Question: What makes metal stronger than stone?

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 What makes metal stronger than stone?

I'm no expert, but I think it has to do with the structure of the atoms in metal. The structure metal has gives ut tensile strength (the ability to bend) which stone (for the most part) doesn't have. Stone on the other hand has great compressive strength which allows it to carry really heavy weights. That's why we combine steel and concrete in skyscrapers.


Question: Why Saturn Rings are rings? Couldn't they be like a "sphere" or other random arrangement of stones around the planet?

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 Why Saturn Rings are rings? Couldn't they be like a "sphere" or other random arrangement of stones around the planet?

Initially there probably was a sphere or more random arrangement of debris. If you added up the velocities of all of the debris in that random cloud, you'd find that the average particle was moving along some plane around the planet. Some rocks might be moving in the other direction, or perpendicular, but overall there is some average plane. Over time, rocks not moving in that plane are more likely to collide with other rocks. Think of driving on a highway. Everyone's moving in the same direction, so they rarely hit each other and continue moving straight. However, if you pass through an intersection there are cars moving in a different direction and you're more likely to have a collision. The result of this is that, over time, rocks moving outside of the average orbit are more likely to have collisions, and those collisions are generally going to knock them into an orbit closer to the average orbit.


Question: so fractional reserve banks loan money into existence that was loaned into existence to them, for a cheaper rate. So the interest that the banks earn on loans they make to business/consumer is money out of thin air on money that was created out of thin air?

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 so fractional reserve banks loan money into existence that was loaned into existence to them, for a cheaper rate. So the interest that the banks earn on loans they make to business/consumer is money out of thin air on money that was created out of thin air?

In short, yes. The interest on the main loan is how much the initial lender charges to borrow. The secondary lender then splits it up charges customers to borrow smaller amounts of that money at a profitable rate. So the initial loan actually ends up being “worth” more than the face value. Thats how money is “made” on a regular basis. For the part about “loaning money into existence”, this is also true. Theoretically the reserve bank has infinite cash. It just “prints” more money when needed to balance the economy. Creating money allows businesses to grow and make jobs and betters the economy. Create too much though, and inflation becomes a problem, and the money is worthless.


Question: Why do most animals not laugh?

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 Why do most animals not laugh?

Laughter is a social cue. Apes evolved it as a signal that we were at ease, the group could relax, and to aid in peer bonding. Most other species aren’t as social as apes are, and those that are don’t have the advanced brains that we have to form such complex social interactions. Dolphins and rats are the exception though. Rats laugh when tickled, but only when in a good mood. Dolphins have been observed making noises that may be analogous to laughter. Their intelligence might have allowed a primitive instinct like tickling reflex in rats/humans to evolve to a social communication tool like us.


Question: why are some metals magnetic?

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 why are some metals magnetic?

metals are comprised of atoms which like to interact with charges. these atoms are basically assorted randomly in terms of their polarity so any given point could either push or pull on a like charge. Because they are assorted randomly they cancel each other out and the net magnetism is basically 0. In a magnet however they arent assorted randomly. They all line up in one direction so their magnetism is amplified instead of canceled out.


Question: How can humans go to bed hungry but wake up feeling completely full?

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 How can humans go to bed hungry but wake up feeling completely full?

The feeling of being hungry is only partly related to the need for food. Feeling hungry is a sign a particular hormone is realeased. This hormone is released when you lack nutrients, sure (if your blood sugar levels are too low, for example), but mainly, it is released when your body expect some food to arrive soon, and is ready for digestion. So if you take your meals at regular times, and one day you skip one, about 30 minutes after your usual intake of food, you should feel very hungry. Because your body did not receive the food it was expecting. But a few hours later, the levels of that hormone are down again (it's way past the time were food was expected), so you don't feel hungry. And you'll probably feel hungry again just before your next usual meal. A very remarkable consequence of this is what happens when people do not eat anything for several days. The first two days, they'll feel very hungry. But after that, hunger disappears. At the opposite, people who would eat extremely little would still feel hunger for much longer, even though they get more food.


Question: Why do fizzy drinks seem stay fizzy longer when cool or refrigerated?

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 Why do fizzy drinks seem stay fizzy longer when cool or refrigerated?

There are two parts to this question. First I'll start with liquids and gases. It is possible to force a little bit of gas to dissolve into a liquid by increasing the pressure of the container. When you release the pressure, some of the gas is forced out of the liquid and you get the fizz that everyone is familiar with. Secondly, the lower the temperature, the EASIER it is to push gasses into a liquid. Lower temperatures mean that gas molecules are less 'excited' and it's easier to push them into the liquid and keep them there. This is why cold fizzy drinks won't go flat as quickly compared to warm drinks. They can hold gasses better!


Question: How exactly do website cookies have the ability to track you?

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 How exactly do website cookies have the ability to track you?

Think of a cookie as a number written on your chest. Every time you enter a store, they write down when you entered, what you did, and when you left. Every time you drive, they watch what you drive, how you drive, and where you go. Now all that data is sent to a central data aggregation company. This data is then used against you. For example: you visit a web site, and the ads you see are customized to fit your profile. ...or a marketer buys a list of people that fit a certain profile. ...or a potential employer buys a dossier before deciding if you want to hire you.


Question: Why is the Mariana Trench not the spot closest to the center of the Earth?

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 Why is the Mariana Trench not the spot closest to the center of the Earth?

Earth bulges from its rotation, sort of like how a pizza crust when being formed will stretch out as it is thrown. This means that the surface near the equator will be more distant from the core than a surface near the poles, giving deep areas near the poles an advantage when considering distance from the core.


Question: Why did I just pay $250 for a passport with a 3-week turnaround, when a driver's license is $25 and take 30 minutes?

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 Why did I just pay $250 for a passport with a 3-week turnaround, when a driver's license is $25 and take 30 minutes?

The process it goes through is why it takes so long normally to get it. You paid extra to have them to complete the process faster. Like 1 day shipping vs 5 day shipping. You pay more for the 1 day. I don't exactly remember the process but I do remember that they do ALOT to ensure your not doing anything shady


Question: How do service animals help autistic children?

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 How do service animals help autistic children?

Multiple ways, and by the way it's not just autistic *children* who can benefit from service animals. Among other things: * service animals can detect the early signs of a meltdown or shutdown, which are things often (but not exclusively) triggered by sensory overstimulation, and can provide a prompt to leave the situation causing that overstim * they can provide active stimulation to aid with grounding * they can help reinforce ritual, which is frequently important for autistic people


Question: What's the psychology behind people who self harm? Specifically cutting.

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 What's the psychology behind people who self harm? Specifically cutting.

TRIGGER WARNING: Do not read this if talking about cutting may trigger you. Have a nice day and remember that someone loves you :) As you probably know, the majority of people who self harm have mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety, ptsd, etc. These illnesses have a way of telling you something that really isn't true. For some, self harm is their way to pay penance for something bad that they did. Some hate themselves so much that they feel like they should punish themselves. Some are so numb from the constant mental hate that they want to feel something "real" i.e. physical pain. Many are bullied and are mentally brainwashed into thinking that they are dog poopoo and aren't even worth it. And of course there are some people who do it for attention(their father doesn't love them as much as a sibling, mother never listens to them, not many friends so no one to talk to.) Many people think "oh, this girl is cutting herself so she must be suicidal." While sometimes this may the case, often times it is the complete opposite. The person in question probably doesn't want to kill themselves(or at least doesn't want to want to kill themselves) so this is their way around that. Many people who self harm want nothing more than to feel alive. They want to feel an emotion other than depression. They want to live. For anyone who is thinking about cutting, is doing it right now, or is thinking about ending their life please don't. You are wanted. I can speak from experience when I say that it does get better. It may take days, weeks, months, or years but it will get better. I have two scars on my leg that I regret every day. Suicide Hotline: 1-800-273-8255 Crisis Text Line: Text "SEMI" to 741-741 Bullying: 1-800-420-1479 Self Harm: 1-800-DONT-CUT Or you can always PM me and I'll talk with you as long as you need, even if you just wanna chat about nothing :)


Question: Why was purple pigment history difficult to produce? Couldn't ascestors have just mixed red and blue, instead of laboriously extracting it from sea snails?

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 Why was purple pigment history difficult to produce? Couldn't ascestors have just mixed red and blue, instead of laboriously extracting it from sea snails?

The blues they had access to were mostly bluish-greens. The reds they had access to were mostly reddish-oranges. When you mix those, you get sort of a baby-poop brown color instead of purple. The \*REALLY\* deep reds, deep blues, and deep purples almost all came from the same snails, just fermented differently. (There's one deep blue that came from the indigo plant, but it was almost as valuable as the snails).


Question: If HDR is just a monitor having better contrast, why do games/videos have to specifically support it?

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 If HDR is just a monitor having better contrast, why do games/videos have to specifically support it?

The recorded and transmitted video data has to conform to a specific set of standards that constrain the possible quality you can achieve. To get HDR, you need to use a suitable standard such as Dolby Video, which adds more precision to each pixel than would be possible in normal (non-HDR) video. If you really want to see an example, the wikipedia HDR page gives some detail as to the specific codecs used: URL_0


Question: How does CO2 actually affect the earth’s climate, in a chemical sense?

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 How does CO2 actually affect the earth’s climate, in a chemical sense?

The sun emits a lot of radiant heat, which is heat in the form of light. In the case of the sun, because it is so hot, this light is of a higher frequency - much of the energy is contained in visible and ultraviolet light. The Earth, meanwhile, is not nearly as hot as the sun, so it emits primarily lower frequency infrared light. This is how the Earth dissipates heat, since of course there is no air in space to carry the heat away. Carbon dioxide absorbs infrared light, but not visible or ultraviolet light. This means that the carbon dioxide in our atmosphere allows heat from the sun to reach the ground, but when the ground re-emits that heat, it hits the carbon dioxide and cannot escape as easily.


Question: Why isn't there a pattern in prime numbers?

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 Why isn't there a pattern in prime numbers?

They have a kinds of pattern, because numbers that aren't prime numbers have a pattern. Every second number after 2 is not a prime. Every third number after 3 is not a prime. Every 4th number after 4 is not a prime and so on. The numbers that aren't primes have a pattern of your can call it that


Question: Like in the case of Venzuela, how is it even possible for an economy to hit a one million percent inflation rate?

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 Like in the case of Venzuela, how is it even possible for an economy to hit a one million percent inflation rate?

The government prints money at a rapid enough rate. If you're Venezuela and you owe foreign creditors 700 billion Bolivars, you have three options: 1: Raise taxes to collect 700 billion Bolivars. As a socialist welfare state already dealing with major civil unrest and widespread poverty, this is not really possible. 2: Default and simply refuse to pay. This triggers automatic trade reprisals from the companies and countries you shafted, including asset seizures and lawsuits. Creditors will refuse to deal with you in the future in any capacity. 3: Print 700 billion Bolivars and hand them out like candy. This crushes the value of existing currency and dramatically devalues the debt, but has technically fulfilled the letter of the law. Foreign creditors will refuse to deal in Bolivars in the future, but they have no legal recourse and may still offer credit denoted in US dollars or Euros.


Question: Why do you wake up cranky when you set an alarm but waking up naturally puts you in a good mood?

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 Why do you wake up cranky when you set an alarm but waking up naturally puts you in a good mood?

Your sleep goes in cycles (Non-REM and REM) and in the first two parts of nonREM, you are only lightly asleep, while in the the third part of Non-REM and REM you are in deep sleep. Your body usually (sleep paralysis is the exception) won't wake you up in deep sleep, your alarm however, does not care, and will shock you out of deep sleep, when the body isn't expecting it.


Question: What happens when a television commercial gets cut off by a different commercial within seconds of the first one starting?

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 What happens when a television commercial gets cut off by a different commercial within seconds of the first one starting?

You mean what happens afterward or what causes it? The cause is sometimes the local station or cable channel can sell local commercials (AKA spots), but their spot may not start exactly on schedule. You will see whatever spot is running on the network during that time slot. Some networks don't run spots in local spot times. What happens afterward is a discrepancy report is filed and management looks to blame and possibly fire someone. So there is a continuous stream of new, inexperienced, operators who make mistakes. If the correct spot doesn't air or is only partially aired, they don't get paid in full. That can be thousands of dollars.


Question: How do just a few satellites give the precise location of a million of connected devices at the same time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 How do just a few satellites give the precise location of a million of connected devices at the same time?

Each GPS satellite just broadcasts where they are, and what time their clock says. That signal can be picked up by any number of devices that have line of sight to the satellite. The devices can then determine their position by trigonometry. Radio waves travel at a constant speed, so if you pick up a signal, and you know when the signal was transmitted, and what time it is now, you can determine the distance to the transmitter. With multiple signals from known locations, you can determine your own position.


Question: why flying takes so much out of you physically and mentally when you haven't done anything but sit there?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 why flying takes so much out of you physically and mentally when you haven't done anything but sit there?

A few reasons. First, airplanes are pressurized to an altitude above sea level; usually between 6,000-8,000 feet. This means there's not as much oxygen as at sea level. While it's not enough of a decrease for you to be aware of, it does tax your body a bit more, especially on longer flights. If you've ever done any hiking or mountain climbing at high altitudes, you'll recognize that you get fatigued much more quickly than at sea level. Second, airplane is is very dry. This tends to make people dehydrated. Third, travel is just plain stressful. You're packed into a small area with a bunch of other people (and their germs) for hours on end subject to engine noise, various cabin noises, people bumping into you...etc.


Question: How are photographs of galaxies, planets and stars taken when they're so far away but with really good detail?

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 How are photographs of galaxies, planets and stars taken when they're so far away but with really good detail?

Planets aren't that far away and they reflect a lot of the sun's light which makes them relatively easy to take images of if you can get around the issues with our atmosphere. Galaxies are very far away, but they are also incredibly large collections of stars hundreds of thousands of light years across, for example the Andromeda galaxy is 2 million light years away, yet it is larger than the full moon in the sky.


Question: If we can't regrow enamel, how does fluoride rinsing help?

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 If we can't regrow enamel, how does fluoride rinsing help?

Imagine enamel as a fishing net. It consists of many ropes who are tied together. Say you go fishing with it, the problem is that the knots between rope intersections keep breaking. Now a bit of fishing won't make you lose any net, it will just become slowly undone. As more knots get undone, some pieces of rope will become completely detached from the net and float away into the ocean completely. But a single fishing trip will just make some of the ropes dangle due to not being completely knotted. As the knots break, you fix them by driving metal rivets or some kind of metal reinforcement through them. This makes the net far stronger. But undoing each of the knots by hand is hard, so instead you do this progressively, instead of redoing the net completely you just fix any loose ends as you use the net. Over time, you get a far stronger net. This metal reinforcement is fluoride. The key fact is that the enamel does not completely float away, it just gets loose. Chemical explanation: The chemical formula of enamel is Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, enamel of course is a crystal and there are many of such units within enamel, all bonded together. The problem: Acids are of course chemicals which give off H+ ions, which really really like to steal OH sections from atoms, like our enamel has. This of course produces water, and the acids can either come from the food we eat or bacteria found in our mouth, who consume sugars for energy but release acids as waste. One or two stolen OH sections won't completely get rid of the enamel, enamel is chemically bound together in many places, but nonetheless, if enough enamel around the same place loses its OH, then that section will get loose and just washed away. The solution: As it turns out, the F- ion has similar chemical properties to the -OH ion. Except it is stronger. Acids can't steal an F- ion that easily. So the idea is that as the acids and food we eat steal the OH ions, we replace them with F ions, which both repairs the enamel and makes it stronger against future attacks.


Question: when you heat water in a steel pot and try to pour it out, it hisses and splutters as the water touches the steel higher up along the side, but stops after some water has assed over it. This only happens with steel, not with iron or aluminium or other types of pots. Why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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</answer>
 when you heat water in a steel pot and try to pour it out, it hisses and splutters as the water touches the steel higher up along the side, but stops after some water has assed over it. This only happens with steel, not with iron or aluminium or other types of pots. Why?

The hissing and spluttering is the [leidenfrost effect]( URL_0 ). Once the metal has transferred enough heat into the water that it can't sustain the leidenfrost effect, it stops occurring in that location. Other areas of the pot might be comparatively hotter still. The reason it happens in various locations is because conduction through the pot material isn't instantaneous. The cooling effect caused by the water occurs more rapidly than heat from the other side of the pot can conduct through the metal to keep the pot at a uniform temperature. You're creating a "cool" spot while the rest of the pot is still super hot. Slosh some water up the opposite edge of the pot and the effect occurs again. It occurs with other materials. All of my cookware is titanium and it'll do this as well. You'll notice it in thinner pots because there just isn't that much material there for thermal mass and the cross section is small enough that conduction doesn't happen that quickly. A heavy cast iron pot will be more uniform but with a super thin steel pot you'll get little spurts of hissing as the water sloshes up to touch all the dry parts and then the effect no longer occurs because the pot has cooled too much.


Question: How do foreign exchange rates work?

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 How do foreign exchange rates work?

Although purchasing power parity suggests that MUA = MUB, this is a very long term equilibrium at best. More important for the short term is the demand for currency. If MUA exports a lot of product while MUB does little export, there will be more demand for MUA than MUB. (you need to purchase MUA to buy product in country A to export). If there is larger demand for MUA then it will tend to appreciate. Other factors include inflation expectation. If country A is believed to have a high inflation rate, then MUA will depreciate (fewer people will want to hold it) Often inflation expectations are also an assessment of the "risk" or "creditworthiness" of a country - if people believe the government of country A will print money, they won't hold MUA.


Question: How did people teach the first code to machines before code existed?

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 How did people teach the first code to machines before code existed?

The first big computers did not execute code from storage as we see it today, the very early ones were "hard wired" meaning that the hardware was wired to do only one thing, no code required, you program it by connecting relays together in specific ways. Later ones used long strips of cardboard with holes in them that would get fed through a reader. The presence of a hole in the punch card will be detected by the reader and will cause the computer to do something. These were also limited in what they could do. For instance, you could have a computer that can do nothing but solve equation systems and is hard wired to do that, you can then use the punch cards to feed it the numbers you want it to solve. Newer processors execute something we call "assembly code" which is sort of a modern version of the punch cards. They are small and simple operations such as add 2 numbers together, compare 2 numbers to see which is bigger, take this number and add 1 to it, go to this particular spot in the code, etc... Code like python or c++ isnt really executed by the cpu, it's a human readable/understandable translation for assembly code, what a compiler does is take the code text and convert it to assembly code which is directly executable by the cpu but quite difficult to write. For instance, to make the computer do something simple like "if a > b then b = b +1" in assembly would require many lines of code that can't be understood by just glancing at it quickly like a python program would be. Assembly programs end up having a loooooot of small detailed lines instead of less more concise one What happened is that people figured out easier ways for humans to tell computers what they want it to do such as the languages we all know and love today. They then wrote compilers in assembly code that can take those new languages and translate them to assembly which allows for the complex programs we see today


Question: How are living DNA and cells formed out of atoms and dust?

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 How are living DNA and cells formed out of atoms and dust?

There are theories about how life started, but we don't know for sure. Laboratory experiments with a mixture of chemicals in water have resulted in some rather complex organic chemicals that ARE part of life, but so far we have not observed an entire cell assembling itself and starting to "live". Otherwise, we do chemistry by dumping 10^23 or more atoms of one kind into 10^23 atoms or molecules of another kind, and they react because atom energy levels are "better" if they complete their electron orbitals by joining with other atoms. Cells, on the other hand, do chemistry internally atom-by-atom: the proteins function like little robots that literally assemble molecules together. Cellular function is extremely complex, but in simple terms, sections of the DNA (master recipe) get copied to RNA (recipes) and proteins get created or used to *do* what the instructions say, with other parts of the cell acting as "sensors" for "too little or too much" and to control the reactions. The cell is a factory, basically.


Question: How do nighttime rainbows function?

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 How do nighttime rainbows function?

A moonbow (also known as a lunar rainbow or white rainbow), is a rainbow produced by moonlight rather than sunlight. Other than the difference in light source, its formation is exactly the same as for a solar rainbow: It is caused by the refraction of light in many water droplets, such as a rain shower or a waterfall, and is always positioned in the opposite part of the sky from the moon relative to the observer. Moonbows are much fainter than solar rainbows, due to the smaller amount of light reflected from the surface of the moon. Because the light is usually too faint to excite the cone color receptors in human eyes, it is difficult for the human eye to discern colors in a moonbow. As a result, a moonbow often appears to be white. [Wikipedia ]( URL_0 )


Question: If color is a spectrum from long waves (red) to short (violet), why is there a color wheel? What wavelength is a pure reddish-purple?

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 If color is a spectrum from long waves (red) to short (violet), why is there a color wheel? What wavelength is a pure reddish-purple?

There is no frequency for purple. It is the color you get when you stimulate the cones in the eye for blue(S) and red(L) cones but not for green(M) cones. Look at [ URL_1 ]( URL_0 ) and it shows the sensitivity of the difference cones depending on frequency. So if you just stimulate S cones with low-frequency light and L cones with high frequency but almost no stimuli on the M cones. Color is just the way our brain interprets different stimuli if S, M and L cones and purple is how we interpreted that stimulation


Question: Why does the ice cubes sometimes freeze with a spike?

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 Why does the ice cubes sometimes freeze with a spike?

1) Ice expands as it freezes. 2) Ice freezes from the outside to the center. As the ice freezes, it places an increasing amount of pressure on the water left inside. That forces its way through a hole in the middle of the surface of the cube, freezing into a spike as it emerges.


Question: Can light be black ?

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 Can light be black ?

I'm scared that this is dangerously close to the *Is black a colour* "debate," but I'll weigh in. Light cannot be black because black is a lack of light. Think of a red car. It's red because the paint absorbs all the other colours (that we can see) and only reflects the red light. Now think of a black car. It's black because the paint absorbs *all* the colours (that we can see), so none are reflected. (Side note, black things are black because we can't see them... black things are invisible?) Black cars also absorb more infrared light, which is why they get so much hotter in the sun than other cars. You could say that invisible light like ultraviolet is black light because, even though it's light, you can't see it. However this is a bit human-centric and doesn't consider the many insects and birds of prey that rely on seeing it to find food.


Question: Why does scoring ribbon make it go curly?

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 Why does scoring ribbon make it go curly?

When you hold ribbon against a surface and pull it, the outside of the ribbon (the part that isn’t against the scissors) stretches, and the part that Is against the scissors is kept closer to its normal state by being held in place. So, when the inner part is tighter than the outer part, it boings.


Question: Whats the difference between CPU and GPU and how do they work ?

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 Whats the difference between CPU and GPU and how do they work ?

A CPU, central processing unit, a general processor made to perform many computational tasks. A GPU, graphics processing unit, is a processor dedicated to performing the specific kind of computation that displays graphics. The CPU is like a committee of Maths PhDs. They know a lot, but take a while to get anything done. The GPU is like a colony of a billion leaf cutter ants. They only know how to do one thing - move leaves - but damn do they do it fast.


Question: Why do different brands of water taste different?

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 Why do different brands of water taste different?

100% pure water normally tastes flat & disgusting (or at least boring). People expect there to be some amount of dissolved minerals in there - stuff like sodium, calcium, magnesium and whatnot. These contribute a faint but very noticeable taste to the water. Different brands of bottled water either have the minerals from their source (in the case of spring water) or they've had a blend of minerals added back to them after purification (for other bottled waters) in order to maintain a consistent flavor. You can also see this if you travel & drink tap water. Different sources have different naturally occuring mineral content (as well as differing degrees of chemicals like chlorine).


Question: how can a tiny tug boat push/pull huge tankers and cruise ships?

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 how can a tiny tug boat push/pull huge tankers and cruise ships?

The engines and propellers of those tugboats are comparable in size to those of the huge tankers. The tugboats are smaller not because they have smaller engines but because they do not have any cargo holds or giant fuel tanks. A tugboat is literally just a giant engine and propeller in the smallest boat possible. Not unlike plane tugs.


Question: Why are judges given discretion in deciding penalties for crimes?

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 Why are judges given discretion in deciding penalties for crimes?

In theory, to make sure the punishment fits the circumstances surrounding a crime. If someone robs a convenience store because their kid needed lifesaving medical treatment and the person genuinely appears to feel terrible about it, yes he still deserves to be punished. But, most would argue he shouldn't serve the same sentence as someone that did it because they're a sociopath, and generally acted like an unremorseful dick. It's basically impossible to codify all the potential variables in a case into law, and the law's complicated enough as it is.


Question: What is surface tension and how does it work?

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 What is surface tension and how does it work?

Liquids are liquids because the molecules in the liquid stick to one another. They're not attached strongly enough to avoid sliding around, but they're attached enough that they don't move independently of one another. Inside the liquid, each molecule is pulled equally in all directions by this force, at least on average, because there are always particles above/below/left/right/etc of them. But at the surface, there are no particles above them (or the much sparser particles of a gas). This means that molecules at the surface tend to get pulled back into the bulk of the liquid, because there's a net "downward" force on a particle at the edge of the liquid. Put another way, the liquid wants to have "as little surface area" as possible, because every particle on the surface is trying to get back to *not* being on the surface. Now, suppose you're a little water strider. You put your leg on the water. It *could* compress the water and displace it into a "hole" the shape of your leg, but in order to do so, it creates a lot more surface area, because rough surfaces have more surface area than smooth ones. Because the water "wants" to have a smooth surface (that is, the lowest possible energy state for it to be in is a smooth surface), displacing the water takes force - and the necessary force is more than the weight of a water strider. So the surface stays smooth and the strider can walk.


Question: How did Einsteins theory explained the orbit of Mercury?

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 How did Einsteins theory explained the orbit of Mercury?

Mercury's orbit around the sun isn't a perfect circle. It's actually an oval. This oval isn't centered perfectly on the sun either. During part of its orbit Mercury will get close to the sun and then farther away at the other end of its orbit. Then, just to make it even more complicated, the orientation of this orbit slowly shifts. [This picture]( URL_0 ) makes it a bit clearer than my words. The speed at which the orbit wobbles around the sun is faster than Newton's law of gravity would predict. We observed that it moved twice as fast as predicted. Einstein's general relativity predicted that the sun, as it spins, would drag the fabric of space-time along with it. It turns out that this effect exactly accounted for the increased speed of the wobble in Mercury's orbit.


Question: What is GPT3, the language model recently released by OpenAI?

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 What is GPT3, the language model recently released by OpenAI?

The basics of creating a language model are to take as much written text as you can and feed it through a training model. This model then produces a statistical map of the probability of the likely hood of one word following another, e.g., the phrases the dog is brown and brown is the dog contain the same words, but the dog is brown is statistically more likely. When training a model, you get better results as you feed it more examples of the text. This model uses a vast amount of text to train. It has resulted in a model that is so powerful it can be used to automatically write say fake articles to post to social media or can be used to to produce very intelligent answers when asked to summarize a book or answer questions about a document.


Question: Why there's almost no researches trying to create new devices which could allow us to explore the bottom of the ocean?

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 Why there's almost no researches trying to create new devices which could allow us to explore the bottom of the ocean?

Your statement that no one is trying is false. I think most of the limitation keeping us off the sea floor currently is technological, or more specifically materials science limitations. We don't have anything to make a submersible out of that can both withstand the pressures experienced at the bottom of the ocean and also be large enough to house researchers and their equipment.


Question: How is time only an illusion according to Einstein? "For us believing physicists, the distinction between past, present and future is only a stubbornly persistent illusion."

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 How is time only an illusion according to Einstein? "For us believing physicists, the distinction between past, present and future is only a stubbornly persistent illusion."

This is a quote by Einstein on the death of his friend: he's using poetic language inspired by physics, but it's not intended to be precisely true. As Einstein well knew, some events definitely *do* occur in our past, and some definitely do occur in our future. But there's a category of events that could be seen as past, present, or future depending on how fast we're moving.(!) These events, at a "spacelike interval" from us, must be located far enough away in space, and close enough in time, that no signal from the event can have reached us yet (or vice versa). In the case of Einstein's eulogy, his friend definitely died before Einstein did. The only way that could *not* be true is if Einstein died so far away that neither Einstein nor his friend could have heard about each other's deaths. That's important because it means we don't have to worry about "causality": it would be really awkward if it were possible for Einstein to shoot his friend, but the friend died before the bullet was fired. Fortunately the universe is set up so that can't happen. URL_0


Question: Why do hurricanes in the US only occur on the Eastern coast and not the Western coast?

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 Why do hurricanes in the US only occur on the Eastern coast and not the Western coast?

Because of currents. Currents flow "clockwise" in the northern hemisphere. Meaning the US west coast gets cold water from the Pacific before the current turns south at the coast. This is the opposite for the East coast where warm water from the south flows north up the coast. Hurricanes need warm water (in simple terms). So hurricanes on the West start far south and rarely come north far enough. Whereas hurricanes on the East start not as far south and can go up the East and South because of warm waters.


Question: How do doctors know a course of antibiotics is sufficient to kill off harmful bacteria?

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 How do doctors know a course of antibiotics is sufficient to kill off harmful bacteria?

Experience and experimental evidence. Once a doctor knows or has a good idea of what type of bacteria is causing the infection, they can prescribe the correct antibiotic (or a broad-spectrum antibiotic if the cause isn't known). As for "how many pills would be just barely enough," that has come through experiment - it's likely that a couple of pills are enough to kill the infection, but double or triple that amount is prescribed in order to guarantee success and correct for patients who don't take their medicines on the right schedule. I remember reading about a study years ago that showed that three days of treatment was enough to cure something like 90% of pneumonia patients, with no real difference in the group that was given placebos after that first 3-day treatment and the group that was given another week of antibiotics. So they have a good idea of the minimum amount needed from decades of medical research, and they shoot well over that target, as you said, to take a "scorched earth" approach. And of course, if you have a stronger infection than they thought, or if it's something that the antibiotic couldn't fight, they tell you to come back and they will use something else. I remember a few years ago I was treated for a minor infection on a cut that had to be stitched up - they took a culture and I asked what they needed it for if they were just prescribing amoxicillin anyways. The answer was "Odds are good it'll be what we expect and the amoxicillin will take care of it. In case it's something weird, we can call you asap and bring you back in for a different treatment, but we're treating the most likely thing first so that you can get healthy right away."


Question: What is the variance of a system in thermodynamics?

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 What is the variance of a system in thermodynamics?

Degrees of freedom means how many variables you can change without affecting the other variables in the equation. For example, A + B = 5 There's only one degree of freedom. You can change A *or* B willy nilly, but not both at the same time; if you increase A by 5, B must decrease by 5 or else the equation is invalid. A + B + C = 5 There's two degrees of freedom there; you can change A and B arbitrarily, but C must change to compensate for the changes so the equation equals 5 still. Similarly at the phase boundary there's only one degree of freedom. You can change temperature freely but then the pressure has to adjust accordingly, or else you're no longer on the phase boundary line.


Question: Why do video games make you press a button after loading before you can see the main menu?

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 Why do video games make you press a button after loading before you can see the main menu?

It might just be a long standing convention that many developers continue without giving it much thought. Back in the days of arcade games, the title screen would have the prompt to insert coin(s), which would typically change to Press Start, or similar, after credits had been loaded. (Inserting coins didn't necessarily put you straight into the game, as you'd press a different start button depending on which set of controls you were using - Player 1 or Player 2, for example). Home conversions of arcade titles obviously wouldn't ask you to insert coins. (Come to think of it though, given how keenly publishers embraced microtransactions in more recent years, I'm sure they would have if they could). Nevertheless, they often replicated the arcade title screen, complete with "Press Start" prompt.


Question: why can you feel your heartbeat in a certain part of your body?

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 why can you feel your heartbeat in a certain part of your body?

The heart is a muscle. It pushes blood through the arteries, causing them to expand and contract in response to the flow of blood. You can feel the expansions and contractions, your pulse or heartbeat, in many places throughout the body where an artery passes close to the skin. The principle behind feeling pulse (or the heartbeat) is the compression of the blood vessel against a surface (bone generally) to feel the difference in pulse pressure. One normally feels a pulse at only at certain places where the blood vessel is superficial (closer to the skin) and can be easily compressed against a bone. The pulse felt on the neck is called the carotid pulse. When felt on the groin, it is called the femoral pulse. The pulse at your wrist is called the radial pulse. The pedal pulse is on the foot, and the brachial pulse is under the elbow. A normal resting pulse rate for adults ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute (bpm). Women tend to have a slightly higher pulse rate than men; the average resting heart rate in women is in the mid-70s, while it is only about 70 in men. Other factors can affect resting pulse rate, too, including age, body size, fitness level, heart conditions, whether you're sitting or standing, medication, emotions, and even air temperature.


Question: How come humans are the only species that have to brush their teeth?

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 How come humans are the only species that have to brush their teeth?

Other species would probably benefit from brushing their teeth. It's common for pet owners to give their pets "dental chews" to clean their teeth. Humans are pretty long-lived. Our teeth are important to our diet (we eat a lot of stuff that requires chewing for optimal digestion). There have been studies about how human life improved when we started brushing our teeth. Brushing our teeth helps remove bacteria and gross buildups. That makes us less susceptible to illness or infection. If our immune system isn't constantly under attack from our mouth, it is more effective at fighting off other assailants. Also, take a look in an animal's mouth. Google primate teeth. The look disgusting. Humans have just recognized the benefits of brushing. Long story short, we're the only species that has developed teeth-brushing, but other animals' teeth would benefit from some scrubbing.