Question: How does gambling work and how do “odds” work?

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 How does gambling work and how do “odds” work?

The odds depend on the game being played, and the rules for those are usually the same wherever you are (barring any odd house rules that the casino may have). Basically, what the casino will be trying to ensure is that the odds of the punter winning mean, on average, they'll receive less money in winnings than they paid in the first place, because that's how they make their money. To reduce it to its simplest, if they had a game where you pay $1 to flip a coin and you win $1.50 cents if it comes up heads, the win on average will come out to $0.75 (because heads occur half the time) so the casino is ahead. The odds of winning in that case would be 2 to 1.


Question: How do we measure how many calories are in food and drinks?

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 How do we measure how many calories are in food and drinks?

Using a device called 'calorimeter'. A calorie is equal to the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C. You use the calorimeter to burn a piece of food and the released energy is used to heat a known quantity of water. From this information, you calculate the number of calories.


Question: How do colour changing cups/shirts work?

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 How do colour changing cups/shirts work?

I'm not sure about the specific compounds used or reactions that occur in this. But thank goodness this is ELI5 so I don't need to. Basically we take an item and cover it with one color. Then you coat it with another layer of thermo-reactive paint (paint that reacts to heat). This special paint becomes transparent when heat is applied on it. (I'm not sure but I think you can choose the color of the thermo-reactive paint as well. Generally black tho) So basically what happens is that. When the article is cold, the outer layer of paint, the thermo paint, is opaque. When it is heated up, this layer becomes transparent and then you can see the layer beneath it. Since the transparency is dependant on the heat level, it is possible to get gradients. For example, phone covers which show palm prints. The inner layer is red. And the thermo paint is blue. So if it is slightly/moderately warmed up, the blue becomes translucent(instead of transparent) and red and blue mix to show purple. This process can also be used it reverse using a different thermo paint which react to coldness instead of heat. In this case the outer layer will be transparent in normal temperature and application of coldness will cause the outer layer to become opaque. There are also other techniques for color changing such as using UV light as a trigger instead of heat. This is used in some shoes and shirts. I don't have much knowledge about these but I speculate that they may have similar working principles.


Question: Why/How does putting bread in a container with brown sugar make the sugar soft and the bread hard?

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 Why/How does putting bread in a container with brown sugar make the sugar soft and the bread hard?

The other comment was a little confused so I'm gonna post the fix, any food product given enough time will start to dry out due to the high moisture content of the food compared to the low moisture of the air around it. Due to liquids having an inherent vapor pressure (basically their desire to evaporate into air) over time the sugars will dry out and stick together. But since sugar is hydrophilic given enough water in the air of an enclosed space it'll pull that water out and into itself rehydrating the sugar and loosening it up. It just so happens that bread has a good quantity of water in it and that due to the very high surface area of bread it evaporates out pretty fast. So just like the sugar it to has its water evaporate out drying the bread and then the sugar happily sucks it up rehydrating back to normal. Then the process starts all over again of it slowly evaporating out of the sugar again starting the cycle over.


Question: Why do popular shows like Attack on Titan get low budget?

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 Why do popular shows like Attack on Titan get low budget?

> most popular anime at the moment The amount of money to be made (in the west) on anime TV is close to zip, and cartoons, especially high quality cartoons, are grossly expensive to make (this gets lost a bit, but yes, cartoons are often very expensive and time consuming to make compared to live action). Its no wonder it has a 'small' budget, if the budget was higher, it wouldn't be making any more for the company making it. Also a "popular" anime, is pulling in joke numbers of viewers and money compared to a more traditional TV show... the audience just isn't there. Just business. You can't spend more on making a product than you can sell it for.


Question: When searching for signs of extraterrestial life, exactly what are looking for?

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 When searching for signs of extraterrestial life, exactly what are looking for?

Anything that's not natural, or what we consider to be natural. On earth for example, an alien might see straight line structures and conclude they're a sign of intelligent life (straight, symmetrical structures are very rare in nature). In space we're focusing on energy emissions, especially radio waves, and their patterns. A burst of radiation that occurs once or twice every few years? Probably natural. One that appears precisely every two hours, follows a pattern, and originates from the same place? Might be worth investigating. Our theory is that a space-faring species will have developed technology to either broadcast their presence through the galaxy, or significantly alter their environment at a planetary scale in a way that we could observe, whether directly or indirectly.


Question: why does watching welding in person damage your eye, while watching a video of the same weld is completely safe?

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 why does watching welding in person damage your eye, while watching a video of the same weld is completely safe?

The danger from watching welding in person is from the overwhelming amount of photons that enter your eyes. When a video camera captures a scene, the photons hit a sensor that registers a digital value for the color and the intensity of the light. There is an upper limit on how high the number the represents the intensity of the light is. So once the light hits or exceeds that upper limit, the camera just records its max number. For that reason the camera will never record a number that represents a level of light so intense it could hurt your eyes. For example lets say the highest level the camera can record is 1000. A normal sunny day might be in the 800-900 range. Welding would be in the 10,000 range. So even if the camera was pointed right at the welding arc, the max number it would record for brightness would be 1000. When you go to watch that as a video it's not bright enough to hurt you. Also no TV or computer monitor could even produce enough light to hurt you the way welding does.


Question: Why does the moon exist, would life on earth be the same without it?

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 Why does the moon exist, would life on earth be the same without it?

The current theory is that a smallish proto-planet named Theia collided with the early Earth. The collision produced lots of debris, which eventually glommed together to form the moon. [It looked like this]( URL_0 ). While it is really impossible to know for sure if life would be different without a moon, it is *extremely* likely that life would be radically different or simply not exist without the moon. The moon governs tides, which have a major effect on life near the shorelines. The moon also acts as a gravitational "shield" for incoming meteors so that the Earth doesn't get impacted nearly as often. So it has almost certainly influenced life on Earth in a number of ways.


Question: if the perimeter of a circle and a square are the same why is the area of the circle greater?

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 if the perimeter of a circle and a square are the same why is the area of the circle greater?

Take a loop of string. Make a square out of it. The square has some area. Now pull two opposite corners of the square as far apart as you can. The new shape has the same perimeter as the square did, but almost no area at all. So we can use the same perimeter to make shapes with different area. If you take your square and reshape it into a circle, you’ll lose some area around the corners, but the amount you gain outside of the edges is more than what you lost.


Question: Why is the economic middle class shrinking?

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 Why is the economic middle class shrinking?

Because the rich and ultra rich are getting richer. That money has to come from somewhere. For every million whatevers more your rich CEO is earning, that could have paid 10 people 100k, or 100 people 10k more. Its compounded by taxes-taxes over the past thirty/forty years have plummeted for the rich. So governments either have to raise taxes for the middle class or the poor, cut services, or both. Then you also have to factor in the circular economy. If you give a poor person 10 whatevers, they're more likely to spend it in the local community because they need to buy food. Which helps pay the shopkeeper, the accountant, the taxes for the schoolteacher, etc. A rich person would hoarde most of their money because that's a wiser investment for them. But that doesn't help the local economy.


Question: How to barcode scanners instantly detect what an item is, despite the barcode being at any angle and often on a crinkled surface, completeley changing the look of the code from the scanner's perspective?

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 How to barcode scanners instantly detect what an item is, despite the barcode being at any angle and often on a crinkled surface, completeley changing the look of the code from the scanner's perspective?

The lasers that read the barcode hit it from many angles and scan it very quickly. Also barcodes have something like a checksum, where it's easy to recognize if the data that was read is garbage and needs to be read again. That's why when using hand scanners, like at the grocery store, sometimes it scans a valid item very quickly, and somtimes it takes a while. The built-in scanners in the checkout lanes have lasers that shot from the sides and from the bottom.


Question: If the interstellar medium (ISM) is defined as regions of Space beyond a Star’s influence, why is there an ISM between the heliopause and the Oort Cloud?

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 If the interstellar medium (ISM) is defined as regions of Space beyond a Star’s influence, why is there an ISM between the heliopause and the Oort Cloud?

The heliopause is basically the limit of the Sun's physical influence...it's the outer edge of the Sun's particle bubble. Since what's beyond that, by definition, can't be from the sun then the contents must be interstellar medium. The Oort cloud goes \*way\* farther out than the heliopause. You might be thinking of the sun's gravity...that doesn't have a limit to it's influence, it just gets so weak that nobody cares if you go far away...but that's much much farther than either the heliopause or the Oort cloud. And the gravity well doesn't have anything to do with the heliopause.


Question: How does an eSport organization make money beside of the sponsoring and prize money of tournaments? How can it be a sustainable business?

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 How does an eSport organization make money beside of the sponsoring and prize money of tournaments? How can it be a sustainable business?

Same way any sports team will be profitable. Sponsorship, advertising, donations, merchandise selling, and tournament winnings. eSports is a very popular audience passtime, and good teams have a lot of fans that are willing to watch their matches. Sponsors are willing to pay a lot of money to get to advertise to such a very targeted audience of this size. The teams also sells merch, t-shirts, mugs, posters, whatever that are very popular with their fans and can make a fairly good supplemental income.


Question: How do pharma companies come up with the names of new drugs?

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 How do pharma companies come up with the names of new drugs?

IUPAC has standards for naming compounds so someone versed in the field can determine the structure of the compound even if they didn't have a model of it on hand. These are often extremely long, and are rarely used over common names. Common name is given by whoever discovers the drug, and they can name it whatever they want. Brand name is just whatever the company thinks will be catchy and stick with consumers. A company I interned at held a contest at our facility to come up with the brand name for a drug we were working on. For an example: Lipitor. The name Lipitor is the brand name from Pfizer. The drug's common name Atorvastatin, named by the creators. It's name using the IUPAC convention is (3R,5R)-7-[2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3-phenyl-4-(phenylcarbamoyl)-5-propan-2-ylpyrrol-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid, which gives the drug's full chemical structure.


Question: How can I think that two people look very much alike but someone else thinks that the same two people don't look alike at all?

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 How can I think that two people look very much alike but someone else thinks that the same two people don't look alike at all?

On first introduction, our brain naturally searches to get a handle on things--do I know this individual? What can I induce about him/her from appearance? It's all about us assessing the threat/benefit level of a new situation. Your brain assesses that he/she shares traits with someone you are familiar with, acquaintance or celebrity. Then it determines if it is in fact the same person. Some people's brains are sharper at this than others'. (Personally I don't recognize most of my neighbors if they aren't in their yards/cars or with their kids/dog.) But once you get to know the individual, you tend to forget the initial similarity because by then you know so many things about him/her that are distinct. So if you are meeting the person for the first time, but your friends already know them, they will see more differences than similarities


Question: How did people in the middle ages keep their swords from rusting in the rain? Did people just not fight if it was wet out?

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 How did people in the middle ages keep their swords from rusting in the rain? Did people just not fight if it was wet out?

Simple, regular maintenance, after using the sword they didn't just throw it back in the scabbard and hang on the wall at home until the next time. It would be wiped dry, re-sharpened and oiled before storing it. A sword is not going to fall apart immediately after getting wet, seriously rusting would take weeks of neglect.


Question: what is dirty_bytes and dirty_background bytes in linux system?

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 what is dirty_bytes and dirty_background bytes in linux system?

URL_0 Dirty memory is related to how Linux caches writes to nonvolatile storage (hard drives, USB sticks, etc.). Basically the actual writing operation only begins when a given amount to be written is accumulated to prevent the system from having to babysit a huge amount of small and slow I/O operations. *Dirty pages* are memory pages allocated to this cache feature that have data written on them that is yet to be transfered to the nonvolatile storage.


Question: How do antidepressants (specifically bupropion/Wellbutrin) work?

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 How do antidepressants (specifically bupropion/Wellbutrin) work?

Wellbutrin is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Norepinephrine and Dopamine are both neurotransmitters that excite specific neurons in the brain to trigger specific pathways. The more neurotransmitter circulating, the more excited these pathways become. Your body has a natural way of recycling these neurotransmitters by using them or storing them in neighboring support cells (glial cells). A “reuptake inhibitor” functions to prevent these cells from removing the neurotransmitters in circulation. This way, they are present in higher concentration and longer duration. Dopamine plays a major role in reward-motivated behavior. The reward system is responsible for motivation, desire, pleasure, and much more. By maintaining circulating dopamine levels, the drug helps improve mood and provide a sense of motivation that counteracts depression.


Question: How are we able to experience a new thought that is a complete revelation to us if the thoughts are coming from us?

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 How are we able to experience a new thought that is a complete revelation to us if the thoughts are coming from us?

Like /u/jimbob994, I think of this as a philosophical question. Though, my mind swings towards Hume. You may have completed a puzzle, but others have given you all the pieces. [Hume argued first that every simple idea was derived from some simple impression and that every complex idea was made up of simple ideas; innate ideas, supposed to be native to the mind, were nonexistent.]( URL_0 )


Question: How come constellations are the same no matter where you are on the planet?

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 How come constellations are the same no matter where you are on the planet?

The earth is spinning around its north-south axis once every 24 hours. From the equator, Japan and the USA are about the same distance to the north pole. From the perspective of the sun, the place where the USA is now will be the same where Japan will be in about eight hours (give or take, I'm not sure what the distance is nor is it relevant). As such the star constellations you see in Japan are the same as the ones you will see in the USA. If Japan and the USA would have been at the opposite site of the equator, like Japan and Australia are, then you would see different constellations.


Question: What is end to end encryption and why is the government trying to ban it?

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 What is end to end encryption and why is the government trying to ban it?

you and your friend have a safe with a lock and only you and him know the code. You put a message in that safe and mail the safe to your friend. That message is protected and cannot be seen by anyone handling the safe except your friend when it arrives to him. So the message is encrypted on your end, or put in the safe box and then sent to the other end where your friend is, and also where it is encrypted or locked in the safe until your friend opens the safe. But you can just break the safe right? So you encrypt the message further, you tear it up into a hundred pieces and send it to your friend. But before this, you gave him a blueprint of how to put the message back together. This is end to end encryption. Only either end can decrypt the message to see it. I don't know about the government part. But I might have a few guesses.


Question: Why do storage devices not have the full amount of space on them? What is taking up that space or where is the missing amount?

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 Why do storage devices not have the full amount of space on them? What is taking up that space or where is the missing amount?

The device puts aside a bit of space for itself where it puts files and things to keep track of whats stored. Kind of like how a libary has a small office for the libririan to work out and track where all the books and things the libary stores actually are


Question: Where does all the dust go and finally end up?

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 Where does all the dust go and finally end up?

Heavily depends on what is meant by dust! If by dust you mean the stuff that accumulates on books and the table in your house, then the answer is probably: you suck it up with a vacuum or wipe it away with something else, and the deposit the collected dust outside, in the sink or elsewhere. If you mean dust more generally (including, say, the dust that can hang in the air on hot days) then the answer is: it falls on the ground and mixes with it, is carried away by wind to settle somewhere else or gets blown into the ocean. In the end, all dust gets recycled by nature, one way or another.


Question: why can't doctors just prescribe dopamine and serotonin for mental health issues like major depressive disorders?

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 why can't doctors just prescribe dopamine and serotonin for mental health issues like major depressive disorders?

Because it's more complicated than just a dopamine or serotonin deficiency. Maybe the receptors aren't working properly, so they can't use the brain juice correctly. Maybe things like therapy are more effective. You also don't necessarily want to add MORE of those brain juices, because they affect things other than your brain. Dopamine, for example, is used for cardiac support. If there's nothing wrong with your heart, you don't want to add that to the mix.


Question: How is thirst quenched so quickly?

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 How is thirst quenched so quickly?

Food is far more complex and must be broken down in various stages. This includes acidic breakdown in the stomach, pancreatic enzymatic breakdown and further breakdown and absorption in the small and large intestines. Water isn't really subject to all these rules - its water at the end of the day. Most of the water is absorbed in the Colon and it can certainly bypass food and faeces. Once water is absorbed into the bloodstream, kidney blood vessels get stretched. A signal is sent which relaxes thirst receptors in the brain. More info: Thirst and hunger act very differently in the brain. Hunger signals are complex and are related to the different nutrients in the food you eat. They also tend to take longer to take effect with some taking up to 20-30 minutes.


Question: Why is there an easy method to test if a number is divisible by any number 1-10 except 7 and 8?

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 Why is there an easy method to test if a number is divisible by any number 1-10 except 7 and 8?

It's to do with which numbers are factors of each other. The tests looking at the last digits happen when dividing by a factor of 10 (2 and 5), or a power of those (4 and 8). Technically there's a matching test for divisibility by 8 (last three digits divisible by 8), but it's less helpful. The tests looking at the sum of digits happen when dividing by 10 & minus;1 and its factors (3 and 9). Finally, for numbers which are a product of numbers in both groups, we can use both tests together (6=2 & times;3). This leaves just 7, which shares no factors with either 9 or 10.


Question: If the net worth is based on shares, how can it be spent?

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 If the net worth is based on shares, how can it be spent?

People who have most of their net worth tied up in a company they founded that's publicly traded, like Mark Zuckerburg, typically have automated trading set up so that every month/quarter it'll sell a set amount of shares so that they have money for living expenses, are able to diversity their investments, etc. By automating it, it removes the ability to intentionally or inadvertently act in ways that might be construed as insider trading. They could also make manual trades to sell shares, but would have to make sure to do so only in periods when there aren't trade blackouts (or quiet periods), say right before earnings releases or an acquisition is announced. Yes, if shares are sold then the founder's holding would decrease and whomever bought would have a part of the company -- that how public companies work. The whole point of buying stock is to profit later from the company doing well. In the case of companies that are not yet public, the founders can borrow money using their stake in the company as collateral, or they can sell to private investors like venture capital firms. This is often why start-ups take on additional rounds of funding... they don't need the cash to fund the company, but instead the founders want to take some money off the table.


Question: How do international credit ratings work? Italy has never defaulted on its sovereign debt, Germany has defaulted over 5 times. Why does Germany have a better rating than Italy?

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 How do international credit ratings work? Italy has never defaulted on its sovereign debt, Germany has defaulted over 5 times. Why does Germany have a better rating than Italy?

well, they are issued by companies that all have their own unique blend of reasons to issue them. but considering at least 4 of those 5 times "Germany" defaulted it was a different country, it is pretty obvious they will pay more attention to the current economic situation than how the country (or whatever country was there in 1500) handled things several centuries ago as stated in the link you provide, that graph is incredibly missleading and just for fun, not for serious contemplation


Question: What is the difference between Money and Credit??

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 What is the difference between Money and Credit??

Money is how much spendable stuff you have now. Credit is how much money people are willing to lend you. Almost always you have to pay back more money than you borrow. Sometimes you can promise to give a person a valuable thing (like your house) if you don't pay back the money you owe. Thus allowing you to get more credit than you have money.


Question: How do linguists or travelers learn or translate a language which had not been previously discovered?

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 How do linguists or travelers learn or translate a language which had not been previously discovered?

If you have someone that speaks the language they can teach you. You spend a lot of time pointing at stuff and eventually can start to infer words and basic communication, and then can figure out complexities from there. If you do not have that person, like dead languages, you need something that was translated into a language you do know.


Question: How come wet paper get curvy, spoiled and ruined when it dries up and not go back to its original form and quality?

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 How come wet paper get curvy, spoiled and ruined when it dries up and not go back to its original form and quality?

Paper is made of compressed fiber derived from wood. As any owner of wood furniture or tools can tell you, without a waterproof finish, wet wood will warp and swell and it may or may not go back to where it started. This is largely because the fibers in the wood swell when they absorb water. Depending on the location, grain, wood type, temperature and amount of water this swelling my happen more in some places than others. If that happens the wood can tear itself. Paper, being made of compressed fiber, cannot re-compress itself once the water is gone and as a result the paper occupies a somewhat larger space. But since the surrounding paper has not swollen, it's too large to fit in its own spot in the sheet and thus wrinkles. If you wet and entire sheet and spread it carefully to dry it's possible to keep it flat, if weak, when it dries.


Question: Why you can't divide a number by Zero?

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 Why you can't divide a number by Zero?

Division is the inverse of multiplication. When you're asking "what's 8/2?", what you're *really* asking is "what number do I need to multiply with 2 to give 8?" The answer is 4 because 2\*4 = 8. Now try that with 0. Consider 8/0 -- which number multiplied by 0 gives 8? There literally is no answer, as something multiplied with 0 is always 0.


Question: Why do the Canadian and American dollars fluctuate so much?

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 Why do the Canadian and American dollars fluctuate so much?

First, it's important to know that this isn't unique to the US or Canadian dollar. Any currency that is allowed to float based on market demand will have a changing value over time. The root of it is supply and demand. When there is more demand for US dollars the price goes up. This is a weird thing to think about in regards to the price of money itself. Let me give you a simple example. Imagine that you own a business making widgets. Your widgets require steel to make. Let's also assume that your primarily buy your steel from foundries in the US. Those foundries are going to want to be paid in US dollars for their steel. So, before you can buy that steel you have to convert your CAD to USD. That means finding someone who is willing to sell you USD and accept CAD in exchange. You literally need to buy US dollars and the amount that you have to pay in Canadian dollars is the price. If there are lots of people wanting to buy USD then the price for USD will go up. That means that you will have to pay more CAD to buy the same amount of USD.


Question: What makes Sharpie and other markers permanent?

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 What makes Sharpie and other markers permanent?

First, let's talk about non-permanent markers, and how they work. The ink in a dry-erase pen isn't _just_ ink. Usually, they contain coloured ink, a solvent to keep the pen from drying out, and binding agents that make sure the ink and the solvent are mixed properly. When you write with them, you leave a trail of ink and solvent mixture, but since the solvent has a much higher vapor pressure than the ink, it quickly evaporates. This leaves a trail of dry ink particles on the surface - colour. The reason you can erase a dry-erase marker is that there's nothing in particular keeping the coloured particles in the ink stuck to the surface you're writing on when they're dry, unless the surface itself is porous like wood, or skin. Not so for permanent markers. In addition to ink, solvent, and binding agents, permanent markers contain resin. The resin is also dissolved by the solvent, but when the ink dries, the resin hardens, leaving a protective coating of resin on top of the ink. This protective layer keeps the ink in place and prevents you from erasing it. The resin also sometimes makes permanent marker ink feel sticky, when it's dry. Add more solvent, and you'll dissolve the resin again, which will make it erasable. This is why you can use a regular whiteboard marker to erase permanent marker with, as they usually contain the same solvent. In theory, you can use anything that contains organic solvents - acetone or nail polish remover will work, as will vodka or another strong alcoholic beverage. I've used sunscreen once.


Question: If music CDs are burned with the opening tracks towards the center, how are open-world video game discs burned?

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 If music CDs are burned with the opening tracks towards the center, how are open-world video game discs burned?

Ignoring the hard drive element of modern games, for games that *did* run entirely from the disc, the non chronological nature of their storage wouldn't have been a problem. Unlike a music CD, it wasn't necessary to read the disc from start to finish in one go. (Indeed, even with a music CD, you can use track select to change the order in which it is read.) When a game needed to load more data from the disc, it would know where on the disc that is located, and start reading from that point. There would still be some care taken with data placement - the time taken to find the correct location on disc (seek time) is a factor in the overall loading speed, especially if the system is constantly jumping around for fragmented data.


Question: Why do burning materials smoke?

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</answer>
 Why do burning materials smoke?

Smoke is tiny particles of unburned solid or liquid matter, being carried into the air by currents caused by the fire. Darker smokes contain more carbon and soot, while lighter smokes contain more water. This happens because fire often overlooks tiny particles, and also sometimes just can't burn them (such as ash or water).


Question: How do illegal drugs get from import to low level drug dealers?

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 How do illegal drugs get from import to low level drug dealers?

Depends on the drugs involved, but usually each member of an organisation will have contacts to help filter out the bulk (if not all) of the drugs as quickly as possible. These people will be dealing in Kilos of product (powder, leaf etc) or thousands of pills (Ecstasy etc). Each of the guys who then receive it, will have their own contacts who likely want smaller amounts than the full amount purchased, which is where the extra margins come into play. This can either be in the form of simply charging more, or cutting the product with cheap filler to increase the total volume (although sacrificing the quality of the product). This is why almost all Cocaine purchased on the street has things like dog-dewormer etc in it. Cheap to get hold of, roughly similar in appearance to cocaine, not harmful to humans (within a reasonable level) etc. Each person in the chain wants to make their own cut, so the only way to do so is either charge more per gram to make the margin, or increase the quantity of the drug that they have and sell at the same or more. This is part of the reason why legalisation has such positive effects, since the criminal networks have severely reduced cash flow, and users dont end up putting unknown substances into their body. Since a legal product, especially pharmaceuticals, tends to have regulations and guidelines to match up to. Of which purity is one of them. For example here in the UK, a pork sausage has to have a certain percentage of pork meat in it, which is a legal regulation. Same would apply to recreational drugs.


Question: Why do cold drinks taste different to the same drink but, warm/hot?

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 Why do cold drinks taste different to the same drink but, warm/hot?

Two factors are at play here. 1. You've learned to like the taste of a food at a specific temperature, and you've also learned to expect it to be that temperature. Eating it at another temperature is an unpleasant surprise. 2. Volatile compounds (i.e. the chemicals that floats off of food to give it its smell) become more or less concentrated depending on the temperature, and their ratio can change as well. This alters the scent of a food, which alters its flavor. Likewise, your taste buds also change their sensitivity based on the temperature of the food, so certain flavors are more pronounced if the food is hotter. Again, this changes the food from your expectation, which is unpleasant.


Question: How does a candle not burn all at once?

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 How does a candle not burn all at once?

Paraffin wax only burns when it is a gas and mixes with air. To become a gas, it must first be a liquid. Liquid paraffin in bulk, like a puddle, conducts heat away from the surface too quickly to burn under normal conditions. Small flecks of it will burn, as they have more surface area compared to how quickly they lose heat through the bottom. The result is that as wax melts, the wick sucks it up. Then the fire boils it off of the wick, and it mixes with air and burns. The paraffin at the bottom, meanwhile, does not receive enough heat to boil. A little bit of it will evaporate, and may get sucked into the fire, but very minuscule amounts.


Question: What happens to the “lost” iron, that disappears when steel rusts? Like, does it just enter the water system and then the ocean, or do we reclaim it in any way?

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 What happens to the “lost” iron, that disappears when steel rusts? Like, does it just enter the water system and then the ocean, or do we reclaim it in any way?

The iron isn't lost. It is an "ingredient" of rust. The iron in the steel binds with the oxygen in the surrounding air or moisture to make rust. It's like when you mix red paint and yellow paint to make orange paint. The original red and yellow never really go anywhere, but they combine to make a new color.


Question: . Why does slapping the remote make it work?

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 . Why does slapping the remote make it work?

There are flexible metal contacts holding the batteries in place and transferring electricity. These wear over time and become less flexible and/or get covered with leaking battery acid and build up corrosion. Hitting the remote may reestablish electrical connection by moving things slightly or breaking some of that corrosion free. Sometimes enough corrosion or other junk (food crumbs) gets under the buttons so hitting the remote moves whatever is shorting or blocking a button contact.


Question: Why are ab muscles asymmetrical?

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 Why are ab muscles asymmetrical?

None of these answers are quite correct. Assymetrical abs are generally genetic and have nothing to do with working out one side over the other. You're either born symmetrical or aren't. Aside from that, the way you exercise and natural things like one shoulder higher then the other can contribute to how much the assymetry appears but it is at its core a genetic issue (edit: pun intended) URL_0


Question: Why does creatine require glucose?

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 Why does creatine require glucose?

Creatine is all about adding more "fuel" to your muscles. Think of glucose as the gas station. Can you run your car on gas station gas? No, not directly, has to be pumped into your gas tank. Your gas tank is another molecule called "ATP". Feeds the engine (the muscle) directly. Creatine is like a second gas tank you fill up. So when your ATP/gas tank gets low, Creatine jumps in and refills it, from this secondary tank. Then the engine keeps running from the refilled primary fuel tank. & #x200B; All that being said, it requires glucose, because if you install that secondary fuel tank, it would be best if you're positioned at a gas station to fill it up!


Question: How do we wake up?

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 How do we wake up?

Your brain wakes you up. It has an internal clock which regulates the body, and it can prepare your body to wake up and eventually bring you back into consciousness. If you establish a regular sleeping schedule, your internal clock will adapt to it, often waking you up just before your alarm.


Question: Why sounds of higher pitch get faster and sounds of lower pitch get slower?

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 Why sounds of higher pitch get faster and sounds of lower pitch get slower?

Pitch is determined by the frequency of a sound. Sound is, in fact, a vibration travelling through the air, a procession of waves in the air. How fast these waves follow one another is what determines the frequency - one peak and dip per second corresponds to 1Hz, two to 2 Hz, one thousand to one kHz, and so on. Thus, when you naively speed up a sound clip, you not only make the sounds follow one another faster, but also these waves - you generate more waves per second, the frequency of the noise goes up, and you end up with a higher pitch. However, done properly, you can increase the speed at which sounds follow one another, while still maintaining the same frequency of the sound itself and thus the pitch. Similarly, you can increase the frequency of your sound waves, and increase the pitch, while maintaining the same speed at which one 'bit of sound' follows the other. Thus the change of pitch going with the change of speed is not an intrinsic matter, and rather, the result of a shallow approach to the changing of pitch or speed in a sound clip.


Question: Why do some dead batteries work again after you stop using them for a while?

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 Why do some dead batteries work again after you stop using them for a while?

I'm not really sure, because this is very situation-specific (for instance, iPhone batteries have some special features). However, many batteries will also be very hot when they run out of life. When cooled, the charges flow better, so you might be able to squeeze just a little more life out of them. Some batteries (esp. computers and phones) turn off before they're fully empty to stop you from physically damaging the hardware. Sometimes you can trick them into turning back on after that. Energizer batteries and such will randomly start and stop working near the end of their lifespan as the chemicals stop reacting. There's no correlation between what you do and how well they work; you're just drawing a conclusion because your brain dislikes randomness. src: astrophysicist, this is basically a summary of what I know, but may not be 100%


Question: If your brain uses 20% of your calorie intake, and your brain uses more energy when used intensely, does this mean you can lose weight from using your brain more intensely on a regular basis?

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 If your brain uses 20% of your calorie intake, and your brain uses more energy when used intensely, does this mean you can lose weight from using your brain more intensely on a regular basis?

Most of what your brain does has nothing to do with "thinking hard". Rather, the energy is primarily going towards just keeping all the systems operational. While it would no doubt be possible to measure some small difference in energy consumption based on use, this difference probably wouldn't favor the sort of thinking you're considering. It's a much more difficult computational chore for your brain to play a game of racquetball than it is for your to lie dead still and philosophize about how much energy you can burn with pure thought.


Question: Why does a smaller gene pool lead to more genetic diseases?

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 Why does a smaller gene pool lead to more genetic diseases?

With a smaller gene pool, you have less variation. Genes are present on chromosomes, and each gene has two copies - alleles. Alleles can be the same (homozygous) or different (heterozygous). Say you have a disease that is caused by having two of the same copies of an allele. When you have a larger gene pool (say 30 alleles of one gene), you have less of a chance of picking up the "bad" disease causing copy of the gene. However, when the gene pool is small (3 copies), theres a much greater chance of picking up the disease causing copy. So, since there's less variation in the gene pool, there is a higher chance of genetic diseases.


Question: Why is it that cracked eggs go bad in a few days but raw dried pasta with eggs in it can last for months?

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 Why is it that cracked eggs go bad in a few days but raw dried pasta with eggs in it can last for months?

You said it yourself - DRY. Bacteria thrive in a wet, nutrient rich environment that is your cracked egg, but pasta is a desert where living is much slower and more difficult. I mean, make no mistake, that pasta is absolutely full of bacteria, but their biological functions are extremely slow due to a lack of resources.