes into it. But typically its cost of ingredients and shelf life. For cost of ingredients, you can mix both "high quality" and "low quality" products together and get something consistent. You can also diversify your supply, rather than having to rely on a single farm that now has a lot more negotiating power to ask for a higher price you can just buy from the cheapest option. You also end up a bit safer, since a single supplier is more susceptible to things like crop failures, bad weather, etc. Shelf life, if a grocer has to throw out say...half of its fresh product then very roughly produce is going to be twice as expensive. But if they almost never throw out canned or frozen vegetables, then that extra cost isn't there.


Question: How come sometimes when you pop a pimple it hurts SOO bad for like ten seconds and other times it doesn't hurt at all?

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 How come sometimes when you pop a pimple it hurts SOO bad for like ten seconds and other times it doesn't hurt at all?

Dependent on a lot of things. One usual cause is that nerves are not distributed evenly across the skin. So you can literally stick a needle into your skin and not feel it at all while a centimeter away the same needle will be painful. Maybe there are no nerves at the pimple location. Another is that the nerves in one location may not be exposed in the pus and/or you may avoid pressuring them by random chance. So you can pop a pimple but if there's no exposed nerve it's not going to hurt(as much).


Question: The transition from life underwater to life on earth. How did it happen? Did some lifeform lay eggs on land and the babies could live on land but the parent didn't?

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 The transition from life underwater to life on earth. How did it happen? Did some lifeform lay eggs on land and the babies could live on land but the parent didn't?

It was a gradual evolution. The last remaining evolutionary branch of fish on the path to become land animals is the lungfish. It is able to both breathe under water and breathe air through two separate organs. At first it was probably an adaption that allowed the fish to get some oxygen from the air when swimming in oxygen poor waters. This gives them access to more feeding ground then their competitors and might even help them escape predators. But the lungfish is taking this a step further and can actually live entirely on land for shorter moments. So it can essentially walk between ponds and even climb around waterfalls. That means there are a lot of lakes that are only accessible by lungfish giving them a huge advantage. There was a long development of different species between lungfish and purely land animals where the fins became better and better at climbing rocks, the lungs became better, it could survive for longer in the sun without drying out, the gills started disappearing, etc. Eventually you ended up with amphibians which mostly lived on land.


Question: Why is 70°F (21°C) water unbearable but 70°F air is perfect?

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 Why is 70°F (21°C) water unbearable but 70°F air is perfect?

Because water is a better heat conductor than air. Whenever you're in contact with something colder than you, it absorbs some of your heat (if it's hotter than you it gives you some of that heat). The better it conducts heat, the faster this exchange of heat happens. So at a same temperature, water absorbs your heat much faster than air. That's also why you can stick your hand in an oven for a few seconds or touch the parchment paper in it without burning yourself but you absolutely can't touch the metal plate inside of it without burning yourself : the metal and the air are a the same temperature, but the metal "gives" you its heat much quicker than the air or the paper do.


Question: If the heart is a muscle how doesn't it get fatigued considering it beats your entire life non-stop?

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 If the heart is a muscle how doesn't it get fatigued considering it beats your entire life non-stop?

That's a very good question! So your heart muscle has a whole bunch of little things inside of it called mitochondria. They're like a whole bunch of batteries that give your heart a constant supply of go juice we call ATP. Because there are so many they can keep feeding your heart muscle and it doesn't get tired like your other muscles. These get recharged by the oxygen and food energy in your blood, which is always going through your heart. So even when your legs get tired from running in tag, your heart still has those extra batteries that keep it pumping away.


Question: Every country in the world is in debt to another country. How would any country be able to pay off that if every country is in huge debt? Or would it all just end up like Africa and it eventually all just get cancelled?

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 Every country in the world is in debt to another country. How would any country be able to pay off that if every country is in huge debt? Or would it all just end up like Africa and it eventually all just get cancelled?

Most are not in debt, or at least high debt to other countries. They tend to be in debt to their own citizenry. For example the US debt is in the form of Treasury bonds. These bonds are sold to individuals, to corporations, to parts of the US government, and to foreign nations. 60% is owned by US citizens, company, and the US government. Only 40% is owned by foreign nations with China owning the largest single about at around 8%. As far as paying it off, it is not all due at once. Each individual bond has a set maturation date and a set interest rate. They cannot be cashed out early and the interest rate cannot change. So as long as the US is capable of paying the amount that come due for a given time period they will have no problem, just like you have no problem with your Mortgage debt so long as you can make your monthly payments. The same is true for basically every country.


Question: How can our skeleton achieve being EXTREMELY light and also capable of supporting EXTREMELY heavy weights at the same time?

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 How can our skeleton achieve being EXTREMELY light and also capable of supporting EXTREMELY heavy weights at the same time?

Humans don't intuitively have a good grasp for forces and stresses when they are outside the range of simple objects we can pick up. Bone seem's impressive when we compare with what we can break and pick up with our own muscular skeletal system. But that's because our strength and intuition is already limited by bone. Functionally, bone has fairly good strength to weight due to it having a high 'second moment of area' i.e. there is more material around the edges and less in the middle. It also has the advantage of changing its internal structure to become stronger in certain directions after repeated use. However as an engineering material, bone isn't actually that impressive, compared with the vast catalogue of materials at our disposal. It's not the strongest, and it's quite brittle. If it were super impressive, we'd be sure to find plenty of structural applications for it right away.


Question: How is it that only Green and White teas need to be steeped at 160-185 degrees Fahrenheit (74-85 C) but black and ALL herbal teas should be steeped at above 203 F (95)?

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 How is it that only Green and White teas need to be steeped at 160-185 degrees Fahrenheit (74-85 C) but black and ALL herbal teas should be steeped at above 203 F (95)?

Green tea's sweet and complex flavours come from the sugars and amino acids that dissolve at 60C. It is also however high in so called tannins that dissolve at 80C and would contribute a bitter, astringent flavour. These flavours are more acceptable in a black tea and also due to the processing that those leaves go under, they have a lower tannin content.


Question: where does the electricity that forms lightning come from and why does it accumulate to the point of needing to discharge in such a manner?

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 where does the electricity that forms lightning come from and why does it accumulate to the point of needing to discharge in such a manner?

Know how you can drag your feet across the carpet and then touch something metal and get shocked? That's a tiny lighting bolt. There is friction between the particles in clouds, which causes an electrical charge to build up. This charge builds up until it is strong enough to overcome the electrical resistance between where it is and the ground. Same way the "lightning" from your finger only jumps to the metal object when you're close and it can overcome the resistance.


Question: how does Bayesian inference work?

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 how does Bayesian inference work?

Where you go to school it rains half the time. So half the days during recess it's raining, and half it's not. When the recess bell rings, I ask you if it's raining or not. The best you can do is guess (say by flipping a fair coin). What if you *also* knew that little Timmy hated to get wet. Timmy will only go outside in the rain when he's really excited to play, about 10% of the time. And if it's sunny, he almost always goes out to play, except when he's in trouble. So 90% of the time if it's sunny he goes outside. So now if I tell you "it's raining, does Timmy go to recess?" you can look at the information and say, "probably not, Timmy hates rain." What Bayes theory tells you is how to turn this information around: What if you go to the restroom just before recess, and when you come back to class, you see Timmy at his desk doing homework. Now, *how likely is it that it's raining?* Your gut instinct is that it's probably raining, because you know Timmy would probably go outside if it were sunny. Bayes Theorem tells you how to calculate those odds. Bayesian inference is the general process of using those ideas and any probabilities you can measure to make predictions by taking advantage of how those probabilities are related to each other.


Question: Why in the solar system planets are so different from each other?

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 Why in the solar system planets are so different from each other?

The solar system is broadly speaking split into 5 distinct parts or layers, and all have their origins in how we believe stars form in the first place. Galaxies are full of dust and debris left over from gigantic star supernova that happened millions or billions of years ago. Sometimes that dust gets excited and begins to clump together. Seeing as the vast majority of the material is Hydrogen and Helium, the central clump eventually becomes a Star. Once enough Hydrogen and Helium condenses into a point, the star 'Ignites' and begins undergoing fusion, this is the first layer of our star system. Once the star 'Ignites' there is still a fairly large amount of material left over, most of it is still gas but there's a lot of Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminium, Iron etc. left around as well. This material is also condensing in towards the new star, and because of the way angular momentum works this material ends up forming a large flat disk. However the star is very hot, and is throwing off a strong 'solar wind' (charged particles streaming out from the star). These two factors combine to push away most of the remaining lighter elements (Hydrogen and Helium) that were left over. Over time the only material left near the star itself is made up of heavier elements, which then themselves that condensing into objects. This is how we believe the inner rocky planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars) formed. This is the second layer. The third layer is the asteroid belt, which is roughly speaking the boundary between the inner and outer planets. There are a few theories as to why this belt exists where it does, one of the leading theories is that it contains the same rocky material that formed the inner planets but never condensed into an actual planet because of the intense gravity from Jupiter messing it up. The Fourth layer is the outer gas giants. Remember earlier I said heat and solar wind blasted away a lot of the lighter Hydrogen and Helium material? This is where it ended up. All that leftover gas and other trace materials ended up condensing into the gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, and their respective moons. The fifth and final layer is the Kuiper belt and by extension the Oort cloud at the edges of our star system. These areas are home to Pluto and many other dwarf planets, and other icy and rocky materials. This material was too far away to be pulled inwards into the rocky planets but still close enough to be caught in the Sun's overall gravity, albeit on millenia long orbits.


Question: Why does near darkness seem to have a faint blue tint to it?

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 Why does near darkness seem to have a faint blue tint to it?

So this can go a few ways, so the biological standpoint... Your eyes have rods and cones. Cones are what you used in normal daylight, and rods, which are far more numerous, are for low light. You then have 3 types, red, blue, and green. As they are hit, they show only those colors, much like a computer monitor, and your brain then compiles it and makes an image. Those types also show in a certain percentage. Blue is the most numerous, then green, then red are the rarer of the bunch in your eye. So in low light, or almost no light, your rods are what get the signals. Since there's very very little light, the chances of a particle of light hitting the red rod is very small, since there are far fewer of them in your eye. But the chance of it hitting a blue rod are fairly high, allowing them to activate. As well, cones work very quickly, but rods work slowly. This is also why it's not bad during the day, but if you are to go from a bright room to a dimlit room or vice versa, it takes a long time for your eyes to "adjust" to the light and you to be able to see. As a fun fact, because of this, raiders would wear blindfolds or patches over their eyes during the day time, to allow their eye to be on a constant "night" mode since they did their raids at night. This is where the idea of pirates having eye patches came from, as they would do this and wear the patch to be able to see better during night raids. And as far as the red bit, is why the military uses red flashlights, as they are harder to see (again, fewer red rods, so less a chance of them turning on) and thus while they allow the person there to see somewhat clearer, the chances of them being detected by someone else is much lower. Adversely, blue lights are used for distress as they are easily recognizable and easier to find. Hope that helps, and hope you got a TIL out of that all!


Question: So how do multiple monitors work on the same computer?

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 So how do multiple monitors work on the same computer?

Ok... first off, the computer acts/thinks it’s one screen... even though it’s physically 2 or more screens it acts like it’s one and that’s why you can move your mouse continuously across all screens. In the settings of your computer/laptop you can even tell it how you’ve set up the screens... like next to each other or on top of each other etc and it will act like it’s one big screen in the configuration you set.


Question: Why does gas pain/flatulence hurt so badly?

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 Why does gas pain/flatulence hurt so badly?

The flatulence is inside your intestines. Your intestines are coated with nerves. These work to help move food along. When they are stretched, the contract back. This way when there's food in any part, it stretches the walls of the intestine, and the intestine pushes back and the food is moved forward. But with gas build up, the increased pressure pushes the walls and stretches them a lot. This causes too much stretch on the wall and the nerves in your intestine transmit that signal as pain. It also is made worse when your muscles try to squeeze back and the gas is, for any reason, unable to move forward. So that increases pressure, stretches the walls of intestines, nerves feel the stretch, and they tell your brain something is wrong at this part which is what pain is.


Question: What are the ways a country/intergovernmental organization can punish another country?

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 What are the ways a country/intergovernmental organization can punish another country?

Simple stuff - diplomatic staff withdrawals, halt issuing visa's, barring travel etc. Bigger stuff - restrict trade between them, tariffs, import/export bans, disallow currency transactions, seizing foreign assets Much bigger stuff - trade embargo (essentially not allowing a country to trade with others), blockades, try to destroy their economy or political establishments - propaganda, funding/arming dissidents, assassination Essentially the ultimate - go to war. engage in armed conflict, invade territory.


Question: Why do your lips sometimes become chapped all of a sudden?

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 Why do your lips sometimes become chapped all of a sudden?

Your lips become chapped primarily due to 2 reasons: 1. lack of humidity in air (that's why chapped lips generally occur in winter months) 2. licking lips too often (can actually dry out lips) The reason lips get chapped whereas skin doesn't is because skin has oil glands to moisturize whereas lips don't. Hope this helps!


Question: how does salt enhance flavor on food?

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 how does salt enhance flavor on food?

Salt actually helps the food's aroma first and formost believe it or not. Smell is very important to your sense of taste. You know how if you have to drink some nasty tasting health smoothie or something similar, you're likely to hold your nose while you drink it? The reason for that is that without the smell factor in play, you don't taste as much as you normally would.


Question: effects cannabis can have on developing(teenage) brain?

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 effects cannabis can have on developing(teenage) brain?

At the moment there isn't any concrete information. Being as marijuana is still a Schedule 1 drug the process for acquiring the correct permits to do studies on it is nearly impossible and will remain that way until the DEA decides to reschedule the drug. A side effect of it being so hard to actually study the effects marijuana has is that we know very little about the long term effects use can have on developing minds, or any minds for that matter. In fact if you were to go looking for research about marijuana you'll probably find about 50 contradicting studies, once a week you'll get a legitimate study saying "The dangers of marijuana abuse" and another legitimate study saying "Marijuana found to have no adverse effect on congition". So until the DEA stops it's ignorant game of monopoly we won't see any concrete information. The few things we do know is this: Marijuana IS addictive. Addiction can cause serious dependancy over long term use. Withdrawals can include insomnia, depression, anorexia, and mood swings. Marijuana is detrimental to short term memory. Unfortunately the extent of this is unknown. Marijuana can cause panic attacks. How or why, there is no concrete information. I have to add that combustion is obviously not good for your lungs, but there is a vaporizer and edible only movement with the cannabis community too. Hope that helps.


Question: Why is so common in the NFL to make the Super Bowl or at least make the Playoffs without making the Playoffs the previous year as opposed to the NBA?

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 Why is so common in the NFL to make the Super Bowl or at least make the Playoffs without making the Playoffs the previous year as opposed to the NBA?

Well, one reason is that star power is a much, much bigger deal in the NBA. A football star can't put the whole team on his back the same way a basketball star can. Even if you think this is possible for a good QB or RB to do, remember that you still have the defensive side of the ball. So football relies a lot more on having well trained and clever schemes to produce greatness out of average to above average players.


Question: Why do different currencies have different values? Why is USD worth more than AUD, for example?

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 Why do different currencies have different values? Why is USD worth more than AUD, for example?

Country one makes $10. Country two makes $10. $1 from country one is worth the same as $1 from country 2. Country one makes $10 more. Now, $1 from country two is worth $2 from country 2. That's one way. It also has to do with the stability of a country. If country one goes through a war, you can't really be sure that their dollar can really buy anything if there's nothing in country one to buy. There's also the idea that even though country two dollars are worth a lot now, you may not be sure how much it's worth tomorrow. If country two looks like they might be going through political turmoil or war or famine, you probably want to get rid of your country two dollars. Since no one wants them, they become cheap. Conversely, if country 2 just figured out alchemy, you probably want their dollars.


Question: Why do we pay property taxes if we own the house?

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 Why do we pay property taxes if we own the house?

Because the city needs to pay for things that all home owners benefit from such as road maintenance, maintenance of public parks/recreation areas, fixing and maintaining the sewer and water treatment system, paying the police to come to your house if it gets broken into, paying the fire department to come help you out if it's on fire, snow removal if you live somewhere that it snows a lot, street cleaning, part of the cost of running the schools you send your kids to if you have any, etc. Property taxes are a way for home owners in a city to share the cost of these types of public services that they all expect.


Question: How do kettles know when to turn off?

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 How do kettles know when to turn off?

They have a switch made of 2 different metals which expand at different rates. They're designed to move away from each other at boiling temperature. When they push away it opens the electrical circuit and it turns off. As they cool, they return to the original position and you can turn it back on.


Question: Why is carpet used in the floors of vehicles? It seems the worst possible material to use.

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 Why is carpet used in the floors of vehicles? It seems the worst possible material to use.

Automotive carpet is generally really tough and stands up well to being soiled and is easily cleaned. Source : I've done deep cleaning on quite a few cars 30-50 years old with original carpet. Hard surfaces wear much more obviously - painted metal, bare metal, plastic, wood or whatever else you think "should" be there would be much more likely to show wear earlier than decent carpet.


Question: Why are SSDs reliable for long-term storage, but USBs fail within a few years?

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 Why are SSDs reliable for long-term storage, but USBs fail within a few years?

Different levels of reliability in the controllers and how they're built. The basic storage technology is the same but SSDs use a much more robust construction that can withstand more read/write cycles before they accumulate too much damage to function, more sophisticated controllers to spread the damage around, and redundant sections to take over if one section fails. Think of it like tires on your car. USBs are cheap tires...eventually one of them is going to wear out and pop. SSDs are expensive long life tires, and you do rotation, alignment, and balancing all the time to make sure they're in good condition, and you have a full size spare.


Question: why can bugs fly around in a moving vehicle with closed windows and aren't pulled back?

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 why can bugs fly around in a moving vehicle with closed windows and aren't pulled back?

The same reason you are not drifted to the west with Earth's spin. The reason is whatever velocity the car has, everything inside is also moving at that velocity. So everything in the car is always relatively still. So how did everything end up with that velocity? What accelerated them? The car. When you are sitting in your car seat and the car is accelerating you feel pulled back. That is the back of your seat pushing you forwards to accelerate you with the car. Same thing happens to the fly wherever it is while the car is accelerating. So, the fly is pulled back indeed, during acceleration. Holds on to the surface it's on untill whatever it's grabbing on pushes it to match the car's velocity. After that, nobody needs to hold on to anything. The car and the inside are at the same speed and moving along. Including the air in the car. So there's no wind in the car as opposed to the outside of it. Fun fact, that is how zero gravity works as we perceive it. They get an aircraft high up and let it free fall. Everything inside the aircraft is falling at the same speed so there's no ground you stick to for that duration. You don't perceive the water spilling because it was already falling down with the cup. It doesn't go passed the cup down and make the spilling motion. Same goes for the astronauts in the space station. The earth's gravity is very much present at that altitude (I mean, it's holding the moon where it is). An orbit is a constant falling. It's just you are so fast that you always miss the earth. It's hard to describe without a visual but try to remember Buggs Bunny throwing a baseball and catching it after it does a complete trip around the world. If you are fast enough and there is no air resistance to slow you down, that actually happens. Without anybody catching you, you will spin and spin forever. With everything inside free falling at the same speed not experiencing a gravitational pull.


Question: What does it mean to think 'at the margin'?

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 What does it mean to think 'at the margin'?

It means to think about what will be impacted directly by a change: If the price of gas drops by 5 cents a gallon, some people will buy gas that wouldn't at the higher price. So, if you're making a decision that might raise our lower the price of gas, make your decision based on _those_ people, not the people who would by had regardless. The marginal thing is the thing on the edge, the very last product produced or the very last consumer who would but at a certain price. Think about those when you're making economic decisions.


Question: Can anyone in IT break down the difference between a Database, Data Warehouse, Data Lake, Data Mart?

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 Can anyone in IT break down the difference between a Database, Data Warehouse, Data Lake, Data Mart?

Database - This is a general term and the other 3 are just types of databases that are structured differently. But it may be that those you are talking with are applying this to be the main user application. Data Warehouse - Is a database that has been designed specifically to hold data in a form that makes it easy to create reports from and it structured to perform that task quickly and efficiently. It often contains data from across different areas of an organisation, so report the number of widgets made from the manufacturing system beside the sickness/absence rate of the people in manufacturing. Data Mart - This is usually a subset of data within a data warehouse for a specific area. Data Lake - Trendy name for a huge data warehouse but probably just for a specific subject area


Question: Lamps emit photons, when turned on.(?) Where are these photons come from?

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 Lamps emit photons, when turned on.(?) Where are these photons come from?

It depends on the type of lamp, since they all generate photons in different ways. In the old fashioned Incandescent lamps, the resistance of the lightbulbs filament would generate heat, and it would get to thousands of degree's temperature, and it would radiate photons in line with Blackbody radiation relations. This is similar to hot metal glowing red or orange or white due to it's temperature. If you are talking about LED lights, then the free electrons on one side of the junction jump down into an electron hole of one of the molecules on the other side of the junction, and they emit a photon as they go to a lower energy level. In CFL or fluorescent light, there is a mercury vapor that is excited until it glows in the ultraviolet, that ultraviolet light then hits a coating on the lamp as it exits the lamp, which causes the phosphor coating to glow white because of fluorescence. If you've ever seen minerals or other items glow bright colors under a Black Light, you've seen fluorescence. Fluorescing phosphor coatings are also used in Plasma TVs and the old CRT TVs. If I need to go into details on any of these 3 lights, let me know.


Question: Why does coal an coal ash contain higher amount of heavy metals and radioactive elements?

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 Why does coal an coal ash contain higher amount of heavy metals and radioactive elements?

Ok so I actually looked this up myself before because I was curious. Specially for the case of Mercury it turns out that when plants are exposed to air which contains some Mercury ( which might be from volcanoes historically but modern day it's also due to pollution) the plants tend to snap up that Mercury in their foliage. The rate that Mercury is absorbed from the atmosphere and the rate the plant gives off the Mercury changes depending on the species. The paper I read stated that on balance (absorbed minus emitted) grassland, wetland, and coniferous species took in the most mercury, and the concentration of Mercury in these species is similar to the concentration of coal made from these species. I'd assume similar actions happen with other heavy metals. Here's a link to an abstract. URL_0 If you find this interesting don't forget about science funding. Earth science is in a bad place.


Question: Why is it that 0÷Inf=0 but 0×Inf=NaN? Shouldn't they both be 0?

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 Why is it that 0÷Inf=0 but 0×Inf=NaN? Shouldn't they both be 0?

Infinity is not like regular numbers and doesn't follow the rules of arithmetic. Also, we aren't really saying 0/∞, instead it is the limit of 0/x as x approaches ∞. It is a subtle but important distinction. Finally, NaN is not a mathematical thing, it is a design consideration included with the IEEE standard of floating point arithmetic, which is what most computers and calculators follow. 0/∞ = 0 because every limit that reduces to 0/∞ will converge to zero. This is not true for 0 x ∞, it can approach 0, ∞ or any number in between. For example: f(x) = 1/x; g(x) = x lim f(x) x- > ∞ = 0; lim g(x) x- > ∞ = ∞ However, lim f(x) * g(x) x- > ∞ = 1 Therefore, 0 * ∞ = 1, right? h(x) = 2x lim f(x) * h(x) = 2 Therefore, 0 * ∞ = 2, and 1 = 2? This shows both why 0 * ∞ = NaN and why you can't treat infinity like an ordinary number. BTW, you were able to find the obelus(÷) but not the lemniscate(∞)? :)


Question: why are there 120° in a water molecule?*

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 why are there 120° in a water molecule?*

Actually it's an angle of 104.5°. u/Moscau50 has the 3D geometrical picture correct, but because two pairs of oxygen electrons repel the bonding electrons more strongly (think - take up more space) the two O-H bonds get squashed together a little so the angle is a bit less than the 120° that a symmetrical structure would adopt.


Question: I know that caffeine blocks adenosine receptors without activating them but I didn't understand the language of why that stops us from feeling tired, how does that work?

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 I know that caffeine blocks adenosine receptors without activating them but I didn't understand the language of why that stops us from feeling tired, how does that work?

When you're awake, that adenosine builds up and when the receptors sense enough of it, it slows down neurons and other things so yo8 get tired. However, when the caffeine blocks these receptors the brain doesnt know that its tired. Sort of like when your sprained ankle hurts and you take advil, it just blocks the pain receptors so they dont tell your brain you're in pain (even though whatever happened to your ankle is still affecting it like a bruise or fracture).


Question: Why do non-touchscreens have that tiny rippling effect when you apply pressure on them?

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 Why do non-touchscreens have that tiny rippling effect when you apply pressure on them?

They're made from a technology called liquid crystals (that's the LC in LCD). Each individual crystal is very tiny and there are thousands of them arranged in a flat layer to make up the screen. These are arranged in front of colored lights and they can be energized so that they allow more or less of the colored light through to your eye. A picture is made by manipulating the LCs to allow just the right amount of each color through at every point on the screen. When pressure is applied to these LCs by pushing on them, they distort much like a water balloon would when you push on it. When they distort in this manner their optical properties change and they let more or less colored light through than they are supposed to, depending on how much pressure is applied. That's what makes the ripple effect happen around your finger.


Question: How did a brain turn into obsidian in the Pompeii Volcano eruption?

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 How did a brain turn into obsidian in the Pompeii Volcano eruption?

The process we're talking about is called "vitrification", which is when a liquid is cooled into a solid very quickly so that crystals don't form. The end product of doing that is "glass". Obsidian is rock that melted and then cooled quickly. The hard sheen on pottery is also that. When plants/trees need to survive extreme cold weather, some of their tissues survive by vitrifying naturally instead of freezing. A fun example is cotton candy. If you melt sugar and cool it slowly, you get hard candy, but if you cool it quickly by spinning it into little strands, you get a bundle of glassy candy threads. In medicine, vitrification is also used to preserve tissues like a woman's eggs--the tissue is supercooled so quickly that it doesn't just freeze, it vitrifies into a glass. So this poor man's brain vitrified because it was melted (along with his other organs) into a liquid by the intense heat of the pyroclastic flow (deadly volcano gases) and then also cooled back to room temperature quickly. This is extremely unusual because a soft tissue like the brain wouldn't normally vitrify. This is the first known example of a brain being vitrified by heat, even from elsewhere in the Pompeii site. This required unusual circumstances which are not fully understood yet.