Question: How does housing in England work? What are flats vs semis vs houses? What is a "council" and how does that work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does housing in England work? What are flats vs semis vs houses? What is a "council" and how does that work?

Flats are usually single floored homes that are on top of each other, so numerous homes in one building. Semis are two houses joined together, then a space, for a drive etc, then two more houses A council is the local authority, providing local services eg bin collection, road surfacing, tax etc Council houses are houses for local people which are owned and rented out by the council at lower than market rate. There are also terraced houses which are rows of houses joined together, and detached houses which as the name suggests aren't connected to any others


Question: does organic material (aka food) help break down the non-organic material that end up in landfills? In other words, if a landfills were just non-organic material then would they take longer to decompose?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 does organic material (aka food) help break down the non-organic material that end up in landfills? In other words, if a landfills were just non-organic material then would they take longer to decompose?

They don’t really interact. For all practical purposes, the inorganic stuff will never break down. It’ll stick around until the landfill is full and then be covered over. Hence the reason recycling and moving towards 100% reusable or biodegradable is so important. The only reason to put them in the same space is because it all has to go somewhere.


Question: If photons are massless, how can they have momentum?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If photons are massless, how can they have momentum?

The full version of E = mc^2 is: E^2 = (mc^2 )^2 + p^2 c^2 Where _p_ is momentum. Photons have no mass _m_ so the (mc^2 )^2 part of the equation becomes zero, but they still have energy/momentum. ELI5: the definition of momentum is different for photons, but they still carry energy and still impart that energy _in a specific direction_ when they hit something.


Question: If I choose a random number between 0 and 1, shouldn't the probability of choosing 1 number out of infinitely many be 0 and in turn prevent me from choosing any single one of them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If I choose a random number between 0 and 1, shouldn't the probability of choosing 1 number out of infinitely many be 0 and in turn prevent me from choosing any single one of them?

The probability of getting any particular number is probability 0, but that doesn't mean it's impossible. The reason for this is that we're dealing with a continuous set of numbers, not a discrete set, and the rules for dealing with probability are different here. In this context, we don't ask 'what is the probability that x is precisely 0.45', because it's 0. Instead, for example, we look for the probability that 0.44 < x < 0.46. We deal with probability densities over a range, not of discrete numbers. It is a bit weird that you can have a range of numbers where each individual number has a probability 0, but the range as a whole does not. But that is the case. Using probability densities is more sidestepping the problem than it is solving it, but it's the practical solution. If you want to know more, 3blue1brown did a very good video on probability densities [here]( URL_0 ) Another thing to keep in mind is the difference between asking about the probability of x being _precisely_ 0.45, rather than being 0.45 to an accuracy of 3 significant figures. 0.450001 isn't precisely 0.45, but if you only care about the accuracy to three significant figures, that doesn't matter to you. So you could write this as the probability of 0.445 < x < 0.4549, and still get a meaningful answer


Question: How come when you film a computer or TV screen it appears to have black bars running through it that you never normally see?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come when you film a computer or TV screen it appears to have black bars running through it that you never normally see?

Simplest explanation is because of the way old monitors/TVs display their image at a slow frame rate and how the camera is recording at a different frame rate. During playback they’re out of sync so you start to see partial scans on the display. Kinda like how a fast spinning wheel can look like it’s spinning backwards.


Question: when someone dies, what happens to their debt? Does it go to their executor to be paid off with money from selling their estate? What happens if there is more debt than money in the estate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 when someone dies, what happens to their debt? Does it go to their executor to be paid off with money from selling their estate? What happens if there is more debt than money in the estate?

When someone dies, all of their assets and debts become part of their estate. The executor of the estate then pays off all of the debts using the estate assets (selling assets if/as required). Once all of the debts are paid, the remaining assets are then given to the beneficiaries of the estate (either through the will or applicable laws). If debts are greater than assets, the debts are paid to the extent possible and then are discharged (e.g. negated) once the assets run out.


Question: how are lava lamps used to model random behavior for computers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how are lava lamps used to model random behavior for computers?

Computers are deterministic machines. Given the same input, they will always produce the same output. One simple way around this is a "random number generator" that starts with one number (the "seed"), then performs a bunch of mathematical operations on it to get a new number. You can then chain this process together to create a lot of "random" numbers. To someone who doesn't know exactly what mathematical operations are used by the random number generator, all of these numbers appear to be completely unrelated to each other. This is fine for something like video games or statistical simulations. However, it's usually not good enough for cryptography, where you assume a very smart person is always trying to crack your code. That smart person, if they saw all the random numbers you generated, could probably figure out how your generator worked and start being able to guess the next number it will generate. (People who are *really* into video games have figured out how to do this too). To foil them, you need to include a source of randomness from the real world. In theory, you could use lots of different things for this, but a classic example is lava lamps. All you need is a lava lamp and a camera that watches the lava lamps. The camera checks for various things (bubble speed and position, etc.) and sends that information back to the computer, which uses them as random numbers. It's not important that the camera be all that precise. In fact, you get even more "randomness" if it's not that precise. Insofar as someone actually wanted to use a lava lamp in cryptography, however, they wouldn't tell you exactly what the camera is looking for. That would defeat the purpose.


Question: What is a musical “key” and what does it mean to change the key of a song or play it in a different key?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a musical “key” and what does it mean to change the key of a song or play it in a different key?

A Key is the root note in the major 7 note scale. In the key of C the notes in that scale are simply: C D E F G A B. If you change key to D, the scale is not simply D E F G A B C because a major scale is defined by how many steps between each note. The key of D would scale as: D E F# G A B C# All Major scales follow the same pattern: W W H W W W H (whole, whole, half, whole, whole, whole, half). It's easier to visualize this on the keys to a piano, each key (white and black) is a half step above the previous. Pick any note on the piano, and to play that note's major scale, you'd follow the pattern above. Because of how we hear and interpret music, it matters less what the absolute values of the frequencies of each note is, but more that the intervals between them are maintained, in order for us to recognize a particular melody. If someone sings "Happy Birthday" in the key of G, or C, or D#, we can recognize it just as easily. So singers and musicians may play or sing a song in a different key if it's easier to do so. For example, a singer with a lower ranged voice might want to drop a song to a lower key in order to sing it without straining.


Question: How can humans be allergic to eggs, but not chicken?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can humans be allergic to eggs, but not chicken?

Hi there! So, the proteins and substances in chicken meat and eggs are different. Your friend may be allergic to either the albumin (the white of the egg) or something inside the yolk. None of these substances are in the meat itself. It’s mainly actin and myosin (muscle fibers). Yes they come from eggs, but they’re made of completely different material once the chicken is grown. P.s I’m allergic to chicken dander but not chicken eggs or meat. It’s all about the specific substances.


Question: When lighting hits the ocean, does it kill the fish in that area? If not, why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When lighting hits the ocean, does it kill the fish in that area? If not, why?

Salt water conducts electricity very well, and generally better than living animals. Electricity follows the path of least resistance, so unless a fish is really close to the strike, most of the electricity flows through the water and disperses very quickly, and animals don't take much of the charge, because the resistance is higher through the body. Most of the energy is scattered across the surface of the water as well, as things that conduct electricity well usually have this characteristic.


Question: If store brand medicines have the same ingredients and dosages as some of the higher end brands, how do the companies that charge almost triple the price remain profitable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If store brand medicines have the same ingredients and dosages as some of the higher end brands, how do the companies that charge almost triple the price remain profitable?

They have to have the same pharmaceutical incredients and dosages. They don't necessarily have the same other components like binders, fast-dissolving tablets for quick action, coatings to prevent stomach irritation etc. Not saying they don't charge a lot for the brand name though. They're not going to pay for TV ads and other marketing from a couple of cents/pence per tablet that generic aspirin goes for.


Question: What exactly is REALLY going on in the American political scene right now?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is REALLY going on in the American political scene right now?

We have a controversial president. He didn't win the popular vote but because he won the right states to win, he beat his opponent. Some argue that he's crass, sexist, and racist and doesn't know what he's doing. Some argue that he's incredibly smart. Some argue that he won because of Russian hacking. Some argue that he has secret ties with Russia that dictate his actions. Some argue that the Russian story is made up by his opponents.


Question: How does splitting an atom harness so much power?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does splitting an atom harness so much power?

This question was answered on this sub in 2014. Here is a link explaining it. Basically splitting one atom only results in a little bit of energy, the objective is to split many of them very very fast. Link here to archived post. Hopefully it won't get removed by bots or pedantic mods. URL_0


Question: How does a GPU differ from a CPU?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a GPU differ from a CPU?

specializaton. Chips have hardware in them that perform various tasks. CPUs have to be very general because they need to be able to do everything. With a GPU, you know what tasks you're going to do frequently and you can design hardware to do it. So a GPU might require less instructions for the same tasks. Additionally, GPUs have a LOT more cores than a CPU (my CPU has 4 while my GPU has 1664). A GPU can split the screen up into a bunch of tiny chunks and work on each task independantly. You can typically do this to some extent with CPUs but typically not as much. Doing this allows you to have slower cores while still completing tasks faster.


Question: what are batteries made of?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what are batteries made of?

Two different types of metal, and a liquid between the two. The exact materials differ depending on the type of battery. In your standard Alkaline battery, you typically see Magnanese dioxide on one end and zinc on the other, with an alkaline (that is, opposite of acidic on the pH scale) solution in the middle (this can vary, but the standard at least used to be potassium hydroxide); The liquid is sometimes also called "battery acid" which in the case of these batteries is a bit incorrect (but there are batteries which do use an acid), but still apt with the non-scientific definition that a lot of people know of "a liquid that harms your skin on contact" or just a caustic chemical (which, strong acids or strong bases are going to be very caustic as a general rule)


Question: why is drinking our own blood bad for our health?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is drinking our own blood bad for our health?

It is and it isn't. Fundamentally, there's nothing dangerous in healthy blood but you can't survive on blood alone. Especially not your own blood as there's some losses involved. Rather, the danger comes from unhealthy blood or things blood has picked up along the way. Germs are the biggest threat here as blood is a near perfect environment for things to grow. There's also the risk that the person giving the blood was sick but didn't know it. Also, drinking blood has cannibalistic implications and society tends to break down when we see each other as a source of food.


Question: Could scientist be able to stop time in a single contained space?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Could scientist be able to stop time in a single contained space?

Not with our current understanding of physics. For something to appear frozen in time from an outside perspective, that thing would need to be travelling at the speed of light. Since our current understanding of physics is that nothing with mass can reach the speed of light, we can't ever get anything other than light itself to "freeze" in time. However, if we can get things moving at a significant fraction of the speed of light, it would appear from an outside perspective to be moving slower in time. However, making a box in which the contents are moving at relativistic speed but the box itself is not would be a significant technological challenge if it is even possible.


Question: How come movies and TV shows don't film at actual locations? Why do they use different locations and make it look like the intended location?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come movies and TV shows don't film at actual locations? Why do they use different locations and make it look like the intended location?

Money and convenience. It's much cheaper to build a set that looks like a snowy tundra than to actually fly out cast, crew, etc. to a *real* snowy tundra. Not to mention that then you'd have to deal with the weather. And your cast and crew would not be so happy about spending months away from their families. And this goes for just about everything. Say you have a show that takes place in one city. It's cheap and easy to get a few exterior shots of the city, buildings, etc. and then when it's time to actually film, do it from a studio in LA.


Question: How exactly is recycling good for the environment when it almost always requires a source of fuel to break down and re-purpose the materials(in turn creating more air pollution and also requires the excavation of more fossil fuel)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How exactly is recycling good for the environment when it almost always requires a source of fuel to break down and re-purpose the materials(in turn creating more air pollution and also requires the excavation of more fossil fuel)?

It is less harmful than excavating new material deposits, by far. It's also the fact that if you just throw it out, it has to go to a landfill, which uses up land and can take hundreds of years to even start to decay (if it ever really does - look at the Pacific Garbage Patch). In order of benefit to the environment, Reduce > Reuse > Recycle. Reducing means you need less to begin with, and thus don't even add any pollution from the start. Reusing something means you only need to create pollution once - when it's first made. Recycling means you create pollution more than once, but it's less than if you just went out and bought more unrecycled material to begin with.


Question: If recessions are a normal part of the business cycle/economy, why are governments not prepared for them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If recessions are a normal part of the business cycle/economy, why are governments not prepared for them?

Some governments do prepare. They maintain large sovereign wealth funds that help smooth out the effect of the bang and bust cycle on government revenues. This is especially helpful (and most prevalent) in countries that depend heavily on a single resource (like oil or gas) for revenue. In most countries though saving money is politically very difficult. It is always popular to spend money on the things voters want, and many politicians are willing to spend lavishly in the hopes it buys them a safe seat.


Question: The geometric "what comes next?" type of questions on IQ tests.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 The geometric "what comes next?" type of questions on IQ tests.

It's all about recognizing patterns, which is a crucial part of learning ability and thus IQ. Since you asked for a stream of consciousness on a solution, lets look at the first link for an example. I look for a pattern, the first thing I focus on (on a whim) is the circle in the middle of each image. I see that in the top two rows, one each is white, split vertically and split horizontally. This leads me to believe the answer could be (d). To verify my answer, I check to see what is up with the arrows surrounding the circles. I start with color and notice that in the top two rows one set of arrows is white, the other two mixed. Since (d) is mixed and we already have one white and one mixed set, this supports my answer. Looking at the positions, there are three options - let's call them \, / and ^ for brevity. The top two rows have one of each and the bottom one has / and ^. Solution (d) has \, which again confirms the pattern. The faster you can find patterns like this, the faster you will also be able to find existing patterns in everyday life.


Question: Why does exercise build stamina?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does exercise build stamina?

Stressing a muscle tears it down. Given the right nutrients and some rest, it will be repaired, and will be built up to better withstand that stress next time. Why should that be? Consider that not every animal may have that biological feedback loop to improve, or that there are varying degrees at which that happens. The greater the ability to improve, the greater the ability to survive and pass that ability on to offspring. That's evolution.


Question: Why do we sometimes yawn and feel really sleepy, go to the bed but don't fall asleep as soon as we expected we would?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we sometimes yawn and feel really sleepy, go to the bed but don't fall asleep as soon as we expected we would?

Perhaps you are not distinguishing between "sleepy" and "tired." Feeling **sleepy** is part of a physiological cycle. Your body clock is saying that "now would be a good time to get the required amount of sleep." You do not necessarily have to have run out of energy at that point any more than you have to be starving to death before you feel hungry. **Tiredness**, however, is different. It is not part of a cycle and can be caused by a number of things: using up a lot of energy and not replacing it, lack of oxygen, boredom, illness. Unfortunately, the symptoms of both are similar and sometimes you can confuse the two. Yawning is frequently a sign of tiredness rather than sleepiness. Consequently you might go to bed thinking you are sleepy when in fact you are just tired (or "fatigued"). A few moments rest may be enough to replenish you energy levels and sleep is neither wanted nor necessary. Just to contrast the two: People can spend the whole day doing nothing but watch TV. Nevertheless, at a certain time they will fall asleep easily despite not really having tired themselves in the least. Conversely, after, say, running a marathon, the runner is probably extremely tired but that doesn't mean that what he wants to do is curl up under the sheets and snore.


Question: We can freeze human sperm and eggs indefinitely, without "killing" them. Why can't we do the same for whole people, or even just organs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 We can freeze human sperm and eggs indefinitely, without "killing" them. Why can't we do the same for whole people, or even just organs?

Because sperm and eggs are just single cells. Organs and organisms are collections of cells that must operate in unison or the entire organism dies. If you have 5 million sperm cells and your freezing/thawing process kills half of them, you still have 2.5 million viable sperm cells to rely on, and only need one for success. If you freeze/thaw a person and kill half their cells, you end up with a mess.


Question: - Why is space cold when the suns heat is currently roasting me like a pig whilst I sit outdoors in Spain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why is space cold when the suns heat is currently roasting me like a pig whilst I sit outdoors in Spain?

That heat is not heat when it's traveling to earth, it's high intensity light from the sun that becomes heat as it gets absorbed by particles in the atmosphere/on the earth's surface. There is virtually no matter in outer space to absorb that light and convert it to heat, which is why it's able to get all the way to earth and warm everything up.


Question: A lot of outrage comes from “companies stealing our data”, what is an actual harmful outcome to me from a company taking my data?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 A lot of outrage comes from “companies stealing our data”, what is an actual harmful outcome to me from a company taking my data?

Well, they can target their advertising very specifically, manipulating your behaviour by knowing how to subconsciously alter your spending habits. The data can be used to alter things like your chances of being approved for a loan, or how much your insurance will cost. They might reveal information you'd rather keep secret, for example gay people have been outed because their social media began sending adverts and messages related to that based off of their search history... there can be a lot of consequences.


Question: Can someone explain an Existential Forgery Attack against RSA Digital Signature?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone explain an Existential Forgery Attack against RSA Digital Signature?

The attack is just a means of producing something with a technically valid signature. However what that "something" is, well, it is essentially garbage most of the time because you're forcibly constructing something with a valid signature out of parts with valid signatures. What you get in the end will be effectively random. In most cases it would be a case of "Look, he signed this document!" "This looks like something produced by an infant who'd never seen a crayon before." "Yes, but he signed it, and I can prove it mathematically!" The math is fairly simple. RSA signatures are essentially done by raising a number to an exponent. EncryptedText = OriginalMessage^e (modulo N) and the decryption process is OriginalMessage = EncryptedText^(d) (modulo N). For signing you just swap e and d, and replace EncryptedText with SignatureOfMessage. e is the public exponent and d is the private exponent in both situations. Now modulo arithmetic can often be treated as simple integer arithmetic and then apply the modulo at the end rather than at each step in a long calculation. I can do all the math without considering of the modulo and then fix it at the end. So I can really just abuse the usual rules of multiplication and exponents to build a technically valid signature by combining 2 (or more) other known signatures. SignatureOfMessage1 = Message1^(d) and SignatureOfMessage2 = Message2^(d). Not knowing what d is but having the originals and signatures of any old messages, I can still combine these into a valid combination, SignatureOfMessage1 * SignatureOfMessage2 = Message1^d * Message2^d = (Message1 * Message2)^d = A valid signature for message Message1*Message2 (modulo N) In most situations this isn't very useful, but you have technically constructed a new message and its valid signature without breaking the private key.


Question: Does having multiple injuries affect how your body heals itself?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does having multiple injuries affect how your body heals itself?

Your body requires synthesis of material for activities like exudation (anti bacterial response), epithelial regeneration (skin healing from bites), collagen fibers (bone healing from bruise), etc. Each of these pieces require material synthesis. The body is like a factory that can make it's own materials. However, there is always a maximum throughput value. The speed at which any two bodies can create requires materials will not be the same. However, seemingly different materials may require similar inputs. If two injuries require the same material for healing at a rate greater than the body can produce then your healing will be delayed. I'm not aware of many studies that target the bodies ability to parallel process, but it's a very good question that I would like to read more about.


Question: In what sense does one food or drink 'go' with another?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 In what sense does one food or drink 'go' with another?

The main thing that you want in a food and drink pairing is for both to have a similar intensity in the mouth. For instance, if you were eating something very light like a quiche, you don't want to then drink a very heavy red wine. The taste of the red wine will linger in the mouth, and so the next bite of quiche will be muted. Similarly, if you have a really heavy food like sharp cheeses, a wine that is too light will still have hints of cheese as you sip it since it's not strong enough to override it. Beyond that is flavour pairings, which is really just complimentary flavours. Often this is about balancing the different things the tongue can sense, like acidity, sweetness, etc., so that all of them are somewhat triggered, but none of them are overwhelmed.


Question: In nature, why is it the generally the responsibility of the male to prove its fitness to the female? Is the offspring not just as susceptible to poor genes being passed from the female?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 In nature, why is it the generally the responsibility of the male to prove its fitness to the female? Is the offspring not just as susceptible to poor genes being passed from the female?

Males can mate with a lot of females in a gestation period. Females can only (usually) mate with one male per gestation period, so they make it count. Consider a generic species. For males, the genetic 'best option' is to spread their seed far and wide, the idea being that *some* of their offspring will survive. If they can impregnate fifty females? Great! Their genetic legacy is secure. For females, the best option is to only accept the best they can get, to improve the chances of fit offspring. If they mate with a weak male, their offspring is going to have a hard time of it, and will probably die early -- not good, if you're putting a lot of energy into setting up a lineage. Females in this generic species have to know that the investment they're making -- in food, in time, in energy, and in the risk to their own health during pregnancy and birth -- is worth it, so they're likely to only accept the best they can get.


Question: Why do certain product categories, vape stores or amazon mattresses, have such a positive review bias?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do certain product categories, vape stores or amazon mattresses, have such a positive review bias?

Reviews make the sale. Amazon has been fighting off fake reviews for a long time. Sellers know that you will pick the best rated at the price point you pick. Sure not all of them are fake but I follow tons of Amazon sellers podcasts and this is common practice. They used to pay for reviews, then Amazon banned that. Then they would give away stuff for good reviews, then Amazon banned that too. Shilling is on everywhere. Reddit is really bad with it right now. Monsanto threads and audiophile threads are perfect examples to look at. Video game systems used to be king if this but thankfully that's over with for the most part.


Question: If a person were underfed to the point of stunted growth and delayed puberty, what would carbon-dating their bones reveal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a person were underfed to the point of stunted growth and delayed puberty, what would carbon-dating their bones reveal?

It would still reveal about when the person died. I don't think current carbon dating methods are going to be accurate to within a decade for example. Carbon dating allows us to deduce when the living material was grown. Dating bones will tell us when the bone was formed but not necesssarily when the organism died. That information can be found through other methods but hardly matters when carbon dating might not be accurate to within the lifespan of the organism itself: If we can date a dog skeleton to 30,550 years old plus or minus 50 years, it doesn't matter if the dog was old or young when it died as dogs don't generally live for 50 years anyway.


Question: What is the difference, in terms of impact on health, between 'processed sugar' (i.e. sugar in sweets) and sugar from fruit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference, in terms of impact on health, between 'processed sugar' (i.e. sugar in sweets) and sugar from fruit?

Sugar that is naturally found in fruits is chemically not even the same substance as table sugar, and both table sugar and fruit sugar are different substances than the sweetener used in "sweets". Naturally-occurring fruit sugar is called fructose, and it includes six carbons in a row but it makes a 5-member loop with a few parts sticking off. Table sugar is called sucrose, and it includes twelve carbons arranged in two six-atom rings, and a few parts sticking off. "High fructose corn syrup" is a commercially convenient sweetener -- it's cheap and easy to produce, and it is particularly sweet. It contains fructose but also a lot of glucose (another simple sugar, six atoms in a ring). But our bodies don't exactly recognize HFCS. When we something like an apple, our bodies recognize the natural fructose, and after a bit, the body says, "Okay, that's enough. Thanks!" But since our bodies don't exactly recognize HCFS, they don't turn that signal on, and we overeat this high-calorie stuff. edit: spelling


Question: Why is it harder to get glitter off your skin than dirt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it harder to get glitter off your skin than dirt?

Glitter is kind of 2D whereas dirt is kind of 3D. As your skin is almost always a tiny bit moist (with sweat and oils) it's harder to get the 2D stuff off than the 3D stuff. Try this experiment: 1) Lightly spray a concrete floor with water 2) Drop some grapes on the floor 3) Drop some notecards on the floor When you try to sweep up which is easier?


Question: What differences are there between male and female brains? Of those which (so far) have been tested to always been the case and which vary depending on the subjects?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What differences are there between male and female brains? Of those which (so far) have been tested to always been the case and which vary depending on the subjects?

Here is a page describing some of the difference between male and female brains, specifically an very interesting brain structure call the anterior hypothalamus. URL_0 I think the differences are pretty well established,.. I recall this being discussed during my undergrad back in the 90's. The article explains pretty well the 'severity' of the differences, how it related to hormonal development, sexual orientation. etc.


Question: When an insect gets trapped in a car and transported miles away, is the insect able to find its way back? If not, will insects who live in groups be able to join a new hive/colony in the new location or will they get rejected?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When an insect gets trapped in a car and transported miles away, is the insect able to find its way back? If not, will insects who live in groups be able to join a new hive/colony in the new location or will they get rejected?

Generally speaking such an insect would not be able to find its way home unless it was still within the normal range of its community (going several miles might not do that for a bee). Communal insects do not accept members from other groups except under unusual circumstances (adopted bee queens) so they would likely just die in short order.


Question: How was Nazi Germany able to control most of continental Europe during WWII? Germany was only one country, and they only had so many soldiers, how do you maintain control over an area that large?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How was Nazi Germany able to control most of continental Europe during WWII? Germany was only one country, and they only had so many soldiers, how do you maintain control over an area that large?

First Germany was not alone. The Axis in Europe was Germany, Italy, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria,Slovak Republic, and the Independent State of Croatia. There was alose Finald that was a Co-belligerent. In many countries, they used the local police for control and Vichy France controlled a large part of France. That said there was lots of problems especially in the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia where they were partisans group that controlled large part of the country. You had uprising later to like in Warsava and France after the allied landings. So they did not manage to control all of it. The Axis had lost of people and manage to control, to a high degree, large part Europe the help of locals. There were more or less efficient resistance movements everywhere.


Question: What is happening with r/wallstreetbets driving up the price of GameStop stock?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is happening with r/wallstreetbets driving up the price of GameStop stock?

a bunch of investors saw gamestop as a losing business and expected the price to go down. they shorted gamestop stock. that means they borrowed the stock and sold it, intending to buy it back at a lower price, and returning it. a bunch of redditors banded together and kept on buying the stock, driving the price higher and higher. eventually when the contract expires, the people that shorted the stock will be forced to buy back those stock at much higher price than they borrowed it at, losing money. e.g. if I borrow 10k shares of your GME when price is $100/share, sell it, expect it goes down to $50/share, buy 10k shares back and give you back your stocks, I make $500k profit. however if the price goes up to $200/share, then I have to cover the short and buy 10k shares at $200 price, costing me $2mil buy and holding a stock, you can only ever lose at most 100% of your investment. shorting a stock, you can lose much more.


Question: Why do some politicians say the military needs more money when the military itself says it doesn't need more money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some politicians say the military needs more money when the military itself says it doesn't need more money?

It is in the same vein as politician speak on crime/drugs. Even if we have law enforcement, criminologists, data scientists telling us year after year that the war on drugs has failed and is doing more harm than good, politicians will always run on a tough on crime, tough on drugs policy because the average voter won't be reading research papers on the drug war. Instead they are more susceptible to populist rhetoric about crime and drugs ruining their neighborhood. So as a result, regardless of party affiliation, if the politician is from a large, national party they will be "tough" on drugs and crime because otherwise, it allows their opponent a free means to accuse them of having a weak stance on the law and protecting your streets and families. This applies to military spending. The average person for the most part is against war but they are not against the military/it's soldiers. If a politician takes an active stance of cutting military spending especially in a period of uncertainty, that politician leaves him/herself open for a free attack on being against the troops and against national security regardless of whether the attacking politician wants to start a war or not.


Question: How and why do glasses work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How and why do glasses work?

You know how things look like they're an a different place when they're underwater? Like how a straight stick seems to bend when you stick it in a pond? Different materials have different densities, and light bends when it the density of the materials it's going through are different. Glass in your windows are flat and thin, so when it jogs to the side it then jogs back. But glasses are curved. Just a bit, so they change how the light goes through them. They're lenses. Your eyes have lenses too. Most folks eyes help to focus all the light into the right spots, sort of like a magnifying glass focuses the sun. But the lenses in some folks eyes aren't quite aimed right. So their glasses re-aim the light coming in to their eyes to match the bloopers in their eyes lenses.


Question: What gives an auto-tuned voice that distinctive sound?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What gives an auto-tuned voice that distinctive sound?

Think of autotune as a hypothetic lane assist in a car: You're supposed to be in the right lane, but actually driving with one wheel in the left lane. Autotune will move your car to the right so you're perfectly centered. Now if you atually move towards the left lane, autotune will realize that and pull you to the left until you're perfectly centered. On the dashboard, there's a dial that lets you adjust how aggressively it will pull you to the center of the lane. You can set it to 10, and it'll just give you a slight nudge. 1 will aggressively pull at your steering wheel instead. But the dial doesn't stop at 1, you can move it to 0 - which, instead of moving your car between lanes, teleports the car between lanes. So if you move the steering wheel to the left, you'll remain fixed on the right lane, and at some point you're instantly on the left lane. Instead of lane assist, it's of course pitch correction. But the idea is the same: The regular modes of autotune just make sure you hit the notes correctly, but they still sound more or less like an actual human voice. The "0" mode completely eliminates smooth transition of the pitch from one note to another, causing the robot-like sound effect now known as autotune.


Question: Why does poaching an egg (in a silicone pouch) take longer than boiling an egg in its shell?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does poaching an egg (in a silicone pouch) take longer than boiling an egg in its shell?

Silicone is a very good heat insulator. That is good if you want to poach the eggs slowly and get a soft, oozy texture but it also slows down the cooking to a snail’s pace. When hardboiling an egg, you just want to blast as much heat into it as possible, which is the exact opposite of poaching.


Question: Why is it that when you sleep, having a leg out from under the covers helps to regulate your body temperature better than having your entire top half uncovered?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that when you sleep, having a leg out from under the covers helps to regulate your body temperature better than having your entire top half uncovered?

Capillary action, and your legs have this giant artery called the Femoral Artery. As the blood moves through the leg and foot (that is uncovered) it is cooled by the outside air easier, and returned to the body a bit cooler. With the capillaries spread over the feet, and skin it gets more surface area to cooler air. You are effectively using your leg as a heat exchanger. At least this is what I have always attributed it to. I am sure someone can break it down better than I can.


Question: How do computers generate randomness?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do computers generate randomness?

Various ways 1. They use a [pseudorandom number generator]( URL_2 ). As the name says, this isn't *true* randomness, but it's good enough for most purposes and it will give you as many random numbers as you want. 2. They collect randomness from various sources relating to the computer's operation and mix it together. Mouse movements, disk access times, network traffic, etc. This also isn't *true* randomness, but it's better than the above. But you can only get so much randomness this way, so you may need to wait for more or fallback to pseudorandom. 3. It uses a special piece of hardware called a [hardware random number generator]( URL_1 ). These devices use a physical source of randomness like thermal noise, shot noise, radioactive decay, [lava lamps]( URL_0 ), etc. This gives you *truly* random numbers, but you need to buy that extra hardware and again, they only produce a limited amount of random.


Question: Can astronauts catch a cold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can astronauts catch a cold?

Yes. It is possible they got infected on the ground or shorty after liftoff. It is also possible to be infected with something without showing any symptoms and then infect other crew members. And lastly you can get infected by something that is present in the spacecrafts living in water droplets in air filters and in hidden places. It is a serious issue and have caused problems in previous space missions. The lack of gravity is making the immune system less effective as the fluids in the body does not go where they usually go.


Question: The two most likely scenarios for the end of the universe, The Big Freeze and The Big Crunch...how will they happen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 The two most likely scenarios for the end of the universe, The Big Freeze and The Big Crunch...how will they happen?

The big crunch is practically ruled out since the discovery that the universe expansion is accelerating. For the Big Crush here how it will happen as far as we know. The universe is 13.7 x 10^9 years. Star are formed in gas cloud, where gravity regroup that gas into what will eventually become a new star. That will continue for a few more billions years. After that, the creation of new stars will slow down as these cloud run out of gas. Galaxy collision will trigger more star formation, but not by much. It the end it doesn't matter because red dwarf can fuse their material for near 1 trillions years or 1 x 10^12 years. More or less a few billions years is irrelevant compare to a trillion years. As time pass out, the bigger blue and white star will die first, the colour of galaxies will shift to red as red dwarf will be the only star left. But after about a trillion years, those red dwarf too will star to die out after burning all of their fuel. Btw the Trillion years is an estimation it could be as high at 10 trillions years. When the last star die out, the only objects still emitting energy will be corpse of death star (white dwarf, neutron star and black holes) and brown dwarf (object between a super gas giant planet and a low mass star). Most of these object at this point won't emit light in the visible spectrum. They still have residual heat from when the were formed, but they will bellow 3 000 degree Celsius, so they will only shine in Infrared. Binary white dwarf orbit decay so from time to time, those will collide and go supernovae. Binary neutron star could collide too, forming gamma ray burst. Binary brown dwarf are a bit more interesting, if they merge, they could form a low mass red dwarf. During that time, Dark Energy and gravity will continue their work. The local group (a group for galaxies close to our own) will all merge into one big galaxy (but that galaxy will be mostly black by that time). Everything else will continue to accelerate until they go out of the observable universe for what used to be our galaxy. Every galaxy will only be able to see itself and no other galaxies. But by 10^40 years, that residual heat will have fade off, what could merge had merge and fade off too. But our model predict that proton have an half life of 10^34 years maybe more. So by that time, there will be no atoms left in the universe as all of the protons will have decayed. Matter will disintegrate, same with planets, brown dwarf, white dwarf, etc. Those object stopped emitting energy long ago, but now they dissolve completely. Only black holes would be left, but even black holes evaporate over time. The bigger the black hole, the slower they lose mass. The biggest of those black holes will evaporate in a ridiculous 10^92 years. At this point only subatomic particle and proton with so low energy that they are basically non-existent. The universe is pretty much death at this point.