Question: Why can automatic transmission cars be "bumped" into neutral without pressing the release on the gear shifter? Is it for safety, or something else?

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 Why can automatic transmission cars be "bumped" into neutral without pressing the release on the gear shifter? Is it for safety, or something else?

The button is a safety feature I believe to prevent you from bumping the shifter into another selection when it would be either dangerous or damaging to the vehicle to do so. You need to push it to go in or out of P for example because you don’t want to accidentally go into P while moving or out of P when parked. When in N the drivetrain is not connected to the engine so you aren’t going to damage the vehicle or be in any danger by going into that accidentally once you’re out of P.


Question: Why has Journalism become so unreliable?

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 Why has Journalism become so unreliable?

It's been a *very* long time since journalism was reputable. I can't remember a time it ever was in my lifetime. Problem is, people don't really like being presented with information that disagrees with what they already think, so newspapers and stations, and later websites, identified a core audience they could get a lot of money out of (typically various points along the political spectrum) and exploit the shit out of it. So right wing people only read right wing papers so think that their worldview is correct even when its not, because the newspapers are telling them what they want to hear. And left wing people only read left wing papers so think that their worldview is correct even when its not, because the newspapers are telling them what they want to hear. And... I have no idea why people read the sun, but whatever reason it is it affirms that reason without challenging it. Basically, everyone is being fed information they *want* to hear, rather than the *truth*, because the truth isn't profitable.


Question: if most drinks contain water, why is it considered bad to only drink them and not actual water?

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 if most drinks contain water, why is it considered bad to only drink them and not actual water?

Because they also contain other things. Such as: \- Sugar - which in large amounts can cause all sorts of health issues \- Artificial sweeteners - which a lot of people argue are not healthy for you \- Caffeine - A stimulant that can actually be addictive If you had a drink that wasn't water that didn't contain any of the above or other weird chemicals, people would probably consider it ok to drink.


Question: how does (or doesn’t) it benefit the economy to make charitable donations tax deductible?

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 how does (or doesn’t) it benefit the economy to make charitable donations tax deductible?

It is mostly irrelevant to the economy. However making charitable donations tax deductible will tend to increase the amount of donations to charities which can benefit the society, but at the cost of reduced tax revenue which in turn will either limit government projects (unlikely) or simply shift tax burdens into other areas. Heavier taxation of industries tends to reduce their performance so overall we should expect that shifting tax burdens from charitable donations elsewhere must necessarily be detrimental to the economy in some form.


Question: Why when you step out the shower are you extremely cold for about 3 minutes but then you go back to normal temperature?

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 Why when you step out the shower are you extremely cold for about 3 minutes but then you go back to normal temperature?

This is a little bit couterintuitive, but: Warm water evaporates faster than cold water, yet pulls enough heat energy from your skin to make you feel colder as it does when it's cold water. This is because the sensation of freezing or feeling warm isn't prone to absolute temperature difference between your skin and another medium, but to how fast heat is transferred from your skin to the water. As I said, warm water is much more likely to evaporate and leave. The process of evaporation drags A LOT of energy from your skin really fast. Cold water just sits there and evaporates much slower, as it warms up un your skin, taking less energy in the same time.


Question: Why does gas prices continue to rise when renewable sources of energy are creating a surplus?

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 Why does gas prices continue to rise when renewable sources of energy are creating a surplus?

Electric buses are not causing a surplus of gas. The article you read was about how electric buses were reducing the demand for gas from municipal bus services. But municipal bus services form a very small fraction of the overall demand for gas. Overall demand for gas has consistently increased by about 2% per year going back decades. But as to why gas went up 10 cents last week, its a combination in a rise in oil prices caused by whats going on with Syria and Iran right now as well as the world entering into the "summer driving season." Gas prices tend to rise during the summer and then fall during the winter because people drive more when its warm outside. edit: To put the electric bus thing another way - electric buses are not causing the demand for gasoline to fall. Rather, they are slowing the rate at which it increases. And they aren't even having a meaningful impact on that.


Question: If nylon kitchen utensils are heat resistant to over 400F, why is it that they melt easily when they're used on a hot pan? Do pans routinely surpass that temperature?

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 If nylon kitchen utensils are heat resistant to over 400F, why is it that they melt easily when they're used on a hot pan? Do pans routinely surpass that temperature?

Most stove top eyes/burners heat your pan by conduction and some radiated heat. It is a very inefficient process so yes, the eye will typically get much hotter than 400F, more than 2x hotter in some instances. Also, a lot of the pans bottom surface area isn’t even in contact with the eye, this creates hot spots on the cooking surface. Cooking over a gas flame is much better and more efficient. You get even heating and better temperature control, that’s why professional kitchens use gas.


Question: How do bookmakers calculate odds in play? Like how do they decide what odds to give on a certain person to score or an event to happen in such quick time?

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 How do bookmakers calculate odds in play? Like how do they decide what odds to give on a certain person to score or an event to happen in such quick time?

Vegas has the sharpest minds coming up with the best statistical models that cover every facet of every single event that occurs in competition. Even with that, it's all about getting money to be as 50/50 as possible. Sportsbooks earn on the juice. If one side is getting too much action, they will hedge by revising the odds to incentivize bettors to drop money on the other side. Accurately forecasting the probability of potential outcomes isn't even close to as important as getting money to come in 50/50. You can make a living (or at least a nice side income) as a sports bettor if you can come up with a model that *can* somewhat accurate predict probabilities and use that to take advantage of inefficient lines (which 100% do exist because vegas isn't trying to predict outcomes but get 50/50 action).


Question: So, what happens when wind stops? Did the moving pressurized air just keep going to the next two? Like, is all the wind just moving around the world continually depending on where the pressure is, like a water bed? Or do wind patterns dissipate...or something?

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 So, what happens when wind stops? Did the moving pressurized air just keep going to the next two? Like, is all the wind just moving around the world continually depending on where the pressure is, like a water bed? Or do wind patterns dissipate...or something?

Wow, cool question. What is wind, wind is the movement of air. Why does air move, air moves based on a few different things but pressure differences is one driving factor. Closely in related is temperature differences... which causes changes in density which causes... changes in pressure. Add to that the earth is spinning and our distance from the sun changes and the planet is tilted and the final answer is the wind never stops moving on our planet. Sometimes it moves faster than others but it is always moving even when it seems completely still and stationary. Look up in the cloud at aircraft trails, on a still calm day the still spread out. On a windy day it happens much faster.


Question: Why does string theory require that there be 10 dimensions?

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 Why does string theory require that there be 10 dimensions?

Imagine a room with some 3-dimensional objects in it, like a sphere, a cube, a cone, a pyramid, etc. The room and the objects are uniformly white in color, and there's no light except for a flashlight that you can shine into the room from different locations. Every time you shine the light inside the room, you take a picture. After you've taken several pictures, you sit down and look at the results. Soon, you start classifying various shadows that you've seen. You have a bunch of shadows that are crescent shaped, a bunch that are sort or rectangular, etc. You compile a whole huge book of these shadows, and it's pretty impressive, but it's really hard to explain it all to other people because the location of the flashlight and picture make all sorts of subtle differences in the shapes of the shadows. Then, a breakthrough! Someone says, hey, those are shadows from 3-dimensional solids. The crescents come from a sphere, the rectangular ones from a cube, etc. Now, all of a sudden, you've got an easy way to classify all your 2-dimensional shadows simply by referencing 3-dimensional shapes that create them. This isn't what's happening in string theory, but the principle of being able to explain more with less by adding dimensions is similar. A great deal of what we know about light, heat, magnetism, and so on can be explained more simply by a universe with more dimensions. In this 10, 11, or 26 dimensional universe, everything we see is just one special case of a more general set of rules.


Question: Can alcoholism actually be "passed down" from an addicted parent, or is it just a sorry excuse people use to keep being alcoholic?

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 Can alcoholism actually be "passed down" from an addicted parent, or is it just a sorry excuse people use to keep being alcoholic?

I assume ELI5 actually means explaining like OP is 5. So I'll give it a shot. When someone says *passed down*, they typically mean transferring a trait from parent to child. There are 2 ways this can happen. **Environmental factors** (these are things that are *outside* the body. Like home-life, parent-child relationship, type of friends, role models, all that good stuff) & **Genetic factors** (things that are *inside* the body. Like genes and...well mostly just genes) The potential environmental factors are obvious, so I'll spare reddit the details. Genetic factors are a little more complex. You see, the mechanism of **addiction** is in the brain. But not just in a person's thoughts and/or feelings, but *literally* in the brain. In the pink tissue inside our skulls, there are tiny receptors (think of a baseball glove) that *catch* tiny neurotransmitters which are chemicals created and released *by* and *to* other brain tissue (think of tiny baseballs). Now, drinking alcohol, for most, makes a person feel good, right? When the brain feels good like this, it releases baseballs to their respective baseball gloves. However, overdoing this will cause the brain to create more baseballs than gloves. But the brain is basically a god-damned 3d printer. So it just creates more baseball gloves for the extra baseballs. Here's where the plot twist comes in, and where alcoholism rears it's head. These gloves don't *just* catch baseballs. They catch all kinds of balls as well, such as tennis balls (seizures), golf balls (hallucinations), and ping balls (death). An alcoholic, then, has to KEEP drinking alcohol to make the brain continue to release enough **base**balls to fill up the available gloves and to prevent these random other balls from entering the gloves. These gloves have always been able to catch these random balls, but since there was always a limited number of gloves, the chances of catching a tennis ball in the middle of a baseball field was always highly unlikely. So addiction comes down to too many gloves catching the wrong balls. Now, the most common way this happens is by the pathway mentioned above: a person drinking way too much and then causing the brain to make shitload a gloves. However, genetics has a role here too. There are some folks who's brain's 3d printer is way too efficient and is programmed to build more gloves quicker. In other words, in these folks it would take less drinks to cause them to become full blown alcoholics. Also, genetics can affect how *good* a glove can catch these other balls. So if you're brain's 3d printer is building Hyuuuge gloves, then obviously that person's glove will catch more random balls. Genetics can affect any part of that terrible baseball metaphor. I'd go on, but I'm sure you're getting the point. I think we've talked about balls enough today. **Serious Note**: So, no. It's not a sorry excuse for some people. It's a real disease. Hey, from personal experience, I know how problematic dealing with alcoholics can be, but they deserve empathy and patience. Some of them were just dealt a bad hand.


Question: Whats the Muller report and why is it so important?

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 Whats the Muller report and why is it so important?

Robert Mueller was charged with investigating whether the Trump Campaign to get him elected as President of the United States broke any laws in regards to illegal activities with Russia. While we know that Russia tried to interfere with the US election to get Trump elected, we don't know for a fact if Trump was actively working with Russia to get that done, or if Russia was doing it without his knowledge. During Mueller's investigation, several prominent members of Trump's election campaign were found to have had illegal actions with Russia, several of whom confessed guilty to the crimes. He has completed his investigation and made a large report which was given to the US Attorney General, who was chosen by Donald Trump. The full report has not been released to the public, just a 4 page synopsis written by the US attorney general. It indicates that there isn't enough evidence to prove that President Trump was illegally involved with Russia during the campaign, and doesn't make a judgment about whether President Trump illegally used his authority to try and interfere with this investigation. Attorney General Barr, before being chosen for the position, wrote an essay stating that he felt the President of the United States can not be charged with crimes, something many people suspect is the reason why he got chosen. Likewise, Barr's son-in-law works for the Trump Administration. Many feel that Barr is too biased. Many members of Congress want the report released to the public, so that the American people can decide for themselves given the evidence. But... at first it appeared that Barr wouldn't let it be made public. Now it seems that Barr is having the White House censor the report, and that censored version is all that the public would see. If the report does have evidence of Trump doing bad things, then President Trump's team getting to remove those sections seems unfair to many. tl;dr - It's an investigation into President Trump, and may have information that makes him look bad or implies that he may have broken the law.


Question: If you put a perfectly spherical object onto a perfectly flat surface would only one atom from the sphere be touching the surface?

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 If you put a perfectly spherical object onto a perfectly flat surface would only one atom from the sphere be touching the surface?

This is a question which illustrates how incompatible reality can be with mathematical rigour. In mathematics, a perfect sphere sitting on top of a perfectly flat plane would indeed have a single point of intersection. Such a flat plane would be a 'tangent plane' to the sphere. However, in reality, nothing can be 'perfectly spherical' or 'perfectly flat', as both of these properties are defined rigorously by mathematics alone. A sphere for instance is a mathematical object with very specific rules, e.g. * Every point on the surface of the sphere is equidistant from it's centre. * Every point on the surface of the sphere has the same curvature. And conclusions you can draw from the properties such as: * The maximum distance between two points on a sphere is achieved when they can be connected by a straight line through the centre of the sphere. * The sphere looks exactly the same from any direction. These very specific mathematical conditions are too specific to be consistent with the real world. But back to the question, if you lived in some imaginary world where objects in that world complied exactly with specific mathematical definitions for flat planes and spheres, then a sphere and plane could intersect at a single point (this would not be an atom as we know it though). In the real world where atoms are a thing and mathematical definitions don't exactly translate, then no.


Question: why do people's voice pitch sometimes change when switching between different languages?

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 why do people's voice pitch sometimes change when switching between different languages?

Different languages are spoken with different average pitches (obviously there's a LOT of variation within a language, but once you study a lot of people, trends start to emerge). People may just be imitating what they hear. Also, anecdotally, I've noticed people tend to raise their pitch when speaking a second language. My equally unproven explanation is that people get anxious when speaking a second language, and people tend to raise their pitch when nervous.


Question: Why divide by (n-1) for standard deviation?

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 Why divide by (n-1) for standard deviation?

It's to correct for an underlying bias in the sample standard deviation that causes it to systematically underestimate the true population variance. If you calculate the expectation of the population variance (sigma squared) minus the formula for standard deviation with an n rather than an n-1 in the denominator (the biased estimator), you'll end up with the variance of the sample mean (sigma squared over n). This implies (because of the linearity of the expectation operator) that the expectation of the biased estimator is sigma minus sigma squared over n. Basically, since the expectation of sigma squared is sigma squared (it's a population parameter, just a number) and the expectation of sigma squared minus the biased estimator equals sigma squared over n, then the expectation of the biased estimator must just be sigma squared minus sigma squared over n. Sigma squared minus sigma squared over n is just (n-1)/n times sigma squared. So all we have to do is multiply our biased estimator n/(n-1) to correct it. The n in the numerator cancels out the n in the denominator from the biased estimator and leaves the squared deviations from the mean over n-1. I know this is kind of awful without symbols and formulas (I don't really know how to do that on reddit but didn't want to just link to the wiki). What I described is just method three of the proof on the [wiki]( URL_0 ). If you have specific questions about what they did there I should be able to answer them.


Question: Why sometimes the cloudy sky appears yellowish during the day, and sometimes during the night brownish/redish?

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 Why sometimes the cloudy sky appears yellowish during the day, and sometimes during the night brownish/redish?

At night, it's because you live in a city. Cities are actually extremely bright, so much so that even on clear nights you can barely see the stars. When the light from the city reflects off the clouds it often takes on an orange-ish color, since that's what the clouds are best at reflecting. Edit: Forgot to mention, this effect is called "Skyglow." I don't know why it might happen during the day.


Question: . Why are flys so dumb? They come into a house, and straight away fly into the windows

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 . Why are flys so dumb? They come into a house, and straight away fly into the windows

They're homing in on the reflection of light in the room presented in the glass, unfortunately they make goldfish look insanely smart with their 7 second memory so " \*dink\* Ow! can't go that way, hey light! \* dink\* Ow! Can't go that way, hey light! " is normally the mental process


Question: What is an EEG test?

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 What is an EEG test?

EEG - Electroencephalograph - you know in the movies when the patient is wired to a machine that is plotting out all these little lines and then they ask the patient to think about bananas or something and the lines go nuts? That's it. Its a machine that can be used to measure the electrical output of your brain. You can actually pinpoint certain areas of the brain (say if you're looking to measure speech center or muscle control of your right side..) then you get our patient to talk or say or move and you watch the activity. Like here, ["you can see the point where we jabbed the patient with the cattle prod and they flopped around a bit"]( URL_0 ) Lets say you're measuring the speech center. You ask them to say "banana" and they don't, but you see the brain activity, that helps you determine well maybe the problem isn't the brain, maybe there's something wrong with the nerves that connect with the larynx or the vocal cords or the jaw, tongue etc. to make the sounds. (ok that's probably a terrible example.)


Question: Is urine beneficial or aggravating to jelly stings?

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 Is urine beneficial or aggravating to jelly stings?

this is one of those cases where someone heard a fun factoid, and spreads it round without context and it now becomes a widely recognized "myth". There is a specific composition of urine that would work for specific types of stings but the chances that your/someone elses pee on the jellyfish that stung you would be a match is very very very low. For the times where Urine does not how, it can actually cause the stinger cells to release more toxins which is what causes the pain sensation. The pain lasts a long time because your body has its own natural defense mechanism but it doesn't work as fast. & #x200B; This is kind of like someone saying "i kicked my tv and it turned on again" maybe in very few cases that your kick shook something loose back into place but more likely than not you would do more damage than finding the right tool for the job.


Question: Why are stains like those from curry, yellow ginger so difficult to remove despite numerous cleaning?

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 Why are stains like those from curry, yellow ginger so difficult to remove despite numerous cleaning?

It's turmeric - which is indeed a plant in the ginger family. I don't know why turmeric hangs on as well as it does, but it's been used as a dye forever. It's the curcumin in turmeric which produces the color. Interestingly, Indians have used turmeric as an antibacterial - you may wash your vegetables in turmeric water before cooking, for instance, or use a turmeric facial to help with acne - and it does indeed have antibacterial qualities similar to synthetics. URL_0


Question: Where did the saying "Pink at night, sailor's delight. Pink in the morning, sailors take warning" Come from and is there any validity to it?

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 Where did the saying "Pink at night, sailor's delight. Pink in the morning, sailors take warning" Come from and is there any validity to it?

In order to understand why “Red sky at night, sailor’s delight. Red sky in morning, sailor’s warning” can predict the weather, we must understand more about weather and the colors in the sky. Usually, weather moves from west to east. In the mid-latitudes, the prevailing winds are westerlies. This means storm systems generally move in from the West. The colors we see in the sky are due to the rays of sunlight being split into colors of the spectrum as they pass through the atmosphere and ricochet off the water vapor and particles in the atmosphere. The amounts of water vapor and dust particles in the atmosphere are good indicators of weather conditions. They also determine which colors we will see in the sky. During sunrise and sunset the sun is low in the sky, and it transmits light through the thickest part of the atmosphere. A red sky suggests an atmosphere loaded with dust and moisture particles. We see the red, because red wavelengths (the longest in the color spectrum) are breaking through the atmosphere. The shorter wavelengths, such as blue, are scattered and broken up. Red sky at night, sailors delight. When we see a red sky at night, this means that the setting sun is sending its light through a high concentration of dust particles. This usually indicates high pressure and stable air coming in from the west. Basically good weather will follow. Red sky in morning, sailor’s warning. A red sunrise can mean that a high pressure system (good weather) has already passed, thus indicating that a storm system (low pressure) may be moving to the east. A morning sky that is a deep, fiery red can indicate that there is high water content in the atmosphere. So, rain could be on its way.


Question: How is meat grown in labs without creating a whole animal?

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 How is meat grown in labs without creating a whole animal?

Basically there are two parts to this that we need to cover. 1) stem cells & differentiation; 2) tissue growth. TL;DR: Stem cells can make a whole tissue from just a few cells, and then to get the specific meat you put it in the correct environment to make sure it creates only the bits you want it to make. Also to answer your question, we can't in many cases. Animals are very much still used because we don't understand cells well enough yet. --- First of all, stem cells. These are cells which can replicate indefinitely in a controlled manner, and are relatively unspecialised. When they replicate, they can 'choose' (based on external factors) whether to produce 2 stem cells of the same type, 2 more specialised (differentiated) cells, or one of each. Adult stem cells are really only able to produce a few related cell types, such as stem cells in your bone marrow producing different blood cells, but the earlier back in development you go, the more general-purpose the stem cells—in an embryo, they can produce every type of body cell. The takeaway here is that if you have a bunch of stem cells which can differentiate to form muscle (myoblasts) and fat (pre-adipocytes), you can skip out all of the annoying middle step where you produce the rest of a cow, and just make a bunch of muscle and fat. This means you can extract some from a cow, and then use just those cells to produce as much meat as you want without ever touching a cow again. Unfortunately, it's not as simple as just "throw myoblasts and pre-adipocytes on a petri dish and watch the magic happen", for reasons we'll see now. Now, part 2: tissue growth. Unless your cells are cancerous, they don't *just* divide. There are *tonnes* of molecules and mechanisms which signal whether a cell should divide, based on its surroundings (how else would the cell 'know what to do'?). The main ones which are useful for thinking about lab-grown meat are growth factors, density-dependent inhibition, and anchorage dependence. Growth factors are basically other parts of the body signalling to cells that they should divide, for example to repair a cut, or just because you're a child and are growing. Density-dependent inhibition tells cells not to replicate if the cell is being squished in on all sides (it's much more complicated, as always, but still); this is why tumours (which lack all inhibition) are round-ish lumpy blobs, rather than neat and ordered. Anchorage dependence is that cells don't divide unless there's a framework (a matrix, and no not that kind) outside the cell that they can sit on and not be knocked off easily. This is the biggest issue with making, say, a lab-grown steak—making a 'steak matrix' is really difficult, and way more expensive than just making the full cow. We just don't understand how everything fits together well enough to do this well. If you want to make a burger, you don't care about structure, so you can be a lot more relaxed about getting a proper matrix (hell, you might even be able to just use pre-cancerous cells that lack any anchorage dependence). After all, standard procedure with a cow-sourced burger is basically "tear the meat into tiny shreds then force it into a patty shape", so there's really not much by way of macroscopic structure going on.


Question: How in the world do rich people file their taxes in such a way to avoid paying absolutely anything at all, and how could a normal person do the same?

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 How in the world do rich people file their taxes in such a way to avoid paying absolutely anything at all, and how could a normal person do the same?

Having a lot of money doesn’t necessarily mean they have a large earned income for the year. I could own 100,000 shares of Tesla and if the stock rose $100 for the year, I made $10 million. My net worth would reflect that, but if I don’t sell any of those shares during the year, I don’t have to pay any taxes on them. Only when I sell do I pay taxes. The same could be said for real estate. I own 5 houses and their value doubles in a year. My net worth rises, but again, I don’t pay taxes unless I sell the houses. (I know property taxes are still a thing, but I’m strictly talking income tax). Another thing that can be done is to receive write offs for charitable donations. Donate $100,000 to a qualified charity and that is $100,000 less you have to pay taxes on. You can also carry forward losses if you lost money in the stock market in previous years. Those losses can be deducted from any gains you made and sold this year. So there are some CEOs who get a majority of their salary in the form of stock in the company and may only take home $100,000 in cash paychecks a year despite gaining $1,000,000 in shares of stock.


Question: Why do Maths have theorems but other sciences and disciplines do not?

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 Why do Maths have theorems but other sciences and disciplines do not?

A theorem is a result that can be proven true given a set of rules. A theory is a set of ideas to explain why something is true; a guess at the rules. Humans did not invent the physical world, so we cannot know its rules with absolute certainty. Therefore, we only have theories about the physical world. Humans invented math - the rules are decided by us and can be literally whatever we want because they have no real consequence. (It’s just that Math is only useful when the rules are self-consistent and align with reality). Because we know the rules, we can come up with theorems.


Question: Having seeing that gif of the Amish building a barn, what building codes do they have to adher (ex. smoke detectors, etc.) and do fire departments treat fires differently if they are held to different standards?

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 Having seeing that gif of the Amish building a barn, what building codes do they have to adher (ex. smoke detectors, etc.) and do fire departments treat fires differently if they are held to different standards?

Building codes are set at the city and county level, not the State level. Since the Amish live in their own communities (small villages or collections of farms) they do not have any building codes that they have to comply to save the standards of craftsmanship they choose to hold themselves to. But seeing as they see labor as a service to God they put a massive amount of time in planning the design and crafting of the barns. The final assemblies go very fast due to teamwork. The Amish are also some of the most skilled carpenters and wood workers in the country, so what they build is well built.


Question: How can a small battery with 12V and 5000mAh make 1000A to jumpstart multiple cars?

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 How can a small battery with 12V and 5000mAh make 1000A to jumpstart multiple cars?

A 5000mAh (i.e. 5Ah), means that it will take the battery 1hr to drain with a 5A current draw. You could instead draw 1A and make it last for 5hrs, or in this case, 1000A for 18seconds... Let’s say a car start engine draws current for 2-3 seconds, so you get about 6 starts before the battery runs out of juice.


Question: If big bang happened 13.8 Billion years ago and observable universe is 46 Billion light years vast, so do we have any clue on what happened before the big bang if we can see past that?

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 If big bang happened 13.8 Billion years ago and observable universe is 46 Billion light years vast, so do we have any clue on what happened before the big bang if we can see past that?

Hubble’s Law states that the space expands because of the big bang, and this expansion pushes light further away than it’d travel by its own, just like a wave pushing a surfboard over itself, and this is why the light travelled more than it should by the time the universe exists. (english isn’t my first language tho, sorry)


Question: How do people with most of their wealth in stock make money for daily use?

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 How do people with most of their wealth in stock make money for daily use?

He does get paid but he gets paid in stocks. So instead of getting paid at the end of the year he gets X # of shares of facebook stock He can turn around and sell that stock for a profit. Also because of tax reasons he only has to pay 15% tax on it not the normal rate most of us pay what with all the taxes is around 35-40%


Question: What does it mean to “write something off” for taxes?

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 What does it mean to “write something off” for taxes?

The tax code allows for deductions and credits for certain things. For example say your taxable income is $50k, when you deduct or “write off” something , you are deducting from that. So say you write off 5k in mortgage interest, your new taxable income is 45k A tax credit is something that gets reduced from your actual tax burden, say you owe 5k in taxes , and you get 2k for your child tax credit; that’s 3k your new tax burden Businesses are allowed to deduct expenses , so you hear this a lot


Question: What's the difference between a bank and a credit union?

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 What's the difference between a bank and a credit union?

A credit union is a cooperative. I paid 5$ to be a member of mine. The members own the company. They hire staff to run it. Theres are regular CA meetings when major decisions are made. Once a year the overall dividends (profit) is shared between all members. I make about 300$ a year this way.


Question: Not all wounds scar so why can't you cut a scar to have it heal back without scar tissue?

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 Not all wounds scar so why can't you cut a scar to have it heal back without scar tissue?

All wounds scar. Some are just not noticeable. And you could do what you suggest. This is what reconstructive surgery does. It cuts out the scar, takes a piece of skin not scarred, and puts it in its place. But you need to have a piece of skin available. This almost always comes from your own body. And then you need to close the hole you took the skin from. Most often, causing scars there. The thing to remember is nothing heals completely scar free. Just, some are not noticeable. Or as noticeable.


Question: Why do we use x, y and z as the standard variables in mathematics?

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</answer>
 Why do we use x, y and z as the standard variables in mathematics?

A lot of math symbolism, like this one, was popularized by the French philosopher and mathematician, René Descartes (Fun fact: the term "Cartesian" is named after him). He wanted to make the convention of using letters like x,y and z to represent unknown variables, while a b and c are known constants. Why he chose those letters specifically is not really clear, but they're a convention that we still use today.


Question: What is "blue light" and why does filtering it on my phone help protect my eyes?

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 What is "blue light" and why does filtering it on my phone help protect my eyes?

The most important thing about filtering blue light from your electronic devices is that blue light keeps you awake at night. Light signals your body to stop the production of melatonin and destroy the melatonin in your body, and blue light is the most effective at causing this. Melatonin signals the rest of your body to sleep and gives you that sleepy feeling. Filtering out the blue from your phone screen and computer monitor helps prevent sleep disorders because it helps prevent those devices from falsely signaling your body to stop producing melatonin.


Question: How does the sun make things pale?

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 How does the sun make things pale?

Most colors for manufactured things come from [pigments]( URL_1 ). Pigments are chemical compounds that absorb most wavelengths of visible light and reflect a fairly narrow band of visible light (thus giving it its color). UV light is highly energetic, and [can break down chemical bonds]( URL_0 ). Pigments subject to UV light (like from the sun) over long periods of time will get broken down, thus changing their chemical structure, and thus making them less good reflecting a specific wavelength of visible light.


Question: How do scientists determine the age of a species?

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 How do scientists determine the age of a species?

There's various methods for making that determination, and like all things in science, new information may change the number. Probably the two most common methods for determining when a species first evolved are using the fossil record and genetic profiling. The fossil record is pretty straight forward. If I find a fossil of a particular species, then I can look at the rocks I found that fossil in and determine how old the rocks are. Once I know how old the rock layer I found the fossil in is, I know that the species has to be at least that old (if it weren't that old, it couldn't have wound up in a rock layer that is that old). Another method is to use genetic profiling. If I can't find fossils of that species, or I can't find fossils old enough to determine when they might have first evolved, I might be able to determine what other species it evolved from by analyzing it's DNA and the DNA of other species. By tracing changes in the DNA of the species I'm trying to date compared to species I know the date of, I can determine things like whether or not one species came from the other, or if they shared a common ancestor (I might even determine that they're actually the same species with small genetic differences, like different breeds of dogs). Using DNA in this method is complex. It relies on other information, and the more you learn about a species and the species it's related to can significantly change your understanding of how those species came about (and therefore, when they came about). So there's always the possibility that our understanding of when species first evolved could shift. The more information we gather, the better our understanding. EDIT: I just want to emphasize, these are not the only methods for dating species. Similar to DNA, we can use things like bone structure to understand the relationship between different species and how they may have evolved. And by combining multiple different techniques, we can be more accurate.


Question: Why is everyone so afraid of Saudi Arabia?

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 Why is everyone so afraid of Saudi Arabia?

They're rich, they have oil, they have no morals, and they've funded a great deal of modern terrorism. They also seem to have the west by the balls because of the oil. The result is that Saudi Arabia can shit on anything it wants but the USA and Europe will still buy its oil and sell it weapons.


Question: What's the point of allergies?

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 What's the point of allergies?

Your immune system can be conceptualized as a bunch of factors playing tug of war. When your immune system is developing it has to play this balancing game learning how to discriminate self (your body) and harmless (like tree pollen) from foreign and dangerous (like bacteria/viruses). In some people, their B immune cells recognize a particular allergen as foreign. This leads to an increase in circulating antibodies that trigger an allergic response every time the allergen is encountered. Some of these people will learn that this is an incorrect response and raise a different type of antibody (ones with what is called a different effector function) that turns off this particular immune response. There's other mechanisms of allergy and autoimmune reactions, but they all rely on some form of balancing (e.g. PD-1/PD-L1/CTLA4/CD80 axis, IgG/Igm4, etc.) but they are quite complicated to explained. Ultimately, there's no real point to it. There's infinite combinations of molecules and your immune system has to discriminate all of that from you. It's a tough job.


Question: if cancer is basically a clump of cells that dont want to die, why/how do things like cigarettes, asbestos, and the literal sun trigger it?

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 if cancer is basically a clump of cells that dont want to die, why/how do things like cigarettes, asbestos, and the literal sun trigger it?

Cancer cells result from mutations that disable the things that keep cell growth in check. Those mutations come from incorrect repairs to cell DNA, and those errors happen more frequently the more repairs take place. Therefore things that cause damage that requires repairs increase the chances of developing cancer, stuff like cigarettes, asbestos, and sun exposure.


Question: How does making a lever longer increase the amount of force applied to it's pivot point?

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 How does making a lever longer increase the amount of force applied to it's pivot point?

Torque! Work = Force * Distance Longer lever arm (long pipe in your example) increases distance. This means less force needed for the same amount of work. Note: I am *not* a physics guy—someone more qualified please help out if this is wrong! I’m sure there’s something I may have missed in the explanation.


Question: In tv shows and movies, why do really giant people/creatures always move so slow?

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 In tv shows and movies, why do really giant people/creatures always move so slow?

I think it just appears as if they are moving slow, but are actually covering a lot of ground. We could use stride/steps as an example. Let's say that a stride is the distance between two planted feet after having stepped forward onto one foot while walking. Let's then assume that it would take six steps for a human to walk the distance of a giant's single stride (obviously this varies according to giant's/human's size). So with one swing of the giant's leg, it has actually moved pretty far compared to the human. A giant's limbs are also heavier and therefore perhaps not as nimble. It takes a lot more energy for the giant to lift and lower it's feet as it walks. You could simulate this by walking around with 10lb ankle weights on. But if you had super long legs like a giant, you would still cover more ground in less time than a human while walking just because you have a much longer stride.


Question: Why do crabs, shrimp, etc. turn orange?

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 Why do crabs, shrimp, etc. turn orange?

Lobsters and crabs have a pigment called astaxanthin in their shells, which has the ability to absorb blue light, making the shell appear red under certain conditions. When the lobster is alive, the pigment is safely stored inside a membrane hidden in the shell called the crustacyanin. It’s packed so tightly inside the lobster shell that the pigment is trapped inside the membrane, unable to flow freely. That means that crustacean usually appears in those muted dark blue or green tones. The pigment responds strongly to heat, though: Once you dump a crab or a lobster in a pot of boiling water, it’s body chemistry changes: The pigment—astaxanthin—gets separated from the membrane—the crustacyanin—transforming your dinner into that ruby-hued tone we know so well. Same goes for usually boring grey shrimp, which also have a pink pigment in their meat and shells that is released by heat. URL_0


Question: Why does the rotation of a wheel on a car force the car to move? I was told it was due to the wheel 'pushing the ground and propelling the car,' but this seems a little basic.

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 Why does the rotation of a wheel on a car force the car to move? I was told it was due to the wheel 'pushing the ground and propelling the car,' but this seems a little basic.

It helps not to think of it as rotation, just look at the patch where the tire touches the pavement. The engine is twisting the wheel, trying to push the tire contact point backwards. But it can't slide (because the tire is grippy) and the ground can't go backwards (because it's ground) so the only way for the bottom of the tire to move backwards is for the axle to move forwards. The friction between the tire and the ground is transmitted through the tire and wheel and shows up as a force pushing forward on the axle through the wheel bearings. As the car (and axle) moves forward, that little patch of tire on the ground lifts away...but it's a wheel, so as it rotates a new patch is coming into contact. Rotating the wheel makes sure that you've always got a piece of tire touching the ground to push off with. If the tire \*isn't\* grippy enough, the tire will slide over the ground, you spin your wheels, and don't go anywhere. If the ground isn't solid, the ground will go backwards and spray dirt/gravel behind you, and you won't go anywhere. Edit:typo


Question: What happens when you file for bankruptcy?

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 What happens when you file for bankruptcy?

There are various kinds of bankruptcies, depending on the type and degree of debt. Some (credit cards) are relatively easily discharged while others are nearly impossible (student loans) or require a loss of assets (car loans). People do it when the debt payments become unmanageable or pointless. During filing you have to declare your assets and the creditors may file a claim against them if they can. If you owed money on a car or furniture or something tangible, it may be repossessed. Houses are sometimes protected from repossession depending on the bankruptcy type, but not always. If the house is underwater there may not be much incentive to protect it anyway. Many people opted to let the house go after the 2009 crash since the loan was for way more than the home was worth and restructuring the loan was useless. Either way, your credit score is obliterated and nobody wil lend you money for a decade. Simply having more debt than assets isn't enough to declare bankruptcy, since most people have large home loans. You need to show that you can't reasonably continue to make payments before your debts can be discharged.


Question: Why do we seek out sad music when we are sad? Wouldn't we want happy music to cheer up?

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 Why do we seek out sad music when we are sad? Wouldn't we want happy music to cheer up?

It's called Catharsis - URL_0 It's a way of purging your negative emotion by allowing yourself to explore it and experience it fully. The idea is that you don't try to ignore this deeper emotional problem with positive things, but instead accept what you feel until you can internalize it and resolve it. Also sometimes it's just good to know that you're not alone in how you feel, that other people experience sadness and sorrow in the way that you feel, and to express that (push it out) through music and stuff.