Question: After tendonesis surgery, how does your body continue to move correctly if the tendon isn’t attached in the same place anymore?

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 After tendonesis surgery, how does your body continue to move correctly if the tendon isn’t attached in the same place anymore?

Individual muscle movements are pretty simple. You can pretty much only contract and relax them, and since the biceps muscle’s only job is to pull the lower arm in a particular direction, so long as you keep it in the same plane as before, it doesn’t matter too much where the tendon is attached because it’ll still pull the lower arm. Now, does this cause some issues with throwing off some finer movements and misjudging how much force you’re using to do something? It’s certainly possible. But the brain can adjust to that sort of thing pretty quickly


Question: what do we actually see at the edge of the observable universe?

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 what do we actually see at the edge of the observable universe?

What is the Big Bang? --- The origin of your confusion seems to be the very common misconception that the big bang originated from one point in space. That is not true. But let's back up a little:The observable universe is the sum of all points in space that are causally connected to earth. That means, it is a sphere around earth encompassing all the space from which photons have had the time to reach earth since the big bang ~13 billion years ago. This observable universe was indeed compressed into a tiny portion of space shortly after the big bang. However, the observable universe is by far not all there is. Current data shows, that the universe is [probably at least 3\*10^(23) times bigger]( URL_1 ) than the observable universe. And many cosmologists believe that the universe is infinitely big. Hence, the big bang did not occur at one point in space, but everywhere at one. Which is why the name big bang is horrible. Henry Reich from MinutePhysics argues that the Big Bang should be renamed into Everywhere Stretch in [this]( URL_0 ) video. (You should definitely check this video out, it does a good job explaining your very question.) The Cosmic Background Radiation is the residual radiation from a time shortly after the Big Bang, when the universe cooled down enough to become transparent to photons. And the photons we detect on earth have traveled since that moment and are reaching us just now. Can we see Background Radiation from everywhere in the universe, or is earth somehow special? --- One of the most fundamental assumptions of cosmology is that the universe is isotropic and homogeneous - which is called the [cosmological principle]( URL_2 ). That means by and large the universe looks the same in all directions and at all points. This suggests, that earth is *not* special in being able to see Cosmic Background Radiation. Indeed, every observer, anywhere in the universe is in the center of their own observable universe and will receive CMB (cosmic microwave background) from the edge of *their* observable universe. Thus, the question what it looks like to stand at the edge of the observable universe cannot be answered in any meaningful way. An observer is *always* at the center of their own observable universe, so - by definition - there cannot be an observer at the edge of an observable universe.


Question: What would happen if light moved at twice the speed?

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 What would happen if light moved at twice the speed?

Speed of light is not dependent on light itself like you might think. Our universe is just built so that the maximum speed limit for information is _c_, which massless particles (such as photons) invariably travel at. Changing _c_ would fundamentally change how everything in our universe works. There's no telling what it would imply, which is why theories about variable _c_ are generally not held in very high regard.


Question: Why does the weather change?

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 Why does the weather change?

Just as a correction to your question, our distance from the sun doesn't cause our seasons, the axial tilt does. But anyway, there are hundreds of factors that don't repeat regularly. Our orbit changes ever so slightly, the moon is receding slowly, our axial tilt precesses, our magnetic field is moving around relatively quickly compared to other factors, solar activity changes on 11 year cycles, with even longer changes beyond that, and much more. Perhaps one of the biggest influences is life. The composition of our atmosphere has been primarily controlled by life for billions of years. Also, our atmosphere is a fluid, and fluids are governed by extremely complex systems of equations that we haven't yet been able to solve. In fact I believe it may not be possible to derive exact solutions to said equations. It's chaos theory and all that.


Question: How does ram exactly work and what happens if you don't have enough in your computer?

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 How does ram exactly work and what happens if you don't have enough in your computer?

RAM is the memory used by programs and the system to do the functions they need to do. Picture it like your dining room table. Now let’s consider best case scenario, you have a huge table (or a bunch of RAM). With your very large table, you can invite all your friends to dinner at the same time. You can serve multiple courses and there is room for all the plates. There is room for all the guests to fit at the table, and there is room for them to all eat and enjoy themselves. Now let’s picture a 6 person table. Your family can eat just fine. Maybe you’re a family of 4 so you can invite a friend for each of your kids, but no more. Or you can invite one set of in-laws but not both at the same time. With 4 people you can have a decadent meal with several courses. With 6 people you may have to scale back how elaborate the meal is because you are starting to run out of table space. Back to RAM with excess RAM, the max your motherboard can address, you never run out of space for programs to work. With the recommended amount of RAM, you can operate in most scenarios without running into issues. Now the last scenario, the minimum required amount of RAM, or the 2 seater kitchen table. Your family of four can’t eat at the same time. They have to be fed in batches. If there are just 2 eating, you can have a normal meal, if you are eating by yourself, you can have an elaborate meal. With minimum RAM the system will prioritize what gets memory usage and what doesn’t, programs slow down because they have to wait for memory.


Question: why does the arm feel like static when you hit your elbow on a corner?

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 why does the arm feel like static when you hit your elbow on a corner?

At the elbow end of your humerus, there's a bit of a groove where your ulnar nerve passes over the end of the bone, so the nerve's pretty exposed there. If you bang your elbow the wrong way, you'll hit that vulnerable nerve and pinch it against the bone, and it causes a bunch of spurious sensations from all along where that nerve is connected. It serves most of your forearm and hand, so the whole area lights up. Most of our big nerves are buried deep, where they're safe, but there just isn't a ton of room at the elbow joint so we've ended up with a bit of a vulnerability there.


Question: Why do marine mammals sway their tails vertically, while fish sway them horizontally?

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 Why do marine mammals sway their tails vertically, while fish sway them horizontally?

“It reflects the evolutionary history of locomotion. Our wormy ancestors slithered on the sea floor, so undulated side-to-side. Fish inherited that movement, for which a vertical tail is best. Their distant land mammal descendants evolved to run with limbs underneath: an unstable gait allowing rapid direction changes. To extend the stride, their spine flexes up-and-down. Marine mammals kept this movement, for which a horizontal tail is best.” Source: URL_0


Question: How does the salt-and-ice challenge work?

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 How does the salt-and-ice challenge work?

We did this back in the 90's also. "Adding salt to ice or ice water actually lowers the temperature and makes it colder than the regular freezing temperature for water, 32 degrees F. The mixture soaks up heat from the surrounding skin cells, causing a second- or third-degree burn similar to frostbite." Edit: I have friends with marks still on them I would watch the knuckle heads do it and just let them win if your put in that situation.


Question: Why are there more mentally ill people than ever, despite the best living conditions in history?

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 Why are there more mentally ill people than ever, despite the best living conditions in history?

Mixture of a lot of things that could explain what we are currently seeing. 1. Internet just exposes us to a lot more people. So we THINK there's a lot more ill people. 2. There's a lot of self diagnosis going around. I'm not dismissing mental illness BUT there are definitely people who just say "Oh I have anxiety" when really they just need to step out of their comfort zone. 3. Older generations dismissed or buried mental illness. 4. Influencers present the perfect life. Makes followers think life should always be happy. When it's not, they can't deal with it because that's all they've been presented with. 5. Perhaps having to actually fight for survival kept you too busy to look at life in a bleak manner. There's likely many more problems.


Question: what is a DDOS attack and how can someone target your IP and cause your online game to lag in within seconds?

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 what is a DDOS attack and how can someone target your IP and cause your online game to lag in within seconds?

DoS: denial of service. From a single machine, send another machine a lot of data trying to overload it such that it can't or at the very least has trouble trying to respond to new requests. DDoS: distributed denial of service; same as above, but it's from multiple computers. Many times you are the recipient of a DoS, not a DDoS. Your public IP directly maps to your router usually, and then the router becomes overloaded and had trouble responding to your own PC's outgoing internet requests thereby increasing your latency to the point that you go offline. This is colloquially called being booted off. I hope that's ELI5 enough. Do you have more questions about it?


Question: what is kepler's third law?

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 what is kepler's third law?

It relates how far away an object orbits a star, with how long it takes to make one orbit. It tells us that further away objects take longer to orbit. We can use it to figure out how long a "year" is for a particular planet given it's distance from a star, or vice versa.


Question: . Why do birth rates decline as a country develops?

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 . Why do birth rates decline as a country develops?

There's a lot of reasons. In less developed countries the birth rate is higher, but so is the infant mortality rate. The US has the highest infant mortality rate in the Western world at 6/1000 births but as recently as the 1940's-1950's the infant mortality rate in the US was as high as 20-25%. Or to make that more obvious if you had 5 kids one wouldn't make it to 6 months. Having a big family for the sake of having 'spare kids' was a thing. My own grandparents each had a family of 5 that made it and lost 2 and 3 kids respectively at only a few months old. In a low-tech more agrarian society (larger percentage of the population have farms or family businesses) you need kids to help with the daily labor just to help the family survive. Having more mouths to feed can make survival more difficult, but generally having more hands and feet available makes survival easier. One of the biggest human survival traits is that we form families and work together. Increased education + technical work leads to people focusing more on their careers and less on raising a family. Because of how we educate people, by the time well educated people graduate, get a job, get settled, buy a house, and do all the things you're supposed to do before you start a family you are already well into your 30s. A lot of people get used to the no-kids lifestyle, or by the time they want kids they are already fairly old so it's better to have a smaller family. Better medical care, and increased education leads to increased use of birth control and condoms reducing the rate of unexpected pregnancy. Retirement is another factor. In less developed countries retirement as we know it doesn't really exist. The parents can't reasonably accumulate enough wealth over their lives to stop working and stay home and travel for the rest of their lives. Select kids (the youngest or oldest for example) become responsible for caring for the grandparents as they get older and keep them in their home/inherit the house. While the grandparents in turn help raise the kids.


Question: How do laser printers work?

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 How do laser printers work?

Laser printer toner is given a small negative electric charge inside the cartridge. Another component, the *charge roller,* applies a uniform negative electric charge to a photosensitive drum roller. Thus, the drum will repel toner, preventing it from adhering. This is where the laser comes in; by sweeping across the drum and pulsing on and off in sequence, the laser "writes" the image of the document being printed onto the drum roller, neutralizing the charge and letting the toner stick. Afterwards, the drum presses the toner against the paper as it passes through; since the toner exhibits a greater attraction to the paper than to the drum, it sticks to the paper instead. Some printers have a positively-charged transfer roller to help with the process. Heat and pressure fuse the toner to the paper, resulting in the completed printout.


Question: When should one use standard deviation and when variance?

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 When should one use standard deviation and when variance?

Since there's a direct relationship between the two, they basically mean the same thing, they're measures of how far the samples are from the mean, they measure the "spread" of the data. Higher variance or higher standard deviation mean the samples are more spread out around their mean. Variance is usually mathematically more convenient; a lot of math functions don't behave well around square roots because, from a math standpoint, there's two answers to a square root (negative and positive) and this can screw up other formulas. "Negative standard deviation" doesn't have any meaning but the square root doesn't know that. In addition, when adding random variables, the variances just add too, which is convenient. That is \*not\* generally true for standard deviation. Standard deviation, as /u/znn94x notes, is in the same units as the data so is more intuitive. In general...use variance for all your calculations, drop it down to standard deviation when you actually want to talk about the spread of the data or need to work with distributions that take the SD as an input (very common for Excel distribution formulas, for example).


Question: What are galaxies made of?

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 What are galaxies made of?

Gravity (and momentum) Have you ever made pudding? What about ever pouring dry ingredients into wet ones? It clumps up but does not clump together as one big blob. While this isn't due to gravity, the main concept is that seemingly random clumping is natural. If the Big Bang theory is correct, then it started with matter flying in all directions very very quickly with some unknown force that keeps pushing stuff away even faster and faster. Later stuff was able to clump together. Why is it not a perfectly even distribution? That's still a question for science.


Question: What is cancer? What causes it? How does it form and spread?

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 What is cancer? What causes it? How does it form and spread?

Our cells have a normal life cycle. They grow, divide and die. This life cycle is guided by our genetic code. When the code gets mixed up our cells get the life cycle altered and grow for to long or they may not die. Prolonged growth and lack of cell death causes masses to form in our body that use our own energy and systems to stay alive. Anything that makes the code get scrambled can cause cancer. For example, sun light or smoking. Both cause the cells in a normal lifecycle to misinterpret their own code and begin living an incorrect lifecycle. Edit: spread of cancer is usually due to the badly coded cells breaking off of their original site and locating else where in the body to continue a cycle of too long of life.


Question: Why do muscle cells grow instead of undergoing mitosis like other cells? What would happen if someone loss a large amount of muscle cells, how would it be replenished?

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</answer>
 Why do muscle cells grow instead of undergoing mitosis like other cells? What would happen if someone loss a large amount of muscle cells, how would it be replenished?

Actually, muscle tissue can regenerate/grow to a certain extent. Satellite cells are stem cells which are located on your muscle fibers. These cells will continuously divide, and will fuse with damaged muscle cells to repair the tissue. Because muscle tissue is fundamentally a bunch of muscle cells fused together, this repair mechanism works and “enlarges” the muscle cell. However you have a problem if more cells are damaged than the satellite cells can repair. Through a very complicated set of pathways, the damaged cells signal scar tissue to form. This permanently reduces the ability of the muscle to stretch/contract. There has been plenty of research into muscle regeneration. Some approaches try to speed up the growth of satellite cells with compounds like FGF or IGF, but these usually cause pain and abnormal swelling. Other approaches try to stop scar tissue formation by reducing compounds necessary for fibrosis such as mFAPs (yes, actual name). Even weirder research involves using bacteriophages (viruses) to stimulate cell growth.


Question: - have traditional cloud shapes changed from men altering landscapes or build large cities?

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 - have traditional cloud shapes changed from men altering landscapes or build large cities?

The cloud SHAPES or the locations of the clouds? There is indeed an effect on the temperature of an area due to the heat island effect around large cities, and this could impact the convective activity directly overhead. And you will certainly see clouds forming where they usually wouldn't due to exhaust from power plants and such carrying warm moist air upward.


Question: Whats the difference between sugar in fruits, sugar in sweets, sugar in normal food (like potatoes, meat) and raw white sugar that I buy in supermarket? Which one is worse for my health?

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 Whats the difference between sugar in fruits, sugar in sweets, sugar in normal food (like potatoes, meat) and raw white sugar that I buy in supermarket? Which one is worse for my health?

Sugar is a category of molecules, including monosaccharides (one molecule, like glucose or fructose), disaccharides (two monosaccharides stuck together, eg 1 Glucose + 1 Fructose = 1 Sucrose), and polysaccharides (many mono or disaccharides stuck together, eg Starch which is a whole bunch of glucoses). The sugar you find in fruit is mostly fructose. Fructose is a lot sweeter than glucose or sucrose, which means less of it is required to create the taste of sweetness. Many artificial sweeteners are fructose-based. Fructose is also less versatile than glucose in terms of what the body can use it for. The sugar in sweets is typically sucrose, as is raw white sugar. Sucrose is broken down into 1 glucose and 1 fructose in your small intestine. The glucose is subsequently stored in the liver, whilst the fructose behaves like fructose. Generally, you need more sucrose to create a flavour of sweetness than you do fructose, however, sucrose is also *waaaaay* easier to make and also quite a lot easier to work with, which is why it's the go to sugar for things like baking. The sugar in things like potatoes and meat *tend* to be glucose-based polysaccharides. In potatoes, this is starch. This kind of sugar you probably hear referred to most often as "carbohydrates". They're the carbohydrates that don't count as "of which sugar" on food labels. These sugars take quite a while for your digestive tract to digest, and are also very easily stored by the liver (the first stop of the blood after the small intestine, where glucose is absorbed), meaning that these large glucose-based polysaccharides are much less of an issue for blood sugar levels than sucrose is. Also, these polysaccharides don't taste sweet, which means they don't activate the brain's dopamine very much, and thus it's much harder to over-eat. Bonus round: Lactose sugars found in milk and other dairy products are even less sweet than glucose, but is pretty much identical to glucose in terms of function since the body rapidly converts it into glucose. However, most humans can't actually digest lactose at all. No sugar is directly worse for your health than any other. The real danger of sugar is that it can be addictive, and as a sweet substance, is also something we can be prone to eating far too much of just by accident. Sucrose in particular dissolves spectacularly well, so you can pack a *ton* of it into pretty much anything you want, like coke.


Question: SPF (Sun Protection Factor) What is it exactly and how does the rating work?

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 SPF (Sun Protection Factor) What is it exactly and how does the rating work?

SPF is "relative measure of how long a sunscreen will protect you from ultraviolet (UV) B rays." [source]( URL_1 ) For example, if you normally take 1 minute to burn in the sun and you applied SPF 15, it should theoretically take you 15 minutes to burn. Additionally, you typically do not need more than SPF 30 or 50 due to the law of diminishing returns. SPF 30 blocks approximately 97% of UVB rays. [more source]( URL_0 )


Question: why do knots form when you jostle long string like things (headphone wires etc.)?

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 why do knots form when you jostle long string like things (headphone wires etc.)?

I read a white paper on this a while ago (yes physists have studied this). I may not be remembering exactly right. Long story short, there are certain basic knots that can form from a straight cord that crosses over itself. These can all be combined in any combination to make other knots. So there are pretty much an infinite number of possible knots. When a cord is balled up, it crosses over itself. These cross overs always form the first step of some of those basic knots, which lead to others when you pull on it.


Question: Why do modern cameras have lower (~12) megapixels as compared to older cameras?

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 Why do modern cameras have lower (~12) megapixels as compared to older cameras?

When I took a digital photography course in college, probably about ten years ago, it was explained to me like this: It's less about the absolute number of megapixels and more about the ratio of megapixels to the size of the photo sensor. The size of the sensor is more indicative of image quality than the number of pixels, but "12.5 megapixels" is more marketable than "big ol' photosensor." It's easier to compare 12 to 10 and say, oh I know which one is better. This is what started the megapixel hype. We are probably starting to see this die down a bit as camera components become cheaper and image capturing software becomes more powerful.


Question: Why aren't plastic bags recyclable?

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 Why aren't plastic bags recyclable?

Much like with straws it isn't an issue of the type of material but the form it is in. Plastic bags are difficult or impractical to recycle because they are easily blown around and can become tangled in machinery. It is easy to toss a bunch of milk jugs in a shredder and end up with a pile of plastic chips, but tossing a bunch of bags in a shredder will get you a clogged shredder and plastic confetti all over the place.


Question: What actually determines the moment that you fall asleep?

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 What actually determines the moment that you fall asleep?

There really isn't a exact moment when you fall asleep, because it isn't a synchronised thing. Different parts of your brain do different things at different times. And sometimes you can be asleep, and awake at the same time, like sleep paralysis. And you can be asleep, without going through all the phases of sleep. And these stages are just based on our observations and scans, we don't actually know everything that happens in our brains. But we know that lack of sleep is deadly. There is fatal insomnia like *fatal familial insomnia.* But since sleep messes up with our memory, we don't actually know when we fall asleep. Like for example when you get general anaesthesia, when they tell you to count down from 100, the moment you recall that things went "black" was just the moment your consciousness went asleep and memory failed, not the moment you fell asleep. Like... You know sometimes you just lay there, you feel like you are asleep, but you are awake, and next or when you get up, you feel well rested and fully awake? Well you did sleep, sorta, kinda, in a way. Only thing that really matters is that the certain parts of your brain did the things it had to do to make you feel rested. Human brains are really strange.


Question: What does it mean when employees unionize?

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 What does it mean when employees unionize?

It means the workers organize and stand with one another, they appoint or elect representatives, the representatives in turn represent interest of the masses in negotiating with the company for better pay, benefits, hours, conditions, contracts. They also fight the company on grievances for violations of contract etc. If they can’t the workers aka the union strike, sometimes effectively shutting down or severely hampering the companies operations.


Question: CPU threads and cores. Whats the difference? How do they work?

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 CPU threads and cores. Whats the difference? How do they work?

A core is a hardware component. The difference between multiple CPUs and multiple cores is that multiple cores share some resources on the same cpu, like cache memory where multiple ~~cores~~ CPUs don't. It makes thing more compact and efficient overall. A thread is a software concept. It represents a specific programming task that needs to be done. Threads run mostly independently from each other though they can share information. As a very basic example on how threads are used with a simple unzip app one thread can handle user input on a gui and display progress bars, and a second thread can handle decompressing and loading actual files. Most GUIs work this way to make sure that the interface stays responsive (doesn't look frozen) even if it's doing processing in the background. In a bit more advanced program one thread can handle decompressing the first half of a file, and another the second half. There's also a hardware thing called hyper-threading where a single core can handle execution of multiple threads at the same time. It isn't as fast as having multiple cores because it doesn't have a complete copy of all the hardware needed to independently do different things, but it's still faster than just running a single thread on one core.


Question: What is a recession? What is the most common cause of it?

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 What is a recession? What is the most common cause of it?

The economy wants to grow buff so it hits the gym. Over time, it begins to see big noticeable gains. Excitedly, the economy works harder and harder. The frequent personal records motivates the economy to keep going HAM. Soon, warning signs signal the economy to take it easy. One day, the economy injures itself badly while lifting. The sports doctor determines the cause of injury was overtraining, and the economy must now rest or do more damage to itself. While pondering in bed, the economy realizes that during its pursuit of growth it had neglected to nourish other things like forming friendships, practicing good hygiene, educating itself, and also amassed a ton of workout stuff at home -- most of it useless junk that had to get taken out. Thanks to this moment of rest, the economy decides to clean up the things it previously ignored. It also pledged to itself to lift more moderately to avoid injury once it recovered. Issues are buried during growth periods, and recessions unearths them.


Question: If all websites start with "www." what is the point of having it in the first place?

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 If all websites start with "www." what is the point of having it in the first place?

Not all websites start with `www`. This *host name* can be nearly anything you want. It's useful for distinguishing different parts of the same domain: for example, although the main portal to Wikipedia is at ` URL_6 `, the English Wikipedia is at ` URL_4 `, the German Wikipedia is at ` URL_0 ` and so on. If you don't have a need for that distinction, it's still useful to pick *some* hostname, because it lets you change your mind later. For example, you might choose to send cookies for pages on `www. URL_1 `, but decide to serve all your images from `images. URL_1 ` without cookies and save bandwidth. If you had your pages on ` URL_1 `, any cookies for those pages would also be sent with the images from `images. URL_1 `. (Note there's a hierarchy: there could even be `big.images. URL_1 ` to break it up further.) It happens that the first website, hosted at CERN, used `www` as a hostname. This why it became the default choice for everyone who wanted to have a website of their own; there's no special technical reason for it.


Question: What actually happened to Toys R us? How does a company like that go out of business?

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 What actually happened to Toys R us? How does a company like that go out of business?

The biggest reason it failed was they took part in a leveraged buyout. Basically, they took out loans in order to buy all public shares back from stock holders and becomes a private company again. The company paid the interest on the loans, while the executives who made the decisions made out like bandits and left.


Question: How are names translated in sign language?

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 How are names translated in sign language?

To expand on u/its2late's correct answer - When there's a word / concept that doesn't have a direct sign, often there will be a temporary sign created for the duration of the conversation. The signer fingerspells the word, then indicates the representative handsign they're going to use. For example, if two ASL signers are discussing lycanthropy, one may fingerspell the word, then assign it a sign like `handshape for L which moves in a down-and-out motion` (like a wolf howling). The two signers then use that temporary sign for the remainder of the discussion. If you hang out with Deaf community folks you might get a Sign Name, which is basically an ASL custom sign for you that is used consistently.


Question: How were mobsters like Al Capone and John Gotti in the public eye, yet were immune to the police for years?

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 How were mobsters like Al Capone and John Gotti in the public eye, yet were immune to the police for years?

Before RICO laws it was hard to take down an entire organization because the mob boss could never be connected to any specific crime. The Mob boss would talk to his under-boss about an illicit act. The under-boss would pass the info along to a caporegime (a sort of lieutenant) who would then instruct one of his gang to do the crime. Point is even if you caught and prosecuted the guy who did it, he'd rarely rat on his boss. His boss would never rat on the under-boss, who in turn would die before selling out his boss. The best structures mafias were like families - if you went to jail for a crime you committed on the families behalf, you were taken care of. Everyone was loyal to each other, and loyalty was rewarded. RICO laws changed that by allowing entire criminal organizations to be prosecuted for individual crime as "co-conspirators" -- if you could prove enough of a connection between the actions, those who carried out the action, and those who allegedly instructed it, that is.


Question: why do cardboard boxes that we put in the freezer become weirdly soft?

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 why do cardboard boxes that we put in the freezer become weirdly soft?

Cardboard is very dry - in other words, it can act as a sponge when in the presence of water. Most modern freezers are frost-free freezers, which mean then evaporate whatever water vapor is present in the freezer so it doesn't turn into [this...]( URL_0 ) Cardboard though can absorb that water vapor too and become soft and spongy until it loses its integrity.


Question: How does Gallup Poll methodology represent the "pulse of America" when they only interview 1500 people a week (78,000 a year) and only by phone?

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 How does Gallup Poll methodology represent the "pulse of America" when they only interview 1500 people a week (78,000 a year) and only by phone?

Okay, I understand that polling larger numbers of people is more difficult and possibly unnecessary. What I'd really like to know is how polls like Gallup translate 1500 people's opinions to represent 325 million on a weekly basis. It FEELS like (that's why I'm asking) there are too many demographics to even get a slice of true public opinion when interviewing 0.00046154% of the total. Each demographic question can have more than half a dozen divisions. * Gender * Race * Age * Individual income * Household income * # in household * Home ownership * Location * Health and disabilities * Education * Employment status and type * Children * Marital status How does the math work? It seems impossible to even come up with meaningful best guesses with such a small sample.


Question: Whats the difference between all the different street types in addresses? (Terrace, Road, Street, Boulevard, etc)

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 Whats the difference between all the different street types in addresses? (Terrace, Road, Street, Boulevard, etc)

First of all, there are no actual rules, - you can name it whatever you want. It's just tradition. Generically, streets are the routes within a settlement, and roads are the routes between settlements (or anywhere else). Avenues are often streets that run perpendicular to "streets" in a grid. Boulevards are wide streets with a median. Lanes are narrow country roads. Courts are dead end streets.


Question: is it possible to make an argument that my browsing history is a unique collection of destinations curated by me and therefore is my intellectual property that I create and own?

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 is it possible to make an argument that my browsing history is a unique collection of destinations curated by me and therefore is my intellectual property that I create and own?

Yeah, I don't think it would stop anything. I have been pissed off about the recent developments though and as a programmer with time on his hands I was thinking of ways I might contribute to subversion of this bullshit. I think one prong of a multi-pronged solution for the people would be to devalue the data by essentially corrupting it. Developers would create "pseudo-browsers" or "distorters". You would load these with personally identifiable info that you are looking to devalue. These automated browser processes would then bumble about the web using various scripts and redirects architected to basically trash the economic value of the associated 'profile' by intentionally making requests that make the data look suspect/fake and making it difficult to separate "real" user requests from those of their "browser-history distorter". IE: NRA: We'd like to buy a list of users who are into guns. ISP: $XXXXX.XX, thanks! NRA: Hey wait, all of these gun lovers seem to be into Hillary Clinton??? And sites about cross-dressing? WTF? These subversive browsers would really only need to accomplish the goal of making all their users' histories appear more or less the same by making their history more puff than real stuff.


Question: How can Valve afford to reduce the prices of games on Steam so much during sales such as the Christmas sale and still make such a massive profit?

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 How can Valve afford to reduce the prices of games on Steam so much during sales such as the Christmas sale and still make such a massive profit?

Because there's no production cost for games, only initial development and marketing cost. Whether you sell 100 chairs for 50€ a piece or 200 chairs for 25€ a piece matters, because the chairs have an associated manufacturing cost. Digital games on the other hand do not. So if you can get people to buy a game during a discount, who otherwise wouldn't have bought it, you're still increasing your profit. That said, Valve doesn't decide when and for what games discounts happen. The game developer/publisher does. Valve provides the tools and suggestions about when to set discounts, but does not enforce them.


Question: When you stick your finger in a cup of water thinking that its boiling hot but is actually very cold, why do you get a burning sensation for a split second?

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 When you stick your finger in a cup of water thinking that its boiling hot but is actually very cold, why do you get a burning sensation for a split second?

The receptors in your skin actually have a very hard time with "Extremes", ice cold water and very hot water give similar sensations, as both are damaging the cells. The mind also plays a large roll, and expectations, like giving someone a glass of orange juice and telling them it is milk, they might love orange juice but will immediately spit it out.


Question: The difference between drugs like cocaine and amphetamine and their seemingly more dangerous big brothers crack cocaine and meth amphetamine?

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 The difference between drugs like cocaine and amphetamine and their seemingly more dangerous big brothers crack cocaine and meth amphetamine?

For crack vs cocaine: normally, cocaine exists as an ionic salt, mixed to an acid salt (such as hydrochloride salt). By mixing the salt with a very strong base (with a higher PH than the cocaine), the cocaine is deprotonated, and effective converted into a form that can stand by itself. The process of freebasing can be used to purify the drug to a degree, and the product can be smoked (as cocaine salt decomposes/burns before it can be be vaporized). There is a structural difference between methamphetamine and amphetamines, the presence of an extra carbon atom and associated hydrogens (aka a methyl group) at the end of the chain. This product is typically a abused more frequently, but clandestine synthesis of meth from amphetamine is not common, as synthesis from other precursors, could be easier.


Question: Why is a decreasing population considered a bad thing for a country?

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 Why is a decreasing population considered a bad thing for a country?

People are an input into the economy, just like oil or farm land or machines. As a general rule, the more people you have, the more you can produce. So, on a surface level, a shrinking population is bad for an economy in the same way that a dwindling oil supply or lack of capital is bad. Unlike most of those things, people also create demand, not just supply. So fewer people can also mean that people aren't out there looking to buy new stuff---especially land and houses. which can also upset the economy quite a bit. On top of that, shrinking populations also usually mean aging populations. As people get older they tend to go from being net producers to net consumers, especially when health deteriorates. This can force a country to make hard choices about how, and how much, to support an older population that increasingly can't support itself. This is made worse by the fact that some jobs simply aren't suited to older people (There are very few 80 year old coal miners, or 70 year old ER nurses, and even when people are only 40 or so they may find that family and health makes it hard to work the kind of job or hours they could have worked when they were 50.)


Question: What would happen if you are in a submarine 10.000m deep in the ocean and a window cracks and breaks?

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 What would happen if you are in a submarine 10.000m deep in the ocean and a window cracks and breaks?

besides all of the destruction of the sub, you and especially compressible things there would be an effect present called sonoluminesce. As the bubble of air in your submarine gets smaller and smaller due to the water rushing in the air gets so hot that it will start to glow for a very short amount of time. like a twinkly star at the depths of the ocean while your skull is being crushed.


Question: How do airplanes manage flying upside down? Can majority of aircrafts do this?

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 How do airplanes manage flying upside down? Can majority of aircrafts do this?

As ELI5 as I can get: When a plane flies, its wings create a force (lift) that keeps the aircraft airborne. This lift is based on the shape of the wing, the aircraft's speed, and the angle the wing makes relative to the air. Wings are designed in different shapes to make the wing better at doing certain things. To fly upside down, you are basically flipping the shape of the wing upside down. Thus, you need a plane that has a wing design that can generate lift on the aircraft even when flipped around. (Alternatively, the pilot can push the nose upwards while upside down to try and increase the angle the wing makes relative to the air to generate lift to stay upright) As for your question majority of aircraft can do this... the answer is no. They can't do it and sustain the lift to keep flying/from falling down. While even some passenger airliners have been tested [to go upside down]( URL_0 ), their wings aren't designed for this so they start falling fast when they are upside down (lift is lost). Fighter jets, on the other hand, can fly upside down and not lose lift because they have wings designed to handle upside down flight (as well as copious amounts of thrust to keep speed which helps keep lift on the aircraft) One other thing to point out: even fighter jets can't stay inverted forever. One consideration is fuel - if your fuel tanks aren't designed to have fuel pumps at the top of the tank, if you go inverted, you can run out of fuel quickly to your engines as your pumps that are normally at the bottom of the tank are now at the top and your fuel may not be getting pumped to your engines.


Question: how is it that generic (store brands) are able to produce an entire store worth of items for significantly cheaper than individual name brands?

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 how is it that generic (store brands) are able to produce an entire store worth of items for significantly cheaper than individual name brands?

They aren't making it cheaper, they're selling it cheaper. The store can do this because there is no middle man taking their cut and requiring profit above manufacture (more profit per sale for the retailer). Example: Product "A" is made at a factory. The cost is $0.05 per unit. The company who markets Product "A" then sells this item to the retailer for $1.00 per unit. Then the retailer in turn sells it for $1.79. Product "B" is made at the same factory. The cost is $0.10 per unit. This item goes straight to the retailer and is sold for $1.25 per unit. Product "A" nets the retailer $0.79 margin. Product "B" nets the retailer $1.15 margin. Additionally, they don't have to advertise and can ride off the success of the name brands, so the margin comes with a higher profit, as the majority of their overhead is storage space and carrying costs.


Question: If I am in a tall house (3-4 flights) in the summer, does keeping the top floor windows & doors open help the place keep cooler (hot air going up the stairwell and out like chimney) or does it keep it warmer by letting hot air in? Or nothing at all?

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 If I am in a tall house (3-4 flights) in the summer, does keeping the top floor windows & doors open help the place keep cooler (hot air going up the stairwell and out like chimney) or does it keep it warmer by letting hot air in? Or nothing at all?

The answer is it depends. If the air in the top of the house is warmer then the air outside you will cool down the hus. If the air you let out is colder then the air you let in you heat up the house. To measure air temperature you need to do that in the shades and not in sunlight. Even if the the total temperature of the house drop letting in air might heat up the lower floors so if the top floor is relative unused during the day it might be better to let let them be warmest and the bottom be cooler where you are. To make it even more complex is that for you to be cool air circulation is a good idea so the air close to your skin that you heat up and have high humidity to get replaced. This is the reason a fan in a enclosed room will cool when sweat evaporate and air you heat up move away. So a flow of air can make you cooler even if the house get warmer


Question: Why does exercise such as running or cycling feel much more strenuous during the first couple of minutes?

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 Why does exercise such as running or cycling feel much more strenuous during the first couple of minutes?

Blood is constantly pumped all around our body to supply oxygen to all our muscles. In the case of running and cycling, we predominantly use our legs, but seeing as though we still have a regular blood circulation, our muscles find it difficult to work comfortably due to the lack of oxygen for the task they are performing. So, our body makes the decision to divert more blood towards those specific working muscles through the contraction and dilation of the blood vessels. This is why people tend to do a "warm up" before going on a run or cycle as it helps raise the heart rate to a level where your body would be comfortable performing strenuous tasks


Question: Whats a mainframe and why do movie hackers always “override the mainframe?”

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 Whats a mainframe and why do movie hackers always “override the mainframe?”

The term mainframe is an older term from the days when only big companies would have computers and usually only one. It would take up entire rooms with lots of different racks of equipment connected together to form a computer. It is simillar to how a modern computer is composed of a number of different components connected together however the components back in the days were huge. But like modern computers with their motherboards that house the CPU and main memory the computers back in the days also had a main frame to house these components. So the term mainframe was used for the big central computer. The other parts of the computers could have their own processors to control them but these were small in comparison and could not be used for much computing, similar to how modern computer components also have microprocessors to control them. The term mainframe have stuck around to refer to the IBM System z which is a direct decendent of the old mainframes of the 60s and is still used in the same way. However most computing have switched to lots of individual servers instead of one big one. So the term mainframe would make sense in movies set in the 60s, 70s and 80s. It could be possible to gain access to things like printers and modems, and you still can today. But getting access to the mainfraim would give the attacker access to all the systems in a company as everything would run on this single computer. However in the 90s and onwards it would be far more likely to face more diverse environments with lots of different servers. Even if the company would have a mainframe, and many still have one today, they would not be running everything. So gaining full access to the mainframe would not give you complete control any longer. But for a scriptwriter the term still sounds cool and is still accociated with somethging very central and important in a company.