Question: Why scientists, before the underwater nuclear test at Bikini Atoll, were afraid a chain reaction would happen with the underwater explosion and what stopped it?

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 Why scientists, before the underwater nuclear test at Bikini Atoll, were afraid a chain reaction would happen with the underwater explosion and what stopped it?

The only scientist of any prominence that I know of who raised this issue in 1946 was Percy Bridgman, a Nobel Prize-winning Harvard physicist who happened to have been J. Robert Oppenheimer's undergraduate advisor, and who did some contract work for the Manhattan Project (Bridgman's specialty was generating very high pressures and getting the physical and chemical properties of metals under them, and he did work on plutonium). [You can read a letter he wrote on this here]( URL_0 ). The letter is to Hans Bethe, a physicist on the Manhattan Project who was an expert in nuclear fusion, and who is the one who later won the Nobel Prize for working out how stars work. Bridgman's worry is that the tremendous heat released by the bomb might cause the hydrogen in the water (water is very rich in hydrogen — H2O) to fuse into helium. That, he worried, would generate more energy, and you might have a run-away reaction. He openly admits that he doesn't know that much about fusion and that the scientists have probably thought about this, but he basically says that if there is any possible chance of this, then the test should be stopped until it had been investigated. He has some other interesting arguments in there as well, but that's the core technical one. Is it a crazy idea? No — the Manhattan Project scientists had thought similar things about the possibility of atmospheric nitrogen fusing before the tested the first atomic bomb. They did the math: it turns out that even the intense heat of an atomic bomb cannot cause a run-away fusion reaction in the air. They were also doing the same math on hydrogen during the war, because they were interested in making a hydrogen-fusion powered bomb — the hydrogen bomb. It turns out that the kind of hydrogen most prevalent in the ocean is _not_ very amenable to nuclear fusion (you need different isotopes — deuterium and tritium — for terrestrial fusion), and it also turns out, quite separately, that _even if_ the water in the ocean was mostly made out of the right kind of hydrogen, it would take _far_ more energy than any nuclear weapon ever developed by human beings to cause it all to react. The problem isn't just starting the reaction, it's continuing it: the fusion reactions don't propagate their heat fast enough. In a hydrogen bomb, the way to get around this is to compress the fusion fuel by a huge factor — hundreds to thousands of times —before trying to heat it up. The ocean would not do this. (If you are curious about what it would take to turn the ocean into a giant fusion bomb, weapons scientists [concluded in the 1970s]( URL_1 ) that it would require a 20 _million_ megaton bomb — not a typo — _if_ the Earth's ocean had 20X more deuterium in it than it actually does.) So anyway — that's the fear, and again, the scientists had already done the math on this and figured out that it was not a credible fear. But you can see that so little was publicly known on some aspects of bomb work in 1946 that a very credible scientist like Bridgman could see this as a valid question to ask. And it was a valid question to ask! But they had asked it, and the answer was, "it's not a problem."


Question: What is the difference between liquid and fluid? Is there such a thing as low pressure fluid?

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 What is the difference between liquid and fluid? Is there such a thing as low pressure fluid?

Fluids = Liquids + Gasses + Plasmas Most low pressure fluids are gasses, but some liquids, like mercury or ethelene glycol, have very low vapor pressures. This allows you to have them in a low pressure system remain as liquids. It all depends on the temperature also, Tungsten has a super low vapor pressure, but it's only a liquid at outrageously high temperatures.


Question: Why do we need drugs to make us feel good and why can't our brains just release more dopamine?

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 Why do we need drugs to make us feel good and why can't our brains just release more dopamine?

The production of dopamine has to be regulated. If it weren't, it would defeat the purpose of having dopamine. Dopamine is there to reward you for doing something *good* that increases your chance of survival (or at least, something that looks like something that increases your chance of survival to a brain that's been evolving for a few billion years). Imagine if your brain could just give you dopamine whenever you felt depressed. You wouldn't *do* anything. Generally speaking, if you're feeling depressed (but you don't have capital D Depression) it's because something happened that negatively impacted you. That feeling is supposed to motivate you to fix the problem, because feeling depressed sucks. So your partner dumped you and now you're depressed. That feels shitty. Solution: find a better, hotter partner and get some of that sweet, sweet sex dopamine (and make a baby to carry your genes, too). You see a shiny new car and know you can't afford it, so you're depressed. Solution: get a better job, making you more financially secure so you can afford that shiny new car (and become a fitter, more desirable parent, attracting hotter partners), and you get a nice "I accomplished something" dopamine fix. Basically, your brain is forcing you to be more capable of surviving and your reward for that is not feeling like garbage. If your brain just gave you dopamine whenever you felt like garbage, imagine the scenarios above. Partner leaves you? That's fine, your brain gave you dopamine so you feel GREAT and you sit in your house and never find a new partner and never reproduce and your terrible too-much-dopamine genes don't get passed on. Can't afford that car? That's fine, you feel fine - in fact, you're fine with not being able to afford *any* car. Or a house. Or food. And you're fine because *dopamine*. So you can see that dopamine *must* be regulated in order for it to do its job in your brain. Unregulated dopamine is a disaster. In individuals who struggle with addiction, that regulation is just a little off. With capital D Depression, due to a number of factors, your brain simple doesn't produce enough dopamine. Could be genetics, could be a trauma that you can't fix... For whatever reason, you have either too little dopamine or too many dopamine receptors. Because some drugs mimic dopamine, you can get that dopamine fix and avoid being stuck in Depression, as long as you're *regulating* your usage, otherwise you get stuck in the same problem of having too much and not being motivated to do anything. Or the more likely problem, your brain builds additional dopamine receptors, enzymes to remove it, and lowers production of dopamine so it can handle the artificially high amount of "dopamine" you've injected in an attempt to regulate its effectiveness, so you *don't* have the motivation problem. Then, when the high wears off, you have *less* dopamine than you did before, and more receptors that aren't getting activated, and you need still more drugs. Some people go for the more natural and "safer" method of triggering bigger releases of dopamine through seeking out more pleasurable or riskier behavior. Hence people who deliberately [skydive without a parachute]( URL_0 ) or [climb stupidly high buildings]( URL_1 ). Which *is* just "releasing more dopamine", but you have to kind of trick your brain into doing it.


Question: Why do so many employers neglect to list the pay rate on their job listings? How does one politely and professionally get that information?

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 Why do so many employers neglect to list the pay rate on their job listings? How does one politely and professionally get that information?

Employers will hide this information because they do not want to give you any leverage or bargaining power in terms of your salary. There are a lot of variables so I can't give you specific details like what they may offer and what others may be getting but hiring managers will usually be given a low end pay rate that they want to offer. They will try and hire you as cheaply as possible. You may be able to negotiate a higher salary or may offer you a higher salary based on your relevant work experience or performance. However, they again want to offer you the lowest they can so they will give you a number during interview or offering and see if you will accept it. They also want to hide this information from your coworkers because they may have offered them less and they don't want everyone finding out that you're all being paid differently for the same job.


Question: Why are video games developed and rendered in triangles and polygons?

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 Why are video games developed and rendered in triangles and polygons?

The game needs a system to describe objects. Say you want to describe a cube, how would you do it? You could say it's a cube with sides a certain length and a center at a given location. But then you need to describe a pyramid. You have to come up with a new way to describe it. Given the variety in shapes that objects in video games have, it's not a viable system. You need some system that can easily describe any object or shape using a common set of data. So they use polygons. You can describe any polygon in space by listing the coordinates for the vertices. Put together an enormous number of tiny polygons, and you can describe any shape or object you want, all using a single system and a series of coordinates.


Question: How can people play chess against themselves, if they know what move their “opponent” is going to make?

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 How can people play chess against themselves, if they know what move their “opponent” is going to make?

If you've ever seen those "grandmaster plays 100 opponents simultaneously" stories, it's because the past moves and mind games with the opponent aren't much of a factor. They make a move, forget what happened, and go to the next board. A given board state often has a small handful of "correct" moves, so playing both sides yourself is an exercise in solving board states rather than exploiting an opponent's tendencies.


Question: How does the moon cause tides?

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 How does the moon cause tides?

Imagine a waterbed. The waterbed is the universe. Now, put a small, but heavy ball on it. It'll put a dent in the bed where it is because it's so heavy. This ball is earth. For demonstration purposes, but some water into that dent, that's your sea. Now, put a second, slightly less heavy ball nearby, which is going to be the moon. It'll put another dent in the bed, which is less deep. If that ball is super close to the other one, the dents will start to meld together. That'll cause the "bed" between the two balls to not go up to its normal full height, it'll be a bit dented between the balls. This means, that the area between the balls is deeper than the area on the other sides of the balls, so the water around your earth will flow a bit towards the moon ball. The "dents" are gravity, which is produced by the two balls, the earth and the moon. The dent of the earth is deeper, so the water will always stay on earth, but it still feels a bit of the pull of the gravity of the moon, so it'll move a slight bit towards it


Question: how does burning stuff produce light?

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 how does burning stuff produce light?

Burning stuff produces energy in the form of heat, which we perceive as an increase in temperature. The electromagnetic radiation (light) given off by something is proportional to the fourth power of the temperature, which is a fancy way of saying that the color goes up as the temperature goes up. In reality, everything gives off light all the time, because everything has temperature. You even give off light, though our eyes are not capable of seeing that light. It's called "Infrared" light. Well, at a certain temperature, we can start seeing that light, and the first color we can see is red, which is why if you heat something, that's the first color it begins to emit. Up the scale goes through orange, then yellow, white, then blue. It peaks out at blue because we can't see colors beyond that, and while it is still emitting higher energy colors (Ultra Violet, X-Ray), it's also still emitting all of the colors below that too. Blue ends up overpowering the rest, which is why it is blue and not an apparent mix of all the colors. A little further detail as to why, Temperature is really just the back and forth oscillations of atoms. The hotter they are, the faster they bounce back and forth. What we call color is really just the number of times an atom bounces back and forth in a given time period. Red light literally bounces back and forth slower than blue light. This is why UV light is harmful, it bounces back and forth so fast that it imparts too much energy into our skin and breaks our skin cells apart. Light is called "Electromagnetic" radiation because it is the electrons in the atom that are oscillating, and the fabric of spacetime is what is carrying those oscillations (as radiation) from the electron to whatever it is going to hit.


Question: How can nuclear fission reactors in space lose their heat so they won’t melt themselves?

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 How can nuclear fission reactors in space lose their heat so they won’t melt themselves?

Usually they’ll have radiators, which are not like the radiators in your house. On Earth it’s a lot more straightforward to get rid of heat. You just push it somewhere else. There’s stuff everywhere, so you can give that heat to other stuff. That’s conduction. In space there isn’t a lot of stuff, so you usually have to get rid of it through radiation instead of conduction. Anything with any temperature (so everything) gives off some light. Most of this is infrared, so we can’t actually see it, but everything is constantly shooting out little bits of light. Some materials are better at giving off infrared than others and so usually you’ll just make a big surface covered in one of those materials. You’ll basically just transfer heat over to the radiator using normal conduction, and then let the radiator shoot it off into space as infrared.


Question: Why would you ever need to know the anything beyond the 2nd derivative of an equation?

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 Why would you ever need to know the anything beyond the 2nd derivative of an equation?

> U.S. President Richard Nixon, when campaigning for a second term in office announced that the rate of increase of inflation was decreasing, which has been noted as "the first time a sitting president used the third derivative to advance his case for reelection." Since inflation is itself a derivative—the rate at which the purchasing power of money decreases—then the rate of increase of inflation is the derivative of inflation, or the second derivative of the function of purchasing power of money with respect to time. Stating that a function is decreasing is equivalent to stating that its derivative is negative, so Nixon's statement is that the second derivative of inflation—or the third derivative of purchasing power—is negative. Also: > In differential geometry, the torsion of a curve — a fundamental property of curves in three dimensions — is computed using third derivatives of coordinate functions (or the position vector) describing the curve. But yeah, typically you don't *need* to know a third (or further) derivative. But it still *exists*.


Question: How do leyden jars even work?

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 How do leyden jars even work?

There is metal on the outside and on the inside of the jar. Using an electric generator, you can force electrons to move from one of those metal pieces to the other. Electrons cannot go through the glass, so when you remove the generator, they will stay on each side, but because they can still attract each other through the glass, they are not going to fly off into your body when you touch the outer metal. As long as you do not touch the inner metal at the same time. Electrons can also jump from the metal to the glass, but since they cannot move through the glass, they will be stuck on the surface. So even when you remove the metals, discharge them and put them back, there will still be some charge left.


Question: Why MOST people lose money day trading stocks?

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 Why MOST people lose money day trading stocks?

50/50 implies the market can move either up or down, but it doesn’t. It fluctuates. So somebody bets the market goes down, it does a bit, then it goes the other way, then it drops and rises and long story short, nobody, ALMOST NOBODY can predict this accurately. People panic and pull out too soon, or they see a great run and decide to stay in too long. And this is just one of the factors.


Question: Why are tattletales hated on when in fact all they are doing is keeping people from doing the same bad thing again and again by telling another person that that person is doing something bad?

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 Why are tattletales hated on when in fact all they are doing is keeping people from doing the same bad thing again and again by telling another person that that person is doing something bad?

Tattletales don't actually care that something bad is being done. They just want to see the others suffer and to be praised themselves, which is why they generally seem to be associated with yelling on you for minor or inconsequential offenses. Someone reporting a bully to the principal doesn't qualify as a tattletale to me. Telling the teacher that someone passed a note in class does though.


Question: How can cell phones send signals such long distances?

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 How can cell phones send signals such long distances?

The big cell towers are there to provide broad geographic coverage and handle thousands of calls at once. The size and power is not related to communicating with one phone but thousands. The receiving antennas in the cell towers are able to pick up your weak signal and hand it off to the rest of the switching system.


Question: How can something hot burn one person and not another?

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 How can something hot burn one person and not another?

The explanation is rather simple: We're all different. Some people can withstand more pain than others, some people can withstand low oxygen levels better than others, some people can withstand hot beverages better than others, some people can drink more alcohol than others before getting drunk, etc. It all boils down to two factors: 1. Our genetic makeup. We have genes that express in different ways and levels, making each individual different from another. 2. [Acclimatization]( URL_0 ). Through your life, you are exposed to different experiences that shape how you perceive the environment. You can even go from "I can withstand hot beverages" to "I don't withstand hot beverages". If you stopped drinking hot beverages for a prolonged time and then tried to drink something hot, you would burn your tongue just like it happened to your partner. Just like that, your partner can develop tolerance to hot beverages is she begins drinking them more frequently.


Question: Before children learn to talk how do they think without language?

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 Before children learn to talk how do they think without language?

There is a theory that one of the many reasons children cry is because of the frustration at knowing they want something, but not knowing how to describe what they want. When adults get that feeling, we can use context of language to describe how we feel, but a baby can't do that even satisfactorily to themselves.


Question: how do 64kb demos work? How is a video generated from such a small file?

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 how do 64kb demos work? How is a video generated from such a small file?

My thesis supervisor was interested in these demos ([here's one he made]( URL_3 ) and [here's]( URL_1 ) his thesis on it, though it's in Czech, but there's a lot of pictures) and he told me a little bit about them. Here are the main things: - The demo in not a video, it is a program that renders the animation. Program is small because it is just a small amount of instructions. - Procedural generation: Data, such as textures, is what takes up absolutely the most space in programs. Here instead of having the data embedded in your program you create algorithms that generate all the data, somehow randomly but within certain rules. Algorithms are extremely small, even if they are complex, because they are in result just a few instructions, of which each only takes a few bytes. These algorithms can however generate huge amount of data - textures, 3D models, music, everything. For example you can generate so called [Perlin noise]( URL_0 ) and use it as a heightmap for terrain. If you're more clever, you can make images like [these] ( URL_2 ) (these are from my bachelor's thesis on procedural textures). - Getting rid of any unnecessary stuff: In normal programs a few extra kilobytes usually do not matter, so most programming tools add extra layers to programs to make the programming more comfortable, faster, safer etc. If you want your program to be small however, you can give up these advantages and save memory. You can do this by using a low level programming language (assembler, C, ...), using special programming styles, telling the compiler you want to optimize for size, giving up platform independence etc. - Some data, such as camera movement, can be embedded in the program since they are very small. Camera movement can consist only of a few keyframes and the program then smoothly moves the camera between them. Camera keyframe may look like this: time (4 bytes) camera position (x,y,z = > 12 bytes), camera rotation (x,y,z = > 12 bytes). This is a total of 28 bytes for each keyframe. If you have 20 keyframes, your whole camera movement is encoded in 0.5 kb. - Compression: to make it even smaller, everything is compressed in the end.


Question: How do no bake cookies work?

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 How do no bake cookies work?

In this case it looks like heating the sugar/cocoa mixture to 230° carmalizes the sugar, by adding heat to sugar it breaks down some of the simpler bonds and binds then into longer chains, then as it cools and sets as these reactions take place while mixing in the oats and other ingredients. Basically it looks like the instructions tell you to make a caramel sauce with some cocoa powder for flavor, then the caramel sets and it becomes a "cookie" by adding some other ingredients as fillers to give it body and flavor. If I'm reading it right, were you to stop after the sauce step and just reduced the sauce you'd make a chocolate flavored caramel concoction. For your chemistry assignment, look into caramelization. URL_0


Question: Why does cold air come out when we go "hoooo" with our mouth but warm air comes out if we go "haaaa" with our mouth?

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 Why does cold air come out when we go "hoooo" with our mouth but warm air comes out if we go "haaaa" with our mouth?

Hooo mouth shape makes the air go faster which pulls other air along with it. So the warm air from your mouth is closer to normal temperature air because it's mixed more. The faster moving air feels cooler because it can absorb a little heat from whatever you're blowing on and move away to let other air do the same. Haaaa mouth shape doesn't pull other air along with it as much so ends up being closer to the temperature inside your body (warmer) which is normally warmer (and more humid) than what you're blowing on so it feels warmer.


Question: If Tesla's inventions were as good for harnessing power as they are reported to be why are they not being used today?

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 If Tesla's inventions were as good for harnessing power as they are reported to be why are they not being used today?

Okay, let's simplify this a bit: Tesla had a lot of inventions that were far ahead of his time but have since become so common people don't read articles about them. At the world's fair Tesla once demonstrated a remote radio controlled submarine. This device demonstrated so many new technologies at the time (radio controlled actuation, untethered robot operation, sending signals through water) that most people couldn't even start to appreciate it - but nowadays we use all those things and have developed the technology a lot. Tesla's power inventions (the ones you are mostly asking about) were mostly based around very high frequency resonance. That is to say that they needed similar equipment to become a standard otherwise it would not make sense to use them. His technology did not become the power standard, so nowadays it is only used in a few rare places where it fits the application very well and most of us never hear about it.


Question: Why does external computer memory grow in increments like 4, 8, 32, 64, 128, 256 GB... and not more common numbers like 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 GB?

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 Why does external computer memory grow in increments like 4, 8, 32, 64, 128, 256 GB... and not more common numbers like 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 GB?

Computers read in base-2 numbering, also called binary. & #x200B; When we write a number, it's in decimal, or base-10. Back in elementary school we were taught that a number like 325 has 3 in the hundreds place, 2 in the tens place, and 5 in the one's place. & #x200B; Or to say it another way, 3 10^(2), 2 10^(1) , 5 10^(0) & #x200B; Binary puts 2's in there instead of 10's. To write 325 in binary, it looks like this: & #x200B; 101000101 - & #x200B; 1 in the 256s place, 1 in the 64s place, 1 in the 4s place, 1 in the 1s place, and 0's in the 128s place, 32s place, 16s place, 8s place, and 2s place or & #x200B; 1 2^(8),0 2^(7),1 2^(6),0 2^(5),0 2^(4),0 2^(3), 1 2^(2),0 2^(1),1 2^(0) & #x200B; What you're talking about is memory addresses. Memory addresses are like street addresses for houses, but they're written in binary. So the first house on the block would be 0001, the second would be 0010, the third would be 0011, the fourth would be 0100 & #x200B; In this way, you're always going to have a size that uses powers of 2 instead of powers of 10


Question: what are the tripod camera things used by construction workers on street corners in cities and what is their purpose?

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 what are the tripod camera things used by construction workers on street corners in cities and what is their purpose?

Survey equipment. They can either be line of sight or GPS. The GPS systems work kind of like you think. They set a control point that is known and then will take a separate piece that will tell them the position and elevation in relation to the control. Line of sight systems have a viewer that you use to look toward where you want to measure and another surveyor will have a pole with a reflector on it that will allow a distance measurement. I know this is a simple explanation and I hope someone else with more drive than me explains it better.


Question: What makes sounds sound different from each other besides frequency, like what would for example be the difference between me slapping my table or a persons voice?

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 What makes sounds sound different from each other besides frequency, like what would for example be the difference between me slapping my table or a persons voice?

Pretty much every sound you will ever hear is not just one frequency, but a whole bunch of frequencies. Sound can be represented as a spectrogram, showing how much sound is present of all frequencies. A C note on two different instruments will share the same main frequency, but have a whole host of variations of other frequencies. The amount and frequencies also vary over time. A major difference between a jet engine and a distant gunshot, for instance, is the suddenness and echo of the latter.


Question: Why does a solid stream of water always eventually seem to break up into droplets as it's falling?

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 Why does a solid stream of water always eventually seem to break up into droplets as it's falling?

Acceleration due to gravity. The water in the stream speeds up as it falls, just like anything else that's falling. So the bottom portion of the stream is moving faster than the portion that's just exited the sink. It outruns the water behind it and pulls away, forming its own droplets.


Question: To process images, a computer assigns red, green and blue values to every pixel. How does a computer manage sound? What are the values assigned?

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 To process images, a computer assigns red, green and blue values to every pixel. How does a computer manage sound? What are the values assigned?

All sound waves, even complex ones like talking or instruments are just single intensities at single moments in time. You assign each value in time an intensity and when you play it back you get the whole sound. Depending on how finely you chop up the timeline changes how good the sound will be reproduced.


Question: What makes a bouncing ball bouncy?

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 What makes a bouncing ball bouncy?

The fact that the rubber is elastic, or squishy. When it is pulled to the earth by the gravitational force (and any additional force added by your muscles from throwing it), the ball doesn't get rid of all of the energy on impact the same way an egg would by exploding, or a heavy piece of metal would by transferring impact to the ground. Instead, the ball is flexible enough that it compresses, and retains a lot of the energy it gained during the fall. The compression then releases like a spring and shoots the ball back up into the air.


Question: What is it about grapefruit that creates a complication with chemotherapy?

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 What is it about grapefruit that creates a complication with chemotherapy?

Grapefruit has a compound in it that inhibits the activity of a liver enzyme that metabolizes a lot of pharmaceutical drugs. It's not just chemotherapy, there are lots of medications that when taken with grapefruit can result in higher concentrations of the medicine in your blood, or in some cases lower amounts of the active medicine if it's a drug that has to be metabolized first to become active (like codeine).


Question: Can someone please help me understand square roots?

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 Can someone please help me understand square roots?

Think of the number (e.g. 40) as an area of a square (e.g. as 40 little 1 by 1 squares). You are trying to find the sides of a bigger square that make an area of 40. So if a side was 7, the area would be 7x7, which is 49 --- too big. If the side was 6, the area would be 6x6, which is 36 --- too small. So the side length (also called the square root) must be somewhere between 6 and 7.


Question: How do doctors and nurses take care of sick people without getting sick themselves? Or do doctors and nurses get common colds and bacterial infections all the time?

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 How do doctors and nurses take care of sick people without getting sick themselves? Or do doctors and nurses get common colds and bacterial infections all the time?

While the nurses and doctors get all the good press, I’d like to share my perspective as a hospital cleaner. 1. We wash and sanitize constantly. 50 times a day is a reasonable estimate. 2. We use tons of disposable gloves. 3. Hospital rooms get cleaned every day. Nothing has a chance to fester. 4. In cases where the patient has a particularly nasty illness there are various levels of protection. For example: Contact isolation—everyone who comes into the room dons a disposable gown, upon exit the gown is thrown away and you wash your hands before leaving the room. Contact plus—same as above, except things are cleaned with bleach. Droplet—gotta wear a mask to enter the room. Airborne—these ones are intense, for illnesses like tuberculosis. Patient is in a negative pressure room so that when the door opens no illness gets out. To enter need heavy duty mask or powered respirator (you feel like Darth Vader a bit). But anyway. We really put a whole lot of effort to keeping things clean and protecting both patients and staff. Edit: thank you for all the Environmental Services love! < 3


Question: Why do streaming services care so much about people with a family plan living under the same address?

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 Why do streaming services care so much about people with a family plan living under the same address?

They want the amount of subscriptions sold to match the amount of pairs of eyes consuming their products as closely as possible. If they could, they'd sell 1 subscription per person, not even per family. Obviously they would lose customers if they started demanding you pay an additional fee for each of your kids or your spouse, so they have to accept that families are going to share a subscription. But they're not just going to let you share it with as many people as you want. If you've got an apartment building or a dorm with 10 unrelated people of legal age, that's 10 subscriptions. They're not just going to be cool with selling 1 or 2 instead of 10 and eat the loss in possible revenue. They're running a business selling a product, not a charity. So they say you can share with your family (because customers demand it) and that you can't share with a bunch of strangers. One way to determine if someone signing on to an account is family or not is if they live at the same address. Families tend to live together, random strangers tend not to. So it's a good enough method to try to get as close to possible to their target goal.


Question: What can the NSA see?

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 What can the NSA see?

Who you talked to, when you talked to them and for how long, if you believe Edward Snowden. Nothing if you believe the Obama administration. According to Snowden, the NSA is hoovering up as much data as it can and storing it in a giant datacenter in Fort Meade, MD. I used to do work for the FBI concerning the discovery and location of child pornographers. The problem is, how can you sift the noise from the signal? Well in 2004, we were using a system that would hash the file you were downloading over P2P (data given to us by your ISP) that would then get fed in to a database. If that file matched the hash of a known child pornography file, we would flag that IP for further investigation. My job was simple, generate as many hashes as humanly possible. The problem with this? I could've inserted ANY hash I wanted, let's say for example a Hootie and the Blowfish MP3, or a PDF copy of 1984. Anything the government deems as criminal activity. The tool is only as good as what you use it for. That was 15 years ago, I can't imagine technology hasn't gotten exponentially better since then, using AI and machine learning instead of just basic hashing power. & #x200B; I think Snowden said it best, if he's not lying about what he did, it turley can be turnkey tyranny. Just like the Jews in 1930s Germany putting down 'Juden' on their census forms. You don't know what evil purposes the government can do with data until they do it. See: IBM And The Holocaust by Edwin Black. Amazing book.


Question: How do species barriers work? What specifically stops gametes from two different species fusing?

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</answer>
 How do species barriers work? What specifically stops gametes from two different species fusing?

DNA is the software that programs all the cells in your body. A single bit (amino acid) being off in the bootup sequence can lead to a miscarriage. A bunch of different values in the user-settings, like hair color, skin-oil bias, or desire for cheese don't make as big of an impact. Most of the variety in humanity is the later sort. Some humans have some BIG changes, like those with Downs sydrome. They're genetic material, their codesize, is simply larger than normal. DNA and the machines which process it do a lot of work to deal with sloppy code. It self-checks, fudges some things, and generally tries it's best. But there are limits. Species can't interbreed because there are too many differences in the codebase. Where a section of your DNA might tell your cells to give you red hair, in a lizard, that section of code might be in charge of making the pancereous, and the code doesn't make any sense when you combine the two. So the code just won't work if it's a mix of Linux and Apple library calls. ....You're actually talking about the very first step of the gametes fusing. You could try /r/askscience. But here we go: There's a specific step of gamete acceptance that eggs and sperm perform. The egg part has a protein called Juno and the sperm part brings with it a protein called Izumo1. These two interact, and from there the two halves either recognize each other and accept, or reject and the process halts (saving the mother from an expensive process). Sperm and eggs have a key and ward system specifically to prevent wasting time trying to make cross-species hybrids. It's probably also the mechanism for how a species decides how much variety is a good idea. Syrian golden hamsters have a Juno protein that fits/accepts the human Izumo1 protein, and so it'll start fertilization... and then fall apart because the code-bases are so far off.


Question: Why are cold drinks more refreshing?

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 Why are cold drinks more refreshing?

They did a study relating to this back in the mid 90s. They hydrated one subject/patient using an IV and another just by having them drink. Although they received the same amounts the person who was drinking felt more hydrated. So they concluded that the actual physical sensation of drinking a liquid triggers something in your brain that tells it you're hydrating. The sensation is stronger if the temperature of the liquid is colder or hotter than the temperature of your mouth/throat. So colder drinks are more refreshing than drinks close to room temp. Edit: just realised I'm on ELI5 and idk if this is simplified enough. I'm very high. Apologies if I fucked up.


Question: how does software interface/communicate with hardware?

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 how does software interface/communicate with hardware?

lots and lots and *lots* of layers of abstraction. At the "bare metal" layer, you have electrical circuits that can either produce an "on" (1) or "off" (0) signal based on what signal it gets in. These are called *logic gates* and if you've played with Minecraft's redstone circuit system you may be familiar with some basic logic gates. Once you have predictable logic gate behavior, you can use certain inputs to produce certain desired outputs consistently. These strings of 1's and 0's can then be used in a sort of code to represent other things, like an instruction to pass a sequence of 1's and 0's over to another part of the computer. Once you have that standardized, you can write in more than 1's and 0's, and have a very low-level abstraction of certain functions; this is called *assembly* and it is the "lowest level" that is typically worked on by most people with the mantle "programmer"; assembly are basic instructions given to a computer that tell it what to do with data in it's memory registers; if it is connected to other things like RAM, it can push and pull data from those, and if it's connected to something like a monitor, it can send data to that. Then there are encodings written for the monitor so that it knows that when it gets a particular string of binary, it should display the character "A" on screen, for instance. Once you have built up a lot of assembly code, you will realize that you have a lot of functions that you use a lot. This is where programming languages come in: they have standardized libraries of the more useful instructions for computers to perform, and create more English-looking language for the computer to then turn into machine code using what's called a *compiler*; when you run a .exe on your machine, what's happened is that the code written for that program was run through a compiler, and the .exe is the output machine-language file that can be run through your operating system. This process of building up useful small functions just *keeps happening* across computers; the C language got so big that someone took a bunch of standard solutions to common computing tasks into a big library and launched C++ (++ is a programming shortcut that you append to a variable name [using x here] to write out x=x+1 with fewer keystrokes). At the end, it's layers upon layers of pre-determined rules that boil down to what inputs to send to the processor so that it can open the correct circuits the correct way to then trigger rules in the other parts of your computer to do whatever it is you're trying to do. I recommend [this series]( URL_0 ) if you want a more in-depth idea of how each level works.


Question: How is Netflix cheaper than cable without ads while cable has them? Shouldn't it be the other way around ?

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 How is Netflix cheaper than cable without ads while cable has them? Shouldn't it be the other way around ?

Netflix is about the same price per month as a premium cable station like HBO or Showtime. So, I am not sure why you think it's substantially cheaper. If you are comparing Netflix to cable service as a whole, remember that the cable bill includes getting the content to your house. Netflix doesn't cover that.


Question: If radio waves and visible light exist on the same spectrum, why can't you tune a transmitter to get it to shine?

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 If radio waves and visible light exist on the same spectrum, why can't you tune a transmitter to get it to shine?

Your antenna isn't efficient at generating waves that small. Antennas are optimized for a certain size range. AM antennas are big and transmit around 1 MHz which is waves around 300 meters. FM antennas can be much smaller and work around 100 MHz / 3 meters. If you tried to get an antenna that's good at broadcasting FM to instead broadcast 2.4 GHz for WiFi it would do terribly and you'd barely get any signal out no matter how much energy you pumped in. Similarly a microwave antenna is meant for 300 MHz-300 GHz, trying to get it to blast out Near IR at 400 THz is going to be terribly inefficient, and trying to get it to generate blue light at 770 THz is going to be even worse You instead need to use transmitters and antennas optimized for the frequency you want to work with, its incredibly hard to build anything that can work effectively across an order of magnitude, let alone 6 (300 MHz to 400 THz)


Question: With sites like 538 projecting that democrats taking control of the House, but republicans maintaining control of the Senate, how does this impact policy? And what kind of impact does that have on the republican's agenda moving forward?

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 With sites like 538 projecting that democrats taking control of the House, but republicans maintaining control of the Senate, how does this impact policy? And what kind of impact does that have on the republican's agenda moving forward?

The Republicans won't be able to get any legislation passed since they won't have control of the House and legislation must pass both chambers. The Democrats, of course, will also not be able to get anything passed. & #x200B; The Republican agenda is likely to focus on this stalling as proof of the Democrats obstructionism. Additionally, any consequences that occur because of legislation passed or not passed while Republicans were totally in control will then be blamed on the Democrats. & #x200B; The Democrats will likely focus on investigations and passing items that they want to build their platform on in 2020. This can force the Republicans in the House to take a stance on issues they might not want to speak out on.


Question: - How are large crowds at rallies and events calculated?

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 - How are large crowds at rallies and events calculated?

Assuming there is no door they have to enter through or some other choke points you can count them at the only way to do it is with math. So you pick an area, say 100 sq ft, then you count the number of people in several of those sized areas, then you take your counts and average them together. Now that you have an average you can multiply by the area of the group and you have a rough count of the number of people in the group. It's not perfect, there is a large margin for error, but when you're talking about variances of even +/- 10,000 out of groups of 500,000 that's considered reasonably accurate. Alternatively you can check the amount of people using public transit on an average day against those on the day you're checking, and you can see the variance and calculate the difference. And if you use both methods you can arrive at a more likely number than using either independently.


Question: Why did the Pittsburgh Mills mall sell at auction for just $100?

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 Why did the Pittsburgh Mills mall sell at auction for just $100?

The bank is foreclosing on the owners. The owners are not contesting the foreclosure. The bank want to take possession of the property to cover the loan. The "auction" consisted of one bidder, Wells Fargo. This was done so the could legally transfer ownership. But the bank basically bought the mall from itself, because the bank holds the mortgage.


Question: Why do counties have different names in different languages?

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 Why do counties have different names in different languages?

Translation into other languages, including mispronunciation and physical inability to pronounce certain sounds. 1) Translation: countries like the United States are just words. You can directly translate them into a different language. In Spanish, it's Estados Unidos. The words just happen to have pretty direct translations. 2) Mispronunciation: Turkey in Turkish is pronounced probably closer to the spelling Turkia. It's not that hard for an English speaker to try saying. But they didn't. Keep in mind, too, that country names can be very old. So at some point, the mispronunciation is simply the way you say it in that language. 3) Inability to pronounce certain sounds: language is interesting. We're born being *able* to learn and produce all phonetic sounds of any language. But at a very young age, you lose your ability to say sounds that aren't familiar. In English, R and L are very different. In Japanese, they're very similar. You actually lose the ability to even *hear* the difference if you aren't exposed to it as a child. In Hindi, there are 3 different ways to pronounce the letter D. It's really hard as an English speaker to even tell any difference between them. And this is proven by experiment: if you slowly transition an R to an L step by step with computer programs, English speakers have a clearer threshold where R becomes L. Japanese speakers have a lot harder time having a consistent threshold of detecting which is which. Same thing for English speakers and the D's.


Question: My fan has an “ion” setting, what is it actually doing and how does it create ions?

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 My fan has an “ion” setting, what is it actually doing and how does it create ions?

What your fan is doing is using comparatively high voltage to ionize the air around it (strip off electrons from air molecules). The fan then sends those ions into the air nearby, where, so the claim goes, the ions attach to dust particles and other contaminants. These contaminants, now bearing an electric charge, are attracted to either collection plates inside the device or to the nearest walls or ceiling.


Question: How did chemists in the past discover and collect gaseous elements such as helium?

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 How did chemists in the past discover and collect gaseous elements such as helium?

Helium was discoed by observing light from the sun the name is from Helios the Greek word for the sun. Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation. Different atoms and molecules releases and absorb light of different colors. Neon for example release a distinct red light when you excite it with electricity and that's why neon light have the colors they have. If you shine white light trough neon gas it will absorb the same red color so if you spit the light with a prism you will have dark line in the red part where neon have absorbed the light. There is multiple color that neon absorbent to a larger os smaller degree. The same it true for all elements. The colors of fire works is because of the emission colors of metal salts you add to the gunpowder. Yellow is produce by adding Sodium and old sodium lights that is common for streets light also release the distinct yellow color So if you test what color of light the atoms you know about absorb and write them down you can use that information to identify a gas. When it was done with sunlight We saw the line we identified the line Hydrogen has but we also found line that matched no element we had found on earth and called it Helium. The line of helium look like [Helium\_spectrum]( URL_0 ) where the bright line is what color helium emit/absorb The observation of sunlight was a decade the gas was fires observer on earth from release during a volcanic eruption and almost 30 years before the element was isolated on earth. This was done by dissolving a type of uranium or in a acid. Helium is produce by radioactive decay of uranium.


Question: How does elasticity work? Like, how can something stretch and then come back to its original state?

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 How does elasticity work? Like, how can something stretch and then come back to its original state?

Think of springs. A metal coil that can stretch but rebounds. The material that forms the spring doesn't stretch but the way that the material is coiled allows it to deform enough to cause the spring to work. Elasticity is the same but with very very small "spring like" molecules. This is a vast simplification for ELI5