Question: People to mention that white bread is "bleached" rather than whole grain wheat. What is actually happening here and why do we have white bread?

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 People to mention that white bread is "bleached" rather than whole grain wheat. What is actually happening here and why do we have white bread?

I imagine my comment will get removed for some miscellaneous reason. Bread is made from flour, which is made from wheat seeds that have been ground up into a powder. Inside a wheat seed, there's a core called the "endosperm." This endosperm is white, and the outer layer is brown. In whole wheat flour, the entire seed is ground into flour, which will contain all of the nutrients and proteins, etc., that the brown outer layer contains. (I forget the name of this layer, forgive me) White flour is made only from the endosperm, resulting from which the final product will have a more uniform texture, which is perceived as more pleasant. It will also be slightly sweeter, and bake more evenly. But as a result of this, it will not contain the nutrients or proteins present in whole wheat, (+outer layer) which is why whole wheat bread is seen as healthier. There is no bleaching involved.


Question: What is time? What causes time to exist?

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 What is time? What causes time to exist?

Time is the measure of change in the universe. It exists because matter exists and matter travels slower than light in a vacuum. When everything in the universe travels at the same speed there is no time because you have no differences to be measured. Once you have matter, you have things that are different and their changes can be measured. We have no idea why matter exists.


Question: What are the differences between stocks and options? Would starting to invest in option be a good idea?

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 What are the differences between stocks and options? Would starting to invest in option be a good idea?

Not bein rude/mean or anything at all...but if you have to ask what options are, you absolutely aren’t ready to invest in them. Basically you’re paying for the right to either buy a stock if it drops past a certain point, or the obligation to sell a stock if it hits a certain point. But that’s incredibly simply put and they can get super complicated.


Question: Does our world lighten because of oil extraction? Oil becomes gas after human use

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 Does our world lighten because of oil extraction? Oil becomes gas after human use

We cannot create or destroy matter. Just rearrange it, so when we refine and burn oil, the matter changes form but the total mass still stays the same, and our atmosphere keeps the gasses around the globe. When we burn fuel a portion of the gasses that come out are water and carbon dioxide ( not sure on the percentage of each) Main take away should be how if we burn so much fuel we are adding a lot of carbon dioxide and water to the air, water will rain and the carbon dioxide just keeps heating up the atmosphere and burning the planet.


Question: How do antihistamine anxiety meds (like hydroxyzine hydrochloride) work differently than other anxiety medications?

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 How do antihistamine anxiety meds (like hydroxyzine hydrochloride) work differently than other anxiety medications?

This is one of those cases where we use what was originally a side effect as a primary effect. Benadryl, the most commonly known first generation antihistamine, causes some pretty significant sedation. First generation histamines like Benadryl and hydroxyzine do this because they cross the blood brain barrier, much more so than second generation “non-drowsy” antihistamines like Claritin do. So we use this sedating effect to calm people experiencing an active panic attack or anxiety episode down so they can get back to normal functioning. Benzos are also used due to their sedative/calming effect, though the exact mechanism is different. SSRIs are used as a preventative medication for anxiety rather than acutely like the first two.


Question: Why did we go from 4:3 to 16:9?

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 Why did we go from 4:3 to 16:9?

In the first half of the 20th century, movies were filmed in 4:3 or close to it. When television became popular in the 1950s, the film industry saw it as competition and started looking for gimmicks to keep people coming back to theaters. So they started filming in "widescreen," using a number of different formats (1.85:1, 2.35:1, etc., even up to 3.5:1 and higher). A few decades later they invented HDTV, which was based not necessarily on film but on electronic video. It helped to have a ratio that was not only easy for display and programming but also that could comfortably fit *all* the various aspect ratios currently in use with maximal efficiency. 16:9 was the closest ratio that could accommodate this need, and it became standard in the industry very quickly.


Question: How do these 80s, 90s, 00s, movies come out with such clarity on our new HD TVs, were the cameras picking it up and TVs were bad or is it mostly digital fixing?

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 How do these 80s, 90s, 00s, movies come out with such clarity on our new HD TVs, were the cameras picking it up and TVs were bad or is it mostly digital fixing?

Yes - keep in mind movies were not meant to be viewed on a TV, hence why they always had the message "This movie has been formatted to fit your screen". Movies were displayed in theaters with projectors and they looked awesome, even back then. The movies were shot on *film* most of which has a very high effective resolution, similar to 4k or even higher. We had no realistic way to watch home movies in such a high quality, and TVs couldn't display it anyways. Thus, VHSs and DVDs which stored downgraded versions of the film were used. HDTVs of today are still a big downgrade compared to the detail of a massive IMAX screen.


Question: Why do so many companies in the us have their distribution center/ship from California when most of the country lives on the Eastern half?

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 Why do so many companies in the us have their distribution center/ship from California when most of the country lives on the Eastern half?

Because if the stuff is made in China, then it makes most sense for it to arrive in Oakland or LA's ports and then ship it from there, as opposed to having to go through the Panama Canal and still have to transport things all over the US from a more central port like Houston.


Question: Why does long division work?

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 Why does long division work?

Lets do 123/5 with the same steps as in long division but in more rigorous fashion. 123 can be written as 1×100 + 2×10 + 3×1 (or with exponents as 1×10^2 + 2×10^1 + 3×10^(0). We'll need this later). So now we have ( 1×100 + 2×10 + 3×1 ) / 5. We can write this as ( 1×100 ) / 5 + ( 2×10 ) / 5 + ( 3×1 ) / 5 And further. 1/5 × 100 + 2/5 × 10 + 3/5 × 1 Now we can start doing the divisions. 1/5 would result in some fraction. We do not accept any fractions here. So lets go back few steps and combine the 100 term and 10 terms together. ( 1×100 + 2×10 + 3×1 ) / 5 = ( 12×10 + 3×1 ) / 5. = 12/5 × 10 + 3/5 × 1 12/5 is 2 and leftover 2/5 so. Lets keep the 2 here and move the leftover to the next term. So 12/5 ×10 = 2×10 + 2/5×10. 12/5 × 10 + 3/5 × 1 = 2×10 + 2/5 × 10 + 3/5 ×1 = 2×10 + 23/5 × 1 23/5 is 4 and 3/5 as leftover. 2×10 + 23/5 × 1 = 2×10 + 4×1 + 3/5 × 1 Again lets keep the 4 here and move 3/5 to the next term. But we do not have any terms left? We can just add more. At the beginnign we wrote the number using decreasing powers of 10 (10^(2), 10^(1), 10^(0)). So we can just add 0×10^-1 (=0×0.1) in there! (it is just zero, we can add zeros to number as many as we like) 2×10 + 4×1 + 3/5 × 1 + 0×10^-1 = 2×10 + 4×1 + 30/5 ×10^-1 30/5 is nice even 6. So our result is 2×10 + 4×1 + 6 ×10^-1 Now we just turn this back into normal number. 24.6 Long division does these steps. (lets see how long division works with reddit formatting...) 5|123 -0 5 doesn't go into 1. 12 carry the 1 to the next term. -10 5 goes into 12 2 times. 2×10 goes into the result so remove 2×5 from here. 23 And carry the remaining 2 to next term. -20 5 goes into 23 4 times. 4×1 goes to the result so remove the 4×5 from here. 30 And carry the remaining 3 to the next term. -30 5 goes into 30 6 times. 6×0.1 goes to the result so remove the 6×5 from here. 00 No more remainders to carry so we are done. Result is 2×10 + 4×1 + 6×0.1


Question: what was the scientific theory behind shock therapy when it was an accepted form of treatment for mental illness?

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 what was the scientific theory behind shock therapy when it was an accepted form of treatment for mental illness?

Because the brain works on electrical signals and at the time they didn't know a hell of a lot more about it, electroshock therapy was thought to sort of overload the brain and shock it back into working properly in a similar way that a defibrillator does with the heart. A bit like pressing a reset button or turning it off and back on again.


Question: Why is Machine learning not applied statistics?

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 Why is Machine learning not applied statistics?

I have a masters in cs with a focus in machine learning. Statistics is used heavily in machine learning but it’s a bit like asking “why is engineering not just applied physics.” There is a lot of application and design that goes into building the right agent for the right Machine learning has a lot of subfields, one of which is supervised learning. This is closest to what you describe. Take a training set to train a model to identify the trained inputs in a new set of data. There is also another section called unsupervised learning which could be though of as trying to group the data into categories as well as possible (not based on training data). Even farther away from those examples, there is reinforcement learning. Simply put, you tell the model to work towards something and then it learns to do it over time based on feedback from the environment. This learning is more “on line” and similar to how people learn. This is kind of like learning on the job because the agent is often having to explore what makes a good decision and what makes a bad one.


Question: Why are so many crunchy fruits/vegetables mostly water? Does more water biologically make things crunchy?

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 Why are so many crunchy fruits/vegetables mostly water? Does more water biologically make things crunchy?

Not exactly *because* the have water. Partly it's the other way round. They are "crunchy" as they have stiff cell walls. That means thay can have a lot of water inside and not collapse under the weight. However you could also say that in order to hold more water, they have to have stiff cell walls so are crunchy.


Question: What is the Glasgow scale and what is its relation/how is it used with dementia, Alzheimer’s, or other degenerative and mental health problems?

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 What is the Glasgow scale and what is its relation/how is it used with dementia, Alzheimer’s, or other degenerative and mental health problems?

The Glasgow Scale is a way to quantify someone's Level of Consciousness and Orientation Three are three categories: * Best eye response * Best verbal response * Best motor response Best eye response is ranged from 1 to 4 where: * 1 = none (patient doesn't open eyes for anything * 2 = to pain (patient only opens eyes to painful stimuli) * 3 = to speech (patient only opens eyes to verbal stimuli) * 4 = spontaneous (patient opens eyes without needing any stimulus) Best verbal response ranges from 1 to 5 where: * 1 = none (patient cannot speak) * 2 = incomprehensible speech (attempts to speak are made but actual words are not understandable) * 3 = inappropriate words (patient can speak more clearly but no sense can be made of them) * 4 = confused (patient makes some sense but doesn't know one or more of the following (who he is, where he is, what day/time it is or what is happening at the moment) * 5 = oriented (patient is fully oriented and has no confusion, speaks clearly and logically) And best motor response ranges from 1 to 6 where: * 1 = none (patient has no motor response to any stimuli) * 2 = extension to pain (painful stimulus causes limb extension * 3 = flexion to pain (painful stimulus causes limb flexion) * 4 = withdraws from pain (pulls limb away from painful stimulus) * 5 = localizes pain (moves hand to source of pain in attempt to remove the pain) * 6 = obeys commands (normal voluntary motor response) So a normal person with nothing wrong with them will have a GCS of 15. Someone who is confused but otherwise normal will have a GCS of 14. In cases of dementia, Alzheimer's or other mental health problems, the patient may have a GCS baseline less than 15. GCS is helpful in identifying further or acute deterioration of patient's mental status if there is a drop in their score from baseline.


Question: How do sea monkeys work and how is it possible to create “life” like that from a few chemicals?

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 How do sea monkeys work and how is it possible to create “life” like that from a few chemicals?

Sea monkeys are a type of shrimp that stops measurable metabolic processes when environmental conditions become unlivable. When the environment returns to being livable, the metabolic processes restarts. This is not unique to sea monkeys, but can also be done by tardigrades (water bears), nematodes (roundworms), and rotifers (wheel animals). So you aren't "creating" life any more than pressing the "On" switch on your TV remote is "creating pictures" in the TV.


Question: Why do we still discover new organs in humans when we have high precision imaging devices like MRI and tomography ?

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 Why do we still discover new organs in humans when we have high precision imaging devices like MRI and tomography ?

Because "organ" is a very vague term. All organ really refers to is a tissue or group of tissues we've identified as "doing something" or "having a purpose". Combine that vague definition with the following factors, and it becomes very, very easy to just *not notice* an organ is actually an organ, even if we've seen it countless times: - Size. Some organs are *really* tiny, so tiny that you can't see them even with high resolution scanners. For example, the saliva glands recently discovered in the back of the throat which I suspect may have inspired this post are basically invisible - they're only a handful of cells each - and we only discovered them because scientists were playing around with a radioactive chemical that happens to emit detectable radiation when it interacts with certain molecules found in those saliva glands. That radioactive emission was picked up by scanners, but they were looking for something completely different, and they found this as a side effect of that search. - Mistaken identity. It's pretty common for us to misidentify an organ as being a part of another organ, typically if they're in very close proximity. Sometimes we end up taking another look and realising it's a different organ after we learn more about its function. - Not *looking* for the organ. Even though we cut people open and/or scan them pretty regularly, we only do so because we're looking for specific things. We're not just playing around in the blood and guts to see if we can find anything cool. Things can be overlooked because there are much more pressing matters to attend to. For example, you really don't have time to carefully analyse a bunch of scans and do a bunch of repeat tests on other patients if the reason you took the scan in the first place was to look for a brain tumour.


Question: How early Morse code telegraphs transmitted eletric pulse to that specific sound?

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 How early Morse code telegraphs transmitted eletric pulse to that specific sound?

The electrical pulse energizes a solenoid (basically a coil of wire) with a piece of metal inside. This causes the iron to be temporarily magnetized (called an electromagnet). This magnet draws another piece of metal to it (that has a spring attached) and when it strikes, it makes that click sound. When the pulse ends, the electromagnet demagnetizes and the piece of metal is returned by a spring making a return click. That sound is simply pieces of metal striking each other.


Question: Why are there such drastic differences in salaries between different countries?

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 Why are there such drastic differences in salaries between different countries?

I'm going to avoid discussing service industries, because they are drastically different and less subject to the global market (You can't work construction in Detroit and Munich on the same day) I'm mostly talking tech. The biggest driver of disparity in tech jobs is cost of living. If it costs 2000 a month to live in Boston, and 200 a month to live in India, then salaries will reflect that. Companies aren't in the business of lowering profits to give employees extra spending money.


Question: Why do our brains see muscles (like abs and biceps) as attractive features in men, but typically does not find them as attractive on women?

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 Why do our brains see muscles (like abs and biceps) as attractive features in men, but typically does not find them as attractive on women?

Likely an evolutionary phenomenon. If you see abs on a man it is generally associated with increased muscle mass and decreased fat content in the body, which is associated with being healthy enough mentally and physically (and arguably financially these days) due to exercise. So someone with abs plausibly has a higher chance of giving good genes and be able to support his offspring (by hunting and protecting and so on) thereby continuing the contribution of the mother to the gene pool. If you see it on a female, it's a bit different because that means she's very skinny and muscle, in a biological sense, is more readily seen in men (therefore it bears a masculine property), which then suggests such females have a higher chance of having low body fat (not so good for pregnancy in an evolutionary sense, not talking about actual physiology) and a lower tendency to do feminine tasks due to her masculine characteristics (like taking care of the offspring and nurturing them). Please note these are not generalizations, and not facts about physiology, they're patterns we may have evolved to perceive, given what they signified a longgggg time ago.


Question: Why does the Newton-Raphson method work?

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 Why does the Newton-Raphson method work?

There is a [neat animation on the Wikipedia page]( URL_0 ) which gives an idea of how this works. Essentially you are pretending that your function is a straight line, not a curve, and then finding where the 0 would be. You then assume that your new point is closer than your earlier one and try again - finding the new line (tangent to the curve at this point) and finding where that crosses the x-axis. And you repeat. It doesn't always work, but when it does, it tends to work fairly quickly.


Question: What are Northern Lights exactly and why/how do they exist?

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 What are Northern Lights exactly and why/how do they exist?

The northern lights are auroras (there are "southern lights" too). They are caused by the charged particles of solar winds brushing against the magnetosphere. What we're seeing is akin to ripples in a still pond when something disturbs the surface, except it's a colorful light show instead. The actual science of it is pretty neat (even if we don't have a perfectly clear picture of the *exact* mechanics of all of it). If you're curious, [the Wikipedia entry on auroras is a fun read]( URL_0 ).


Question: Why do we say "Antisemitism" and "Islamophobia", but not "semiteophobia" or "anti islam"?

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 Why do we say "Antisemitism" and "Islamophobia", but not "semiteophobia" or "anti islam"?

The term "phobia" means an irrational fear or anxiety, as a psychological disorder. But some time in the last few decades, the term started being used a suffix in broader contexts, especially political and social, to denote a simple hate for something. This use of "phobia" arose long after the term anti-semitism was in use. By the time "Islamophobia" entered public consciousness, it was more fashionable to label such things "-phobias" than "anti- -isms". URL_0


Question: Why is it that you can't single out sound from the source once a microphone has been put in front of it?

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 Why is it that you can't single out sound from the source once a microphone has been put in front of it?

Iteraural timing. Basically you can calculate where a sound is coming from based in the timing difference between your ears. When it's coming at the same time from different locations behind you it's hard to conceptualize when you see the person in front of you along with the timing being inconsistent. This makes it so you can't localize where it's coming from.


Question: How do they fit 6.9 billion transistors on a 7 nanometer chip? Additionally, how do they connect them up correctly?

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 How do they fit 6.9 billion transistors on a 7 nanometer chip? Additionally, how do they connect them up correctly?

7 nanometer technology refers to the smallest feature they can make. As for how they can be made they are produced through a process called lithography. Individual layers are made and projected onto the material with light, interacting with chemicals to either stay put or wash away to mask areas so other material can be deposited. Think about making art on a wall by masking things off with tape or paper, then rolling or spraying paint on the wall to stick wherever isn't covered. Then you take it off and repeat again many times to make complex pictures. With chips they can actually be 3D structures as each pass lays down a tiny layer of metal or other material.


Question: If the universe is infinite (assuming the curvature is flat), does this also imply there is infinite matter? How can the space expand any further if the universe is infinite?

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 If the universe is infinite (assuming the curvature is flat), does this also imply there is infinite matter? How can the space expand any further if the universe is infinite?

So, you need to think about what "infinite" means here--and probably what "dimension" means, too. A "dimension" is just a degree of freedom of movement. We live in a 3 dimensional space--that is, we have three degrees of freedom of movement. We can move up and down, we can move left and right, and we can move forward and back. So what does "infinite" mean, in this context? It means no matter how far you move up, there will always be more room to move further up--and you will never end up back where you started by continuing to go up. Same with down, left, right, forward, and back. Next, let's think about "expansion". The expansion of space doesn't mean it's expanding *into* something, as people popularly thing. It just means that, as time passes, there will be more space in between two points than their was previously. Something that is 2 meters to your left today might be 4 meters to your left tomorrow (side note: not really, because gravity and other reasons, but still. Between non-gravitationally-bound objects, it works like that). None of that guarantees that there will always be more matter, so the answer to your first question is no: there is likely not infinite matter. To your second question: The universe can expand because adding more space doesn't conflict with always being able to move further. To your third: Nope, you will never end up at the same spot, eventually. And to your fourth: That's a hard question. There is not necessarily infinite matter, so the answer to this question is "not necessarily." But at the same time, matter seems to be relatively, but not perfectly, evenly distributed throughout the visible universe, so the answer to this question is going to have to be "probably, but not definitely."


Question: when a video game glitches is it the game not understanding your actions or is it literally you breaking code with anomalies?

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 when a video game glitches is it the game not understanding your actions or is it literally you breaking code with anomalies?

I'd define 3 types of glitches all of them are caused by the games programming logic not handling the data it's attempting to display well. The first kind are internal glitches. These are inherent to the games code. Typically these are the kind of glitch which make a game "buggy". They happen during normal intended play. Other glitches are player caused. Where the player creates a situation that the game's code can't just comprehend. If you ever watch speed running, this is the kind of glitch which allows for that sort of thing. No human could have reasonably foreseen a player acting in that way. Finally there are simple network glitches where an online game has problems with the internet it's attempting to use to transfer it's data to the games server and vice versa. Things like "packet loss" or simply a slow connection causing lag are common kinds.


Question: How does Spotify know what music I will like and generate those discover weekly playlists?

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 How does Spotify know what music I will like and generate those discover weekly playlists?

They track what you listen to, and match it up with what other people listen to. And more recently, they use machine learning to find songs and artists that are audibly similar in some manner. The models that result in people listening through the playlists are kept, and the others dropped. This is why you’ll get some really odd suggestions sometimes; you’ve effectively become part of the product.


Question: why are “common” scams allowed to continue when they are only common because no agency is willing to to after them?

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 why are “common” scams allowed to continue when they are only common because no agency is willing to to after them?

I understand that you are frustrated. The government DOES care about scams. The DOJ's Consumer Protection Branch has a the means to prosecute frauds, particularly the Elder Fraud initiative: URL_0 But the government operates with limited resources. I wish we had the ability to send out agents to follow up on your lead, but that's not always possible. Report to IC3, and your report will go into the database for analysis and referral. Additionally, try talking to your state's Attorney General's office. I get your frustration and I'm sorry the FBI wouldn't take your case directly, but I assure you there are scores-hundreds of people in federal law enforcement who care about fraudsters.


Question: Why does an air-bubble in your vein cause so much problems?

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 Why does an air-bubble in your vein cause so much problems?

A small bubble is harmless. If you've ever had an IV you've probably gotten quite a few small bubbles introduced into your blood stream with no problems at all. Its a big bubble, like a really big one, that can cause a problem. That thing in the movies where a guy sneaks up on another guy with a syringe hiden in his hand and injects a guy with an air bubble from a tiny needle... yeah, that's story telling. You need a really big syringe wiht a really large-bore needle to kill someone. The actual problmems are (if memory serves): 1. Air can be compressed while blood can not be, so a large air bubble can be redirect forces in unhappy ways, the way an "air hammer" can form in the pipes of your house and cause a "Bang" when you turn the water on or off, said bang repeating with each heartbeat. 2. A large air bubble can get into the heart where it's odd consistency and compressability can cause the valves to misbehave, preventing blood flow. 3. Air is much less dense than blood so it can collect in high places where the blood pressure is coincidentally quite low. The highest place in your body is usually your brain. The lowest pressure parts of your blood distribution system is the very small vessels and capilaries. So a large air bubble can fill lots of the small blood vessels of your brain. There's not enough blood flow pressure to force the air back out of your brain, so blood stops flowing in those vessels leading your brain to suffocate. The same thing can happen in significant fractions of the lungs because the blood enters and leaves the lungs "about halfway up" the lungs structure. This lack of blood flow can cut off half your effective lung area for quite some time and so can stress your other organs pretty much the same way a "collapsed lung" can do. Now it's not just direct injection that can lead to air in the blood stream. Any cut is likely to let a little air in, just as it lets a little blood out. With large wounds the amount of air can be substantial. Also getting "the bends" from sudden decreases in ambient pressure, such as returning from under deep water, can cause the air dissolved in your blood to "Fizz Up", like when you open a soda bottle. Finally, the veins (not arteries, just the veins) of your body are full of one-way valves. Muscle activity squeezing the veins is responsible for a lot of the pumping that _returns_ blood to the heart. This is (a significant part of) why immobilized or paralyzed limbs become swollen. So air bubbles in veins _can_ significantly reduce the blood leaving the limbs, which in turn doesn't allow blood to enter those limbs. This can stall blood flow to a whole sector of your body. The emergency treatment for suspected air bubbling in the blood stream is to make your brain and heart regions the lowest parts of your body. Basically you want to lie inclined with your feet raised. Trapping the air there gives your body a chance to deal with it. Non organ tissues (muscles and fat) are actually quite tollerant to lack of oxygen. Finally, exposure to air is a primary trigger of blood clotting. So trapping air in one spot can lead to the body "clotting off" the blood vessels there. That sucks if its the blood vessels in your heart or kidneys. So it's not too terrible until a significant volume of gasses (normally air, but also nitrogen gas from diving, or whatever) are in your blood stream. DISCLAIMER: This is not medical advice and I am not a trained doctor or biologist. This is what I remember from (A) learning to SCUBA dive, (B) asking a doctor about all the tiny bubbles in my IV tube after my knee got crushed by a car, and (C) doing some research about killing people for a novel I was trying to write given what I'd learned from A and B.


Question: How are stock prices determined?

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 How are stock prices determined?

The reported stock price is the price of the last successful trade of that stock. So, how do people agree to these prices? There are order books (on computers now) of **bids** for a stock from people wanting to buy it and **asks** from people wanting to sell it. If the bid list contains three bids of 100, 90, and 80 for the stock and the ask book has asks of 110, 120, and 130 then nothing happens. The person bidding the most (100) is less than the person asking the least (110). Now let's imagine a new seller shows up and puts in an ask of 99. Now, the person bidding 100 is matched up with the asker at 99. The stock sells at 99 and the new stock price is 99 until a new successful bid and ask pair happens.


Question: What is the difference between the medical model and nursing model in medical education?

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 What is the difference between the medical model and nursing model in medical education?

I was a nurse for 3 years and now in school for my M.D. to become a Physician. You are correct that RNs and Nurse Practitioners learn the nursing model, while MDs, DOs, and PAs learn the medical model. Keep in mind that there is a little overlap between the two. The medical model is primarily focused on treating a disease and its underlying causes. It is MUCH more science-based and requires a strong background in anatomy, physiology, pathology, cell & molecular biology, pharmacology, genetics, etc. for EACH organ system. The medical model is used to understand the why. The nursing model briefly dabbles in the sciences, but is much more concerned with addressing the physical, emotional, and lifestyle needs of the patient. Also, a big part of nursing is being the "eyes and ears" of the doctors, which means being very observant and understanding when a patient is deteriorating. It does not, however, require a deep understanding of the pathophysiology behind that patient's condition. To oversimplify things, think of your high school classes in biology and health. The medical model is kind of like how a biology teacher would describe a disease, and the nursing model is kind of like how a health teacher would describe a disease. Two different perspectives, but with obvious overlap.


Question: Stock options - How do they work, and what motivates the buyers and sellers?

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 Stock options - How do they work, and what motivates the buyers and sellers?

Let's say, for example, that they are options to buy the stock at a slightly higher price a month from now. Buyer: "I think the stock is going way up, so an option to buy at this modest price is like free money." Seller: "I don't think the stock is going to go up, so selling you this option is like selling you a worthless piece of paper for cash."


Question: Why light changes color depending on wavelength?

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 Why light changes color depending on wavelength?

Your question seems to assume that colour is a separate property that happens to change based on wavelength. Our eyes have the ability to sense the wavelength of light, and colour is simply the word we use to describe that sensation. So it isn't one thing changing in response to another - they are actually the same thing.


Question: How big/deep would a puncture have to be for you to bleed out?

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</answer>
 How big/deep would a puncture have to be for you to bleed out?

It’s less about how deep, and more about location. If you get stabbed through your hand, it went all the way through your body but will likely not kill you. You can even get stabbed all the way through the abdomen and not die. However, if you get stabbed in the arm and it hits a main artery you could bleed out in minutes. Location over depth


Question: what exactly is red hat, what do they do and how do they make money?

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 what exactly is red hat, what do they do and how do they make money?

They are a computer software company, more-or-less like Microsoft. The difference is that they develop "open source" software, which means that it is freely available for anyone to modify, or, really, do anything they want with it. While you can run the software they sell without paying any money^*, they largely make money by selling support for computers running that software. \* RedHat has certain trademarks that they don't allow to be freely distributed, but these are largely cosmetic.


Question: What was done differently for SpaceX to create more fitted space suits than NASA ACES suit?

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 What was done differently for SpaceX to create more fitted space suits than NASA ACES suit?

They hired the guy who designs all of the costumes in Disney movies (including the Marvel Cinematic Universe) to design the suit. That guy specifically designed them to look sleek and cool. One of the big changes he made was to not include any external pockets. The orange NASA ACES suit is derived from the pressure suit that was designed by the Air Force for high altitude planes back in the 50's. That suit was covered in pockets because personal computers and LCD screens weren't exactly a thing in the 50's. This meant that the pilots had to take a bunch of paperwork up with them - all of the charts, checklists, and everything else that the needed had to be printed out on paper and carried into the plane. The most convenient place to store this stuff was on the suit itself, which was covered in pockets to facilitate that. This basic "covered in pockets" design was continued on into the Space Shuttle era when it was still necessary for crew members to carry a significant amount of documentation with them which they needed to be able to access quickly. The state of current technology means that all of that paperwork can now reliably be accessed through LCD multi function displays or tablets, meaning that there isn't a reason for the crews to carry it with them, meaning that they don't need a suit that is literally covered in pockets.


Question: What is a Polestar, how can I spot it in the night sky and how is it significant/used?

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 What is a Polestar, how can I spot it in the night sky and how is it significant/used?

Imagine a really tall flagpole stuck into the north pole. If the flag at the top of that pole was bright enough you'd be able to see it at night, and if you walked towards it you would always be heading north. The pole star is a star that just happens to be in the right position, at the end of a *really* long imaginary pole (433 light years) and so is used for navigation. This doesn't work if you're in the south half of the world. You can't see the northern pole star because the body of the earth is in the way. Unfortunately there isn't a bright star above the south pole which can be used. Instead they use the Southern Cross, which is a constellation that is visible almost all year round and points towards the spot where a southern pole star would be. This constellation appears on several southern hemisphere flags, including Australia and New Zealand. The earth's axis also has a slight wobble, and over a period of thousands of years our imaginary flagpole will point to a different star, or to no visible star at all.


Question: How do voice calls work?

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 How do voice calls work?

The simplest way to imagine doing this is by building a circuit which compares a waveform against a bunch of fixed known voltages. Say you have an analog signal ranging from -1V to +1V. By creating a bunch of fixed reference voltages (1V, 0.9V, 0.8V, ... -0.9V, -1V), you can use a simple *comparison* operation to determine which of those voltages your signal is higher than. Say your comparison circuit finds out that it's higher than 0.7V, but not higher than 0.8V. You could transmit this as a `7` to the listener. On the receiving end, a similar circuit (but in reverse) could take this `7` and interpret that by connecting the output signal to the 0.7V reference. By doing this over and over again (say, ten thousand times a second), you can make the voltage at the output roughly match the voltage at the input in basically realtime (as long as you can keep transmitting ten thousand numbers a second). Obviously, real circuits will be much more sophisticated than that. But I hope it illustrates the basic idea.


Question: Why do muscles feel sore after stretching in the same way that they do after working out?

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 Why do muscles feel sore after stretching in the same way that they do after working out?

I’m not sure what you mean by this but; When you exercise you create tears in the muscle fibres and the DOMS (direct onset muscle soreness) is a result of these tears but as they repair they become stronger to prevent tearing again. Stretching will never prevent DOMS or this pain associated with exercise completely it only helps with it by relaxing the muscle and increasing blood flow which helps remove the by products of exercise such as lactate


Question: Why are ice cubes sticky?

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 Why are ice cubes sticky?

When you touch an ice cube there is either moisture in your hand or the heat of your hands melts a little bit of the surface of the ice. Over time (can be very short depending on how cold the ice cubes are) more heat transfers and that bit of moisture gets cold enough to freeze. Now your fingers are very loosely frozen to the ice cube.


Question: Why do songs get stuck in our heads? Currently on day 8 of “Don’t Stop Me Now” by Queen and this ear worm is keeping me up at night!

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 Why do songs get stuck in our heads? Currently on day 8 of “Don’t Stop Me Now” by Queen and this ear worm is keeping me up at night!

There’s a theory in Sociology that it’s an evolutionary advantage. Before writing, the only way to pass on information and save it for the future was memorizing it. Humans who were better able to remember things and pass them on to others had an advantage, and could have more children and pass the traits on to them. It turns out people are much better at remembering words if they are set to music, especially if things rhyme and have a steady beat and interesting melody. Sociologists think earworms (not being able to get a song out of your head) is one trick your brain uses to help you remember lyrics and melodies better. Many people find that they feel relief from these once they get all the lyrics and melody correct, and that having incomplete lyrics in your head makes it worse. So one thing that can help an ear worm is to listen to a recording of the song and sing along. Another is to listen to a completely different song, especially one with no words. The theme from the Andy Griffith show is pretty good for this.


Question: How are there “lakes” underwater?

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 How are there “lakes” underwater?

Usually it's because the water at that depth is both colder and has significantly more salt dissolved in it, that makes it more dense which makes it separate from the surrounding water. This makes pools, and sometimes rivers and lakes of what is effectively "brine" underwater. It has a really bad habit of killing critters that go into it.


Question: How is plastic made clear?

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 How is plastic made clear?

Transparent plastics are clear because they aren't crystalline, either because that's their natural way to be or because they are carefully made that way in manufacturing. There are two major ways solid materials exist: as crystals or as glasses. Crystalline materials have their atoms and molecules perfectly ordered in a packed structure, like stacking golf balls in a box. Glassy materials don't have that order, their molecules make big messy piles like a plate of spaghetti. Glassy materials don't scatter light, so they look clear. Crystalline materials do scatter light, so they look opaque. & #x200B; Plastics are very versatile. Some of them tend to crystallize some or a lot in the solid state, while others remain totally glassy. Glassy plastics are naturally transparent. A good example of this is the polyester that makes plastic soda bottles. Other plastics form little crystals embedded in a mesh of glassy material, which makes them opaque. A good example of this is high-density polyethylene, a common plastic used to make things like milk jugs and molded plastic items. & #x200B; Even more crystalline plastics can be made transparent, though the use of added chemicals and/or the way they are processed. Certain chemicals, called "plasticizers", stop the plastic molecules from ordering into crystals, and can make a normally opaque plastic clear. You can also do it just by cooling melted plastic really, really fast when you are shaping it. If the plastic is cooled very quickly, it freezes the molecules in place and doesn't give crystals a chance to form. The lack of crystals makes the plastic transparent.


Question: How were maps made before planes and satellites?

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 How were maps made before planes and satellites?

People surveyed lands accurately by splitting them up into triangles and using trigonometry to measure distances between points. This involves physically exploring the lands and setting up appropriate triangulation stations to do the measurements from (preferably on a high point so you have a line of sight to the other stations) and gives an accurate framework for any internal mapping. Filling in the internal details can be done using compasses, spirit levels, measuring ropes/chains and theodolites to measure all the features and such. Elevation can be calculated by measuring the gradient of the land as you go up or down it. Here in the UK we still have the early triangulation stations all over the land which were used to make fine detailed maps of the country, they are known as [trig points]( URL_0 ).


Question: taxes? do people actually keep all their receipts or is that just a movie thing

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 taxes? do people actually keep all their receipts or is that just a movie thing

It depends. If you take the standard deduction you don't need receipts. If you take itemized deductions you need to keep receipts so you know exactly how much to take, and to show the IRS there is no fishy business if they get suspicious. Deductions reduce the amount of income you have to pay income tax on. The standard deduction is a set amount that anyone can take no questions asked. For itemized deductions there are certain things the government wants to encourage people to spend money on, ie charity, so they decided that any money someone spends on these things they can deduct from their taxable income.


Question: why do stubbed toes painful for only a minute and then the pain goes away quickly?

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 why do stubbed toes painful for only a minute and then the pain goes away quickly?

I like to compare nerves to water, ripples as pain signals and rocks as pain stimuli. The water ripples a lot when you throw a rock in it but ripples won’t last long if you don’t keep throwing rocks into the water. Once the brain/nervous system knows that the stimulus is not dangerous (and no damage has been made) pain will go away. Pain is made to make you take action and move away from dangerous things. Edit:added info


Question: Why are heating vents positioned right below windows in homes and apartments? It seems like moving them away from windows would make more sense.

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 Why are heating vents positioned right below windows in homes and apartments? It seems like moving them away from windows would make more sense.

Cold air drops to the floor, warm air rises. By positioning the source of warm air below the window (where cold air is coming from), you make sure that the cold and warm air mix. If you position the heating vent away from the window, you can end up with a layer of cold air near the floor and a layer of warm air near the ceiling.