Question: what is a function in mathematics?

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 what is a function in mathematics?

It is crucial information--so you do understand it, even if you don't understand it with a clear definition. f(x) = x^2 is an example of a function. In a mathematical function, you have an input, you do something to that input, and it produces an output. In this case, use f(2) = 2^2 = 4. You have your input: 2. Then you do something to it: square it. Then, it produces an output: 4. To use a less ELI5 and more an ELI-in-college, a *function* is a *relation* between two *sets* such that each *element* of one set maps exactly to one element of the second set, but the reverse need not be true (two elements from set A can map to "2", for example, but that means the *inverse* of that function [mapping set B to A] is not a function. Let's define some terms. A *relation* is some mathematical relationship between numbers. X^2 can be a relation; it maps an input to an output. A *set* is a group of numbers, roughly speaking. An *element* is a number that is an element of a particular set. If a *function* maps inputs from set A to outputs from set B, the *inverse* of that function maps inputs from set B back to set A. This is where you get the horizontal line test; if you draw a horizontal line on the graph and hit more than one number, you know that for some element of B, there are more than one A that corresponds to it. Thus, the inverse (mapping B to A) can't be a function because some B would correspond to multiple As. If, for a given relation, all the elements of A map to exactly one unique element of B, the function is called "one to one". (Meaning, x^2 is not "one-to-one" because -2 and 2 both map to 4 under that relations). This is where you get the vertical line test to determine whether something is a function. If you can draw a vertical line on the graph and hit more than one number, the relation is not a function because an element of set A maps to two elements of set B. A relation is *onto* if every element in set B corresponds to at least one element of A. If a function is both one-to-one and onto, it is invertible (that is, its inverse is also a function). If you like this kind of information, please consider taking a "discrete math" class. Almost every college, even community colleges, offer them and they're usually a requirement for mathematics or computer science degrees. If you *really* like this kind of thing, you might want to consider taking a mathematical logic class where you really dig into the hows and whys of math.


Question: Why has the Dow gone over 25,000 but we only have a GDP growth of 3.22%?

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 Why has the Dow gone over 25,000 but we only have a GDP growth of 3.22%?

The Dow Jones Industrial Average is not a great indicator of the overall economy. The Dow is a hand selected group of 30 companies that are both very large and very stable. When the Dow was first created in 1896, 30 companies did give you a good overview of the market, but now there are just too many companies and too many sectors to try and say that 30 companies tell the whole story.


Question: Why is fusion/fission always "20 years away"? What is it that scientists can't quite accomplish to make it successful? Also, are we at the final "20 years", as in, could we finally see it happen in the 2030s or earlier?

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 Why is fusion/fission always "20 years away"? What is it that scientists can't quite accomplish to make it successful? Also, are we at the final "20 years", as in, could we finally see it happen in the 2030s or earlier?

Fission has been done and is used in nuclear power plants. The problem with fusion is extracting the energy released through the nuclear process. I believe we have now created a fusion plant which is releasing more energy than is put into the plant to initiate the reaction but this is so marginal that its not cost effective enough for commercial purposes. With regards to the first part of your question, the "20 years away" statement is usually propaganda to ensure that funding isn't cut by the powers that be (who typically don't understand the scientific method) so that the research can continue. Personally I think that fusion power will be cracked in the next 20 years, especially as the oil will run out and the funding for fusion will have to increase to ensure that we can keep our power hungry lifestyle that we have now.


Question: How does the liver work ?

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 How does the liver work ?

Liver cleans your body and sends the bad and used stuff out of your body through your kidneys or poop shoot. Without it you get jaundice (usually one of the first visible symptoms) and the whites of your eyes turn yellow then your skin. Then you just get all around pretty sick. Diseases that can cause bad liver damage is cirrhosis, Hepatitis C, overdose on medicines. Without it, you will die. It regenerates if you cut 33% of it out to donate, and regrows if you have had a transplant to yourself. Largest internal organ you have.


Question: Social media profiles are used to send targeted ads. What else can be done to us users with this data and how dangerous can it get?

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 Social media profiles are used to send targeted ads. What else can be done to us users with this data and how dangerous can it get?

Look up China's new system of rating people if you want to see the dangers. It's a real dystopian nightmare. If you say stuff that's critical of the state on social media, you lose points and that loses you privileges. For pictures you post on social media, some formats allow people to scrape your location from them. Post one pic about "chilling at home with the fam" and BAM, your home address is out there for the world to see. Post a few more, and a dedicated stalker can put together a pretty accurate depiction of your day to day life. And that's just a few examples.


Question: Why is the passage of time affected by your speed?

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 Why is the passage of time affected by your speed?

A super simplified reason is because Light speed is constant to the viewer, not the source reference, and that everything, including time has to "bend" to make this true. if you google "Einstein’s Relativity Explained in 4 Simple Steps," there's a solid explanation but I'll try here as well. Did you ever see that video of Mythbusters shooting a cannonball 60 mph out the back of a car moving 60 mph? The cannonball just falls to the ground because according to the earth reference frame, it has a net speed of \~0 mph. **This doesn't, and can't, happen with light.** You cannot change the speed of light in that medium (there are certain mediums that people have been able to get light very slow, but that doesn't happen in normal mediums like air). This means that if someone is on a car moving 99% the speed of light (0.99c), and shines a light behind them, it will move at light speed away from them, and they will think its moving at 0.01c compared to the earth. **But if you're on the earth, you will see the light moving at light speed compared to the earth**. Obviously, these two points of view clash with each other, and they might see that light arrive at a spot at different times, but they are both right, **In their point of view/reference frame.** This difference according to reference frames leads to other things being tweaked, including time, when you work the math out.


Question: Why isn't Arkansas pronounced "Ar-Kans-ass"?

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 Why isn't Arkansas pronounced "Ar-Kans-ass"?

"Arkansas" is a French attempt at pronouncing a Quapaw language word that means "land of downriver people." Because Arkansas (and the US Southeast in general) has a lot of French influence the French pronunciation stuck. "Kansas" is similarly a Frenchified Sioux word, but because there is much less French influence in that area the English pronunciation is the one that caught on.


Question: What's the difference between the law of large numbers and the law of averages?

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 What's the difference between the law of large numbers and the law of averages?

The law of large numbers is really deep, fundamental truth for statisticians and probability theorists. The law of large numbers says that, as the number of trials, or the population being considered, etc. grows large, the outcomes will converge toward reflecting the probabilities. If you toss a fair coin over and over again, the law of large numbers tells us that, as you rack up bigger and bigger numbers of tosses, the heads to tails ratio will more closely approach 50/50. So if you toss a coin 10 times, you should expect in nearly all cases to get a 50-50 split, give or take 20 or 30 percent. But if you toss a coin a hundred times, you should expect to get a 50-50 split, give or take only a few percent. If you toss a coin ten million times, it would be *very* unlikely for you to see even a 49%/51% spread between heads and tails. That's the law of large numbers. The "law of averages", is more of a popular misconception, where people think that, say, after a long run of heads, it becomes more likely for tails to come up, so as to bring the average *back* to 50%. This is sometimes also called the gambler's fallacy. The main difference is that the 'law of averages' imagines that the laws of probability have any memory of past events... like, as you get a bunch of heads in a row, the god of statistics has been keeping track of some kind of 'debt' which must be paid back. Nothing like that is happening. In the law of large numbers, nothing depends on past events in that way.


Question: Why armenia and azerbaijan are fighting and who is on whose side?

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 Why armenia and azerbaijan are fighting and who is on whose side?

In the Stalinist era ethnic populations were purposefully transported to the middle of nowhere, surrounded by people who were not like them, and then the federal borders were purposefully drawn in order to not accurately represent the ethnic boundaries. & #x200B; When Azerbaijan and Armenia were independent, and broke away from the USSR \~1988, Azerbaijan was full of Armenians and Armenia was full of Azerbaijanis. This led to a conflict wherein Azerbaijan and Armenia went to war, each hoping to successfully annex areas that were filled with their fellow men, and at the same time refusing to release minority ethnic groups to their countrymen. & #x200B; Armenia won the war in 1988, and annexed the Western 1/5th of Azerbaijan that is like 95% Armenian. This was a national disgrace to Azerbaijan because despite being superior in literally every way imaginable, they got their ass kicked. Azerbaijan wants that territory back not only to restore their national pride, but because it's internationally recognized as the correct side, if only because that was the status-quo before the war ie that's how they were released when they left the Soviet Union, with flawed borders that were purposefully created 75 years ago to make separation and Nationalism impossible. The idea was is to lock the two nations in perpetual conflict because either no border will geographically work, and no border will accurately represent the people who live in the nations whose borders are defined. If I was the two countries, I would do a joint population-transfer, deport Armenians to Armenia and Azerbaijanis to Azerbaijan, but neither wants to do that because they want the land. & #x200B; [ URL_2 ]( URL_2 ) & #x200B; [ URL_0 ]( URL_1 )


Question: how does wind form and why do they come in one by one and not constantly?

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 how does wind form and why do they come in one by one and not constantly?

Wind is powered by the sun. The sun heats up the ground, the ground heats up the air, and hot air rises, creating low pressure as the air abandons a place. Cold air move in to replace it, and this is wind. The reason it can get so strong is that sometimes the airmass rising is 1500km wide that rises several inches an hour, and you are close to an obstacle so the air rushes through to prevent a vacuum from forming.


Question: . Why is it so hard to capture co2?

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 . Why is it so hard to capture co2?

CO2 is a low energy molecule. Gasoline, for example, is a very high energy molecule. You can light it on fire and it produces a lot of heat energy. There is a lot of energy store in gasoline. There is also a lot of energy in oxygen, O2 molecules. Capturing CO2 isn't super hard, but if you want to convert it into something else, like carbon and O2, that take energy. We have this ability. We can use energy to break CO2 into Carbon and Oxygen. The problem is, we get almost all our energy from burning carbons. Burning carbons produces CO2. To get the energy we need to capture CO2, we first need to release CO2. its a catch 22. We can't even produce all the energy we need today without burning carbons. So producing extra energy to recapture the carbon we already release, is a very tall order.


Question: Why does motion sickness feel so much worse at the back of a car or bus, rather than at the the front?

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 Why does motion sickness feel so much worse at the back of a car or bus, rather than at the the front?

I’m pretty sure it has to do with your view My understanding is that motion sickness is the disconnect between what your body feels and sees. So looking out the window helps your body see what it’s feeling (motion) Also, you can get the AC blowing on your face and be less claustrophobic up front


Question: What is Cyclic Voltammetry and what does it aim to do?

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 What is Cyclic Voltammetry and what does it aim to do?

It's been a long time since I've done this so forgive me any errors or omissions. You have some substance in a solution. Then you stick electrodes into it and apply voltage to it. You slowly increase the voltage to some set amount over time, then once you get to the max you slowly decrease it back down. The whole time you're measuring how much current flows, which in turn tells you about how much resistance the solution you're analyzing has at each level of voltage. This is generally done by some computerized set up or machine that controls the voltage and measures the current/resistance and plots it on a graph [like this]( URL_0 ). It's also generally done several times in a row. So you might go from 0V to 12V (or -9V to 9V or whatever) then back to 0V then back to 12V for several repetitions. This is where the word "cyclic" in the name comes from. So what's the point? Well we're measuring the electrochemical properties of whatever's in the solution. If you get nice smooth line instead of something like that picture I linked above, there's not much interesting going on chemically, it only really tells you about what the electrical resistance of the solution is. In that picture I linked, the substance is undergoing some kind of chemical reaction as the voltage goes up and down, specifically an oxidation-reduction reaction. Those two humps (one hump is oxidation, the other is reduction) going up and down tell you what at what voltage the reaction occurs. The size of the humps (peak current) tells you a bunch of stuff about the reaction that I can't exactly remember at the moment. There's a number of other things you can measure with this technique (and I'm surely forgetting most of them). One of the interesting ones though is that you can keep running the experiment for a long time having it constantly sweep back and forth. Then you can count how many sweeps it takes until the humps in the graph diminish in size by some appreaciable amount. This gives an idea of how many times the substance your measuring can react back and forth (this is a reversible reaction after all, though if you only get one sweep it means the reaction is not reversible). So, for example, you might be testing some material you want to use for a battery. This measurement gives an idea about how many times that battery could recharge.


Question: why is "randomness in play as events unfold but no more once they have occurred" in quantum physics?

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 why is "randomness in play as events unfold but no more once they have occurred" in quantum physics?

Quantum mechanics tells us that at the fundamental and microscopic level the outcome of events are random. The reason we don't notice this in our daily lives is because these microscopic events average out on the large scale to something that is predictable. Perhaps your confusion stems from the allusion that time is just like a fourth spatial dimension. This is not the case, time is very distinct from space. Imagining a 'God' (as mentioned in the video) that can see both space and time is a flawed way of thinking if you want to include quantum mechanics.


Question: () Why do animals have mating seasons? Do they just get horny at only one time of the year?

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 () Why do animals have mating seasons? Do they just get horny at only one time of the year?

For those animals, yes. Animals that have cyclical or seasonal behavior usually have mating seasons because they have to fit the gestation period and birth into opportune times in the year. For instance, a bear giving birth right before hibernating would be a problem; the mother would have to bulk up enough to not just survive the winter herself but also feed one or two cubs simultaneously. Humans, evolving on the savannas of Africa, were not bound by seasonal concerns, so we have sex and children whenever we want.


Question: How does Euler’s identity work?

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 How does Euler’s identity work?

Euler's identity is a specific case of [Euler's formula]( URL_1 ): e^ix = cosx + isinx, when x=pi. If put other values in x you'll get other results. Complex numbers are usually written in the form a+bi, where a is the real part and bi is the imaginary part (i being the square root of -1). This means that every complex number a+bi can be placed as a point (a,b) on a two dimensional plane, just like real numbers can be placed along a one dimensional axis. Now, when we look at a point (a,b) on a two dimensional plane, there's another way of representing that point, using the [polar coordinate system]( URL_3 ). In this system, we can represent the point with the distance of that point from the origin point (0,0) (denoted r in [this diagram]( URL_0 )) and the angle between the x axis and the line connecting the point and the origin point (denoted φ in the same diagram). The point can then be represented as (r,φ). As you can see in the diagram above, if you represent (a,b) as (r,φ), you get a = rcosφ and b = rsinφ. If (a,b) represents a complex number, then a+bi = r(cosφ + isinφ). Looks familiar? So, e^ix = cosx + isinx means that e^ix is the point on the complex place whose polar coordinates are (1,x). These are all the points on the [unit circle]( URL_2 ). For example if x=0 then the point is (1,0), which is simply 1. If x = pi/2 then the point is (0,1) which is simply i. Other values of x will give you other points.


Question: If Kim Jong Un studied in Switzerland under an alias, then he must be proficient in English. Why does he need a translator?

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 If Kim Jong Un studied in Switzerland under an alias, then he must be proficient in English. Why does he need a translator?

Normally any sort of high level international business is conducted with translators, even when the principals are fluent in both languages. This allows the speaker to put a layer between themselves and their counterpart. This not only helps to smooth over misunderstandings (which can be blamed on the translator) but it also means that if you're fluent in the language you get extra time to formulate your answer.


Question: why is the ¢50 dollar coin so uncommon?

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 why is the ¢50 dollar coin so uncommon?

People are not using the low value coins. The reason the US Mint stopped making them were that their warehouse were filled. They also stopped production of the $1 coin in 1981 for the same reason until 1999 when the stocks became low enough to start production again. US Mint make coins and notes for banks and big businesses. Fresh coins are ordered by businesses to fill their till to make sure they have enough coins for change. However if people do not want the $.50 coin in change there is no need for businesses to restock their supply.


Question: What are the etymological/biological purposes of having different names for every group of animal (e.g. a “murder” of crows or a “pod” of whales)?

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 What are the etymological/biological purposes of having different names for every group of animal (e.g. a “murder” of crows or a “pod” of whales)?

There is no biological purpose for how humans name a group of animals. Really, it is only grammatical. By having different terms for the groups (litter, pack, murder, pod, pride, etc) we are able to reference the group without necessarily or repeatedly mentioning the type of animal. Usually, one would mention "murder of crows" the first time, but if you have to say it a second time, you can just mention "the murder". But it holds no purpose or significance outside of the literary.


Question: Why do a good portion of severely autistic people hit themselves?

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 Why do a good portion of severely autistic people hit themselves?

There are **many reasons** why a severely autistic person might self - injure. Here are a few from URL_0 * biochemical reasons: self injury releases chemicals in the brain that cause the autistic person to feel pleasure (they might also numb the pain inflicted). This is usually due to a chemical imbalance in the brain. * seizures: involuntary actions caused by seizures. * genetic: some genetic disorders cause self injury because of structural or biochemical problems in the brain. * arousal: self injury may increase or decrease one's arousal. Low levels of arousal > self injury > increased levels of arousal (due to chemical response in the brain). An extreme way to self stimulate. High levels of arousal > self injury > decreased levels of arousal (almost like a calming response). Highly stimulating environments can cause this reaction because the self injury could be caused by the stress or anxiety created by the environment. * frustration: it is hard for some people with extreme autism to always understand what is going on around them, communicate their feelings, or understand what others are trying to communicate with them. They may begin to self harm from frustration. One person described that they self harm because they get frustrated and they need to hit something, but they don't want to hit other people. So they hit themselves. * social attention: if self injury becomes enforced by the caretakers, it might become a way for the person to gain attention. For example, if a mother runs to her child every time he starts to self injure, the child learns through positive enforcement that he will get attention from her if he self harms. If she ignores the behavior, then he will learn that self harm does nothing to get others to pay attention to him (and it also hurts!) so he will likely stop. If you'd like to read about other scenarios, here is the source: https://www. URL_0 /symptoms_self-injury


Question: Why is investing not seen as the same way as it is gambling?

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 Why is investing not seen as the same way as it is gambling?

Investing is gambling, but a type of gambling with favourable odds. Unless a company goes bankrupt, their stock will trend upwards over the years. It may not go up this year, or in the next ten years, but over the course of a lifetime, it will probably go up. Investment isn't normally called gambling because gambling is a term often reserved for betting on improbable things. In casino, for example, every game has unfavourable odds, so people call that gambling. It is the same with other things in life. Education could be called a gamble because after getting a degree, there is a chance that you will not get a job. However, unless you get unlucky, you will probably find a way to make money from you degree. This is why education is seen as an investment, not a gamble.


Question: Why is it hard to make a fist or clench your hands after waking up?

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 Why is it hard to make a fist or clench your hands after waking up?

Your body goes paralyzed (atonia) when you're sleeping, basically to prevent you from punching a wall when you reach for a cup in your dreams. You also decrease blood flow to your extremities when sleeping, decreasing the available energy to them. It takes a little while to get the nerves to send full signals to the body after sleeping. They don't know exactly what the mechanism is that causes it though.


Question: Why does memory in computers increase in integers of 2?

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 Why does memory in computers increase in integers of 2?

It doesn't have to, but there're good practical reasons that it usually does. In order to use memory in a computer program, you have to refer to it through an *address*. Addresses are just numbers, ranging from 0 up to the number of "slots" in memory, that tell you were to store or find pieces of information. Addresses, in turn, *also* have to be stored, and like other information in a computer, they're stored in binary. Depending on how much space a computer sets aside for addresses, you can store a different total number of them. For example, a computer with addresses that are 3 binary digits long can store 8 addresses: 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, and 111 (that's all the options possible in 3 symbols!). A computer with addresses that are 4 binary digits long can store 16 addresses, one with addresses 5 binary digits long can store 32, and so on. You could, in principle, have 5 different addresses, stored as 000, 001, 010, 011, and 100, and just ignore the options 101, 110, and 111. But there's no good reason to do so, since you're setting aside that much space anyway, so they're generally manufactured in powers of 2 (so that all the options for addresses are used). In your specific case, "1 GB" is probably not exactly 1 billion bytes (that's not a power of 2), but instead 1,073,741,824 bytes (which is - it's 2^(30)). (By the way, this is why computers changed from the 32-bit computers you probably used as a kid to the 64-bit computers we use now. The "X-bit" number refers to the length of the commands executed by the processor, of which the memory address takes up some subset. 32 bits, as it happens, is enough to address about 4 GB, so a 32-bit computer can use at most that much memory (and in practice, slightly less). But in modern computers, we want to use more than that, so we need longer addresses. We could, in principle, have just gone to 33, 34, etc, but instead everyone just made the simultaneous jump to 64, which can address more memory than any computer is likely to have in the foreseeable future.)


Question: Why is hot weather so exhausting?

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 Why is hot weather so exhausting?

Like water flowing downhill, heat naturally moves from warm areas to cooler ones. As long as the air around you is cooler than your body, you radiate heat to the air. But this transfer stops when the air temperature approaches body temperature. Radiation requires rerouting blood flow so more of it goes to the skin. This makes the heart beat faster and pump harder. On a hot day, it may circulate two to four times as much blood each minute as it does on a cool day.


Question: What does a beers Gravity mean?

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 What does a beers Gravity mean?

The term is "specific gravity", it's a measure of density relative to water (which has an SG of 1.000). The initial wort might have a SG of 1.050, other tools might read out Plato units (12˚P) for the same wort, this is the same brix scale used for wine grapes. What you hope is that fermentation will turn some of this sugar into alcohol. By measuring the SG at the end, you can computer how much alcohol was added into the beer.


Question: - Why does it sometimes become colder in the morning just as the sun comes up?

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 - Why does it sometimes become colder in the morning just as the sun comes up?

The earth is always losing heat to space, right? So throughout the night it gets colder. The first second the suns shines on the surface it will deliver just a bit of energy, not enough to compensate for the loss, so it will continue cooling, slower, until the amount of energy given by the sun is equal to the energy lost to space. & #x200B; In my experience its about 0.5 to 1 hour after sunrise in the tropics, faster in the equator, slower in the poles. But of course there are winds, tides, and other effects that make everything more complicated, but that's mostly it.


Question: Can holding down the power button on your PC/laptop to switch it off actually damage it? If so, how?

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 Can holding down the power button on your PC/laptop to switch it off actually damage it? If so, how?

Can result in data loss, possible os/file corruption because you're forcing it to power off rather than a graceful shutdown. Files could be in the process of being written. But on the odd occasion if it's frozen, that's not really a big concern. But if you're doing it on a regular basis...shit it down properly. That's why that option is there.


Question: What exactly is the modern english haiku? Is it just any short evocative sentence?

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 What exactly is the modern english haiku? Is it just any short evocative sentence?

It's poetry, the most pretentious form of written word. The rules for a style can be extremely nebulous or hard to define, or even self-contradictory, and still be viewed as that style. The thing about Western Haiku is that it's missing a lot of the original values of the medium. It has none of the social context - a period of great artistic expansion and exploration as the result of a large upper class with nothing to do. It has none of the cultural purpose - poetry like this was almost a game of wit. And most importantly, it doesn't benefit from the Japanese language, which the style was originally created in. Japanese is quite a concise language when it wants to be. It can convey a lot of information in a small number of syllables. English is poor at this, so the 5-7-5 pattern heavily restricts the quality of English poetry. It also leads to a hell of a lot of Haiku getting translated in a way that loses the pattern, so eventually a lot of poets got fed up of the restrictions and just did the same content but ignoring the restrictions (the part that made it a game of wit in the first place) but still chose to call it haiku.


Question: How can we know there is an infinite number of prime numbers?

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 How can we know there is an infinite number of prime numbers?

I'll try to explain the proof fergunil wrote with more colloquial terms. Let's make a list of a bunch of prime numbers. Maybe it's all of them, maybe it isn't. Lets multiply all of those numbers together. We now have a number that obviously cannot be in our list. Let's then add 1 to this number. Now, when you add 1 to any number, the number you get will not share any factors in common with the other one (except 1 of course). So, this new number we made cannot have any of the prime numbers in our list as a factor. That means that this number is either prime itself or has prime factors that are themselves not on our list. So, we've proved that any finite list of prime numbers can be used to construct a number that is either a prime not in our list, or has a prime factor not in our list, we must conclude that there is no such thing as a finite list of "all" prime numbers, and thus there are infinitely many of them. Since for any particular prime number, there are a finite number of prime numbers smaller than it, then there can be no "largest" prime.


Question: When writing an amount of money, such as '£50' or '50p', why does the '£' come before the amount of money but the 'p' comes after?

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 When writing an amount of money, such as '£50' or '50p', why does the '£' come before the amount of money but the 'p' comes after?

It's a quick glance tactic to avoid mistakes. If there is not a 0 and a decimal written before the number, one might actually misread ¢50 as $50 or vice versa, so the ¢ was after the amount. This was more prevalent in days of handwritten books as the two symbols were really only one curved stroke apart from each other. However, the presence of the 0 and decimal point can work just fine in electronic spreadsheet modernization. $0.50 is much more largely considered acceptable today as it's usually a computer doing the calculations.


Question: What does it mean when a fluid (or anything really) goes “super-critical”?

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 What does it mean when a fluid (or anything really) goes “super-critical”?

You likely already understand that things transition from solid, liquid and then gas based on an increase of temperature. You might also understand that you can also sometimes transition things from gas to a liquid and sometimes a solid by an increase in pressure. Think how Nitrogen at room temp is a gas but if you compress it into a tank, it can be a liquid at the same temp. Now, there exists a range of high pressures and temperature values where its hot enough to be a gas but also compressed enough to be a liquid. When its in this state its not really a gas and not really a liquid and generally has properties between the two states. You could theoretically go super critical, but it would not be pleasant... or survivable.


Question: How is chicken noodle soup with real chicken in it shelf stable for so long?

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</answer>
 How is chicken noodle soup with real chicken in it shelf stable for so long?

In the canning process, they basically seal and boil the can. This kills all of the bacteria inside the can and, because it's an air-tight seal, nothing can get in to make the food spoil. The way they seal is also usually similar to jarring, allowing the steam out as it boils; but, not back in. This also creates a slight negative pressure seal. That's why cans "pop" and hiss when you open them. Air rushing in to fill the can. This is why canned foods are *theoretically* indefinitely edible; but, most have a shelf life of a few years for safety. I have seen someone eat a like... Can of spam from the ninties and it looked like a can they could have bought the day before and I've also seen a canned ham from the eighties opened, but not eaten. No foul smells, seal was intact, the person wasn't willing to eat it. I don't blame them. As a disclaimer, don't do that. The dates are there for a reason, it's just an interesting tidbit. This is also why you never buy a bloated can and dented cans can be iffy. If the dent created even a small hole, it's compromised. If it's bloated, that means that there are bacteria inside the can. Bacteria produce gasses as they consume things and this gas is less dense that the solid matter it was once a part of and literally inflates the can. This isn't a perfect explanation; but, hopefully explains enough!


Question: What does "±" symbol mean?

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 What does "±" symbol mean?

It basically means "plus or minus". In this context, it looks like they're using it to mean "approximately" as in "give or take a couple years". Under more typical circumstances though, it would be used to indicate a range. For example, if it said 16±2 years, then it could mean anywhere between 14 and 18 years of education (ranging from 16-2 to 16+2 years). In sciences, the symbol is frequently used to express tolerance or statistical margins of error in measurements (i.e. indicating a range of possible values). In mathematics, it can indicate that a value may result from either an addition or subtraction operation, or that a given value can be either positive or negative.


Question: Does the size of a brain in any given species always determine intelligence?

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 Does the size of a brain in any given species always determine intelligence?

Intelligence has a direct correlation to the size of an animals brain when compared to the size of the animal. For instance, we humans have very large brains for our bodies. That means that we have extra processing power beyond what is required for basic motor function. Many birds also have large brains. They can solve problems and simple box puzzles to get food. Dogs on the other hand have proportionally smaller brains than birds or humans. They can recognize commands that they are taught through repetition, but typically cannot solve problems on their own.


Question: What exactly is going on over at r/wallstreetbets?

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 What exactly is going on over at r/wallstreetbets?

Normally on the stock market, you buy stocks of companies. These stocks fluctuate in value and usually mirror how well a company is doing. If the stock you bought goes up in value, you can make money. On the other hand, if the stock goes down in value, you lose money. The worst that can happen is that the stock becomes worthless and you lost all money you put into it. A variant of this where you make money if the stock goes down instead of up is shorting. This works by first borrowing the stock from someone else, selling them first and then buying them back later to return them to whomever you borrowed them first. While this allows you to make money if the stock goes down, if it goes up you lose money, and in contrast to normal stocks you can lose more than you originally made as the stock can theoretically go arbitrarily high. You also have to buy the stock back at some point in the future, at which point the stock will go up because of heightened demand. What happened is that someone noticed that the GME stock was heavily overshorted - more stocks were being shorted (borrowed and soled) than were actually available in the market. As I said above, shorting typically leads to a rising stock when the stock is bought back, so he bought in. But he also shared what's going on in /r/wallstreetbets, which has traditionally been opposed to heavy shorting. Now remember that shorts can lead to unlimited lossed as the stock can go arbitrarily high. So the folks at /r/wallstreetbets joined in not just because they expected the stock to go up, but also to cause trouble for whomever shorted the stock so heavily. One might even say that's their primary goal in this situation.


Question: why do diesel motors have a much more “heavy duty” sound than regular gas motors?

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 why do diesel motors have a much more “heavy duty” sound than regular gas motors?

Diesel engines have no spark plug. Compression alone causes diesel fuel to ignite. As a result the compression needed in a diesel engine is much higher than a gasoline engine. To handle the nigh pressure inside the engine they must be made much heavier than a gasoline engine and the fuel explosion sound that is made is louder.


Question: what gives elements and compounds their properties on an atomic level, and why do they react to each other in different way? (p.s. I hope this is the right subreddit for this question, if not please let me know, and thank you.)

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 what gives elements and compounds their properties on an atomic level, and why do they react to each other in different way? (p.s. I hope this is the right subreddit for this question, if not please let me know, and thank you.)

I know there are many nuances regarding the behavior of compounds (IMFs, weak forces, etc.) but the primary rule that governs EVERYTHING (life, the earth, the solar system) is the octet rule. Every atom has these things called electron shells that orbit around the nucleus, and for some reason, they want them to be filled up with electrons. For Hydrogen, it wants to have two electrons but it only has one. Oxygen, on the other hand, has 6 in its outermost shell but wants 8. Here's the thing: atoms long ago realized that they can share electrons to satisfy everyone. The hydrogen will share its only electron with one of oxygen's so that both electrons end up in their shells. (it's like both electrons are simultaneously in both of their shells at once). Now there are 7 electrons in Oxygen's shell and two in the Hydrogen's shell. So the Hydrogen atom is happy but the Oxygen one is not. What it does is it pulls over another Hydrogen atom to fill its shell and everyone's happy. This is called a Covalent bond, and it's an important building block of many compounds that make up living organisms (as well as other things). Some atoms want full octets and have only one electron (like sodium), while others have 7 electrons and need one more (like chlorine). What they figured out is that if the atom with one electron gives the electron away to the atom with 7 electrons, they will both be happy. This type of bond is called an ionic bond, and is present in salts and solutions (things dissolved in water). I hope this answers your question!


Question: What is a band and when does a band go from being a band to being an orchestra?

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 What is a band and when does a band go from being a band to being an orchestra?

Usually, a band does not have stringed instruments. A band would consist of brass instruments, like trumpets and trombones, and woodwind instruments such as flutes, saxophones and clarinets. Orchestras are primarily made up of stringed instruments, such as violin, viola and cello. Brass and woodwinds are also sometimes included in an orchestra.


Question: what causes the phenomenon of ‘speed wobbles’ ?

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 what causes the phenomenon of ‘speed wobbles’ ?

When the front wheel, which in motion wants to go in a straight line, hits a deviation in the road and changes direction from the direction of travel it will try and oscillate to find a straight line.... Often times it will over osscilate and try and correct back the other way which will cause a cascading series of over correction with increasing intensity (as each over correction thows the wheel farther and farther off center) until it corrects back to straight, or over corrects so far that forward is no longer a physically viable option...


Question: why is Pi used in so many different math formulas/equations?

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 why is Pi used in so many different math formulas/equations?

Because a lot of math deals with circles. Pi isn't some random number someone created--it's the ratio of the circumference of any circle divided by its diameter. This is true for every perfectly round circle in existence. The circumference is 2r * Pi, because that is literally the way we calculated pi in the first place, that's easy enough. It's useful in calculating the area of the circle because it's taking a number that's extremely easy to measure quickly (the diameter or radius), and putting the circumference in easy access. The area is r * r * Pi. If we know that Pi is equal to C / 2R, then we're really just saying the area of the circle is radius times circumference divided by two--which should look pretty similar to the calculation of area of a triangle. Pi shows in a lot of other formulas because we are often concerned with the area of round objects.


Question: Why does the Upper Peninsula exist? Why isn't it just a part of Wisconsin or a separate state?

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 Why does the Upper Peninsula exist? Why isn't it just a part of Wisconsin or a separate state?

There was a conflict between Michigan and Ohio over a small strip of land near the modern day border that would include what is now Toledo, Ohio. URL_0 In exchange for ceding the Toledo Strip to Ohio, Michigan go tthe Upper Peninsula. Wisconsin didn't exist at the time and was, in fact, part of the Michigan Territory from which Michigan was carved.


Question: What kind of data is stored in a black box of a plane?

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 What kind of data is stored in a black box of a plane?

There are two flight recorders. The cockpit voice recorder is recording any sound from the microphones in the cockpit so you can hear exactly what the pilots are saying and hearing. Then there is the flight data recorder that records data from the airplanes systems such as its orientation, forces, flight control input, speed, oil pressure, etc. If the aircraft investigators are able to collect the data from the flight recorders they know what the pilots were experiencing and doing in addition to what the aircraft and environment were doing. There is a good chance that this data alone can tell investigators how the aircraft crashed and some of the reasons why.


Question: What is the difference between Screenplay & Story?

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 What is the difference between Screenplay & Story?

A screenplay is the script to a film or tv show. The story is, well, the story: what roughly happens over the course of the film. There is nothing preventing someone from writing the story, either in broad beats or in great detail (such as when adapting a novel), and then someone else coming in to adapt that story to the structure of a screenplay which is often of quite specific format and is more aware of the fact it is a film script. A harry potter novel makes for a terrible screenplay, but a good story. Someone has to come in, take that harry potter novel, and adapt it to a script that a movie can be shot around.


Question: In cities with rent control, why doesn’t it work overall to actually lower the price of housing?

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 In cities with rent control, why doesn’t it work overall to actually lower the price of housing?

Price controls on any item never really work. If someone said that your 20,000 dollar car could only be sold for 1,000 would you sell it? Of course not. So price controls pull items off the market that would normally be sold for more than the price control max cap. Does it help out a few people? Sure, people hunker down and never move, because they've got a sweet deal. So when they finally DO move and the landlord has that price cap removed, what does he do? He jacks the price way up, because he's been theoretically losing money with the last tenant, compared to what he *could* have been making on the open market. So you end up with a bunch of disgruntled landlords who are jacking the prices up to rebel against the artificial ceiling imposed by rent control. If you really want to see the endgame of oppressive price controls, look at Venezuela, their economy is in meltdown because it costs more to manufacture most foods and medicines than they can sell them for, so most manufacturers have stopped making anything. Supermarket shelves are empty because there is nothing they can sell and turn a profit. Rent or food, it doesn't matter, price controls never work.


Question: how can special body scales detect what you are made of, like body fat?

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 how can special body scales detect what you are made of, like body fat?

Imagine you're standing on the scales with bare feet. The scales send tiny bits of electricity into one foot, which travels up one leg, down the other, and out the other foot and back into the scales. Electricity travels through fat and muscle (and even water) slightly differently, so depending on what the scale gets back through the second foot it can work out what you are made of. They don't measure your fat and muscle in your upper body, so the result is mostly just your legs. They aren't very accurate, because as mentioned earlier electricity also travels through the water, which will mess up the results the scale gives you. They can be used to measure fat gain/loss over time, however, as long as you're never really thirsty.