Question: How can phone screens tell whether your finger is pressing the screen or some inanimate object, such as an eraser?

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 How can phone screens tell whether your finger is pressing the screen or some inanimate object, such as an eraser?

So you are referring to what is know as a capacitive touchscreen. These utilize the electrical properties of the human body to detect when we touch it. Imagine a bunch of tiny electrical charges under your screen. When you touch the screen, your body completes the circuit, and the voltage drops in that specific spot. This information is then sent to a sensor which calculates exactly where your voltage dropped. When you use some thing like an eraser, which is an insulator, the electricity won't flow, and the voltage won't drop. The same goes for things like cloth. However, you may have noticed special gloves that work on touch screens. These have special materials that allow it to conduct enough electricity to do what your skin does. TL;DR When you touch the screen, the voltage goes down because your body completes the circuit. However, some materials like rubber cannot conduct electricity and therefore are not recognized by the screen. Edit: Changed "not an insulator" to "an insulator". Thanks for catching that u/come_back_with_me


Question: Why can't we stop our minds from thinking about the things we don't want to think about?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why can't we stop our minds from thinking about the things we don't want to think about?

From a meditative standpoint: The minute you've made the decision that you don't want to think about X, your mind is doing a lot more than you may notice. In order for it to *even be* a thing that you don't want to think about, your brain has already created concepts including: X itself, how X made you feel, and what it reminds you of from past experiences, as well as a desire to avoid X for fear which may come from numerous places. All of this may not be obvious on site, in the middle of the moment that you're trying to go to sleep and you can't get a scary thing out of your mind. All you're trying to do is *relax relax relax* but you constantly check yourself to see if X is gone from your mind, but just doing this will bring up the sequence of thoughts you just were having. So, before long, you are freaking out not only because of X, but now because of the very fact you won't stop freaking out. Control slips very quickly, and impressions are often made afterwards that these thoughts are all out of your control, or worse, indicative of a mental illness or maybe a chemical imbalance. The crux of the issue is rarely visited, and it's not hard to see why if you're the type that can't stop thinking about the crap you hate thinking about. The real issue is not anyone's *ability* to calm their mind. It's more along the lines of lacking the patience and tools. When you spend all of your life *being a brain* it's very tough to realize what you're doing when you can't get a thought out of your head. But it starts with letting yourself be okay with the fact that those unpleasant thoughts are there, rather than treating them as things that *need to leave right now*.


Question: Regarding the national debt, who do we pay when paying the debt and who are our creditors?

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 Regarding the national debt, who do we pay when paying the debt and who are our creditors?

There is no universal answer but in the case of the USA, the majority of US govt debt is, perhaps oddly, owed to "itself" (in an indirect way) because Medicare, Social Security hold a large chunk of it. The next big chunk is held by private US entities - citizens, pension funds, banks etc. There are foreign holders of US debt - Japan and China being the largest but the majority of US govt debt is held by US entities. Of course, the debt is repaid to the lenders mostly through the maturity and retirement of the debt instrument (usually bonds)


Question: How can Climate-Change cause hurricanes to happen more frequently?

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 How can Climate-Change cause hurricanes to happen more frequently?

The atmosphere is like a giant heat engine: the driving force for airflow is the temperature difference between the poles and the equator. The greater the temperature difference (either the poles get colder or the equator gets warmer), the higher the driving force for air flow and the more likely it is you'll get a hurricane. This is a very oversimplified explanation, and I'm sure a meteorologist could give a better explanation but it does start with the fact that the increased difference in temperature provides more energy for greater flow of air over the Earth.


Question: How come we age slower in space? If we all lived in space would be have a longer life expectancy?

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 How come we age slower in space? If we all lived in space would be have a longer life expectancy?

This has to do with time dialation. To understand this you at least needs to know the special theory of relativity which you can look up in your own time. The basic aspect is that time goes slower when you go fast. You might think of it as a time machine that only goes forward. You do not gain time yourself but everything around you loses time. So if everyone would live in orbit around the Earth then the life expectency of people would still be the same but everything left on Earth would age faster.


Question: Why do atoms form molecules?

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 Why do atoms form molecules?

In general for many molecules, because the chemical/potential energy of the molecule is lower than that of the sum of unreacted atoms. Imagine a ball sitting on top of a hill. It might be stationary for a while, but over time, something is going to knock it downhill. (I know I'm butchering a lot of concepts here).


Question: How did so many places learn to process and harness Copper to get out of the stone age?

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 How did so many places learn to process and harness Copper to get out of the stone age?

Imagine you're using stone all your life to poke and chop things. You get irritated by the stone always chipping and breaking and you have to go find a new stone to do this... multiple times a day. But one day you find this neat greenish and shiny stone. You start noticing that the gray bits fall away leaving more of that pretty shiny stuff. But that shiny stuff seems more reliable than the gray stuff. You show your friends these cool shiny stones and demonstrate their superiority, so they become the new standard and everyone begins using them. Then your cousin Ugga, who is also the clan buffoon one day drops his stone in the fire. He panicks and cries, then goes to bed. But the next morning, Ugga comes to retrieve his pretty stone. He sifts through the embers of the fire with a stick for it and finds it completely changed by the fire. It's now the color of the sun, shinier, and deformed relative to how it was when he tossed it in the. Both excited and upset, he shows others. One guy decides to do an experiment and discovers that heat makes the shiny stuff more malleable and devises his own tools to make more shiny rock. Then the first metal spearhead is formed and the first foundry is planned. And so of your prior now know that metals are weaker with heat and everybody starts spotting metal more frequently.


Question: What makes 0 such an odd number? (is it even odd, or even?).

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 What makes 0 such an odd number? (is it even odd, or even?).

Most of its unusual properties come from the fact that 0 is the "additive identity": if you add 0 to anything, you end up with the same thing you started out with. This is basically the defining characteristic of 0, and using this and basic properties of arithmetic you can derive all of its other unusual properties. For example, 0 times any number is 0 because, using the distributive property: 0\*x = (0+0)\*x = 0\*x + 0\*x, which is only possible if 0\*x is 0. From here we can produce other facts like the fact that 0 is evenly divisible by any integer, since 0 can be written as 0\*x for any x. So 0 is in fact even, since it is divisible by 2. Other facts that can be proven using properties of the integers and the definition of 0 include: * x - 0 = x for any x * x/0 must be undefined if we want to keep the usual properties of arithmetic * x^0 = 1 for any x * 0^x = 0 for any nonzero x In the end it all goes back to the fact that adding 0 to a number doesn't change it. From that definition, everything else follows.


Question: How does humor exist & why do we laugh?

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 How does humor exist & why do we laugh?

As an ex stand up comic I would say that laughing is a releived stress response. What I mean by that is that that the setup (whether it be words in the feed lines, or something visual) sets up a basic fear / stress response in the observer, or even just pure confusion. This can be very mild (a knock knock joke isn't going to either kill you or attack your world view, but I've still set up a riddle that you can't answer), or much more extreme with much more adult themes. The key thing is that it is a safe environment to feel stress and relief - like watching a horror film, or going on a roller coaster. The answer or final line whatever comes as surprise and resolves the situation in an unexpected way. This releases the stress and you feel relief. "You are safe! You are not under attack!" says the ancient parts of you brain that evolved to be attacked by predators daily. "You survived! Here - have some endorphins and enjoy yourself!" Take a simple joke (the shortest i know ) - (feed line) "My wife asked for an innuendo" (relief line) "so I gave her one" The relief line has 2 meanings - with the second one being a bit more surprising, but still a logical answer, but has attacked what you originally thought was meant. As your brain works that out it relaxes as its no longer being attacked. There's a quote referenced to several people that "comedy is tradegy plus time", and i think of it as all comedy is pain. My humour is REALLY crude. I won't make a joke **just** about sex - but I'll push it to incest or paedophilia, but not in a rude way (Bill Hicks' line of someone saying to him in a deep south diner- "I'd like you meet my wife and my sister - and there was only one woman standing there!" is the best example for this) The more painful and upsetting the joke is the bigger the laugh - to a point. If the relief line doesn't actually fully release the stress then the listener actually does gain stress - which is fun for no one. As a performer you need to read that and respond. This is a really hard question to answer as no one really knows what makes things funny - but thats my take on it! But apparently I'm not funny (see the first sentence!) so what do I know!


Question: Why some objects orbit and don’t get pulled directly into another objects center?

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 Why some objects orbit and don’t get pulled directly into another objects center?

It *is* unlikely for an object to fall into orbit. Many objects are orbiting because they formed there, from debris themselves that were in orbit. For instance, the planets formed out of a rotating dust cloud that was orbiting the center of the system. Some objects fell into the center. Others were ejected from the system entirely. The planets formed from material that remained.


Question: The main difference of a fruit and vegetable is that fruits have seeds. So, where the heck do vegetable seeds, used in gardeningand such, from?

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 The main difference of a fruit and vegetable is that fruits have seeds. So, where the heck do vegetable seeds, used in gardeningand such, from?

The definition of fruit and vegetable are rules with a couple exceptions. The definition that covers most fruits/vegetables is as follows: A fruit is the part of the plant that *develops from a flower*. It's also the section of the plant that contains the seeds. *The other parts of plants are considered vegetables*. These include the stems, leaves and roots — and even the flower bud. We call several (technically) fruits "vegetable," but the main point here is that your premise is wrong - ***both fruits and vegetables have seeds***. [More reading]( URL_0 )


Question: How does a lens bend light?

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 How does a lens bend light?

Light travels faster in air than in glass. If a ray of light hits the glass head-on, all it does is slow down with no change in direction. But if it hits at an angle, it will bend. Imagine you're driving a car on the road and suddenly drive right into the mud. You slow down. If you drive into the mud at an angle, one wheel hits the mud first and slows down relative to the other wheel. Since one side of your car is moving faster than the other, the car will turn until it is fully in the mud.


Question: Elements want 8 electrons in their valence shell to become stable. Why do atoms want exactly 8 valence electrons, and why is it impossible to have 9 valence electrons?

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 Elements want 8 electrons in their valence shell to become stable. Why do atoms want exactly 8 valence electrons, and why is it impossible to have 9 valence electrons?

The reason is to do with the quantum mechanics of how an electron bound to a nucleus behaves. The electron's wavefunction has to take the shape of a set of mathematical functions known as a spherical harmonics (you can Google these to see what they look like). The reason it's a spherical harmonic is that is has the right spherical symmetry. Spherical harmonics are labelled with three numbers, which are conventionally called n, l, and m, where 0 < = l < = n, and -l < = m < = l. At n=0, the only possible state is n=0, l=0, m=0 (I'll shorten this to (0,0,0)). At n=1, the possible states are (1,0,0) (1,1,-1) (1,1,0) (1,1,1). Electrons have one additional property: spin. An electron can be either spin up (↑), or spin down (↓). You'll hopefully notice at this point that means that for n = 1, there are 8 possible states, the four spherical harmonics * two spins. This is where the number 8 comes from. The 'n' parameter is what chemists would call the number of shells. You'll notice that for n > 1, you'll have even more states available, this is why things start to get more complex. Chemists call l = 0 the 's' orbital, l = 1 is 'p', l = 2 is 'd' and l = 3 is 'f', and the addition of these extra possible states makes chemistry of these things more interesting. You should also note that this structure of states is what creates the shape of the periodic table, getting wider as you go down it; that's all to do with more spherical harmonic states becoming available.


Question: Are some elements of the periodic table older than others? Could stars over another billion years create even more complex elements?

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 Are some elements of the periodic table older than others? Could stars over another billion years create even more complex elements?

Elements up to and including lithium date all the way back to the Big Bang Elements up to Iron can be formed in stars, but only in stars with higher metal content than the original ones. The first starts were almost completely hydrogen and everything after Beryllium would have been formed by their Supernova Successive generations of starts consist of more and more "metals"(things other than hydrogen and helium) and would have generated more of the elements leading up to Iron, their supernova would also have helped to produce more of the less common heavy elements like Uranium Its unlikely that over a billion years that stars will produce any significant quantity of more complex elements. The reason we say that Uranium is the last naturally occurring element is because all the other ones breakdown too quickly to have stuck around for us. If you measured any supernova you would have found elements up past plutonium, but they decay in less than a billion years so we don't see any of them on Earth today. The really high number ones they're playing with in labs decay in small fractions of a second so those certainly wouldn't stick around long enough to find in a planet.


Question: The “Impossible Colors”, we can’t we see them? E.g Redgreen, or Blueyellow?

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 The “Impossible Colors”, we can’t we see them? E.g Redgreen, or Blueyellow?

humans have two main types of light sensing nerves rods and cones. rods are most sensitive to a wavelength between blue and green (495nm) but are percieved as grey. rods are most sensitive to low light and are smallest so can provide higher resolution than cones. there are three types of cones that are each focused on a different range of wavelengths: red (560nm), green (530nm), and blue (430nm). the problem that leads to impossible colors stems from the fact that these colors overlap... particularly red and green are very close. this means that in normal life it is not possible to trigger red cones without at least partially triggering the green cones. so impossible colors include things like the color you would see if it were possible to trigger your red cones without triggering any green cones... it would be "redder" than any physical object can be. :)


Question: What do the abbreviations after business names (LLC and LLP for example) mean? What criteria goes into deciding which abbreviation to use?

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</answer>
 What do the abbreviations after business names (LLC and LLP for example) mean? What criteria goes into deciding which abbreviation to use?

LLC - Limited Liability Company. It's a business structure that legally shields the owners of the company from personal liability for its debts or damages it causes in most cases. LLP - Limited Liability Partnership. This is a special type of LLC where it is managed by ine or more partners who run the company. LLPs have similar protections to an LLC, but also have special protections for the managing partners in that one partner can't be held liable for the other's actions (generally). This is good in the fields you normally see LLPs- Medical, Legal, etc. Where malpractice can be a real concern for the company's reputation or ability to do business.


Question: What causes water to "tornado" down the drain/sink/toilet?

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 What causes water to "tornado" down the drain/sink/toilet?

Basically it's caused by the Laminar Flow. In fluid dynamics, laminar flow (or streamline flow) occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between the layers. At low velocities, the fluid tends to flow without lateral mixing, and adjacent layers slide past one another like playing cards. So, when gravity is pulling the water down, water molecules aligns in an uniform way. I have heard that earth rotation contributes to set the direction which way the water will spin. Imagine a river that reaches a cascade, it runs in a linear way until reaching the edge. In the sink the fall is not at the edge, it's in the middle, so the river forms in a "linear spiral" way.


Question: What causes the "zoom-in" feeling late at night, making it look like your room is 1/10th its size?

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 What causes the "zoom-in" feeling late at night, making it look like your room is 1/10th its size?

I have posted this before... Alice in wonderland syndrome. I'm not sure my exact age at the time but I was around 9 or 10. I was laying stomach down on the brown velvety living room couch facing out with my left cheek to couch. Must have been attempting to nap. I was staring at the opposite wall where the room corner meets the ceiling and all of a sudden I felt myself shrink down to doll size. The room became bigger and bigger and I didn't move any part of my body except my eyes to look around the room. The depth and size of the objects in the room kept adjusting and readjusting to various proportions. I was so young I didn't understand the disorientation should be alarming and I felt like I could control the swing of becoming smaller and then normal size and then abnormally larger. I remember feeling like I was "in" the carpet like I was insect size. The sounds from around the house (like my grandma cooking in the nearby kitchen) seemed to ebb and flow per the appropriate "size" I was or distance I was away. I vaguely recall being able to recreate the experience only one more time but trying over and over to do so because I enjoyed the feeling so much. I only learned what this is called about 2 years ago. Until then I kept it to myself because I thought I may have dreamed it or made it up in my childish recollection.


Question: If we are a spinning ball - spinning in our own solar system - which is spinning within an arm of a galaxy - why are the constellations in the same place?

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 If we are a spinning ball - spinning in our own solar system - which is spinning within an arm of a galaxy - why are the constellations in the same place?

The distances involved when talking about space are insanely huge. There's a reason that when we talk about big numbers we call them "astronomical". Two stars that seem to be inches apart in the night sky are actually billions of miles apart. So if they move another 20 billion miles over a century, they'll have moved an imperceptible 1/10th of inch by your view. They are moving though. If you could role the clock back 35,000 years to the time when "we" (as in the first people who genetically resemble modern humans) first appeared, night sky would look quite a bit different. The simple fact is that space is so vast, that the entirety of written history has happened in the blink of a cosmic eye. We human beings only have a direct account of what the night sky has looked like for a few thousand years, which just isn't long enough on the a cosmic time line for things to have noticeably change.


Question: Why do thunderstorms on hot days sometimes seemingly suck the heat out of the air after passing, and sometimes actually make the hot/humid feeling worse?

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 Why do thunderstorms on hot days sometimes seemingly suck the heat out of the air after passing, and sometimes actually make the hot/humid feeling worse?

A thunderstorm is usually the roiling that occurs at the boundary between a hot and cold air mass. If it's warm, after will be cooler. If it's cool, after it will be warmer. It's a bit more complicated than that, but this is what I'd tell a 5 year old. Edit: let me amend that. Warm and warmer is meteorologically the same as cold/warm.


Question: What is overcharging a battery?

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 What is overcharging a battery?

Why now and not earlier? Because nowadays everything that matters (phone, computer, etc) uses lithium batteries. They are more prone to overcharging issues but they are good for light power delivery. On the other hand, most devices nowadays can optimize charging to prevent overcharging. For example, if you charge your iPhone overnight it learns when you wake up so it can plan to reach 100% shortly before you start using it. It’ll chill for a few hours at ~80% and then go up to 100 in time for when you will start using it. Anyway, device makers have made workarounds to optimize charging and prevent battery damage.


Question: How do satelites that are important for tracking GPS location not rotate around the earth? Or is the rotation somehow calculated into them?

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 How do satelites that are important for tracking GPS location not rotate around the earth? Or is the rotation somehow calculated into them?

The GPS satellites are in a medium earth orbit, so they go around the earth twice a day. Their exact locations are tracked very accurately by control stations on the ground on a regular basis, and the orbits are predictable enough to calculate where each satellite will be at any moment. The satellites send out a signal that says "here's what time I sent this signal, and here's how you calculate where I was when I sent it." Your GPS receiver gets these messages from several satellites and figures out their location at the instant the message was sent. Simplifying slightly, what happens after that is your receiver figures out how far it is from each satellite. It knows when a message was sent, and knows what time it was received, and knows how fast the message travels (the speed of light). So it can figure out from all that how far each message must have gone through the air from each satellite's location. That means your receiver knows it's somewhere on a sphere at a certain distance from a satellite. When it does the same for a second satellite, it knows it's somewhere that those two spheres intersect, which would be somewhere on a circle. A third sphere around a third satellite intersects that circle at two points, one of which is usually clearly wrong, thus the receiver knows it must be at the other point. Ok, so why do you need to receive 4 satellites instead of 3? The clocks in the satellites are incredibly accurate atomic clocks, so the "here's when I sent this message" information is pretty much perfect. But the clock in your receiver is cheap and inaccurate, so the "here's when we received the message" information starts out wrong. You get a whole range of possible distances from each satellites depending on how wrong the receiver's clock is. A fourth satellite allows you to rule out all the wrong positions and figure out which one is right. So, your receiver figures out not just where it is, but WHEN it is, to get a correct position.


Question: What does a a movie producer actually do for the movie?

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 What does a a movie producer actually do for the movie?

Typically EPs are ones that just put up money. Producers do a ton of work. They are the general managers of a film. They manage the budgets, all the stars, the director, organize everything on the set, ensure they stick to the production schedule, determine how to handle cost overruns, etc etc. If Da Vinci was a director then the producer would be the person who got him a studio, his supplies, his assistants, negotiated price for paintings, finding buyers, etc.


Question: How do you know when someone is gaslighting Vs. When the person is just stupid/has a selective memory?

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 How do you know when someone is gaslighting Vs. When the person is just stupid/has a selective memory?

This is basically asking how you know when someone is doing something wrong maliciously and purposefully vs. accidentally and innocently. The truth of the matter exists only within their own mind, which no one else can ever really know. For such actions, we can only go off of their actions and responses. Look at the consistency of the errors, how they respond when faced with evidence of their mistakes. Look for things not dependent on simply their memory. Look for deliberate actions they may be taking to maintain the deception or illusion.


Question: How did the restaurant industry convince the American population to pay their employees for them?

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 How did the restaurant industry convince the American population to pay their employees for them?

Before the Prohibition of alcohol, tips were basically bribery so some customer could get better services like bigger plates of be given food faster. When the Prohibition of alcohol came, restaurants saw a huge income decrease and they encourage their waiters to accept tips so they could get paid, instead of readjusting the whole prices so the money before spent on alcohol was driven to food and non.alcoholic beverages. This become so strong that now reataurants can pay little no nothing while their customers live out of tips. In reallity, they can accept the tips and if they dont get to minimun wage, they can legally ask the money to their employer so they can get minimun wage. This is something just in USA and maybe some other countries. In Spain, where i live, tipping is not mandatory but is somewhat encouraged if the service is good, fast and take more orders than normal, if the table was big, if they bring bread and tap water instead of bottled when we ask for it... In Japan is even considered of bad education to give money as a tip cause is seen as a way to show off how much money you have.


Question: Why do bank payments/transfers take one or more business days to process?

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 Why do bank payments/transfers take one or more business days to process?

At it's simplest, it works like this: 1. Your bank locks a certain amount of funds in your account. 2. Your bank does a bunch of security/regulatory/tax things in preparation for the transfer. 3. Your bank batches the details of your payment up with other payments to other accounts at the same destination bank and notifies the other bank of the entire batch of payments in one go. Depending on the banks involved this may happen anywhere from every other day up to twenty times in one day or more. 4. The receiving bank, upon receiving this notification does its own security/regulatory/tax things in preparation for the transfer. They may do this right away, or they may do it in a regular schedule (ie process all the notifications from all the banks once every couple of hours). 5. The two banks net their position against each other (That is, they offset payments from bank a to bank b against payments from bank b to bank a and figure out the difference). They agree which bank owes the other bank more so that the bank owing more can just transfer the difference, rather than both banks transferring the full amount. 6. Settlement occurs. The locked money is deducted from your account, the net is transferred between the banks using an instantaneous, non reversible mechanism, and the money is deposited in the account on the other end. This step all happens more or less instantaneously. The reason for delays is the time taken to set up the transaction (ie steps 2 - 5). International transfers or transfers via a third party payment processor like a credit card company may need to go thorough these steps multiple times as the sending bank doesn't have the kind of instantaneous mechanism with the receiving bank it needs to settle, so they must work through a number of intermediaries or clearing houses.


Question: How can we be completely sure that a number is really infinite and does not end in millions of additional digits?

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 How can we be completely sure that a number is really infinite and does not end in millions of additional digits?

I presume you’re asking how we decide whether a number’s decimal expansion is infinitely long, not whether the number itself is infinite (which is impossible, since all real numbers are finitely large). The general answer is that we can’t prove that the decimal digits will go on forever simply by computing those digits, because, as you note, they could always end at some point beyond our calculations. So we resort to using other techniques to prove that a number’s decimal expansion is infinite. One way is to prove that the number is irrational, which is usually done by contradiction: you assume it’s rational and show that this assumption leads to a contradiction with itself or other known facts, which then means that the assumption is false, i.e. the number is irrational. But there are also rational numbers with infinitely long decimal expansions, eg 1/3 = 0.3333.... To prove that the decimal expansion of 1/3 is infinitely long, it’s enough to show that the decimal expansion 0.333... equals 1/3 (which is done by considering the infinitely long decimal expansion as the limit of a sequence of finitely long decimal expansions and showing that the sequence converges to 1/3). It’s also worth noting that decimal expansions aren’t necessarily unique, so some numbers can have both finite and infinitely long decimal expansions; for instance 1 = 0.999... (which can proven using the same technique mentioned for the case of 1/3 = 1, that is, considering the infinitely long decimal expansion as a limit and proving that the limit is 1). This non-uniqueness of decimal expansions is yet another reason mathematicians generally don’t find decimals to be particularly useful in theoretical work.


Question: considering the totality of our universe as we know it, can it gain another ounce?

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 considering the totality of our universe as we know it, can it gain another ounce?

The short answer; No. The longer answer; yes. It turns out that in 'empty' space, a very tiny amount of matter is constantly created and destroyed (destroyed because also a bit of the corresponding antimatter is created and together they turn to energy). This is a pure chance thing, so _on average statistically_ the universe should not gain mass. However, averages are not perfect and it is definitely possible the universe has gained (or lost!) a few ounces (or more) during the whole of existence.


Question: How did game manufacturers of tabletop games ensure that at the opening of the game, theres equal probability of every player winning ?

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 How did game manufacturers of tabletop games ensure that at the opening of the game, theres equal probability of every player winning ?

Short answer: they don't. For most games, it's *not* known that there's equal probability of winning with perfect play. For some popular games, actual *perfect* play guarantees that one player or the other will win - Connect 4 is simpler than chess, but a prominent example of a game where perfect play *always* allows the first player to force a win. Yet we're collectively still willing to play it, because most people don't know how to play perfectly, and of those who do a reasonable proportion might still make a mistake. However, game-makers generally have a reasonably good idea that within the bounds of human play, each player has a decent chance of winning, simply because they've playtested the game and had others do the same for several iterations prior to release, and taken the time to patch any obvious discrepancies that may have arisen. They'll have taken a variety of test-players and tweaked the rules until they got roughly even outcomes. They can, and do, still miss things, but these things tend to be relatively buried in the rules. For games like chess, it's a similar situation, only there was no single "game-maker" and no "release", so the rules were adjusted by the players "on the fly" to keep the game even enough to be interesting. Before the establishment of governing bodies for some of these games, the rules might have differed depending where you played.


Question: How do we know what the weather is going to be 5 days from now?

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 How do we know what the weather is going to be 5 days from now?

Because weather systems move across the globe in fairly predictable ways. There is a random element to it that we cannot predict, but ultimately weather is a system of actions and reactions. Take a hurricane, for instance. We know how hurricanes act because we have observed them for a very long time. And as such we can predict the general direction they will travel at any given time. However, there are a ton of small, fairly unpredictable things which will have an effect on how that storm moves. Raise the temperature of one patch of ocean a tiny bit and lower the temperature of one patch of ocean a tiny bit and the storm will turn further north, do the opposite and it will turn further south. That is why hurricane paths are predicted as cones, because in the very near future the predictions are very secure but as time moves on they become more and more vague.


Question: Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes but our distant ancestors don't. How does the number of chromosomes change over multiple generations?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes but our distant ancestors don't. How does the number of chromosomes change over multiple generations?

Merging. In the case of humans and our ancestors with other primates, in our lineage 2 chromosomes accidentally fused together at some point, taking us from 24 chromosome to 23 chromosomes. (Specifically, the chromosome we identify as human chromosome #2). Now how and when exactly that happened it is impossible to know. You might wonder how this change could be propagated. After all mules exist because horses and donkeys have different numbers of chromosomes, and this leads to sterile offspring right? Well, no, not really. The individual mutant with the fused chromosome would still have all the genes that those with the unfused chromosomes have, but the same is not true with horses and donkeys. _Some_ of the offspring of this mutant would indeed be at a disadvantage when reproducing with someone who has unfused chromosomes, just look at the various diseases that accompany duplication of other chromosomes like Down's Syndrome. However some of the offspring will simply inherit the fused chromosome. Over time, through genetic drift, or some unknown reproductive advantage this had, that fused chromosome genotype could come to fill the population. edit: To be more clear, lets consider the two ancestral chromosomes A and B. A normal (ancestral) person will have 2 As, and 2 Bs in each non-gamete cell (cells that aren't sperm or eggs). Now consider a mutant, who has an A and B fused together. That doesn't mean they don't have an A or B! That person has 1 A, 1 B, and 1 AB. Notice that the total amount of genetic information is preserved. There isn't an extra A or an extra B anywhere, the genes of one set of chromosomes A and B have simply been fused onto a single chromosome. Now, when the normal produces a gamete it will have 1 A and 1 B. When our mutant produces a gamete it can have a variety of different possible outcomes: * The gamete could have an A and an AB * The gamete could have a B and an AB * The gamete could have an A and a B * The gamete could have an AB Why the gamete could turn out these ways is a bit complicated, so for an ELI5 you'll just have to take my word for it. Now when reproducing with the normal, the first two possibilities are bad e.g. A/B + A/AB = 3A 2B, leading to an extra dose of genetic material from A. The third possibility is fine, it will just result in normal offspring. The fourth possibility is _also_ fine, and what leads to the fusion spreading. Just think about it, the mutant has 1 A, 1 B, and 1 AB, and this offspring will get 1 A from the normal, 1 B from the normal, and 1 AB from the mutant, resulting in the same combination Now the question: how do you get rid of the extra 1 A and 1 B? Well, down the road, if you have two decedents of the original mutant who both produce the fourth type of gamete, the AB will hook up with the AB, giving you 2 AB, and the modern human chromosome 2. Presumably over time the 1 A, 1B, 1 AB populations died out leaving only the 2 AB populations of hominids.


Question: It's wildly considered that soft drinks are bad for you because of the amount of sugar in them. Are zero sugar and diet versions of the same drinks harmful as well? If so, why?

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 It's wildly considered that soft drinks are bad for you because of the amount of sugar in them. Are zero sugar and diet versions of the same drinks harmful as well? If so, why?

Yes and no. Diet sodas are *correlated* with obesity, but do not *cause* obesity. Part of the reason sugars (and other simple carbohydrates) are bad is that they're extremely efficient at delivering calories. You digest them very quickly - and then you're hungry again. Artificial sweeteners cause the same response, causing you to be more hungry than you would otherwise be. They can also cause your metabolism to seesaw back and forth (which is itself bad) because your body thinks it's getting a surge of easily processed energy. If you keep to a rigorous diet, they're really not bad for you. However, if you're just eating when you're hungry, they'll almost inevitably lead to weight gain. That being said, you need to keep in mind the notion of harm reduction. Drinking a diet soda is at best neutral - it has no more benefit than drinking water - but it's quite a bit better than drinking non-diet soda.


Question: what is “tuning a car”?

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 what is “tuning a car”?

There are a lot of parameters in cars that are possible to adjust. Many of those, in regular family cars, are set to medium values for longevity’s sake for the car. Tuned cars have some of those values set to more aggressive values, or physically changed to affect the performance. Tuning a car might involve changing the shifting setpoints, adjusting the fuel-air ratio for different combustion power. Changing the shifting points may affect the overall life of the transmission components a little bit, but the performance improvement may be worth it to the driver.


Question: how do we hear thoughts?

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 how do we hear thoughts?

Someone will probably provide a better answer, but I believe I read somewhere that thoughts are precursor to speech, so having experienced language (hearing and speaking), you know how the words sound. You don’t literally hear it, it’s abstraction, anticipation kinda thing. As for mute/deaf people, I don’t know how that works. Probably some sort of adaptation, like dreams for blind people.


Question: Why do country names get translated to other languages? And how are they even translated?

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 Why do country names get translated to other languages? And how are they even translated?

The modern standard *is* to just use the local names; that's what Google maps does. But many countries have had names in English and other languages that are older than the countries themselves. Germans call their country Deutschland; but in English we use Germany which comes from the Latin "Germania" for the ancient tribe; and the French use Allemagne from the Alamanni tribe. The different names were developed at different times, when different people were occupying the lands. > Why not just leave the country's name as it is established in their native language? Because it was established in English long before that, and now it's difficult to change.


Question: Why are Saturn's poles Hexagonal and blue?

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 Why are Saturn's poles Hexagonal and blue?

Only the north pole of Saturn is hexagonal. It turned from blue to gold during the Cassini probe (2012 - 2016). As to why it's a hexagon: no one really knows. One theory is that the edges of the North pole hexagon are extremely cold with a very hot spot at the center. This combination of extreme temperatures could cause the hexagon to appear as the planet rotates, and has been [successfully duplicated in a lab]( URL_0 ). As to why it's blue or gold: it's blue when it's facing away from the Sun, and gold when it's directly reflecting the Sun's light. So it's a little like a change of seasons.


Question: how are the intensity and speed of wind related to the time of day? Aka why are winds calmer in the morning and pick up throughout the day?

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 how are the intensity and speed of wind related to the time of day? Aka why are winds calmer in the morning and pick up throughout the day?

The sun generates heat and moisture in the atmosphere. Heat changes air pressure and energy. Changes in air pressure can generate wind. One of the reasons it’s often coolest just after sunrise as the air above you gets sun and warmth first, starts to rise, and the cool air come in under it to replace it (convection).


Question: How does moisture sometimes generate more friction (aiding better grips then dry hands for example) but other times generate less friction (slippery floor for example)?

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 How does moisture sometimes generate more friction (aiding better grips then dry hands for example) but other times generate less friction (slippery floor for example)?

Water sticks to surface. Water glides over water. When there is a lot of water, water acts as a gliding film between two surfaces. When there is little water, water sticks to a surface on one side, sticks to another on the other side, but there's not enough water to form the gliding film, thus 'increasing friction' not unlike a double sided tape.


Question: Why is it that live TV doesn't buffer as an internet stream does?

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 Why is it that live TV doesn't buffer as an internet stream does?

* Live TV via broadcast or cable network is sent directly to you via a dedicated system that only exists to send the audio and video to you. * The internet sends all kinds of data via a web of different companies and locations. Each stream of data is broken up into different little packets that can each take a different route to your computer. Then they have to be put back together in the right order. If some get lost along the way, your computer asks them to be resent. * Also internet streams are individual connections where your computer and the server have a back and forth conversation. Broadcast TV, on the other hand is one transmission tower blasting out a signal. You TV can choose to listen to it or not, but the number of TVs trying to listen has no effect on the tower's ability to send out the signal.


Question: When we become overly emotional our chests/throats tighten up, why?

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 When we become overly emotional our chests/throats tighten up, why?

We’re not totally sure, but this article gives some suggestions: URL_0 But how do emotions trigger physical sensations? Scientists do not know, but recently pain researchers uncovered a possible pathway from mind to body. According to a 2009 study from the University of Arizona and the University of Maryland, activity in a brain region that regulates emotional reactions called the anterior cingulate cortex helps to explain how an emotional insult can trigger a biological cascade. During a particularly stressful experience, the anterior cingulate cortex may respond by increasing the activity of the vagus nerve—the nerve that starts in the brain stem and connects to the neck, chest and abdomen. When the vagus nerve is overstimulated, it can cause pain and nausea.


Question: if I look at a far-away object in a mirror without my glasses on (near sighted), will the image appear blurry because the object is far or clear because the mirror is close? Why?

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 if I look at a far-away object in a mirror without my glasses on (near sighted), will the image appear blurry because the object is far or clear because the mirror is close? Why?

Blurry because far. A mirror preserves the angles of light which strikes it, and simply redirects it. So as far as your eyes are concerned, a mirror is a window through which you are viewing the reflected object. So the distance to a reflected object is the distance from your eyes, to the mirror, to the object. Something like a photograph does *not* preserve the original angles of the light of the scene it has taken. So instead of diverging from the objects in the picture, they diverge from the surface of the picture. So as far as your eye is concerned, the content of a photograph is at the distance from your eyes to the photograph.


Question: Why are prion diseases so deadly?

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 Why are prion diseases so deadly?

We all have a high level of prion proteins in our central nervous system. But these are healthy, called PrPC. If infected, we get a misfolded version called PrPSc. This misfolded version can impose its conformation on other healthy PrPC, converting it and recruiting it to the aggregate. Eventually you have these long fibers of PrPSc in your brain that disrupt neurons physically (necrosis) and actually induce them to kill themselves (apoptosis) in ways we don't fully understand yet. PrPSc is extremely stable, we can't degrade it with our protease, heck not even acid, combustion or gamma radiation can fully destroy them. So they stay, wreak havoc all over the brain until you die. Source: did my MSc in prion disease Edit: English


Question: Why can't our brains determine who a person is if the image in turned negative, but the moment it's a color image we instantly can process the subject? Isn't a negative the same photo with just a different color scheme?

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 Why can't our brains determine who a person is if the image in turned negative, but the moment it's a color image we instantly can process the subject? Isn't a negative the same photo with just a different color scheme?

memory like this is designed around identifying patterns. when you flip a image to a negative, often a lot of the markers you would use to form the recognition pattern are either changed or obscured, so it makes it far more difficult for us to recognise. with training you can probably learn to mentally process the image as to the point you could reasonably quickly still recognise things in the same way. but for the most part it's not something we have to deal with often, so it's a process our brain isn't ready to deal with.