Question: how can they continue to cram more and more memory into tinier and tinier spaces?

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 how can they continue to cram more and more memory into tinier and tinier spaces?

We're reaching the limit actually. There are two types of informations. RAM (Random access memory) and ROM (Read Only Memory). Ram is the memory you computer use when it work. As the name imply, whenever your computer need to store something to use a few seconds later, it ask the RAM "Hey, where can I put it? It takes X amount of space". RAM, as the name imply, then take a random spot in its memory that is available and tell the computer to store his stuff there for the time being. This memory rely on very thin strip of materials that will simply allow or prevent current from going through. Something like tiny electric switches. It's easy to work with, but it rely on constant electricity to work. As soon as you shut the electricity, all the switches stop working and reset to not working. ROM unlike its name CAN be written to. It's your hard drives, SSD, USB, etc. It's the memory that can actually store information for long term. For hard drive, it's a bunch of polarized disks. By applying a current to that part of the disk, you change the polarization of that part of the disk. When you want to read it, you simply check how the polarization at that place is going. Even if you shut the electricity, the info remain, because polarization doesn't need constant electricity. You only need electricity to read or write. On the other hand, it makes the hard drive sensible to magnets. I'm sadly not knowledgeable on SSD behavior, so I'll leave that out for now. First of for ram. It used to be some big lamp that would turn on an off. Eventually, we realized that the lamp was useless, all we needed was the electricity. So we created these nice little switch that would turn on an off. The big issue with changing size is timing. Computer go really fast, and it's reached the point where the speed of electricity matter. So when you shrink stuff, you speed your computer, but you need to make sure the rest of the hardware can handle the speed. Nowadays, we've kept on shrinking more and more material, to the point that these "switches" are just a couple of micrometers. Now we're hitting a physical barrier. We CAN'T shrink anymore simply because we can't ensure reliable transfer of electricity with less material. We're at a point were we need a whole new technology, as we've shaved off most of the material we could. For Ram, it's partly similar, but we had a couple of other things. The concept has remained relatively similar. But by improving precision, we didn't need to put as much space between each polarization. So we could store more on a same surface. There is also making thinner and thinner disks. As they are thinner, you can put more. And finally, we learned to put on both face of disks. As long as we can keep making the writing tools more precise, and maybe if we find a material that we can make thinner, it can still be improved.


Question: what's the difference between gas grades, i.e. 87, 88 "the new standard" and flex fuel?

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 what's the difference between gas grades, i.e. 87, 88 "the new standard" and flex fuel?

The grade refers to the octane rating of the fuel, which is a measure of how easy it is to ignite. The harder a fuel is to ignite, the more it can be compressed in the engine first, and the more energy it will release. The thing is that an engine has to be designed to work with a higher octane fuel - if you put the wrong octane fuel in a car, it will not be igniting at the correct points in the engines cycle, and will work poorly (in some cases causing damage to the engine). Check your manufacturers information for your car, which should tell you the octane ratings the engine will work best with. If you do end up putting the wrong grade in your car, it isn't the end of the world - the car will run on a range of octane ratings, it just won't work as efficiently, and may increase wear.


Question: How does self-modifiying code actually work? Does this just mean it can continuously teach itself to get better with now peak?

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 How does self-modifiying code actually work? Does this just mean it can continuously teach itself to get better with now peak?

Software developer here, That is highly dependent on context. In Lisp, the code is data, and it's absolutely trivial to reason about it as data, at runtime, in your program. This is quite common to do in the language, as runtime code generation and execution is a fundamental language construct. This means you can take your data, blend it with your code, which is just more data, and execute it as new code. Often enough there are constraints put on self modifying code to where the system isn't going to give birth to Skynet. Genetic Algorithms are one such example, where an encoded sequence, the "genetic code" maps to a set of basic constructs, which you can consider to be a domain specific language, where when evaluated, can make more complex structures and behavior. I've seen this used in AI in video games, and I've known it to be used in radio to solve some sort of frequency problem and my late cousin used it in earlier Alzheimer's research. Typically the use of self modifying code is to optimize code paths, for example, if a computation can be replaced with a constant, or if a branch (decision) can always be found true or false, then the other branch can be eliminated completely and the branch doesn't even need to be evaluated. I've read of solvers that again optimize code. For example, given a sorting algorithm an example input and the expected output, the solver can optimize the algorithm for space or speed. The optimization tends to be specific to the test set, and while you can use a prover to show it's correct for all cases, it may suffer an extreme performance penalty for for any input other than the test set.


Question: What's the guy waving a stick in front of the orchestra doing?

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 What's the guy waving a stick in front of the orchestra doing?

He is setting the rhythm for the instrumentalists, as well as directing individual sections or musicians when to come in, when to get louder or softer, when to hesitate, etc. He is directing everyone, so everyone doesn't have to take cues from each other. Basically, without him, musicians would have to either look around at the others to keep time and take cues, but he becomes the central person to glance up at in front of them to take cues, preventing the musicians getting lost by looking up, and allowing the ensemble to be more precise in timing and execution of the piece. :)


Question: What happens to a car battery internally, that causes it to “go bad?”

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 What happens to a car battery internally, that causes it to “go bad?”

Car batteries are two thin sheets of lead alloy, separated by a solution. As the battery charges, lead is plated from one plate to the other. As the battery discharges, the process is reversed. In an ideal world, the lead ions would be perfectly uniformly distributed in the solution, and the plates would remain completely flat. So, that's not how it really works. One plate gets a little bump from random concentration imbalances. That makes the gap between the plates a little smaller. The smaller gap makes that point a more active part of the battery. Over time, a little stalagmite starts to grow toward the other plate. One day, it touches, and the battery has an internal short. Lots of heat in generated, and the plate might be damaged, or even crack and come loose. Not to worry, there are a couple dozen plates in each cell, and the other ones are working fine, for now. Over time, more plates are damaged. that's why it's bad to run a battery dead, this is the stage where the maximum plating effect occurs, shortening the overall life.


Question: Why does the peak volume vary so much from different sources on the internet: music, videos, etc? Also why can't your computer/speakers artificially amplify the peak level?

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 Why does the peak volume vary so much from different sources on the internet: music, videos, etc? Also why can't your computer/speakers artificially amplify the peak level?

It's actually more about average loudness than peak, but /u/swordgeek hit it - lack of standards. It used to be in some genres that musicians and/or engineers would push the loudness as high as possible into a peak limiter (therefore reducing dynamic range, which is a measure of peak to average loudness). This was done in order to stand out, for example, on the radio - when the radio is on in the background and your song comes on just a touch louder, it would catch people's attention. But then the [Loudness War]( URL_1 ) ensued, and that's because in music, film, spoken word, ...everything is pretty much left up to the mastering engineer (and artist, producer, etc) as to final loudness. However, a lot of services (iTunes, Spotify, YouTube, etc) are instituting their own loudness cap, such that if a video or song is louder than their prescribed loudness, their algorithm will detect that and turn it down. It's the beginning of the end of the Loudness Wars, since there's no point in absolutely crushing the life out of a mix that's just going to get turned down anyway. You might as well just have more dynamic range, which IMHO sounds better anyway. Read more [here]( URL_0 ).


Question: Why is it not difficult to engage physically with those you have no feeling toward but difficult to engage physically with those you do?

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 Why is it not difficult to engage physically with those you have no feeling toward but difficult to engage physically with those you do?

Probably because we have a fear of rejection + something to lose. & #x200B; Fear of rejection leads to difficulty to engage them physically for the first time. If they reject your advances such as attempts to hold their hand/s etc it might get awkward and it might cause you two to be less close than you were before if you hadn't made those advances. & #x200B; You have nothing to lose with those you don't care about so that fear of rejection holds almost no value. & #x200B; & #x200B;


Question: I have 4 young plants in a vase. One starts losing strength, space is running out. I take it out of the vase. The other plants now battle for their space and grow stronger than the first plant killed. After a while, one remains. Do plants eat each other's roots? How do they take the space?

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 I have 4 young plants in a vase. One starts losing strength, space is running out. I take it out of the vase. The other plants now battle for their space and grow stronger than the first plant killed. After a while, one remains. Do plants eat each other's roots? How do they take the space?

Each plant's roots need a certain amount of space to ensure adequate nutrient and water absorbtion from the soil. If it's cramped in there, all of them are getting less than they need. This is also why you have to keep transplanting your plants into larger and larger pots as they continue to grow, because they've "outgrown" the one they're in.


Question: in mathematics, what do sin, cos and tan do to a number?

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 in mathematics, what do sin, cos and tan do to a number?

The ***sine*** is a measure of vertical-*ness*. Imagine a Ferris wheel, the wheel rotates by an angle and the **sine** of that angle tells you how "high" or "low" you are on the wheel. (With -1 being at the very bottom, and 1 being at the very top). The ***cosine*** is a measure of horizontal-*ness*. Using the Ferris wheel analogy, this would be how far "left" or "right* you are on the wheel. The ***tangent*** is the slope-*ness* of a ramp. It's the height divided by the base (or Sine divided by Cosine) 0 slope would be a horizontal ramp and infinite (undefined) would be a cliff face.


Question: why do people and businesses "dump" money at the end of the year?

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 why do people and businesses "dump" money at the end of the year?

If you're describing what I think you are, you're referring to budget surplus in a department. So, if I give you $10 to run a lemonade stand per year, but it turns out you only need $8 to run it, next year I'll only give you $8. So, to avoid losing money that you might want to use next year, you spend that $2 at the end of the year to make it appear that it costs $10 each year to run the lemonade stand, and your budget is not reduced.


Question: Why are certain elements bad for humans but when combined together arent so harmful?

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 Why are certain elements bad for humans but when combined together arent so harmful?

For Sodium Chloride, AKA table salt, it has to do with ionization. An atom of Chlorine (Element #17) for reasons best left unexplained on this sub, really wants to gain an extra electron. [If you look at a periodic table]( URL_0 ), all the elements on its vertical column want to do the same. These elements are called Halogens. If you move one step to the right, you get to the Noble Gases. These elements have all the electrons that they want, and as a rule of thumb, an element wants the same number of electrons as the nearest Noble Gas. Now, if you look at Sodium, its nearest Noble Gas is Neon. It wants to lose an electron. So you have Sodium that wants to gain an electron, and Chlorine that wants to lose one. Match made in the cores of very large stars. This is called an ionic bond, and is often created whenever a non-metal (All the orange, dun and light blue ones on the periodic table I linked to, except Hydrogen, sometimes) and a metal (All the rest except the brown ones, those are metalloids or semi-metals.) are combine. If you have just pure Sodium or Chlorine, however, they try to get the amount of electrons they want from other sources, like taking electrons from your lungs (Poisonous) or giving them to water (explosive). Carbon dioxide is somewhat harmful to us in large amounts, but we have mechanisms specifically designed to get rid of it. It poses no danger to healthy humans. Carbon Monoxide however, is different. If introduced to our bloodstream, say, if you breath it in, it replaces oxygen in our red blood cells- Carbon Monoxide is better at binding to them than oxygen is, and this presents a problem because you need that oxygen to survive. Feel free to ask any other questions.


Question: Whate does it mean when an academic article says "X predicted 19.4% of the variance in Y"?

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 Whate does it mean when an academic article says "X predicted 19.4% of the variance in Y"?

I know this one! I think! So in regression you have something you want to explain, Y. You can have several variables, X, that all have something to do with it. You run regression models to find significant Xs that explain Y. This is called the r-square, which is a decimal between 0 and 1. This tells you how much an X explains the variation in Y. Example: how can I explain temperature variation in a given day? Let's say the amount of cloud cover is significant, with an r-square of .36. This means that cloud cover explains 36% of the variation in daily temperature. But what about the rest? If you have other significant variables, they can also add on, but you'll never get 100% of the explanation because life isn't perfectly explainable.


Question: what makes a drug a drug, if a drug has a physiological effect then wouldn't everything we consume be considered a drug?

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 what makes a drug a drug, if a drug has a physiological effect then wouldn't everything we consume be considered a drug?

> [A drug is any substance (other than food that provides nutritional support) that, when inhaled, injected, smoked, consumed, absorbed via a patch on the skin, or dissolved under the tongue causes a temporary physiological (and often psychological) change in the body.]( URL_0 ) The key is that it's something that's *not normally needed* that changes the standard chemistry & operation of your body. You might argue that this is a completely arbitrary distinction but language is full of those.


Question: How are copies of celluloid film reels made?

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 How are copies of celluloid film reels made?

They use a device called a contact printer/copier. It's basically a mechanized lightbox that is used to photograph each individual frame from a master onto a new piece of film, called the release print. So what they do is take the original camera negative, which is used to create an interpositive. You do all your grading and editing work with this. Then it's used to create an internegative. The internegative is then used to create release prints for theaters. In the modern age, the original film negative is scanned into a computer, where a digital interpositive is created. Once all your post-production is done, it's then copied back to film using a digital film recorder. Which works like the contract printer, but it swaps the film master for a high resolution video display. From there you use the contact printer to make release prints from the internegative from your film recorder. Or you can use your final digital interpositive to create digital video files that can be played on cinemas using digital projectors.


Question: What is the purpose or long-term goal of cryptocurrency?

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 What is the purpose or long-term goal of cryptocurrency?

First and foremost, cryptocurrency is about decentralization. The theory is that since it is run by a very large amount of people across countries, it's much harder for one government, corporation, sector or individual to control it. Because of that, it's supposed to be harder for those groups to fix prices, add unnecessary fees, control where the money can go, control how fast it goes there, etc. Anonymity is a mixed bag. Since it's a public ledger, as soon as one transaction reveals the identity of a wallet owner, the complete history of that wallet is also revealed. So, if you're a criminal if you EVER (1) buy cryptocurrency using dollars from a business that can have a warrant served, (2) sell cryptocurrency to get dollars to a business that can have a warrant served or (3) reveal in any communications/records what your wallet address or keys are (things that you have to keep in order to use it) that the police can intercept/confiscate, then literally your *complete*, perfect financial history becomes indestructible public knowledge. So, in this sense, it's an EXTREMELY dangerous step for criminals. Anonymity refers less to *permanent* anonymity and more to per-transaction anonymity. In terms of permanent anonymity, since most businesses will store whatever your payment method is (e.g. credit, checking) along with some identifying information (e.g. your name), you're going to be at risk for any company that gets hacked, etc. of having your payment information revealed. (Then again, you can instantaneously make an arbitrary number of wallets with unique addresses to shield against that a bit.) So, the anonymity refers less to that, which is as much about the record keeping of businesses as it is about the actual payment method. The reason why cryptocurrency counts toward anonymity is that you never *have to* associate your account with a name, legal jurisdiction, age, etc. Right now the most common counterparts to cryptocurrencies for online payments are credit cards and perhaps services like paypal. With both, to use them you have to associate personal information with the account first, such as your name. The primary security piece that is common to cryptocurrency is that transactions are guaranteed, decentralized and irreversible. With a credit card or paypal, it's easy and common for transactions to be reversed upon the seller. With bank accounts, it's possible for governments (e.g. with WikiLeaks) or even credit card companies (e.g. with FetLife) to freeze your account without notice for whatever reason they choose. So, in regard to these qualities, in terms of digital payments, cryptocurrency stands out enormously. Obviously, when you think about things like sanctions, this creates the potential for criminal acts. However, some people who don't believe in the government's right to control their property so closely see this as a very important benefit. We need to separate "cryptocurrency" from bitcoin. They are not synonyms and even Bitcoin continues to change its practical design over time. For example, cryptocurrency can be designed to facilitate "off chain" transactions in order to get around everything being public. One other use of cryptocurrency is microtransactions. Cryptocurrency is easy to reliably control via code and it's also able to be split into arbitrarily small amounts (say, $0.0001). As a result, you can use such tokens in ways that it's not convenient to use cash or credit. For example, [Brave web browser]( URL_0 ) uses it in a sort of transparent "micro-rentals" design for viewing content online ad-free. You could imagine a messaging system that reduces spam by implementing postage (i.e. you have to send $0.01 to the recipient's wallet in order for your message to be delivered). In these kinds of designs, the anonymity (i.e. not needing to swap names), the lightweight nature of it (i.e. being able to perform arbitrarily small and arbitrarily frequent transactions), the security (i.e. irreversible transactions), etc. make it practical to use currency in a way that's prohibitively difficult with alternatives. In addition to micro-transactions like that, there is also the related Ethereum (which is another blockchain with an associated cryptocurrency). You can think of the Bitcoin network as a massive distributed computer to which you pay (supposedly tiny) transaction fees for that computer to execute publicly verifiable programs (e.g. the "transfer money" program) on publicly verifiable data (i.e. your wallet balance). Ethereum is a similar concept except anybody can write/add any programs. So now, the focus becomes less on just the transfer of money (one of the only programs Bitcoin has) and instead on any program you want to run under those same security/integrity guarantees. On Ethereum, the cryptocurrency's actual purpose is just for you to compensate others for the amount of execution time your program will take on the network. So, for example, IIRC somebody was making an online gambling program which is guaranteed be "fair" because it's actual code sitting on the blockchain, verifiable and guaranteed to run as stated. Here the cryptocurrency is inseparable from these other uses of the blockchain it's sitting on. So there are lots of advantages to cryptocurrency over competitors even where there isn't an advantage, it has parity in a lot of areas too. It's not perfect though. The main drawback is freedom. The inability for a government to control it and the inability for a payment processor to reverse a transaction can be dangerous to users who count on protections offered by their government or credit card company. In the long run though, these same kinds of protections could be implemented where they are desired. For reversible transactions, for example, escrow services are a solution that could be implemented.


Question: why is the G on an alto saxophone a concert B flat?

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 why is the G on an alto saxophone a concert B flat?

It's to make it easier when switching instruments. All instruments are designed to be the best shape and size to complement their pitch and tone, but the tricky part comes when someone wants to learn a new instrument. If all music was in concert pitch and an alto saxophone player wants to pick up the flute or the clarinet, or even a different sax like the tenor or soprano, they'd have to re-learn which fingerings correspond to which notes, which gets pretty confusing. Instead, instruments are shifted away from concert pitch, and their music is written in their own respective keys. While this adds the mild annoyance of transposition, it makes it a whole lot easier to switch between instruments. What you'll often find is that a written G for an alto sax (concert Bb), a written G for a tenor sax (concert F) and a written G for a flute (which is concert G, as flutes are in concert pitch) will all have very similar fingerings. Check it out, looking at G on the staff: [Alto Sax]( URL_0 ) [Tenor Sax]( URL_1 ) [Flute]( URL_2 ) Three written G's that will sound as different notes, but which all have those three fingers down (plus an extra on the flute). Makes it really easy to switch between instruments and master them without having to re-learn a confusing amount of fundamentals. You can mostly learn the one fingering, and then just have to remember minor adjustments between instruments, because the music as written will always correspond to the instrument's proper key.


Question: why do cars, especially new cars depreciate so fast?

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 why do cars, especially new cars depreciate so fast?

Let's say that someone is selling a one month old car. Cars are complicated, how well would you know/do you trust your mechanic to find in an hour or less a small issue with some system in the car. The prior owner has owned the car for a month, which is more time to better assess the quality of the car than the buyer. Given that difference in information, how large a discount from the new price do you want? Now we'll go full Sicilian, if the seller knows you'll almost certainly want a large discount and is still selling their car after one month, the small problem must be serious enough that he expects to be better off after selling the car. A few rounds of that logic, and sellers of all but the worst cars are willing to reconsider, and buyers expect the shortly after purchase market to only consist of very poor cars. So prices drop like a rock, the instant a new car is taken off the lot. Because that's a huge loss in value, (and leasing programs) manufacturers try to capture some of that value with certified used sales (where the manufacturer who has considerable knowledge of where problems have occurred can ensure those issues don't exist on a certified used car), but the price is still a good bit lower because the seller always knows more about the car than the buyer.


Question: If the sun does explode in the far future, what would make it explode?

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 If the sun does explode in the far future, what would make it explode?

Stars generate energy in their cores, and this inflates the rest of the gas in the star like a giant balloon. More massive stars produce more energy and inflate to incredible sizes - near the ends of their lives they can inflate to preposterous volumes larger than Mars’ orbit. Large stars explode when their core suddenly stops producing enough energy to keep the rest of the star inflated. They collapse inward at hypersonic speed and the catastrophic shockwave when the innards of the star crumple into core obliterates it. The sun is too small for this, and will fizzle out with a sad stellar fart instead.


Question: What happens if you crash or damage a vehicle during a test drive from the dealership?

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 What happens if you crash or damage a vehicle during a test drive from the dealership?

1. Most of the time, all vehicles in the dealership, especially demo cars are insured. If not one-by-one, usually dealerships get bulk agreements, or just covered under company insurance. 2. You're taking the drive test accompanied by dealership's employee, so you have a witness. 3. If you're not at fault (i.e. you've been T-boned by someone running red light), from your point of view, nothing happens (except you going to the hospital - and I'd guess the insurance will pay for you. 4. If you're at fault, from dealership's points of view, nothing happens, but you're in trouble - bigger or smaller, depending on the agreement. I don't know what's the norm in US, but in Poland, where I live, before test drive you have to sign papers confirming you being in charge of the vehicle, even if it happens inside dealership grounds (i.e. internal testing track - not that there are many of those). This also means dealership has right to view your driver's license, and you can (and should) take a peek into car's legal documentation, if there is any.


Question: Why do different types of soap only clean certain things?

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 Why do different types of soap only clean certain things?

I know about this!! I’m a chemist and also a soap maker: Hand soaps: some are made of “real soap” - which has a very specific definition. Real soap is made of fat + very strong base reacted together. Usually they have little bit of extra oil to not be drying. Hand soaps can also be made of synthetic cleaners (detergents) with added moisturizers to keep hands from drying. Dish soaps: made for maximum cleaning power and bubbles!! These are closer to being pure detergents and usually don’t have additives for moisturizing or other properties. This is why dish soap is great for cleaning grease. Laundry soap: very powerful detergents (lots of cleaning power) with defoamer added. Defoamers reduce the amount of foam made by the detergents. Good ones don’t get in the way of the soap doing it’s job. Expensive detergents also have enzymes (little proteins that break up stains, dirt, etc). Most also have “optical brighteners” which is a fancy way of saying they help make clothes look nicer. Brighter whites! I know others too but I’ll stop there! Edit: defoamers are the main reason you don’t want to use dish soap in your washing machine. Big fluffy bubbles and a giant mixer just don’t go well together. The same is also true with dishwashing soap. Dishwashing soap usually has a lot of water softeners in it too which helps keep the dishes spotless.


Question: Why was the Nintendo Wii so easy to pirate and jailbreak?

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 Why was the Nintendo Wii so easy to pirate and jailbreak?

There were a few easy to use exploits found for the wii. One was a modification to the media reader (DVD) using a modchip to read non-Nintendo disc copies. The other was an exploit involving running a corrupt game save, that allowed root access to the underlying software(kernel). From there you could load/overwrite the system software with whatever you would like to control the system. I don't recall the precise timeline, but it looks like it took a good year before a reliable method existed. Manufacturers have taken much better steps in newer generations to ensure the same drive modchips, and system software is better hardened against similar approaches. A Wii-U hack is much more difficult, and only recently came out ~1 year ago (~5 years after the WII-U release).


Question: How does a magnetic strip (such as on a credit card) store information?

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 How does a magnetic strip (such as on a credit card) store information?

You know how magnets have a north pole and a south pole? The mag stripes are made up of small magnetic particles. By applying a strong magnetic field, you can orient the magnetic direction of those particles one way or the other. The particles themselves don't move, just the direction that they are magnetized. When you move the stripe through a reader, the changes in magnetic direction [induce small pulses of electrical current]( URL_0 ) in the reader, which are then amplified and turned into digital data. A stripe can contain redundant data, so you may only need part of the stripe to be read. It depends on the card. There are commonly 3 "tracks" on a stripe, where a track is a lengthwise section of the strip. Each of those tracks is used for slightly different things, but 1 and 2 quite often contain the same data. So even if one is unreadable, the other one might be OK. Usually the critical information (such as a credit card number) doesn't go the entire stripe length. So a partial swipe could work.


Question: How do emulators save games?

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 How do emulators save games?

Emulators in addition to emulating the hardware can also emulate however the original game system saves data. SNES emulators where the save data is on the cartridge will typically store save data as a separate file in the same folder and with the same name as the ROM but with a different file extension. Save states where you can save at any point are done by saving the entire state of any memory that the hardware has. Things like the state of CPU registers, and RAM contents, and saves this in a format specific to the emulator in a file. As to where these files are, it depends on the emulator, and you'll have to look for the specific folder on the emulators website or Google. Places it could be are usually the same folder the ROM is in, in %AppData% on Windows, or in a folder where the emulator is installed. But yes, after you figure out where the files are you can back them up to an external drive. Oh right, dragging the ROM onto the emulator shortcut is just a common shortcut that opens the emulator and tells it the location of the ROM at the same time. Or dragging it into the open application is a similar shortcut that opens the rom. Nothing is actually copied (usually), so don't delete the ROM.


Question: Why would it be possible to see a ball inside a closed box in a 4d world but not a 3d world?

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 Why would it be possible to see a ball inside a closed box in a 4d world but not a 3d world?

Let's reduce the dimensionality of it, and consider the case of a 2D circle inside a 2D square, as viewed by yourself and Mr. Stick Figure, a flatlander. As a flatlander, Mr. Figure can only see forwards/backwards and up/down. He sees everything as lines that are closer or further away from him, or higher up/lower down than he is. He can also rotate objects only so that they roll towards him or away from him. Left and right do not exist for him, and so if he puts a circle in a square, there is no "other" direction for him to move in to go "around" the walls of his square safe. Except, as a 3D creature observing Mr. Figure sliding around on your wall, you can clearly see the alternate direction. Mr. Figure is thinner than a piece of paper and can't even conceptualize something that is off his wall, but you could just reach out and poke the ball inside the safe, since there's no wall blocking your access from the third dimension. You could also poke inside of his brains if you wanted, because his skull is just a 2D oval, not a 3D ovoid. If you've got some time, look at URL_0 . I've put in a timestamp near the good part of the explanation, but it's a full movie on the subject if you're interested.


Question: why do printers need all their colors to print something even if the requested print is just black and white?

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 why do printers need all their colors to print something even if the requested print is just black and white?

Almost all inkjet and laser printers put [Machine Identification Code]( URL_0 ) dots on their printed pages. This allows the page to be associated with the printer that produced it, which can be helpful for law enforcement. As these dots are color, they require color ink to be present to print.


Question: If Hitler was austrian, why didn't he fight for austrian nationalism?

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 If Hitler was austrian, why didn't he fight for austrian nationalism?

Hitler claimed to be ethnically German. One of the reasons stated for invading Poland was to return ethnic Germans to Germany. The Nazi of being German wasn't just a place of birth but of "blood lines" or ethnic history. Really though people like Hitler will use whatever method is effective to gain power, it happened that anti-Semitism and German nationalism is what worked at the time.


Question: Why does spending a few hours out in the sun at the beach make you get so tired?

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 Why does spending a few hours out in the sun at the beach make you get so tired?

Dehydration. The beach tends to have a constant breeze, so you don't notice yourself sweating as much as you actually are. There also is very little shade, so you body overheats a little. This also means furthering dehydration, but it also throws your body out of equilibrium, exactly like having a fever.


Question: What are the steps for any citizen regardless of education (USA) to get involved in writing policy, bills, laws, or proposals? How does one make contacts with the proper people to eventually get these ideas voted on?

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 What are the steps for any citizen regardless of education (USA) to get involved in writing policy, bills, laws, or proposals? How does one make contacts with the proper people to eventually get these ideas voted on?

Political parties are considered to be the basic unit of democracy, so join a party. You'll get in touch with people of similar interests and with policymakers. Developing done relations is a pretty easy from that point and a good idea for a law is always welcome. The next opportunity would be joining a lobby group, which again does the same thing as the party but on a smaller scale. To write the literal text of the laws you'd have to be hired in legislative organs and hold a law degree, because laws are technical as all hell. You can also petition a law proposal through your representative


Question: Why do some people struggle with weight loss/gain their whole lives while others are thin without effort?

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</answer>
 Why do some people struggle with weight loss/gain their whole lives while others are thin without effort?

The simple truth that is that thin people eat less food than fat people. The science is irrefutable. I'm thin, I eat whatever kinds of food I want, I'm not constantly exercising or at the gym. I constantly hear people tell me how lucky I am because I have a high metabolism, but when we sit down to eat, it's immediately obvious that my metabolism has a lot less to do with it than the fact that their plate has 2-3 times as much food on it as mine, they are drinking 1-2 glasses of soda with their meal (I usually drink water), then have seconds and/or desert, and afterward they would never think of taking the stairs instead of the elevator. The bottom line is, just practice reasonable portion control and get moderate exercise each day. That's it. A box of cookies isn't for consuming in one sitting, soda should not be your main source of hydration, a bit of walking outside in the fresh air isn't that hard to do.


Question: What happens to that thing I returned at the store/online?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 What happens to that thing I returned at the store/online?

I have no idea why I'm seeing these brand new threads on the frontpage (did Reddit change its settings recently?) but I'll answer you. It depends on WHY you returned it. If it was just "changed my mind" or "this was a gift that I don't want", e.g. the item is still sellable and nothing's wrong with it, then they put it back on the shelf. If you return an item because it's defective, on the other hand, it will get thrown in a bin called "RTV" or "return to vendor". Basically, the store sends broken items back to the vendors who in turn send them back to the companies for a refund. So they aren't actually stuck paying for broken stuff - they eventually get their money back. Then there's a middle category. This is mostly for electronics stores like Best Buy, where they have return policies saying you can return OPENED but LIKE NEW items - e.g. you buy a computer, use it a week and decide you don't like it very much. That stuff then usually gets sold as "open box". It's marked down from the NEW price since it's no longer sealed. I've bought lots of open box items to score a discount before. That usually includes stuff like if all the accessories are included or not. (Sometimes, if you lose a charging cable or similar, the store will give you a partial refund, and then just sell it for even less) They take a slight hit, but obviously they're still selling it for more than they paid so they still make a profit - just not as much of one.


Question: Why the dollar sign comes in front of the amount?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why the dollar sign comes in front of the amount?

It's an accounting artifact from when accounting ledgers were done by hand with a pen. $104.35 some ledgers had 1 square for a number kind of like graphing paper. The $ in the square made it difficult to tamper with the number. Like this; URL_0 Same with using red ink or < $124.74 > or (126.24) for negative numbers instead of using the - sign


Question: Why is video conferencing still iffy 15 years after Skype launched, even though internet speeds and processing power have gone up dramatically?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why is video conferencing still iffy 15 years after Skype launched, even though internet speeds and processing power have gone up dramatically?

As technology get's better we also require higher quality video. So yes the transportation of information has gotten better, but we are also asking more of the transportation network. Additionally video is really hard to do correctly. The way the internet works is by this idea of 'packets', it's sorta like a chunk of data that get's sent and then reassembled with all the other data on the other side. If it's a regular file that just counts from 1-100 (really any file that's not real time) you can send numbers in any order (8, 92, 4, 6, 23) and then just rearrange them at the end as long as you have all 100 numbers. This also allows you to "drop" a packet. So if you dropped a 25 and 46 during your transmission you can just resend at the end and finalize assembling. However with calling and especially video calling, you can't just reorder those packets willy-nilly. Every single packet sent needs to be sent in order, otherwise you could get "hey you how are?" instead of "hey how are you?". Additionally you can't stop the whole process when you lose a packet to resend it, as that would just continuously add to the time delay. Instead of the 1 or 2 second delay you have now, the longer the call the longer the delay, an hour long call would end with a 5 minute delay. So how do they overcome all these challenges? Well they interpolate some information. If a packet full of video is dropped they can estimate what the picture should look like based off of what it used to look like. If a group of five pixels is currently blue, but you don't know what they should look like 1 second from now, you can estimate they will probably also look blue. That's the choppiness you see. The robot voice is pretty similar, if you have part of the audio like the basic words, but not the intonation you can just set the intonation to be equal to what is was during your last good packet. This manifests as a 'robot' voice because it's pretty monotone. The ability to estimate this stuff on the fly is actually very impressive even though it does look pretty crappy when you have it happen to you.


Question: If fingerprints never change, why do fingerprints needs to be taken multiple times(e.g. some health jobs require a fingerprint check every time you renew your license) and why can't various industries talk to each other (e.g job working with children and an application for a gun license)?

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 If fingerprints never change, why do fingerprints needs to be taken multiple times(e.g. some health jobs require a fingerprint check every time you renew your license) and why can't various industries talk to each other (e.g job working with children and an application for a gun license)?

For one, there is no almighty database. Different programs use different databases and not all programs are integrated together. Luckily things at getting easier when more and more companies develop an API for their product but that is not a guarantee. As for why the renewal, when having security access it is usually required to update biometrics as a security thing. then there is bureaucracy, which is just paper work. Think of how many damn forms ask for your social security number in the states


Question: In terms of computer's RAM(SSD, HDD) - what is a cache and how does it work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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</answer>
 In terms of computer's RAM(SSD, HDD) - what is a cache and how does it work?

One of the basic rules of computing is that performance costs money. We know how to build faster hdd's and memory, but it is often cost prohibitive to do so. But with some clever engineering we can use a small amount of expensive and high performance storage to improve the performance of slower storage. Think of a cache as a sort of middle man between slower storage and the rest of the computer, allowing the computer to interact with the cache at high speed while the slower and cheaper storage catches up.


Question: - No gold reserves are backing the full US economy, so how is it valued and how is the USD currency kept up against other currencies without gold reserves backing it 100%?

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 - No gold reserves are backing the full US economy, so how is it valued and how is the USD currency kept up against other currencies without gold reserves backing it 100%?

Same reason people accepted a metal that's pretty bad at doing most jobs aside from making electronics (which uses only a tiny amount) compared to pretty much any metal or alloy. People were willing to accept it for goods and services, not just anyone could make more of it easily, and it doesn't go bad if you lock it in a box. Gold's value fluctuates just like any other commodity, and letting someone else handle your money supply turned out to be very bad for many economies. This is speculation, since no modern government is dumb enough to go back on the gold standard. But gold traders could probably tank a nation's economy by just buying gold. You try to do that with fiat currency and you're fighting a money printer. In addition the US dollar is the only thing accepted by the US government for taxes. And several countries only sell oil for US dollars.


Question: Why does 100 km/h not feel so incredibly fast when seated in a train or car whereas it does feel really fast when seated in an attraction like a rollarcoaster?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does 100 km/h not feel so incredibly fast when seated in a train or car whereas it does feel really fast when seated in an attraction like a rollarcoaster?

* 100 km/h is a speed. * Humans don't feel speed, we feel force and force comes from acceleration * Acceleration is caused by two things: * Change of speed * Change of direction * When seated in a train or car you aren't accelerating very much. Sure there are small changes in speed and direction. * On a rollercoaster, the entire point is the make you *feel* it. So the entire ride is designed to change your speed and direction.


Question: When you cut something, isn’t there a chance that you will cut an atom and there will be an explosion?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 When you cut something, isn’t there a chance that you will cut an atom and there will be an explosion?

Imagine you have a cube made out of little magnetic balls. You've probably seen them. Make a knife out of those magnetic balls. I'll let you use glue to hold it all in place. Now, cut the cube with the knife and try splitting one of the magnetic balls in half doing so.


Question: why won't companies like Valve make games such as Half Life 3 which would pretty much guarantee them unimaginable profits? Is there another reason for not doing it apart from the risk of it not being that good?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 why won't companies like Valve make games such as Half Life 3 which would pretty much guarantee them unimaginable profits? Is there another reason for not doing it apart from the risk of it not being that good?

Valve is making money hand over fist with Steam. Half Life 3 has impossible expectations to live up to so I'm sure they'll wait until the risk doesn't outweigh the reward. Why risk messing things up right now when they're doing really well? Square long ago said they would never remake FF7. They're now remaking FF7 because something about their situation changed and they think it's good for business. That might happen in the future to Valve but there is really no way to tell without waiting for it to happen.


Question: Where does the money go when the Federal Reserve injects cash into the market?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Where does the money go when the Federal Reserve injects cash into the market?

It’s where the banks can get to it, to keep lending money. The problem is if the banks stop lending to mid and small size companies who don’t have vast cash reserves like the Fortune 500 companies. It especially applies to those Regional banks again that don’t have the reserves say of Bank of America. They’re priming the pump to keep confidence high.


Question: Why do air bubbles form on the side of glasses of water that have been left undisturbed for a while?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why do air bubbles form on the side of glasses of water that have been left undisturbed for a while?

Water has air dissolved in it. When it's pressurized in pipes, it gets air forced into it. Most home sinks have aerators that mix in air when it's being poured. Even splashing it into a glass can add some air. Over time, these gasses come out of solution & form bubbles. Often, the bubbles form at the side of the glass where there's little imperfections ('nucleation sites') for the gas to stick to. It's not a lot different than a carbonated beverage except that the carbonated beverage has a *lot* more gas dissolved in it, so you get get streams of bubbles at the nucleation sites, growing large enough to float to the top.


Question: Why is it louder when a bunch of people make the same sound at the same time?

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 Why is it louder when a bunch of people make the same sound at the same time?

Waves interfere constructively and destructively. Think about pushing someone on a swing, when you push them the way they are already swinging they swing higher, and when you push against their motion they swing less. Waves that encounter each other then will combine into one wave. The peaks of the sound wave from one person will combine with the peaks of other people's voices to push the combined sound louder.


Question: What ecological role do nocturnal urban critters like skunks, raccoons and opposums have?

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 What ecological role do nocturnal urban critters like skunks, raccoons and opposums have?

All three of them have pretty similar roles as small browsing omnivores. In the wild, they would eat choice plant material like berries, along with insects and small animals they might be able to catch. It's not that much different in the city, except for most of the potential plant food sources aren't around, but there are a lot more types of human leftovers tossed all over the place.