Question: What exactly is essence for flavoring? And how does it work?

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 What exactly is essence for flavoring? And how does it work?

Flavor and aroma compounds can be extracted from plants in a few different ways. Steam distillation is a common one used for many flowers and herbs. Water is heated until it boils and the steam is passed through plant matter, picking up some of its oils on its way through. Then it is passed through some cooled tubing where it condenses (turns back into liquid) and is collected at the end into a vessel. Most of the fragrant and flavorful oils float at the top of the water. They are separated to yield scented/favored water and essential oil. Because of the heat and the use of water as a solvent, steam distillation isn't always appropriate as the chemicals of interest may be destroyed or just not be released through this process. Another method is cold-pressing to physically force the oils out of the plant material. This method is commonly used to get citrus oils from citrus rind and pith. Finally, there is solvent extraction. A solvent, usually hexane, alcohol, or supercritical CO2, is used to "wash" the chemical essence out of the material and into the solvent. The solution is then distilled to recover the solvent and the result is a very complete and faithful extract called a concrete. Technically there is another method called enfleurage but because it is so labor-intensive, it is usually reserved for materials that can fetch a high price, typically for perfumery. This involves laying up the material in fat which then collects the aroma chemicals. The fat can then be washed in alcohol to collect and separate the fragrance.


Question: how do they get a photo or image transferd to a printing press?

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 how do they get a photo or image transferd to a printing press?

modern day full color printing presses are basically flow thru laser printers. your image is split into 4 colors, cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. or sometimes 8 colors, cmyk and light cyan, light magenta, light yellow and light black. each of those single color shade images are electrostatically imprinted on a drum by a laser. the static charge picks up the ink or liquid toner and is transferred onto the print media (whatever kind of paper product). each color is layered on top of the others to create other shades of colors. then a heat drum if toner or just hot/dry air if ink to sets the image. URL_0


Question: Why do horse hoofs need so much care, and why do they need horseshoes?

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 Why do horse hoofs need so much care, and why do they need horseshoes?

Wild horses are constantly wearing down their hooves on rough plains, rocks, gravel. Just like our own finger nails, if you let them get too long they split, can lead to infection etc. Trained horses on the other hand have relatively soft stables and paddocks so their hooves don't wear the same way and periodically need to be trimmed. Working horses on the other hand (like mounted police and draft/carriage horses) spend a good chunk of their day on pavement which would wear down their hooves too fast, hence the shoes.


Question: How does whiskey get better with age?

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 How does whiskey get better with age?

Whiskey is aged in wood barrels. The wood absorbs some of the harsher chemicals & there's some chemical reactions that give you some new flavor compounds. For American whiskies, like bourbon, the inside of the barrels is charred, giving you charcoal - which gives you another layer of new organic molecules to work with. Once you take the whiskey out of the barrel & put it in a bottle, this aging stops. A 10 year old bottle of 7-year-aged whiskey is not a bottle of 17-year-aged whiskey, it should be the same as a brand new bottle of 7-year-aged whiskey.


Question: Why do coughs happen during sleep and not sneezes?

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 Why do coughs happen during sleep and not sneezes?

You're on the right track. You sneeze when an *external* irritant enters your nose. However, the neurotransmitters that send signals to the brain in order to initiate a sneeze are shut down during REM sleep. Also, because of reduced movement, you don't encounter as many particulates in the air. You can sneeze if the irritant is significant enough, but you will wake up to do it (you can test this on your roomy with some cinnamon). On the other hand, coughing during a cold is to expel *internal* mucus from your airway, and is instigated by internal stimuli and those nerves are not suppressed the same way while sleeping.


Question: Why does encryption require prime numbers? A why is it so hard to find massive prime numbers?

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 Why does encryption require prime numbers? A why is it so hard to find massive prime numbers?

The "why" is very unfriendly to ELI5. The short version is that when you limit yourself to counting in a number space between 0 and a prime number (minus 1) with a loop-around rule, a bunch of things become true that are useful for inventing encryption. Without going into too much detail, Diffie-Hellman and RSA encryption both make use of prime numbers because only those can be used to build secret keys that reliably encrypt and decrypt. As for the size, they're only hard to find when you need millions and millions of digits in length. Encryption today doesn't do that. 2048 bit encryption (which is considered the minimum norm today for RSA) only needs primes that are in the 300-600 digit long area. That only takes a few seconds. Then you keep the primes you find and use them to set up a web site for the next 1-2 years before you do it again when you need to renew the SSL certificate (because that's what you use the primes for)


Question: How do long term space projects (i.e. James Webb Telescope) that take decades, deal with technological advancement implementation within the time-frame of their deployment?

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 How do long term space projects (i.e. James Webb Telescope) that take decades, deal with technological advancement implementation within the time-frame of their deployment?

A bit of both. The key component of some things, like the lenses themselves, are pretty much "locked in" at some point. We know we can build them today, and we know we'll find a better way to build them when we actually start manufacturing them. So, how they will actually be made is up in the air but we know the size and precision needed. The next thing is that no one wants to send the newest tech into orbit - first generation things tend to break, and so when scientists discover some lighter than air nanomaterial, it's not about to make it into a satellite a week later. But in 20 years, they've definitely improved a lot. Plans would have been generally drawn up, knowing that computers would change over time, and individual components would be tested and swapped out if they can work. Each time, someone would make sure that the weight, format, reliability, and everything else will keep working as planned.


Question: Why can't we stimulate human body part growth yet?

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 Why can't we stimulate human body part growth yet?

The body is ridiculously complex and is programmed by DNA to grow to certain proportions before stopping. There's a name for excessive cell growth past these points: Cancer. Breast size in particular is controlled by DNA, fat levels and hormones, one we can't control, one that fluctuates constantly, and one that has nasty, unavoidable side effects if you mess with willy nilly.


Question: If physical exercise/working out releases endorphins, why isn’t it more addicting?

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 If physical exercise/working out releases endorphins, why isn’t it more addicting?

[For some people, it is]( URL_2 ). They exercise themselves sick and push their bodies beyond what it can take. They exercise when they shouldn't, and allow it to interfere with their lives. Why one person gets addicted to something and another person doesn't isn't something that can be explained here. Different people are different: genetics, life experiences, psychology, biology, class, race, etc. And there's a fine line between "I like doing this a lot and do it a lot" and "I am addicted to this." However, there are some *very broad* factors that you can apply to this specific kind of addiction. The first thing to note is that it's probably an addiction that is under-reported. When you're addicted to, say, meth it shows. It very obviously damages your body, and there are few, if any positive effects that meth has (except for very rare cases like when methamphetamines are prescribed for ADHD). In other words, no reasonable, rational person thinks that an addiction to meth can be anything but bad, including most meth users themselves. Addiction to exercising *feels* like not a terrible thing, superficially. Exercise has a lot of benefits. In moderation, it's good for you. Even more than moderate amounts is still mostly good for you. The negative effects usually don't show up until you're much older, and they're mostly fairly benign like joint problems. Nobody can look at someone else with a straight face and say, "It's just meth, it's good for you, why are you worried?" But it's pretty easy to say, "I'm exercising, it's good for you!" And then when they die of a heart attack, you just say, well they had a weak heart! It's hard to pin the blame on over exercising. And the other problems associated with addiction, like isolation and missing work are usually blamed on something else. There are a lot of addictive behaviors like that, that seem good and so they go unreported. But that doesn't mean people are just as likely to get addicted to running as they are to heroin and just don't talk about it. Exercise does release endorphins, but it also can hurt, a lot. It's painful and uncomfortable, sometimes, and hot and sweaty. The endorphin high that you get from it has to be better than the suffering you also get. For some people, exercising is very easy, and it doesn't hurt and it's not uncomfortable; but also, the high they get isn't super awesome, either. So it's good, they do it sometimes or often, and that's enough for them. It takes the right combination of endorphin high in spite of, or even *because of* the pain of exercise to make it addicting. And some people are just genetically predisposed for reasons scientists don't fully understand to being susceptible to addiction in general - could be cocaine, could be gambling, could be cigarettes, could be running. Or they don't get addicted to anything for whatever reason. Everything and anything that feels good can be addicting: gaming, gambling, sex, masturbation, porn, food, shopping. All of those things also tend to have drawbacks that mitigate that good feeling, and different people have different levels of self-control that says, no matter how good the good, and no matter how minor the bad, I can't just do this one thing without controlling myself. Some people, for a variety of reasons, find that they can't say no anymore, and it becomes an addiction. Drugs are usually addicting because they completely bypass the obvious drawbacks and punch you so hard in the feel-good part of your brain that the negative effects are nothing in comparison to the high that you get. There's no "work hard for this and get a reward for your effort," it's just straight to the reward and all the downsides usually require some long-term thinking that you're not prepared to do when you're high, or coming down off of a high. They can also be chemically addictive, meaning they alter your brain chemistry artificially in ways that your normal internal chemistry can't, or can't easily. If you're chemically addicted, it means that your brain and/or body have adjusted so much to the presence of that chemical that, regardless of your behavior or your emotions, you are biologically no longer capable of functioning properly without it. Addictive behaviors can't do that, really. It's also important to recognize that addiction isn't just about one behavior being awesome. If you get a good endorphin high from enough other (hopefully healthy) things, you won't focus so hard on getting it from that one thing. Some people just don't make enough endorphins normally so they *have* to aggressively seek out behaviors that give them a boost, whatever that behavior is. And addiction has social factors, too. Isolation isn't just a symptom, it's a risk factor for addiction. Some people seek out behaviors because of the people around them. For instance, many people aren't addicted to exercise itself, but they are addicted to how they look, usually because of social pressure. They have [body dysmorphia]( URL_1 ) and work out obsessively to achieve the body they think is better than the one they have, even if their goals are unrealistic or downright dangerous. Bulimia and anorexia are perhaps the most well-known disorders associated with body dysmorphia, but people can obsess about gaining muscle as much as others obsess about losing fat. But again, different people are different. EDIT: Some comments seem to think I'm saying any compulsion to exercise at all makes it an addiction. That's not at all what I'm trying to say! It's an addiction when you want to stop, but don't. Not like, "I'm really tired *right now* but I'll push through the pain to reach the end." Rather, when you're sitting at home thinking "I've been to the gym for hours every day this week, I've reached my weight goal, I've achieved what I set out to do, I *need* to rest..." and then you go exercise again anyway. It's an addiction when you start losing friends or lose your girlfriend or your family stops reaching out to you because you always blow them off to go exercise, even when you don't need to be doing it. It's an addiction when you start calling in sick from work and you're worried you'll get fired, but you still go exercise. It's an addiction when it literally does make you sick, your joints start degrading and your heart hurts and you *still* keep going to the gym or the track or getting on your bike. Just exercising a lot, even when you *probably* shouldn't isn't an addiction. EDIT: Added some stuff. **EDIT: Thank you for silver[s and gold]! However, in lieu of Reddit awards, please consider donating to a charity dedicated to helping people fighting addiction. Addiction is a health problem, not a criminal one, and those suffering from addiction need treatment, not incarceration. [This list of non-profits seems reputable if you aren't sure where to donate.]( URL_0 )**


Question: How did wolves become domesticated? Wolves like being dominant so how would humans go about having a “pet” one? And wolves are in packs, it’s not like a singular wolf they train it’s loads of them.

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 How did wolves become domesticated? Wolves like being dominant so how would humans go about having a “pet” one? And wolves are in packs, it’s not like a singular wolf they train it’s loads of them.

> Wolves like being dominant I think this statement is a bit misleading. There is a certain faction of people who like to emphasize "alpha dogs" and stuff like that, depicting wolves and dogs as strictly hierarchical animals with a clear pecking order. But wolf behaviorists reject this. Wolves in their natural state live in small family packs of parents and offspring. Wolves have ways of settling disputes but there isn't typically a strict hierarchy beyond parents and offspring. The "alpha" depictions arose from watching wolves and dogs in groups that they aren't typically found in nature--like a bunch of random animals put together due to human intervention in a zoo or sanctuary or neighborhood. In such cases, sure, they compete for resources, but it's exaggerated. Animals in groups have evolved ways of resolving conflicts--it's in their genes. This means animals know when to assert themselves and when to not assert themselves and when to be submissive. So looking at them as wanting to always be dominant is only providing a fraction of the picture. Animals can and will be submissive, given the right circumstances, and that same animal will refuse to submit in other circumstances. They like being *social*, not just being dominant. They might look upon humans as part of their pack and will submit to them, and they'll like it sometimes, and other times want to be dominant. But wolves are extremely socialized and will be able to tell when dominance and when submission are called for.


Question: We drink filtered water from the fridge. If you leave a cup of it sitting for a few days, it starts to turn yellow. Why is this happening?

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 We drink filtered water from the fridge. If you leave a cup of it sitting for a few days, it starts to turn yellow. Why is this happening?

There's a high concentration of Iron and Manganese in your water, it's harmless. What's likely happening is you have an old house and iron pipes whose coating has worn off so it's leaching into your water. If it's ONLY happening to your fridge then the good news is it's probably a pipe that's just connected to that one so if you can gain access to your pipes you can search for the one that's rusting and replace it.


Question: Why would it take 6-10 weeks to receive the first issue of a new magazine subscription?

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 Why would it take 6-10 weeks to receive the first issue of a new magazine subscription?

6-10 weeks has been the traditional waiting period on magazine subscriptions for as long as I can remember, and it doesn't seem to have changed. One reason is that it gives the provider an extra monthly magazine cycle to get you into the delivery schedule. Before computerized and automated delivery scheduling, this would have actually been important. Reason two is that its always nice as a business to get your customer to pay for something weeks or months before delivery.


Question: difference between udp vs tcp ????

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 difference between udp vs tcp ????

TCP checks everything. It's slower, but more reliable: * A: I'm sending you a thing! * B: Acknowledged! * A: Here's the thing! * B: I got it! * A: I'm done sending things now! * B: Acknowledged! UDP checks nothing. It's faster, but less reliable: * A: Here's the thing! * (That's it) UDP is better when speed is crucial (e.g. gaming). TCP is better otherwise, whenever a slight delay doesn't matter (e.g. most anything you do online).


Question: . How are vinyls made and how does sound project off them?

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 . How are vinyls made and how does sound project off them?

Sound waves are vibrations. Those vibrations are etched into tracks in the vinyl record. Then when you put a needle into that track and spin the record, the vibrations are transferred into the needle. Just amplify that needle with even a piece of printer paper rolled into a cone and you've got sound!


Question: why do laser dots shimmer/sparkle ?

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 why do laser dots shimmer/sparkle ?

Lasers shine a light of parallel rays of the same frequency. Light can behave as both a particle and as a wave. When waves interact, they can cancel each other out (eg. noise cancelling headphones) or amplify them (eg. ocean waves colliding). When the laser light bounces off an object, the object's surface is not perfectly flat. As a result, the reflected light bounces back a bit randomly. As the rays of light interact, they will either start cancelling or amplifying other rays since they're all the same frequency. This interaction causes the light to change and since you have time vibrations in your hand when holding the laser like from your blood flowing, there will always be slight changes and wobbles in the light. These vibrations change the reflection of the light which causes the interactions of cancellations and amplifications to change. These changes cause the shimmering sparkles you're seeing. Another way a laser might scatter a bit is from a dirty lens on the laser itself or dust in the air which will cause the sparkles of mounted lasers.


Question: Why does ice help reduce swelling?

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 Why does ice help reduce swelling?

Yo ho ho! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5 : How and why does ice help swelling? ]( URL_1 ) ^(_11 comments_) 1. [Eli5: Why do people ice injuries to reduce swelling when swelling is your bodies natural defense against sprains and what not? ]( URL_3 ) ^(_5 comments_) 1. [ELI5:Why is icing helpful for reducing swelling & why is swelling bad for your injury? ]( URL_4 ) ^(_4 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why does ice help swelling? ]( URL_0 ) ^(_2 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why does ice reduce swelling? ]( URL_2 ) ^(_4 comments_)


Question: why do busses not require seatbelts, but other vehicles do?

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 why do busses not require seatbelts, but other vehicles do?

Because busses are so much larger. The reason seat belts are needed to prevent people becoming projectiles is because cars stop so much faster. But if a bus hits a car, it just flattens it. If it's hit from the side, then seatbelts actually INCREASE the risk of injury substantially. Studies have repeatedly failed to find any real benefit to adding seatbelts to larger vehicles. According to the NHSTA, in the majority of fatal accidents, seatbelts provided no benefit anyway. They're only really useful in minimizing injuries in minor accident, which aren't really a concern for busses. Any accident powerful enough to kill someone on a bus is powerful enough to overcome a piece of fabric.


Question: How can someone physically consume 74 hot dogs and what is the "aftermath" like?

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 How can someone physically consume 74 hot dogs and what is the "aftermath" like?

It’s a process of gradually eating more and more food to help expand your stomach. Also being able to chew and break up the food is important as well. Smaller pieces of food will pack inside a stomach a lot more efficiently. Having strong monster jaws helps a lot. All competitive eaters purge after these competitions. That’s the aftermath, lots of puke. Edit: most competitions don’t let you puke or make you hold it in for a certain amount of time. During training they will puke a lot.


Question: If the majority of money being moved around nowadays is digital, what keeps banks from making up massive amounts of money to give themselves?

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 If the majority of money being moved around nowadays is digital, what keeps banks from making up massive amounts of money to give themselves?

Everything still has to be accounted for, they can be audited by regulators and they have to file reports on how much money they have, file taxes, etc. There have actually been a couple of really high profile companies recently - Luckin Coffee and Wirecard - that got slammed really hard for trying to cook their books (in Wirecard's case they claimed to have two billion Euro that seems to never have existed - no one could track it down).


Question: - WeWork - How can the CEO walk away w/ a $1.7B payout when the company has never turned a profit?

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 - WeWork - How can the CEO walk away w/ a $1.7B payout when the company has never turned a profit?

Adam Neumann isn't just the CEO of WeWork, he's also the majority owner. Or *was* the majority owner. The reason he's getting paid is because SoftBank is buying the company from him. That's what he's being paid for - his ownership in the company. His role as CEO has nothing to do with it. Think about it like this, you both drive and own your car. If you sell the car then you're no longer it's driver. But you're not being paid to stop being the car's driver, you're being paid to stop being the car's owner. It just so happens that the new owner of the car also doesn't want you driving it. Adam Neumann's situation is the same - he used to be the driver (CEO) and owner of WeWork. Now he's selling WeWork and the new owner doesn't want him to be the driver (CEO) anymore.


Question: Why does a US Dollar (for example) buy more in some places?

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 Why does a US Dollar (for example) buy more in some places?

It's because the cost of labor is cheaper. This impacts the price of everything. Imagine that every job in the entire country is done for 1/5 of the pay. You can see how this would make a hotel cheaper to build, cheaper to stock with food and drink, and cheaper to manage and run.


Question: Why is the Android/iOS version of an app updated so much more frequently than the desktop versions?

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 Why is the Android/iOS version of an app updated so much more frequently than the desktop versions?

Assuming you're talking about desktop programs, it's probably because it's easier to update through an app store than a standalone program. Google Chrome is an exception though, as it updates itself without any user intervention. The actual Windows OS itself does seem to update much more than Android and iOS though.


Question: What happens during a chemical change in matter?

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 What happens during a chemical change in matter?

All matter that exists is made of atoms at a very basic level; those atoms are held together by bonds. In a chemical reaction, some of those bonds can be either broken, new bonds are formed, or both, or even just slightly altered in position of the chemical structure of the matter. How the bonds of the atoms in matter are affected in those ways is what causes chemical level changes.


Question: When you bend something for long enough, why does it retain the shape/bend that you created?

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 When you bend something for long enough, why does it retain the shape/bend that you created?

Everything has something known as a "degree of elasticity" which is a measure of how much it flexes or bends. Now once that amount is surpassed it starts to permanently warp until it reaches its fracture point. Now the weird thing is that EVERYTHING will do that, the question is how much you can move it before it reaches the fracture point.


Question: Why do Lithium Ion batteries take time to charge? Why can't things like phones and other chargeable devices charge almost instantly?

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 Why do Lithium Ion batteries take time to charge? Why can't things like phones and other chargeable devices charge almost instantly?

Imagine the battery is waterfall. All of the water is at the top then it is drained to the bottom. A charger moves the water back to the top, but it takes work. So that limits how much water it can carry up each trip. It takes time to move all the water back up. Now bigger devices can have more water moved but you don’t want to move too much because then it damages the actual waterfall to climb back up.


Question: How do movies and TV shows stitch together multiple shots/takes so seamlessly?

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 How do movies and TV shows stitch together multiple shots/takes so seamlessly?

It all comes down to the cuts. The cut refers to when you end one shot and start another. A well-timed and well-placed cut feels natural. In the case of Birdman, if you watch closely there are planning shots that show the same thing on screen, be it a floor or a wall or a piece of cloth. Even for a fraction of a second, and that is enough to cut one shot and start the next. If the last frame of one shot is the same as the first frame of the next shot, the whole thing flows and you don't even notice. Editing is its own artform with conventions that we as viewers have grown trained to expect, so we notice these conventions even less and just accept them as part of the experience. Edit: Shot means a sequence of film recorded in one take. You can shoot the same thing a hundred times and have a hundred shots to work with. By Panning I mean the camera is moving in one direction, and they use that as a way to manufacture the feeling that many shots are one.


Question: Why are there different versions of Windows? (ie Windows 10 Home, Pro etc)

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 Why are there different versions of Windows? (ie Windows 10 Home, Pro etc)

Basically Microsoft could just sell the same product to everyone, but they want to make as much money as possible. They can't ask home users to pay the same high prices as business as many wouldn't want to pay that much and they can't just lower the price for windows for everyone to the same low price that every home user can pay. In order to maximize profits they want to sell the same product at different prices to different people They want to sell it cheaply to those who wouldn't buy it if it was more expensive and they want to sell it for a higher price to those who can afford it. So far so good. But how do you do that, you can't ask all customers to tell you how much they are able to spend before you tell them the price. If you offer it cheaply everyone will buy it at the cheapest price. To make sure that the customers with money (mostly businesses) buy windows at the more expensive price they split the product up into multiple versions (called editions or **SKU**s). They took the cheapest version and removed all sorts of features that you normally wouldn't need as a home user. Normal home users don't really need to domain join feature of windows so that gets excluded from the cheapest version. It is no loss for home users but businesses who need it will need to buy the more expensive version. Other functionality that you may not see in the cheaper editions of windows are stuff like drive encryption (Bitlocker) and similar stuff that are mostly needed or wanted by businesses. They also introduced all sorts of arbitrary limits that won't matter to normal users. Windows 10 Home edition for example only allows a maximum of 128 GB of memory, which is far more than any normal user would ever need. If you want more you need a more expensive version of windows. This was actually much more noticeable with windows 7 where "Windows 7 Starter" only allowed 2GB of RAM, "Windows 7 Home Basic" 8GB, "Windows 7 Home Premium" 16GB and "Windows 7 Ultimate", "Pro" and "Enterprise" allowed 192 GB of RAM. So they removed features and included artificial limits to ensure that people spend as much as possible for them on what is actually the same product. With Windows 10 at least Microsoft has limited the number of different editions quite a bit, there used to be far more in previous versions.


Question: Why is it necessary for refs to stand in the path of a javelin throw. Can’t they just stand on the sidelines and jog over after it lands?

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 Why is it necessary for refs to stand in the path of a javelin throw. Can’t they just stand on the sidelines and jog over after it lands?

The javelin doesn't always land point-first and stick in the ground. When it doesn't, it kind of slides along the ground, but the meet official needs to mark it where it first touched the ground. To complicate matters, if it lands flat they're supposed to measure from where the grip hits the ground. If it lands tail-first, they measure from the tail. All of that is difficult to do when you're far away. disclaimer: This hasn't always been the rule and may not be at some levels/in some regions.


Question: How do we know this is the most peaceful time across the world? What is this claim based on (evidence of war? Genocide? Interpersonal violence?)?

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 How do we know this is the most peaceful time across the world? What is this claim based on (evidence of war? Genocide? Interpersonal violence?)?

Thanks to the Red Cross we have reasonably good statistics on the number of people, military and civilian, who have died due to armed conflict. Those numbers have been trending down. URL_0 ...of course, overall the 20th century was bloody as fuck because of two major instances of industrial war. Some of the optimism about peacefulness comes from the formation of groups like the EU, which (maybe! possibly! we hope!) make it less likely for historical conflicts to flare up again.


Question: How can two ISPs in the same city start with the same prefix?

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 How can two ISPs in the same city start with the same prefix?

It's not really correct to think of the 174.x.x.x as a prefix - it just happens to be the first part of the number, but doesn't really mean anything. An IP address is a 32 digit binary number, but for the sake of making it a bit more human friendly we chunk it up in four three digit numbers separated by dots. The range you've mentioned, in binary, looks like 10101110000000000000000000000000 through 10101110111111111111111111111111 - you can have any combination between those two. How many combinations is that? 16,777,216 that's how many. (OK, there's actually a few in there that we can't use for technical reasons, but it's still quite a big number) If you were to allocate a single block to a single ISP, then you'd be giving them nearly 17 million IP addresses, all to themselves. Once you've allocated that block, it makes it unavailable for everyone else. Instead, we chunk the block up a bit more finely. Even if we give you ISP 174.1.x.x then that's 65,536 IPs. Maybe they'd start with that one block when they were a young fledgling ISP with not many subscribers, but as they expanded they'd request some other blocks and end up with something completely different - they might get give the 214.6.x.x block instead - it would make things marginally trickier from their side, but by no means impossible. In terms of the internet as a whole though, it's far better to only give people the IP addresses they actually need instead of doling out massive ranges that most ISPs could never fill.


Question: Why does sugar make things sticky?

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 Why does sugar make things sticky?

So, firstly, Sugar alone doesn't make things sticky. If it did we couldn't have powdered or granulated sugars, they would all stick together in a solid block as soon as you put them in a bag. What makes things sticky is a mixture of sugar and water. The water is the key part and i'll try and explain why that is by working through a few steps. 1. Water interacts with sugar through hydrogen bonding(more below) and by absorbing hydrogens from the hydroxyl groups that are part of sugar molecules. Hydroxyl groups are a hydrogen and an oxygen, attached to carbon atoms in sugar. Getting them wet can actually create more of those hydroxyl groups. 2. Both of the above interactions serve to modify the [nuclear charge]( URL_0 ) of the sugar molecules. It makes it more negatively charged than it was before. Nuclear charges and dipoles are VERY complicated, but it essentially allows for something called [hydrogen bonding]( URL_1 ) to occur more easily. Don't let the name fool you, it isn't strictly related to hydrogen all the time, it just refers to attraction caused by nuclear charges attracting their opposite charge. Dw too much about it, but also it holds your body together and is involved in every type of chemistry that allows life to exist. 3. We feel that hydrogen bonding as stickiness because it literally is sticky. Those nuclear attractive/hydrogen bonding forces are sticky on a molecular level. edit: sorry it's not more ELI5, i just wanted to make sure people could go read up more if they wanted to.


Question: Why should I care that Google and other tech giants have my data?

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</answer>
 Why should I care that Google and other tech giants have my data?

Because you have almost no say in what Google does with it. Sure, it might might OK if they sell it to a company who uses it to show you ads for things you actually like or want. But what if Google were to sell your website browsing info to your health insurance company? Say you were looking up a place to go skydiving, and your insurance company saw that and decided you were a high-risk individual to justify raising your premiums? Or what if your mortgage company obtained data that showed you were looking for a new job, and similarly decided you were a risk and raised your rates? The controversy about data harvesting is that we *don't know* what's being done with our sensitive personal data- the process is immensely opaque- and the potential harm from having your personal data out there for the highest bidder can't really be estimated yet.


Question: What's the difference between minority and majority government?

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 What's the difference between minority and majority government?

The Canadian House of Parliament has 338 seats. If a party claims 170 or more seats, they control more than half the seats in the House. This is Majority government: they control the majority of the seats in the House. This means that on any given vote, even if all the other members vote against something the majority party puts forward they can't outvote them. The Liberals have had a Majority government for the last four years. If a party claims less than 170 seats, but they get more seats than any other party, they control a plurality of the seats. This is Minority government. It means that if enough members band together, they can defeat a motion put forth by the minority government. If the party currently forming government is defeated in a vote, this is known as a "no confidence" vote and it automatically triggers an election. The Liberals are predicted to form a minority government after tonight's election.


Question: What is the significance of classifying numbers as even, odd, prime, non-prime etc.?

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 What is the significance of classifying numbers as even, odd, prime, non-prime etc.?

These numbers have certain properties which force them into these categories. Even numbers can be divided in half to get another whole number; odd numbers cannot. Primes are divisible only by themselves and one; non-primes are divisible by further numbers. The categorisation of these numbers is shorthand for stating these properties.


Question: . When laser pointers are pointed onto a far away building, why does the diameter of the light grow?

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 . When laser pointers are pointed onto a far away building, why does the diameter of the light grow?

Laser pointers are not perfect lasers, an excellent laser is beyond the budget you have for a cat toy. The laser diode is very small, and some photons that leak out are slightly off axis. By the time you get far away, these tiny angular errors have accumulated into something visible.


Question: Why do things behind a bright light appear dark?

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 Why do things behind a bright light appear dark?

Your eyes make adjustments based on the amount of light present. Have you ever noticed that when you first walk into a dark room you can't see anything, but after a little while you begin to see better? Your eyes were adjusted to a lot of light before walking into the room and then slowly adjusted to very little light. Your eyes can't adjust to both a lot of light and very little light at the same time, so it adjusts to the intense light. The objects that are dark will not be very visible, just like when you walk into a dark room.


Question: Why do microwaves make my fish sticks mushy?

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 Why do microwaves make my fish sticks mushy?

Microwaves heat food mostly by exciting the water molecules in it. Water can only be heated to 100C before it becomes water vapor. So, microwaves generally don't heat your food beyond that temperature. But, ovens get much hotter and so can really create a crisp texture by evaporating the water out of the food.


Question: How do game / software developers decide what to call each version update? e.x. v1.1 vs v1.01

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 How do game / software developers decide what to call each version update? e.x. v1.1 vs v1.01

Often (but not always) the versions are numbered by the [MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH scheme]( URL_0 ), which is widely used. MAJOR means some significant changes in the software, like architecture or development approach changes, often making it incompatible with the previous versions. MINOR mostly adds some features, but without any drastic overhaul. PATCH usually marks bug fixes or any minor corrections, without any changes to functionality.


Question: If the petroleum industry receives over $4 billion in annual government subsidies (on average), why is there a tax on fossil fuels? Wouldn't these cash flows 'cancel out?'

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 If the petroleum industry receives over $4 billion in annual government subsidies (on average), why is there a tax on fossil fuels? Wouldn't these cash flows 'cancel out?'

Most of the subsidies for the fossil fuels industry in the US comes in the form of tax breaks. Some economists would be upset at using the term subsidy to mean tax break, but common usage of the word includes them. Petroleum companies get tax breaks for doing specific things that the government wants to incentivize (or avoid punishing). For example, they get a foreign tax credit which allows them to deduct taxes paid in foreign countries from their profits that are returned to the US. The government allows that because it wants US companies to do business abroad while bringing money back into the US. Companies either wouldn't do business abroad or would keep their earnings outside of the US if they got double taxed on them. It's also worth noting that this tax break is available to pretty much all US businesses, not just the petroleum industry. There are also subsidies promoting domestic manufacturing, exploration for new wells, etc. There are a couple reasons you can't just trade these out for a tax on petroluem. First, the tax on gasoline is collected by both the stats and the federal government, which means the states also rely on the tax for money. However, the federal government is the one who gives the subsidies. So the people doing the taxing aren't always the same ones providing the subsidies. Additionally, people are the ones paying the tax and it's on gasoline. Petroleum companies are the ones getting the subsidies and it's on their businesses in general and drilling for oil; not just gasoline. Second, if you remove the subsidies you lose your ability to influence the behavior of the subsidized industries. Without the subsidies companies could get the same savings without having to undertake specific tasks to claim the subsidy.


Question: why do the prices of some products on Amazon change frequently, sometimes even a few cents more or less?

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 why do the prices of some products on Amazon change frequently, sometimes even a few cents more or less?

Conventional stores have relatively static prices simply because of the amount of work to update the price on something. You have to update the price on the shelf, possibly re-sticker the items, and update the cash register database. You would also have to worry about the people who have an item in their cart still walking around the store. These aren't really concerns for a digital platform. As for why you update prices, it basically comes down to algorithms to maximize profit over time. It's about balancing the amount of profit per item with the expected rate of sale at that price point. Why is your shampoo $3 a bottle? At that price, over a given period of time, it will maximize profit (Let's say 1 million units at $1 per unit). If you decrease the price by a small amount, you will make less profit per item, but theoretically sell more. Do you sell enough to make up the difference? If you make $0.95 per unit, you would need to sell an extra 52,632 thanks to the price change to make more money. You can also turn that the other way around, and at $1.05 per unit profit, you will make the same total profit given 47,619 less sales, but if it drops by more than that, you have lost profit. So Amazon is basically constantly running these numbers of small adjustments and rate of sales for these things. Also keep in mind that the suppliers may be adjusting their price too, so Amazon's profit per unit changes depending on where they are in the stock level (they may have 100 pallets of a product that came in at 5 different price points, meaning the profit per unit is changing as they sell it).


Question: What is happening in a child’s brain when they are in the phase of “sounding out” words, but there is a disconnect between the the sounding out and the final word? They’ll sound the word out correctly, yet they will spew a seemingly random word when told to say the whole word.

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 What is happening in a child’s brain when they are in the phase of “sounding out” words, but there is a disconnect between the the sounding out and the final word? They’ll sound the word out correctly, yet they will spew a seemingly random word when told to say the whole word.

There is a disconnect between the forming of muscle structures and the understanding of a word. I see the opposite a lot when teaching someone a new accent. They can picture the word clearly in their mind but can't make the shape with their mouths until I spell the word to the phonetic of the accent.


Question: the implications of successfully mastering cold fusion. What could we do with it and are we close?

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 the implications of successfully mastering cold fusion. What could we do with it and are we close?

Successfully mastering nuclear fusion- of any sort- has immense consequences. Mainly it allows us to produce immense amounts of energy from abundant resources, with basically no environmental consequence. But it also puts incredible destructive power in our hands. As of 2018, most of the world's power generation comes from coal, then natural gas, hydroelectric power (dams), nuclear, then wind, oil, and then other renewables. URL_0 All of these have their own consequences. Fossil fuels cause air pollution and global warming. Nuclear fission leads to concerns with nuclear waste, disaster management (natural and man-made- see Fukushima and Chernobyl), and weapons proliferation. Dams cause environmental destruction, and even wind turbines will kill birds. Renewables are also generally more expensive than other sources of electricity. Here's where fusion energy comes in. Unlike the other sources, nuclear fusion produces energy by bringing two atoms together, usually atoms with small nuclei like hydrogen or lithium (and isotopes thereof). The great thing about hydrogen fusion is that we can get hydrogen extremely easily- by electrolyzing water. The amount of energy needed to split water into hydrogen and oxygen is much less than what we get from nuclear fusion, so as long as we have water, we will have an immense amount of power. So let's talk about **hot** fusion. The first thing to note is that we've achieved hot fusion. First in the centers of thermonuclear bombs, in 1952, and in the laboratory... since 1958. The crucial problem is that nuclear fusion is a tricky thing to get going. Atoms do *not* want to get too close to each other, let alone close enough to start a fusion reaction. So an incredible amount of energy has to be put into the reactor to get a fusion reaction going, and so far the biggest challenge has been to design a reactor that produces more energy than it uses. Even if we make one, it may have to be so large, and produce such a small surplus of power, that it would hardly be worth building for power generation. URL_1 And finally we can come to **cold** fusion. Imagine all the above- without the need to spend all that energy to start the fusion reaction. Suddenly we have a cheap, plentiful source of clean power. Pretty much the entire modern world runs on electricity; achieving cold fusion would open the door to massive upheavals in society as electricity becomes even more cheap and plentiful than it already is. But there's a dark side to this. That same titanic release of energy can be used as a weapon, and in fact the first large-scale nuclear fusion was carried out in a thermonuclear bomb test. If cold fusion were easy at all to achieve, it would open the door to weapons of incredible power in the hands of basically any nation with the infrastructure to produce them. That would be an interesting future for humanity.


Question: Why mist can contain salt (salt mist) but water vapor does not (desalination via distillation)?

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 Why mist can contain salt (salt mist) but water vapor does not (desalination via distillation)?

Salt mist as in sea mist is literally tiny drops of sea water splashing into the air, so it contains everything from the sea, including the salts. Water vapour is evaporated, the water boils into a gas and then condenses onto a cooler surface or in the cooler air, so it is chemically pure h2o.


Question: How does a SAM distinguish different targets?

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 How does a SAM distinguish different targets?

As others have mentioned IFF exists to identify aircraft. But it's also worth pointing out the launcher isnt operating alone, it's linked to a detector, usually radar. This is the eyes, it has a computer brain and the iff coming off the contact is part of the information set that makes decisions. Some missiles then themselves have smaller detector/decision setups and can change their minds after launch All these things together make them pick legitimate threats out and stop them whacking flocks of birds etc etc