Question: how do countries perform airlift of their citizens from other countries?

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 how do countries perform airlift of their citizens from other countries?

They get the host nation to agree that all the foreign nationals can/should leave, including a waiver to any movement restrictions. The outside nation then sends or charters aircraft to operate a special flight out of the host nation. Usually the host nation supports any reasonable plan to get foreign nationals out of the country during a crisis. It helps lower the resource demand (security, food, hospital beds, etc) and it makes other countries easier to ignore when none of their citizens are trapped inside in the host nation. Occasionally the host nation will not support evacuations. The most common reasons are either the host nation doesn’t have the resources to locate and move the foreign nationals or the host nation hopes to use their presence as a bargaining chip for outside aid for their own citizens.


Question: While blowing soap bubbles,why do some soap bubbles burst earlier than the others?And some bubbles take a lot of time to burst?

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 While blowing soap bubbles,why do some soap bubbles burst earlier than the others?And some bubbles take a lot of time to burst?

First we need to understand how bubbles work. A bubble occurs when a gas becomes enclosed by another material. Bubbles can occur between liquids, gases, and solids, but for simplicities sake we’ll say that our bubbles occur when air becomes trapped in a soapy membrane. Any amount of gas has a pressure that it exerts on its surroundings so the walls of the bubble will expand outward, however, the atmosphere outside of the bubble also experts its pressure on the bubble inward. When these pressures equalize, the bubble stabilizes into a roughly spherical structure, as spheres have the smallest surface area to volume ratio, which is favorable in nature. Unfortunately, our ideal models rarely mimic reality. Even if your soapy mixture is distributed evenly and there are no defects in the bubbles structure, the environment around the bubble introduces too many forces on the bubble for it to hold together forever. A simple air current or even the energy from the heat of the sun or a light bulb is enough to upset the delicate structure of the bubble. Any bubbles that last longer than others most likely have a thicker membrane which would be more likely to absorb and distribute any energy it absorbs before breaking


Question: Why does inbreeding cause the offspring to have a significantly lower IQ than average? What is the science behind it?

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 Why does inbreeding cause the offspring to have a significantly lower IQ than average? What is the science behind it?

take it that a human body has 2 sets of genes. When a baby is made, half the genes are from the mother and other half is from the father. These genes make proteins which help our body work. However, there are occasionally some errors in the genes which ends up making defective/too much/too little proteins which give rise to diseases. Some of these diseases require 2 faulty set of genes in order to manifest. So if daddy has a defective gene but mommy contributes a normal set, the disease does not manifest clinically (or is milder). If there are many generations of inbreeding, the set of defective genes are kept within the same family tree; there is no new genetic input from a different family and thus the probability of having a child with 2 sets of defective genes increase. This increases the risk of diseases, out of which some may feature a lower IQ/brain malformations.


Question: How could the universe not be infinite?

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 How could the universe not be infinite?

If the Universe has positive curvature then it will be finite. Having positive curvature basically means that giant triangles will have the three angles summing to more than 180 degrees. (Negative curvature means the three angles of giant triangles will sum to less than 180 degrees, and a flat universe has zero curvature and the sum of the three angles of giant triangles is 180). You can see an example of positive curvature by drawing a triangle on a globe with one corner at a pole and the other two corners on the equator. The sum of the three angles will be greater than 180 degrees... spheres have positive curvature and if the universe was like that it would be finite.


Question: why would office businesses want to send their employees back into the office when it would seemingly be more efficient to keep employees working at home?

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 why would office businesses want to send their employees back into the office when it would seemingly be more efficient to keep employees working at home?

You can't track what employees are doing every second of they are out of your full control and it's a better idea if you control information that is sensitive. Hacking a personal computer is a lot easier than hacking a corporation. Not to mention there are people that can't work from home because they can't concentrate or are easily distracted.


Question: why can bitumen laid on a road be driven on almost instantly , however in carparks etc must not be driven on for up to 2 weeks?

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 why can bitumen laid on a road be driven on almost instantly , however in carparks etc must not be driven on for up to 2 weeks?

Was the product hot when applied? Asphalt paving is usually applied hot and then rolled to compact it. As soon as it is cool to the touch it is OK to drive on it with light traffic. However, there is a similar product often called cold patch, normally used to fix potholes. This is not heated and typically not compacted as firmly and as a result can be displaced by the weight of traffic or parked cars. Then there is the possibility that the existing asphalt was simply sealed with a petroleum based sealant which takes time to cure and is virtually never used on public infrastructure.


Question: What is diabetes? What is the difference between diabetes I and diabetes II?

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 What is diabetes? What is the difference between diabetes I and diabetes II?

Type 1 diabetes is insulin deficient. It means your body just stops making insulin altogether and can happen at any age, though usually happens younger. People with this condition usually have to have insulin shots and monitor their blood sugar very strictly or they may die. Type 2 diabetes is insulin resistant. This means your body still makes the insulin, but it cannot absorb it very effectively. This is usually less strictly managed except in more extreme cases. Watching carbohydrate intake, taking metformin or similar medications, or in worst cases, insulin shots are how that is managed.


Question: If folks don't work for the US government anymore, what do they still need the security clearance for anyway?

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 If folks don't work for the US government anymore, what do they still need the security clearance for anyway?

Security clearances are issued to individuals for a period of time, not necessarily just for the time they're working a certain job. A Top Secret clearance is good for five years and a Secret clearance is good for ten, for example. One of the most common professions that give its employees a security clearance is the US military where anyone that has a real job will have a Secret clearance at minimum even though the average term of enlistment is anywhere between 4-6 years. It helps account for possibility of reenlistment, commission, career change, or promotion instead of having to go through an extensive background check each and every single time someone changes their work environment.


Question: How is "Voluntary Manslaughter" not "Murder"?

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 How is "Voluntary Manslaughter" not "Murder"?

Homicide is the killing of another human. But not all homicide is murder. Murder 1/Capitol Murder: Killing someone intentionally with premeditation. Murder 2/Murder: Killing someone intentionally but without forethought or planning. Murder 3/Voluntary Manslaughter: Injuring someone intentionally, but said injury being severe enough for them to die. You did not intend to kill but you did intend to harm. Manslaughter/Involuntary Manslaughter: Killing someone through negligence severe enough to merit criminality. Non-Criminal killings: Self defense, defense of another person, as a legally issued execution, as a function of war, abortion, non-negligent accident. Not every jurisdiction names these things the same and some may use names I have not listed. Some will combine the two manslaughter categories into one, and some will combine the voluntary manslaughter category with Murder 2. And some places still have things like abortion being illegal.


Question: How did pre-1900s scientists discover so much accurate info about atoms with relatively primitive technology?

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 How did pre-1900s scientists discover so much accurate info about atoms with relatively primitive technology?

Most science is based on having a theory how something would work then saying "well if it was like that then if I did X then Y should happen" then doing X to see if Y happens. As long as you have enough technology to do X and check for Y you can do an experiment to see if your theory is right.


Question: . What makes a bamboo tooth brush zero waste? After a couple months of usage dont you have to replace it?

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 . What makes a bamboo tooth brush zero waste? After a couple months of usage dont you have to replace it?

When you make things out of ‘natural’ materials, they essentially recycle by rotting. CO2 is taken out of the air to grow bamboo. Then, the bamboo toothbrush breaks down into CO2. Zero change in overall CO2. When you use plastic, you are taking oil from millions of years ago and turning it into CO2 when it breaks down. That adds CO2 to the air.


Question: why do gamers especially find themselves staying up well into the early hours of the morning?

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 why do gamers especially find themselves staying up well into the early hours of the morning?

The reason is because the games both hit your reward cycle, so you have a want to stay awake, and there isn't physical exertion so getting physically tired is less easy. Also, the bright screen tricks your brain that it's day. The activity also stimulates your brain into not relaxing. Which games? Also, put a category filter on.


Question: What does Neanderthal gene sequencing actually tell us about human-Neanderthal interactions? And is there any other evidence of interaction?

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 What does Neanderthal gene sequencing actually tell us about human-Neanderthal interactions? And is there any other evidence of interaction?

The first archeological sites where we found Neanderthals they were buried under newer evidence of Homo Sapiens. So the theory was that over time Neanderthals were displaced for Sapiens. However the more sites we found and the more we were able to explore of these sites the more complex things became. We did not just find Neanderthal remains under Sapiens remains but sometimes it was the other way around and sometimes they were buried right next to each other. And this suggests that they were not simply competing with each other and over shared resources but they appeared to be living together in the same caves at the same time. And that is quite uncommon for different species to do. And when we were able to sequence Neanderthal genes we discovered that some of the unique mutations in Neanderthals which were not present in Sapiens at that time are now present in modern day humans. That means that modern humans have some Neanderthal ancestors. And that explains the previous archeological finds where we see Neanderthals and Sapiens living together because they were actually together and able to reproduce with each other.


Question: If light doesn't move through time, why does light take time to go anywhere?

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 If light doesn't move through time, why does light take time to go anywhere?

To tackle this question, let's assume that light isn't the universal speed limit. (The speed limit being infinite). #We Know: It takes an exponentially increasing amount of energy to accelerate an object of mass x. Think of this as a 100m long ramp that grows steeper (as a function of mass) until it's completely vertical. **Ramp of Heavy Mass:** > & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp;| > & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp;| > _/ **Ramp of Small Mass:** > & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp;| > & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp;/ > & nbsp;__/ **Ramp of No Mass:** > & nbsp;__________ #We Conclude: 1. We can travel fastest on the ramp that is level rather than one that's uphill. 2. It is impossible to travel faster than the level ramp allows as negative mass and thus a negative declination cannot exist. 3. Therefore, When we have no mass, we travel the fastest. #Tying It Together **Fun Fact:** Light has a mass of 0! Thus using the logic from above, it is the fastest any thing can move on our "ramp." Let's scale it down to easier to manage numbers. The speed of light is 299,792,458 m/s. Let's Say instead that the speed of light is 100 m/s, traveling the ramp in 1 second. > From my understanding of it, light travels at light speed, the speed traveling through space at which it stops traveling into the future. ###Defining The Future: In the above scenario, on one end of the ramp I have a flashlight. You are on the other end. Light has a mass of 0, and our "speed limit" we defined for that mass is 100 m/s. When I turn it on, you should see the light 1 second later. For time t(seconds) from **My Perspective:** > **t(0)** - Present > & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp;I Turn on the light. It begins shining towards you, hitting you at: > **t(1)** - Future > & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp;The light hits you 100m away. **Your Perspective** > **t(0)** - Past > & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp;It's dark. No light. > **t(1)** - Present > & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp;You see my light. So our "speed limit" (light) caused: 1. T= 0 to be both the Present and Past simultaneously. 2. T= 1 to be both the Future and Present simultaneously. > If light doesn't travel into the future, then wouldn't that mean that it would reach a location at the same time that it started somewhere else? Shouldn't it take 0 time for light to reach a new location, meaning its speed is infinite? Simple Contradiction Proof: Assume: Light has infinite speed causing it to not travel to the future. That Means: * t(0) Present: I turn on the light. * t(0) Present: The light hits you. The fact both of our times are t = 0 contradicts the **law** we defined above saying the fastest light moves is 100 m/s. So we need another time reference point 1 second later at t = 1. That would mean we have a "future". TL-DR; I took a ton of adderall to study for a test and did this instead.


Question: Why can’t computers solve Mathematical proofs?

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 Why can’t computers solve Mathematical proofs?

It's possible in theory. You can try and make a computer enumerate all possible syntactic consequences of a given set of axioms, until it arrives at a relevant statement (proof, disproof, proof of undecidability, etc), and [under certain assumptions]( URL_0 ) this will eventually give you the answer. Things become more hairy if we move to second-order logic, but generally, if it's doable at all, a computer could do it. The problem is that the space of all possible proofs grows very, very fast, and no modern computer is powerful enough to as much as make a dent in even the simplest of unsolved problems. Perhaps we would be able to do better than the brute-force algorithm with certain developments in AI, but that's just guessing.


Question: How do they convert older movies into 4K?

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 How do they convert older movies into 4K?

The same way they convert movies to Blu-Ray, or DVD, or VHS -- they use the film master to create the digital image. Movies on film -- even older movies -- have a resolution higher than 4K. So while it may have previously been scanned into a lower-resolution format like DVD, they can just rescan it at the higher rate.


Question: What is the true purpose of "Tag a friend who ..." spam-posts on facebook?

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</answer>
 What is the true purpose of "Tag a friend who ..." spam-posts on facebook?

Generating range, e.g., exposure. Getting a brands' name 'out there'. Every view, every click, every page loaded is, at its base level, an interaction with a brand, or product and a potential customer. Any page, be it a standalone website, a facebook page, a blog or whatever kind of means a company decides to use to promote a product, is 'counted' by said customer interactions. This is usually called the 'range' said medium can generate. An example from Twitter would be someone with 10 followers, writing a tweet. Let's assume that all 10 followers each have 10 followers of their own and all 10 retweet this one tweet. This means, with one tweet, the tweet is seen by (10x10) 100 possible customers. Now imagine a tweet written by someone who has 1000 followers, each with 100 followers. If only half of those followers retweet this single tweet, we're already at (500x100) 50.000 possible customers being exposed to the companys' product. Thus the range in the latter example is way higher, than in the former. This range is valuable in terms of what a marketing company, or similar, is willing (or has to) pay for their commercial to appear on said medium. That also is the reason why, in comparison, a print ad is much cheaper, than a tv ad - their range is hugely different. So, to come to a stop, all these 'tag a friend that...' sites try to enhance their own range, be it to gain a better position to sell their own products, *or* to have better 'arguments' when dealing with other marketing companies that want to place ads on their site.


Question: What is it that makes "Not Machine Wash Safe" not safe on nonstick pots and pans?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 What is it that makes "Not Machine Wash Safe" not safe on nonstick pots and pans?

Dishwasher detergent contains abrasives which are sprayed around by the high-powered water jets. It is quite like a little, wet sandblaster inside your dishwasher. The Teflon coating on pans is rather thin and any abrasion significantly, and quickly, impairs its nonstick quality. Delicately painted dishes are not dishwasher safe for the same reason.


Question: How can archaeologist tell how old something is? Like when they find old objects how do they know how old they are roughly at least

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 How can archaeologist tell how old something is? Like when they find old objects how do they know how old they are roughly at least

The elements that make up matter have a half-life. That's the time it takes for that element to be cut in half, so if you have 100 grams of carbon, and it has a half-life of 100 years, then in 100 years, it will only have 50 grams. By measuring the amount found in the fossil, and knowing the half-life of that element, it's just working backwards with the math.


Question: How did we find the number of electrons, protons, and neutrons in the past if we didn't have the atomic number or weight?

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 How did we find the number of electrons, protons, and neutrons in the past if we didn't have the atomic number or weight?

If you measure the density of gases (at the same temperature and pressure) you'll notice they have simple ratios. Helium is twice as dense as hydrogen, the lightest element, nitrogen is 14 times as dense, oxygen is 16 times as dense. Similarly, you can notice that e.g. 1 gram of hydrogen reacts with 8 grams of oxygen to form 9 grams of water. They always react in that ratio. If you have more hydrogen then some hydrogen will be left over, if you have more oxygen then some oxygen will be left over. It's not the same ratio of 16 from above because water is H2O, i.e. has twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen. Add many more reactions and you can assign relative masses to the atoms. People sorted elements by mass and noticed that they form patterns. As an example, silicon (14th lightest element) reacts similarly to carbon (6), phosphorus (15) reacts similarly to nitrogen (7), sulfur (16) reacts similarly to oxygen (8), and so on. People started arranging the elements in what's now known as periodic table. That's a powerful tool, because now you can notice if you missed an element in between. If e.g. your "17th element" reacts like the 10th (i.e. not at all, because #10 is neon), then it's probably the 18th element and you missed #17. With better mass measurements people noticed that: * sometimes the mass order is different from the order in terms of reactions * some elements have atoms of different masses This suggests two separate mechanisms. One that's responsible for the chemistry (element number), and one that can influence the mass. If you shoot particles at atoms you can notice that they have a very massive but tiny positively charged nucleus and then negative charges (electrons) around them. The electrons are responsible for the chemistry. An electrically neutral atom must have as many electrons as protons, so the element number is simply the number of protons. Regular hydrogen is simply a proton. Now you can put everything together: Hydrogen has one proton, let's call that mass "1" (a small fraction of atoms has one or even two neutrons). Helium as second element has 2 protons but mass 4, so it needs to have two neutrons (a small fraction of atoms has only one neutron). Carbon is element 6 and has mass 12 - > 6 protons and 6 neutrons. Didn't I say helium gas was twice as dense as hydrogen? This was indeed cause of some confusion early on. The problem is that hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and a few more gases form molecules of two atoms each, while helium does not (because it basically never reacts with anything). Today you can simply put something in a mass spectrometer to measure the mass directly: You measure how much atoms are deflected by magnetic fields if you remove one of their electrons.


Question: what are hangnails? And how do they form?

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 what are hangnails? And how do they form?

Hangnails are just torn skin around your fingernails. Usually happens when your skin is dry or when biting your fingernails. To prevent hangnails, try to keep your hands hydrated in the warmer months and avoid biting your nails. Most of the pain comes from trying to rip them off. The hangnail sometimes makes your finger swell, which would hurt more when pulling them off. It’s also a bad idea to bite them off, since tearing them off exposes skin and leaves you exposed to infections. Your mouth is full of germs and could lead to infection. TLDR: They’re thorn skin and hurt when you pull them off. Keep your hands hydrated to prevent more.


Question: What happens in our brain, when we forget what we wanted to do while starting to do the action?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 What happens in our brain, when we forget what we wanted to do while starting to do the action?

Our brain reinforces pathways we take more than once. Often what happens when we forget what we wanted to do while starting to do something is that a more reinforced brain pathway is triggered when we start the action, causing us to forget the rest once it leaves short term memory. Sort of like the challenge of patting your head while rubbing your stomach.


Question: How do colors work in the brain?

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 How do colors work in the brain?

Short answer: no one really knows, the brains is super complex and has interactions we still don't understand. Longer answer: your brain(when functioning typically) processes color in your visual cortex. However, your brain is actually only receiving 3 color "signals" from your eyes. If one or more of those signals is cut you will lose the ability to see colors related to that color. If you ever saw a CRT computer monitor up close(like really close) you could see that each pixel is made up of 3 colors that are just varying brightness. What happened to your mom is(prbably) the blue signal was cut/damaged due to her brain damage.


Question: How exactly does burning cds work especially when you do it from home? And why does a scratch affect how the cd reads the information?

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 How exactly does burning cds work especially when you do it from home? And why does a scratch affect how the cd reads the information?

When CDs are pressed commercially, they actually punch tiny tiny holes in the gold foil, and those punches represent the information that becomes the music. When you burn a CD at home, you can’t punch holes, but the laser in the CD burner affects the foil and burns it and discolors it, so that it looks just like a hole to the CD player. A scratch in the plastic or in the foil destroys some of those holes, or it makes it harder for the laser to see them clearly.


Question: If paper/plastic money note has serial number on it, why does coin not? And how is coin tracked then?

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 If paper/plastic money note has serial number on it, why does coin not? And how is coin tracked then?

It's not. It's also not really required: coins are costly to make compared to their value, from the metal cost to the smelting and pressing. Small coins are usually more expensive to makes than their face value, even smaller coin (think 1c euro) are most costly in metal alone than their face value (they changed to way they are done to avoid people smelting them to sell the scrap) It's then not really important to keep track of them.


Question: How TV Shows like 'It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia' and the creator Rob McElhenney went from nothing into lots of money?

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 How TV Shows like 'It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia' and the creator Rob McElhenney went from nothing into lots of money?

views and ratings. The more views a show gets, the more money the network makes from commercials played on that channel during that show. Some of that money goes back to the creators, which they usually invest back into the show so it can grow in viewership and make even more money next season. The reason it's smart to pitch a good idea at a low budget to a network is because they risk very little if they don't have to invest money before knowing the show will attract an audience. oh and it's "piqued" your interest btw ;)


Question: How does the UNIX tool grep work so quickly?

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 How does the UNIX tool grep work so quickly?

It implements the Boyer-Moore algorithm. You begin by preprocessing the pattern to generate a rule table, which I'll mention again in just a moment. You match the pattern by it's last character and work in reverse. If the pattern doesn't match, then the principle key to the speed of this algorithm is that you skip ahead a number of characters based on the rule table, the size of the skip per rule is dependent on the pattern. Grep uses some clever programming to get the number of instructions per character down. It unrolls loops and relies on table lookups as much as possible. It also skips the C standard library and goes straight to kernel calls, and it operates over the whole input buffer and does not first break the input into lines. It also doesn't copy data in memory. Finally, the larger the pattern, the more efficient Grep becomes, by virtue of being able to skip over more and more of the file at a time.


Question: ...Why is it that when I’m laying in bed at night, the nostril that my head is leaning on closes automatically?

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 ...Why is it that when I’m laying in bed at night, the nostril that my head is leaning on closes automatically?

Most people actually only exhale through one nostril at a time. Your nose has erectile tissue which kinda turns your nostrils on and off throughout the day. It's thought that part of the reason we turn over at night even if we're comfy is due to this. It may not be the only factor at play here, but it is one.


Question: Why does some plastic turn yellow with age?

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 Why does some plastic turn yellow with age?

Most plastics are flammable. However this is an issue when making devices that needs to meet fire codes. For example you do not want the enclosure of electrical components that might short circuit to be flammable as it would spread the fire. So in order to make plastic safe for use in those applications manufacturers add bromide compounds to the plastic. These compounds are fire retardants. This is kind of like adding fire extinguisher powder to your plastic. However the issue is that these bromide compounds will slowly break down over time. Especially if exposed to UV radiation. And the resulting compounds have this nasty yellow-brown color to them. It is possible to oxidize these compounds using oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide or ozone. This process is often called the retrobright process after a commercial product sold for this purpose. However people are also using simple hair bleaching agents to achieve the same results.


Question: If I'm trying to get the ace of spades, does picking 5 cards out of a fresh deck, have the same odds as picking 1 card 5 times - reshuffling in-between?

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 If I'm trying to get the ace of spades, does picking 5 cards out of a fresh deck, have the same odds as picking 1 card 5 times - reshuffling in-between?

No. If you pick 5 cards ouf of a fresh deck, your odds get better with each pull. First pull: 1:52 chance. Second: 1:51 chance. Fifth pull: 1:48 chance. If you put the card back and reshuffle each time, assuming you really do shuffle randomly, each pull is a 1:52 chance.


Question: why do chickens’ heads stay completely stabilised when someone moves their body?

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 why do chickens’ heads stay completely stabilised when someone moves their body?

Chicken have really bad eyesight/no working muscles arouns the eyes and first move their body, their head followes the movement afterwards. Thats why they walk so funnily - their eyes can not cope with the movement like ours can, therefore they adjust after the movement. This is what they do in your example as well, they hold still on purpose because otherwise they could not see very well.


Question: How does a refrigerator work?

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 How does a refrigerator work?

Expanding gas cools as it expands. First law of thermodynamics. Inside a refrigerator is a reservoir of refrigerant. This is a gas that is compressed into a liquid, as a liquid is a good way of storing a large volume of gas. The system allows the liquid to slowly bleed out of the reservoir. Where it expands rapidly into a gas, cooling as it expands and circulates. Providing refrigeration. At the other end of the system, a compressor sucks in the gas and compresses it back into a liquid in the reservoir. As the system runs the compressor gets hot, and you can get condensation inside the refrigerator. The condensation can be redirected out of the refrigerator to drop onto the hot compressor, where it evaporates.


Question: Why do, on occasion, temperatures of -2 Celsius in some regions feel colder than temperatures of +3 Celsius in other reasons?

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</answer>
 Why do, on occasion, temperatures of -2 Celsius in some regions feel colder than temperatures of +3 Celsius in other reasons?

Wind and air humidity have great impact on how the air temperature feels. When your skin loses heat to the surrounding air, that air heats up and in turn absorbs less heat from your skin afterwards. That’s how fur keeps animals warm. It traps the warm air at their skin. Clothes do the same for us humans. Wind carries that warm air away replacing it with colder air that absorbs heat from your skin again. That why wind makes it feel colder. Humidity is more complicated but for cold weather it goes like this: water has a much higher heat capacity that’s air so humid air can absorb more heat from you than dry air, making it feel colder. In warm air, humidity work differently, it prevents your sweat from evaporating because there’s already water in the air and air has a limited capacity for carrying water vapor. In turn your body can’t cool itself effectively and it feels hotter than in dry air.


Question: Why is it bad to use flash photography around art / artifacts?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it bad to use flash photography around art / artifacts?

I would imagine it’s the same reason why cellphones cause airplanes to crash and gas tanks to blow up. They don’t. They just want people to pay attention to what they are doing instead of taking photos. Also flashes are super annoying. Could you imagine trying to enjoy a painting in a dimly lit room and suddenly 30 bright lights flash in your face? Now you have little light blobs burned into your vision ruining the rest of you art viewing for a few minutes. Also a lot of art has glass over it so a flash would just reflect off and look terrible anyway. Ever tried to take a picture of an aquarium with a flash? Doesn’t work.


Question: Why does significant amounts of blood smell sickly sweet, but small amounts smell metallic?

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 Why does significant amounts of blood smell sickly sweet, but small amounts smell metallic?

I'm a doctor. Blood has large amounts of iron in it. The metallic smell is the iron. I think blood smells like iron filings. The "sickly-sweet" smell is from a component of blood called Albumin. If you ever were to taste lab grade albumin (which I have done), it is very sweet. My experience has been slightly different from yours, as I experience both of these smells when dealing with patients that are losing massive amounts of blood. I personally find the metallic/iron smell to be more overwhelming than the albumin smell.


Question: Where did all of water (like oceans and seas) come from, what is the origin of it ?

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 Where did all of water (like oceans and seas) come from, what is the origin of it ?

Water is very common throughout the Universe. Oxygen produced by stars is released during a supernova and combines with Hydrogen (the most common element in the universe) to form water. The early might have been formed with large quantities of water that oozed up to the surface why the Earth was still completely molten. But much of it was probably lost to space. Asteroids and comets contain a fair amount of water ice. Likely the Earth was continually bombarded during it's early days and the water just kept adding up.


Question: Why does water not catch fire?

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 Why does water not catch fire?

Fire is the result of rapid oxidation - oxygen atoms bonding strongly to something else. In the case of burning wood, that's mostly oxygen bonding to carbon to make CO and CO2. The heat from the fire rips the carbon out of the cellulose and other organic molecules in the wood, freeing them up to bond more strongly with the oxygen. That reaction creates more heat, which frees more carbon, which reacts with more oxygen... But you can also [burn hydrogen]( URL_1 )! The result of *that* is...H2O! Water. In order for water to burn, you would have to have have enough energy to rip the hydrogen off the water molecule, leaving just the oxygen, and then...put the oxygen atom right back on. Freeing the hydrogen from the oxygen costs energy, just like freeing the carbon from your wood. *Unlike* freeing the carbon from the wood, it costs exactly as much energy to get the oxygen *off* as it does putting it back on, which means you get a net gain of zero energy. Still, we use this principle for hydrogen fuel cells through the process of hydrolysis, which uses electricity to rip the water apart, and then we burn the resulting hydrogen. Because nothing is perfectly efficient, it's actually a net loss. The benefit is that you can use a very efficient source of power like solar or nuclear (from the city grid) to create that hydrogen. That just becomes a point of manipulating what energy you have into more usable forms. What's more, water is really good at absorbing heat. Remember the [fire triangle]( URL_0 ): without heat to get the fuel burning, you can't have a fire. So even if you have something to get started burning the water, the rest of the water around it will suck away the heat before individual molecules get hot enough to combust. You *can* still burn things underwater, though. Usually that means giving it an oxidizer along with your fuel, the same principle for burning things in space where there is no oxygen. IE: you bring your own with you. Sodium will burn underwater, specifically because the sodium reacts with the oxygen more strongly than the hydrogen atoms, and it'll just rip the oxygen right off the water! What's left is Sodium Hydroxide and H2 molecules, and a ton of heat. Those H2 molecules will react with any free oxygen in the water if there is any, but it'll definitely make a flame once that hot H2 hits the air where there's plenty of O2 ready to burn and form H2O again. But with sodium it's not the water that's burning, it's the sodium, and the product of that reaction can also burn (and does). *Burning* means oxidation, and you can't oxidize water because, well, it's already got oxygen in it! But you *can* do other reactions that accomplish the same thing. And you can force more oxygen onto the water molecules and make H2O2 - hydrogen peroxide. But you *lose* energy with that reaction, and the H2O2 is very eager to get rid of that second oxygen molecule and oxidize something else.


Question: () Why is the Position Control Center phone number a regular 10 digit phone number when it's an emergency number? (In the US)

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 () Why is the Position Control Center phone number a regular 10 digit phone number when it's an emergency number? (In the US)

If the poison was bad enough for an extra 7 digits to be really dangerous, you should be calling 911 anyway to get an ambulance. Poison control is generally more for when you are unsure if a substance is poisonous or not, or if you know it’s not that dangerous but still want to know the treatment. Not for emergencies.


Question: How do companies that make free products like web browsers and linux version stay afloat?

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 How do companies that make free products like web browsers and linux version stay afloat?

Some of them are open source projects meaning the contributors write them as research projects in their free time. They can use them in their CVs later. Surprisingly, these apps are very useable and stable. Ex.: Linux distributions. There are products with the companies would like to chain users to the other products of the company. Developing a browser like Chrome worth it if millions will use it to access Google products filled with ads (Gmail, Google Search etc.) In this case, these companies heavily calculate wether the product worth the trouble -- this is how Google shut down Google Plus this year. Finally some free products suggest you should pay for premium service, like Spotify.


Question: What exactly makes a mathematical argument 'rigorous'?

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 What exactly makes a mathematical argument 'rigorous'?

I took a few theoretical math courses as an undergrad and grad student, and my general idea is that you need to explicitly state your intuition and any relevant theorems and their relevance. Avoid using words like "clearly." Even if you're thinking that word, there's probably some intuition you need to write down. Think about how your audience might interpret your proof and make sure all leaps are explained. A similar question has been asked and answered on Stack Exchange, also asked by an undergrad student. You might find it helpful: URL_0 You have the right idea of asking your professors. Not only can they give you general guidelines, but rigor has slight subjectivity, so each professor has different expectations that you need to understand. You're asking for an exact distinction but there isn't an exact one because rigor is about convincing your audience that your proof is complete.


Question: Is it possible to predict the path of a tornado, how random is it?

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 Is it possible to predict the path of a tornado, how random is it?

From a *general* perspective; their paths are somewhat predictable. Generally, tornados will track along a route following whatever storm they're associated with. Thus, to trained storm spotters and meteorologists, 9 times out of 10 they'll be able to tell where the tornado will go to within about a mile or so. However, that remaining 1 time out of 10 some wonky things can happen because the storm can do strange things. The perfect example is the [El Reno Tornado]( URL_0 ) from back in 2013 that killed a few storm chasers and sent most of the rest scattering around it, entirely because the storm behaved very very strangely. Further, while the overwhelming majority of a tornado's damage is constrained to it's immediate vicinity, the tornado can still chuck debris over a pretty wide area. This debris, and the intense storm that the tornado is associated with, are often violent enough that, even if the tornado isn't going to hit you, it's still quite advisable to take cover until the storm passes.


Question: How come differences at the subatomic level lead to such variety?

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 How come differences at the subatomic level lead to such variety?

That stuff you're using to describe matter: liquid, blue, white, etc. is all a consequence of how matter interacts with everything else. The answer to how matter interacts with other stuff is usually the electric force. Why is some substance liquid at room temperature? Because the electric force between the electrons in the atoms/molecules is strong enough to keep it from being a gas and too weak to let it be a solid. Why is some substance blue? Because if the interactions of the electrons in the substance causing it to reflect, absorb, or ignore certain colors of light (which itself couples to the electric field). Why does iron transfer heat better plastic? Well, it has to do with how tightly the atoms pack and how well they can transfer kinetic energy (wiggling = heat) to each other, and the thing that dictates that is how the electrons pull and push on each other through the electric force. It's all about how the electrons interact. How the electrons interact is also affected by how many protons are in an atom. This all comes down to the electric force. Of course there's things like "why is a magnet magnetic?" Well, there's magnetic force involved in electrons also, but it's responsible for relatively fewer of the properties of matter.


Question: Why are gas prices so much higher in California than the rest of the country?

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 Why are gas prices so much higher in California than the rest of the country?

There are two big reasons. The first is that California has a higher gasoline tax than other states. That's pretty straightforward. The second, and much more important, is that California has stricter emissions laws than other states, which makes gasoline that would be legal to sell in other states unavailable to California. Not only is that gasoline more expensive to produce, but because California requires a different gasoline makeup, it means that California is a "gasoline island": in cases where demand increases, sellers can't import gasoline refined in other states, since their refineries don't produce California-compliant gasoline. So prices tend to be higher to start, and they're more likely to increase in response to issues like refinery capacity problems, power outages, unexpected demand, etc, since the supply is constrained.


Question: is ignorance of the law ever an excuse, when society has more laws than anybody can possibly remember?

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 is ignorance of the law ever an excuse, when society has more laws than anybody can possibly remember?

There is a lot of misinformation out there. So lets be very clear - NO. There is never any situation in which you escape criminal liability because you "didn't know about a rule". Now, lets talk about some of the tiny "hey isn't this an exception" laws. \- There are a lot of laws where it isn't so much you have to obey the law, its that you have to make a reasonable effort to obey the law. So the law is "THOU SHALL NOT EAT ICE CREAM", rather the law is "Be reasonably prudent to ensure that you do not eat ice cream". In that situation if you were given a frozen yogurt cup with what looked like frozen yogurt in it and you asked the person who gave it to whether it was frozen yogurt and they responded yes. Well then you are not in trouble for eating ice cream. \- There are also a lot of laws where the punishment options for the government range from "hey asshole - don't do that again", to "prepare your asshole for prison". Your knowledge of the law and sophistication is going to go a long way to say which of those applies. For example if your wife's friend is a secretary at the FBI and you mailed her a gift basket on her birthday there might be some crazy law on the books about not giving gifts to government employees over 50 bucks that you broke. The law isn't there for you though, its there for when the CEO of a chinese mining company gives a Ferrari with a trunk filled with cash to the head of the Ohio board of mining licences. \- Now, as has been said here "intention" is a component of almost every law. However it isn't the intention to break the law, rather it is the intention to do the prohibited thing. If there is a law that no one can walk on the grass outside congress, and the wind blows away the "no walking sign", you do not escape liability for not knowing. But if the wind blows YOU onto the lawn and you had never intended to go onto the grass at all, then you escape liability. & #x200B; Now at this point you are probably saying "but wait... this isn't really fair, there is no way I could know all the laws". Well you are absolutely, 100%, right. And this is a major problem in the minds of libertarians. Libertarians basically think that the rules of society should be simple enough that you can kind of just figure them out based on moral intuition. I have a lot of sympathy for that position. Especially in a country that calls itself the "land of the free". With that said, it simply is not true.