Question: Why can we see shockwaves, and when we see them, what exactly are we really seeing?

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 Why can we see shockwaves, and when we see them, what exactly are we really seeing?

A shockwave changes the density of the air, basically turning it into a sort of lens. Light changes direction whenever it passes through a different medium, which is why looking through a glass of water makes things behind it look weird. By compressing and then decompressing the air, the shockwave can bend the light passing through it, making it visible to us.


Question: Why do some non-ginger guys have ginger beards?

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 Why do some non-ginger guys have ginger beards?

The genes that control head hair and facial hair and body hair are not all the same genes. There are multiple genes that impact our hair, determining its color, texture, wether it’s thick or thin, all that stuff. So it’s possibly to have some variations, though there are some combinations like black hair and a blond beard arent really possible, but red and brown are pretty close.


Question: How is it possible for panic attacks to manifest similar symptoms to a heart attack if there aren't any other underlying health factors present?

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 How is it possible for panic attacks to manifest similar symptoms to a heart attack if there aren't any other underlying health factors present?

That is essentially due to stress. When you are normally stressed, your body create stress hormones which make you more receptive to danger, more reactive, make you feel fear, and prepare your muscles to an intensr activity (if you need to run away). It's totally chemical. About panick attack: It happened to me after a long stress period (~1year) : your body accumulate stress hormones and is not able to eliminate them anymore so you are in "constant stress" even if nothing stressful happen, it's nearly impossible to control. Stress hormones make you tired, contract every muscles of your body even those near the heart and the stomach, which causes (real) pain that make you believe you have a heart problem. Plus, your brain reacts to the hormones and the pain with a sentiment of intense fear (a fear like : I need to go to the nearest hospital NOW). So you have a huge pain in the chest and an intense fear : that's very near to an heart attack symptoms.


Question: Why do we still "see" light even if our eyes are closed?

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 Why do we still "see" light even if our eyes are closed?

Because our eyelids are thin. Pull your t-shirt over your head and stare at a light bulb. Now drop a phone book on your face and look at the same light bulb. Phone book thicker than t-shirt, hand thicker than eyelid. If my 5 year old ever asks me this I'll send him back.


Question: Why do we rely on donations from the public for disaster relief? Isn't this the government's responsibility?

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 Why do we rely on donations from the public for disaster relief? Isn't this the government's responsibility?

> Shouldn't the government be able to fully fund disaster relief without relying on contributions from the general public? If you want to fully fund disaster relief, that means convincing voters to raise taxes, or cut spending elsewhere. getting Disaster funding is notoriously tricky. No one wants to pay for it until it happens (especially if it happens to them), and no one wants to subsidize areas that are disaster prone. If federal funds are used, it means places that don't get hit (say, Wyoming) will pay for something only FL/Texas would use. Voters in Wyoming might not be super keen on that. > I believe the federal government should pay for these resources - even if they just cut a private company a check to feed/temporarily house/etc. victims. Our tax dollars should cover this. If you think it should- great! convince other voters. Right now, you're in the minority. The government does do quite a bit for relief. It's just not fully funded. It's not a question of whether the government can or can't. It can, but people don't necessarily agree with you. > I'm focused more on why the public is being urged (and many corporate leaders have donated millions) to donate to disaster relief - which goes to companies like the Red Cross. The Red Cross in turn pays for food, water, etc. to help people during disaster time. The idea is that the federal government covers the bare minimum of what people want federally covered. However, private donations are encouraged for people who feel more should be done. This allows people who wish to help more, to do so. The people who don't, don't.


Question: when muscles get stronger they grow. How do our lungs get stronger if you go for a long run?

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 when muscles get stronger they grow. How do our lungs get stronger if you go for a long run?

Your lungs aren't actually a muscle. They themselves can't get stronger, because they're not the thing providing the power to breathe. You breathe with a muscle called your *diaphragm*. It's a sheet of muscle that separates your chest from your belly. When it contracts, it moves downwards. This increases the pressure in your belly and decreases the pressure in your chest. As the pressure in your chest decreases, air rushes in from your nose/mouth and inflates your lungs, like two little balloons. To breathe out, the diaphragm relaxes, moving back upwards. This increases the pressure in your chest again, squeezing the air out of your lungs back up your windpipe and out your mouth/nose. Your lungs never actually do any work; they only ever "get inflated" and "get deflated". When you go for a long run, you're strengthening your diaphragm.


Question: What happens to time once it has passed?

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 What happens to time once it has passed?

Time isn't a "thing" or an object. It isn't represented by particles or waves etc. Time is how the universe keeps track of interaction. It distinguishes cause and effect, like an orchestra conductor coordinates of the actions of a symphony orchestra. Time has no meaning if there is no interaction. It cannot be stored or recycled.


Question: What do the rally drivers' partners say while they drive?

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 What do the rally drivers' partners say while they drive?

It *really* matters. A rally isn't like a circuit race where you cover the same lap of a track over and over, so you very quickly get to know the exact speeds you can go round each corner - in a rally, the chances are you will only be driving that particular stretch of road once or maybe twice (and often if you do it again, it's in the opposite direction). This means that in order to be fast, you need to know as much as possible about the road ahead of you. This is where pace notes come in - that's what the co-driver/navigator is calling out. There's no fixed system but most teams tend to use fairly similar systems. The co-driver will call out something like: *"sixty, four left into three right"* That means, in sixty yards there is a left-hand bend that you need to be in fourth gear for, which goes immediately into a third-gear right-hander. As soon as they're into that sequence of bends, the co-driver will start calling out the next bit. Of course, what they end up calling out involves a whole lot more information than that - you'll hear things like: *"Sixty, four right tightens over crest into jump maybe and square right don't cut over bridge into square right, fifty."* Which translates as "in sixty yards, there is a fourth gear right-hander that tightens up, immediately after which is a bump or crest that might make the car leave the ground. Then there's a 90 degree right turn which has got something substantial on the inside of the corner (so don't hit it). This takes us over a bridge, then another 90 degree right turn, then it's fifty yards until whatever I start saying next happens". One of the most important skills for a rally driver is to be able to process information like this on the fly while driving a car as fast as possible in usually less than ideal conditions (it's a similar skill requirement to modern fighter pilots) while knowing that driving too slowly will lose them huge amounts of time, but driving even a fraction too quickly will almost certainly end their race; there are no run-off areas on rally stages, usually just trees or cliffs...


Question: why Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems is very important in mathematics and philosophy? I’ve been reading but I somehow can’t absorb the technical stuff

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 why Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems is very important in mathematics and philosophy? I’ve been reading but I somehow can’t absorb the technical stuff

Incompleteness shows that there will always be true, but unprovable statements for any axiomatic system you have. That's important because mathematics and philosophy are axiomatic systems. This gets rid of any hope of "100%ing math", and also introduces proof of unprovability. My favorite example is that if you can prove that the Rieman Hypothesis is unprovable, then it has to be true, because any counterexample has to be provable.


Question: Why do our voices change as we get elderly? What causes the gravelyness in old people's voices? Is it inevitable?

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 Why do our voices change as we get elderly? What causes the gravelyness in old people's voices? Is it inevitable?

Vocal cords are basically folded-up bits of squishy mucous membrane that bang against each other. Air moves through these folds. When the folds move, that changes the way the air that flows through them moves, which causes vibrations, which causes sounds. What the vibrations sound like depends both on the movement of the folds and on the size and shape of the folds themselves (bigger folds tend to cause lower pitched sounds, which is why our voices deepen as we get older and why men tend to have deeper voices than women). Picture a drum. You bang on the head of the drum to produce sounds. A bigger drum sounds deeper (ex: a bass drum), while a smaller drum sounds higher (ex: a snare drum). You can also change how the drum sounds by tightening or loosening the head of the drum. When we get older, the composition of the tissues changes. Parts of it get thinner and more fragile, and parts of it become thicker, and the muscles controlling it atrophies and becomes weaker. This is not only true of the vocal folds: all our tissues undergo a similar change. Picture the same drum again, but now imagine it covered in a thick blanket, or loosening the head of the drum so much that it sags. Consider how that would change the sound the drum makes. It would probably sound duller or quieter. That's what happens when we age.


Question: How do we know that irrational numbers are irrational?

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 How do we know that irrational numbers are irrational?

One very common method is to prove that it must be irrational by assuming the opposite. This is called a proof by contradiction. Say the goal is to prove that X is irrational. Start by ASSUMING that X is rational and therefore it can be expressed by a fraction of two integers say p/q. From this point, show that p and q cannot be integers or something contradictory, for example p > q AND p < q at the same time. Since this cannot be true, as long as there were no other assumptions used, then the only assumption that must be incorrect is the original one, ie that X is rational. Therefore X must be irrational.


Question: Why do we misspell words when we write/type but not when we speak?

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 Why do we misspell words when we write/type but not when we speak?

Well, the idea of misspelling words when you speak is kind of nonsensical on its face, isn't it. But that doesn't rule out other kinds of linguistic errors. > Or maybe it is happening when I speak and I've just never noticed before? Basically, I think you're misunderestimating the number of mistakes people make in their speech.


Question: How does mold react when it comes into contact with bleach?

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 How does mold react when it comes into contact with bleach?

It dies. Bleach is toxic to all life. Essentially what it does is cause the proteins (the small molecular machines that do all the work in your cells) to unfold, in a similar way to what heat does. This means that the cells stop functioning, break apart and die. Bleach would do the same to bacteria, plants, and animals and so is dangerous to all forms of life, the same way heat is.


Question: why does music seem quieter when louder external noise is present?

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 why does music seem quieter when louder external noise is present?

The Tensor Tympani Your ear hole leads to the ear drum which then shakes the 3 little bones in your ear which amplify the vibration and feed it into the cochlea where little hairs detect sound. The Tensor Tympani connects to the little "Hammer" bone in your ear and when it tenses it damps out the motion meaning the vibrations which finally make it to your cochlea are much smaller and therefore quieter. When you encounter a noisy environment, this muscle will tense up to reduce the volume and hopefully protect your hearing but its is limited in how much it can damp the sound so you should still wear hearing protection when dealing with extremely loud or loud and sustained environments


Question: What is the difference between capital and money?

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 What is the difference between capital and money?

Capital is the stuff that helps you make more money but would cost money. It's goods that you don't really want on their own, but have some kind of utility. Let's say you want to start up a delivery company, what you \*want\* to do is deliver stuff to people and get paid for that. So you need a car. That car is capital, because it helps you make money. Edit: I should point out that your personal car wouldn't be considered capital if you aren't using it to produce goods or services. Using something to make something else is what defines capital.


Question: What would happen if you filled an HD or SSD to the last byte? Would it stop the pc from functioning?

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 What would happen if you filled an HD or SSD to the last byte? Would it stop the pc from functioning?

Yes. Modern operating systems like Windows use a portion of your hard drive to store some temporary files it needs to function. It may also use your disk as extra memory if your onboard memory gets over utilized. For this reason, there has to be some space available for these temporary files. Windows for sure (other OSs too, probably) has some alerting that is built in to start warning you when your space is getting low. You can change when this occurs in the performance/alerts section, but I believe the default is 10% remaining. Continuing to fill up your disk space will result in gradual increases in performances issues until your computer is pretty much unusable and it becomes difficult to even delete files to free up space as even the act of deleting files takes up some temporary space.


Question: Why is leasing a vehicle considered such a "no-brainer" bad finincial move?

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 Why is leasing a vehicle considered such a "no-brainer" bad finincial move?

The question really depends on specifics to you. Pros with leasing, you get a new car every 3-5 years. Possibly able to write off the lease expense, if leasing as a business vehicle. Cons if you go over the alloted milage contract, the excess miles are expensive. What if you hit your milage limit at 28 months into a 36 month lease? Keep the car garaged for the rest of the time and still pay the monthly lease. Generally owning a car is cheaper over the long run. Certain specifics might change that for individuals.


Question: How do baby animals like jaguar cubs and fox pups know to wait for their mom when she goes out hunting without wandering away from the den and getting lost?

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For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do baby animals like jaguar cubs and fox pups know to wait for their mom when she goes out hunting without wandering away from the den and getting lost?

Baby animals operate with a lot of instinctive behaviors - things that are hard-coded into the structure of their brains from day one. They don’t have to be taught to not wander far from mom, they always knew because it’s in their genetics. Baby animals that didn’t have this behavior baked in were less likely to survive, and over many generations it has been strongly reinforced.


Question: if things can be explained in more laymen terms, what is the benefit of explaining them in more complicated terms to begin with?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 if things can be explained in more laymen terms, what is the benefit of explaining them in more complicated terms to begin with?

I can explain how to bake a cake in laymen terms. You mix the dry and wet ingredients together, and put it in the oven until it is ready. But to actually get someone to bake a cake, I need to give them a recipe that has more information. I need to say things like "Sift the flour" and "line the tin with parchment paper." It's much easier for me to give a recipe using baking terminology than to go "Take out a special tool with lots of little holes in it in a half-dome shape, and then put flour in it and shake it a lot." Using complicated terms is necessary for fully explaining complicated ideas.


Question: why does Google translate spit out completely crazy nonsensical things sometimes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does Google translate spit out completely crazy nonsensical things sometimes?

It's still very much in development. It's all automated, so there's going to be some nuances that don't carry over. What you're seeing here is basically what the Google Search engine was like circa 1999. Google Translate uses algorithms that are based on UN Transcripts. Nearly every UN meeting is public record, and translated by competent humans into nearly every spoken language. That way no country is "left out" of the conversation. Do this for a couple of decades and you've got a really fucking boring but really long Rosetta Stone for the modern era. With that base, they can do a pretty OK job translating most formal writing that your grammar teacher would be proud of. When you start mixing in words that didn't make the UN minutes, it starts getting fucky. I wager extended debate on the "tostostostostostostostostostostos" issue didn't quite make the UN docket, so Google has to guess at what you're mashing into the algorithm. Given no other context, it's still giving you the best match for your translation, even if that high score is less than 1%. But, Google's Algorithm learns, as it did in 1999. It will recognize that "tostostostos" is a failure, but eventually many someones will want it legitimately translated, and give it some positive hits to learn from.


Question: Why can't we put an entire city under WiFi as opposed to providing coverage with cellular data?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't we put an entire city under WiFi as opposed to providing coverage with cellular data?

Frequencies.... wifi is designed to operate in a set of frequencies that makes them ideal for medium-range distances only, we are talking about something in the range of an small house. Wifi radio waves are easily blocked by objects like walls, doors, trees, etc. So in order to make it available in a large area, you need to place a lot of repeaters around it. To properly cover an small city basically you will need to place a repeater on every crossroads and in the center of every block. And thats without taking into consideration large buildings. Cellular radios on the other hand works on a very different set of frequencies that allows them to bounce and go trough walls and any objects more easily, so with a single high power antenna (tower) you can cover an area the size of an small-to-medium city with good reception quality. Effectively lowering the costs, and the amount of work required to setup a network (and its maintenance), at the expense of losing a little amount of bandwidth per user. Also remember that cellular towers provides a lot of services to their users, not just internet. Providing the same amount of services on wifi would require a whole lot of infrastructure changes, and a lot of very expensive devices to support it. They are just different things designed to solve different problems.


Question: Why single Oxygen is not found in environment, but it appears as O2 only?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why single Oxygen is not found in environment, but it appears as O2 only?

It's just very stable. An analogy for a 5 yo might be like if millions of little magnets were flying around in the air. They'll inevitably run into each other, and the ones that match up north to south will click together, and really dont have a good reason to separate.


Question: If almost all camera lenses are circular, then why are almost all pictures rectangular?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If almost all camera lenses are circular, then why are almost all pictures rectangular?

Cameras work by shining light on something that changes color forever when the light hits it. While the lens may be a circle, the thing the light hits is a rectangle. When cameras first became popular, the thing the light hit was a roll of film. It was essentially one long, thin sheet, rolled up onto a spool. The camera would cover all but a small section of the roll of film, and allow the light to hit that. Because of the way it was shaped, the piece left uncovered was a rectangle, because you could fit more rectangles on a roll of film, which fit more pictures, so it cost less per roll of film.


Question: Are there any elements besides Uranium and Plutonium capable of creating a thermonuclear explosion?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are there any elements besides Uranium and Plutonium capable of creating a thermonuclear explosion?

Uranium and plutonium are not able to create thermonuclear explosion, they are only able to create nuclear explosion. Nuclear explosion mean fission energy, while thermonuclear mean fusion energy. Uranium and plutonium are used as a source of fission energy to force the fusion of hydrogen and that's this fusion of hydrogen that create thermonuclear explosion. In the Sun there is enough pressure to create thermonuclear explosion without any uranium or plutionium. Hydrogen alone is needed if you have enough mass. & #x200B; But you probably mean nuclear explosion and in that case you have two type of material that can do that. Fissile material can create nuclear explosion directly by absorbing a neutron, while fertible material can only create nuclear explosion indirectly. By that I mean that absorbing a neutron will transform them into fissile material and if they absorb a neutron again, they will create a nuclear reaction. Fissile material include : Uranium, Plutonium, Radium, Curium, Californium, Actinium, Berkelium, Thorium, Neptunium and Protactinium. Important to know, only specific isotope of those element are fissile. So for them exmple Thorium239 is fissile, but Thorium232 (which is the Thorium we most often hear about) is not fissile, but is fertile. & #x200B; Fertile material include : Thorium, Uranium, Plutonium and Americanium. & #x200B; Keep in mind that even if there is 10 fissile elements, most of them can only be artificially created, which is super costly or they are highly radiactive, meaning they decay too fast to be of any use. The reason why Uranium and Plutonium are the only one you heard of is because Uranium235 if fissible and Uranium238 is fertile and will transform into Plutonium 239 which is fissile and both U235 and U238 are found in nature, so they are by far the easiest material to use. Anything else would be vastly more costly and harder to get.


Question: While programming a game, how do image textures like this work to make an actual game?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 While programming a game, how do image textures like this work to make an actual game?

When mapping textures to the 3D model you can specify which parts of the texture go on what part of the model. You are basically telling the game engine to only use a small portion of the image for the legs, this portion for the arms, this one for the face, etc. This is more efficient than splitting it up into multiple files. You can also reuse the same texture for multiple different objects like in your chess example. This way only one image is loaded into memory and each game piece is told to use different specific parts of that one texture.


Question: If delta wings are only good for speeds above Mach 1, how come they are the standard design for paper planes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If delta wings are only good for speeds above Mach 1, how come they are the standard design for paper planes?

Its more about the rigidity of the material When you make delta wings on your paper airplane you end up with wings that have been folded a couple of times and are no longer floppy paper. They're strong enough to support the plane as it glides, and even have a bit of an airfoil shape to help with lift. If you try to make a glider style with longggg narrow wings out of paper you'll just have this big floppy wing that will collapse rather than holding the plane aloft. It also won't have the optimized airfoil which gives the good lift:drag ratio required of a glider. Also, delta wings aren't *only* good at supersonic speeds, they're just not the optimal design for low speeds as they have higher drag making them less fuel efficient for long hauls


Question: How come the same prescription for eyeglasses produces thick "coke bottle" lenses can be used for paper thin contacts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come the same prescription for eyeglasses produces thick "coke bottle" lenses can be used for paper thin contacts?

The glasses are pretty far from your cornea (the lens on the front of the eye. Contact lenses are, or course, in contact with the cornea. A much thinner lens can bend the light the required number of degrees because the light hasn't spread out to an aviator's eyeglasses sized area before the lens has to capture it.


Question: How do instant money transfer services like Venmo & Paypal work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do instant money transfer services like Venmo & Paypal work?

Venmo and Paypal are the intermediaries. You Venmo your friend $50 and they instantly withdraw the cash from their Venmo account before it even hits your credit card (or whatever funds your Venmo). What really happened is that you promised to give Venmo $50, and Venmo has decided that you're good for it so they gave your friend $50. Since they're acting as a pseudo-bank, they don't mind waiting for the check from your Credit Card. If you backcharge the account, they're likely out the $50, but that's a cost of doing business. That's also why they usually charge an "Instant Withdrawal" fee to cover the risk they're assuming. If your friend left the $50 in his venmo account they'd have a right to pull it back out when you reverse the transfer or backcharge. They're not unfamiliar to folks pulling a low-key scam using Backcharge and Instant Withdrawals. First offense it usually means they eat the $50, and ban everything about you (email, billing address, SSN, CC#, etc). For sums less than $1k they're not worth the legal expense to sue you. Do it regularly and they're compliance/security team will be after you. Every transaction is geotagged, so they're going to start putting together a profile of people doing more than a polite amount of scamming or running illegal businesses via their app. That gets tied up into a nice bow and dropped off at the relevant DOJ/Prosecutor for a fraud case.


Question: What muscles are the least used and why do humans still have them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What muscles are the least used and why do humans still have them?

The palmaris longus. It is a muscle in our forearm. It doesn't do anything. 14 percent of people don't even have it. Those that do have one have it because it is a vestige of days when claws and climbing were important for survival (and not a hindrance to handling tools). It is still there in most people because having the muscle doesn't hurt anything in terms of survival, so there is not pressure on the trait. In other mammals, it serves to retract skin to expose the claws.


Question: Can soil erosion one day completely finish the fertile soil available on our planet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can soil erosion one day completely finish the fertile soil available on our planet?

If the farmer does nothing to rejuvenate the nutrients in the soil, often done via crop rotation, which is planting crops that add necessary nutrients to the soil as they grow and when they are tilled in, rather than planting a crop for harvest. Or even leaving the fields fallow (letting whatever native species grow, rather than planting a crop) for a few seasons can help rejuvenate the soil. But if industrial monocrop farming carries on unabated without using these techniques (and others) then yes, the soil will eventually be drained of nutrients and unable to bear harvestable crops.


Question: How do fitness instructors keep up with their classes when working out 6-8 hours a day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do fitness instructors keep up with their classes when working out 6-8 hours a day?

Depends on the class of course but many of them are not targeted at people that are already in great shape. The instructor is probably really fit and the work that's being done isn't too strenuous for them or they just have vastly superior cardio. Like if you're a beginner runner running for 15 minutes straight or 2 miles like that is pretty challenging. If you've been running 5 days a week for a year going for a 15 mile run isn't that big of a deal. Most people don't do treadmill classes but convert this scenario into biking A really fit cyclist could teach a spin class 6 times a day at an intensity that is difficult for the students but if you take all 6 of those classes and combine them together the intensity/distance traveled still isn't even more than a normal workout for the instructor if they were going for a ride by themself


Question: how are pilots able to remain on track of a flight's path when flying through thick fog?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how are pilots able to remain on track of a flight's path when flying through thick fog?

There are a variety of choices for maintaining course with no visibility. Most of them deflect a needle on a gauge in the cockpit to show you if you are left or right of the course. If you want to learn more, look up ADF, VOR, and for older tech, LORAN.


Question: Why is the download of a software update 100 MB, but does it need 1 GB of free space to complete the installation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the download of a software update 100 MB, but does it need 1 GB of free space to complete the installation?

Imagine you buy a new TV. You bring it home, you're gonna replace your old TV. Maybe the new TV is the exact same size as the old TV, so it doesn't take up any more space. But obviously it takes space just to switch them out. You're gonna make a mess, there's gonna be boxes, you have to move the old TV out of the way, etc. So after you're done and you clean up, it doesn't take a lot of space. But you need a certain amount of space just to move stuff around, and your computer is asking for the same thing.


Question: When you increase the volume in a tv, what actually causes the sound to become louder?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you increase the volume in a tv, what actually causes the sound to become louder?

Electronic loudspeakers generate sound by vibrating a *diaphragm* (a thin, semi-rigid membrane made from various materials) against the air. The diaphragm is made to move because it is attached to a magnet, which sits inside a coil of (e.g. copper) wire. When an electric current is passed through the coil, this creates a magnetic force that pushes or pulls the magnet. By reversing the direction of the current at the right rate, the diaphragm can be made to vibrate (move to and fro) at any desired frequency, which causes the air around it to vibrate at the same frequency. These air vibrations are what we perceive as sound, and the pitch of the sound is determined by the frequency of the vibrations, with fast vibrations perceived as having higher pitch. The loudness of a sound has to do with the strength of the vibrations: not how quickly the air molecules are moving to and fro, but how far they move in each direction while doing this. A loudspeaker can control this by moving the diaphragm back and forth a little (say 1 mm) or a lot (say 5 mm) in each cycle. That is, by passing a stronger current through the electromagnetic coil, it can push and pull the diaphragm in and out further, thereby pushing against the air more strongly and causing stronger vibrations. So to summarize: when you increase the volume on your TV, the current it sends to its loudspeaker(s) is increased, causing the diaphragm(s) in the loudspeaker(s) to vibrate more strongly, which creates stronger vibrations in the air, which you perceive as a louder sound.


Question: Why do dried mushrooms that are re-hydrated have greater umami than the original mushroom?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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 Why do dried mushrooms that are re-hydrated have greater umami than the original mushroom?

I feel like when you rehydrate dried mushrooms, the flavor just comes back tenfold. Take shiitake for example, it's very common to find them dried in most stores. I use dehydrated ones for tonkotsu ramen broth, not only does the flavor come out in the broth, but when I ribbon them, and try a bite, their flavor is just so much more concentrated than plain old sauteed shiitake mushrooms. I dont know exactly why, but think of it like beef jerky, jerky can have much more flavor than just regular beef a lot of the time.


Question: How do campaign rallys work if people attending them are probably already voting for the person holding it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do campaign rallys work if people attending them are probably already voting for the person holding it?

The idea is that it builds excitement and momentum for a campaign. Most elections aren't actually decided by swaying people to your side from the middle or from the other side; they are decided by who bothers to actually get out and vote. Case in point, in 2016 only about 50% of the voting-eligible population actually bothered to cast a ballot - that is a lot of voices unheard that could easily have changed the outcome. Rallies get people excited about a candidate. Maybe you support Candidate Smith, but you are a lazy voter who may not bother to cast a ballot. If Smith comes to your town and holds a rally, you might attend and that builds your excitement in Smith's platform. When election day rolls around, you actually get to the polls and vote for him.


Question: How Is Jeff Bezos so rich if Amazon wasn't profitable until recently?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How Is Jeff Bezos so rich if Amazon wasn't profitable until recently?

They were only considered not profitable because the company kept reinvesting in construction and expansion. The company has been constantly growing since it began. Since he has owned his stock from it's inception, his wealth has increased every time the company grew. His net worth is an estimate because it is dependent on selling all of his stocks at the current market value. As long as the kept building at a pace equal to their profits, they could claim not to have a profit during that period.


Question: How do scientists calculate half lives for the elements that have super long ones that we can’t observe?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do scientists calculate half lives for the elements that have super long ones that we can’t observe?

We can't observe it decay by half but we can observe it decay a little bit and with some math we can then figure out what the half life must have been to go from Quantity A to Quantity B over X days If you start with a hunk of a material and measure how many particles per second are coming off of it, then wait a week and measure it again. You can rearrange the standard half life equation (Amount at time t = Initial Amount * (1/2) ^( t/half life) ) to get HalfLife = 1 week * ln(2)/ln(First Amount/Amount at 1 week) For things with really longggg half lives you might need to measure over a couple months to get a big enough difference between the two amounts to get a reliable answer, but the point of modeling things with math in science is so you don't need to observe a complete event to know how it will turn out


Question: How does extended release Ritalin work in respect to timing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does extended release Ritalin work in respect to timing?

It depends a lot on the specfic medication, pill, and manufacturer. Some ER formulations have a quick-release dose and a dose that releases after 4 hours, then another dose that releases about 8 hours. Some XR formulations have 4 doses. Other formulations have a lot of granules with varying strengths of coating - so they'll release steadily all day long, then take about 4 hours for the body to process. Some are 'ion capsules' that have a little of the drug in a capsule and a very small opening that is sensitive to digestive fluids - it will release a VERY steady stream until it's gone then shut off all at once. It's unfortunate, but you probably aren't going to be able to choose which one you get, unless you get brand-name, which of course costs way too much because your insurance company doesn't want to pay for it. So one month the pharmacy might have ion-release knockoff generics and the next they'll have the multiple dose pills.


Question: How will automation not create another Great Depression?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How will automation not create another Great Depression?

To understand this it's important to understand some fundamental truths: - Ownership, the idea that a person can legally own assets, money, etc., will likely always exist in our society - It's unlikely that artificial intelligence will ever be given the right to ownership - People who have capital will almost always be at an advantage to those who don't. In that they will be able to invest in ways to make their wealth grow - While democracy gives the concept of 1 vote per person, no matter their wealth, in reality, those above a certain wealth level will always have more influence in government What I'm saying is, the rich will get richer and will make money off the slightly less rich. The poor will be mostly screwed and will only live at the whim of the rich to keep the peace. Living standards will improve for everyone, to the point that basic food, accommodation, transport and entertainment will be available to all. Living standards for the rich will improve astronomically in comparison to the poor - this will lead to resentment and tensions which will ultimately balance society. TL;DR: it will work the same as it does now, just more extreme


Question: If the DNA of an organism contains all the building plans for the body, how does a single cell know its location and needed function if all the first cells start the same?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the DNA of an organism contains all the building plans for the body, how does a single cell know its location and needed function if all the first cells start the same?

The key here is to recognize that while almost all cells in the body contain the same set of genetic information, not all genes (the segments of DNA that codes for a specific protein) are expressed in all cells. **Regulation of gene expression** is at play here. Cells can (and regularly do) receive signals that tell it which genes to express. Different cells receive different signals - > different cells express different genes - > different cells make different proteins. Having different sets of proteins allows one cell to function, look, behave, etc. differently from another. A cool example that I was taught was how our fingers develop. Early in a developing fetus, the limbs don't have fingers/toes (think stumps). At a certain point though, cells at the extremities get the signal to basically commit cell-suicide. The death of these cells leads to the space between our fingers and toes. A failure in this process is how some people have webbed fingers!


Question: How does being used to spicy foods work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does being used to spicy foods work?

after repeated exposure to capsaicin (the spicy) the receptors in your mouth begin to stop responding as much to it, as nerves tend to do when constantly stimulated (downregulation). Basically the nerve is sort of saying "ok ok we get it turn it off" and adds a phosphate group to one part of the receptor and the end result is you've (temporarily) become less able to sense the spiciness. This process is reversible, and you will eventually return to the same spicy food tolerance as you started with if you quit eating spicy food for a while. So no, below a certain threshold the person actually cannot feel the heat as much. But the person will still seek spicy food if they begin to enjoy the hot sensation, and will need spicier food for the same effect now that they have a higher tolerance. Anecdotally, I am caucasian and enjoy spicy food. It doesn't really matter what area of the world you are from, you can get used to it. It's just that you probably didn't start getting used to it when you were five like people from some areas often would. The whole white people can't handle spice thing is just one of those white people stereotypes we all kind of laugh off even though they're kinda ignorant.


Question: Why is the corn that grows in the corners of corn fields always shorter and shittier than the rest?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the corn that grows in the corners of corn fields always shorter and shittier than the rest?

It could be as simple as the tillers and irrigation systems not reaching the corners, leaving them to be treated poorer than the rest of the field. In such a case, the fertilizer doesn't reach all the way to the corners and is instead concentrated at the middle of the field, leading to poor nitrogen availability. You can visualize this by thinking of a vehicle turning; it will turn on a curve, and so the corners will be left out from any field-work, unless the farmer pays special attention to the corners.


Question: The saying "feed a cold, starve a fever". Just an old wise tale or is it accurate? If so what is happening physically?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 The saying "feed a cold, starve a fever". Just an old wise tale or is it accurate? If so what is happening physically?

Its an old wife's tale. A fever is a natural response from your immune system. If you starve yourself during that you also starve your immune system. It just people have a tenancy to throw up and keep nothing down during a fever so they tend to feed them less/they eat less. Not throwing up is important because it dehydrates you.


Question: Why are children who experience abuse more likely to engage in riskier sexual behaviour as teens?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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</answer>
 Why are children who experience abuse more likely to engage in riskier sexual behaviour as teens?

Hypersexuality is the most common response to childhood sexual abuse. There are a lot of reasons for this. I've listed a few of the basic ones below. (a) Survivors of CSA are often conditioned to view sex as a form of validation. They turn to sex for attention and love after the abuse because they know no other way to get these things. (b) It can be a matter of dependency on the chemicals. Sex releases hormones which make us feel good. Someone who has suffered frequent abuse might seek out the release. (c) It's a way for survivors to gain control of a situation. It's a choice now rather than something forced upon them. This can feel freeing. They have the say over their bodies and what happens to them in these situations.


Question: Why do aerosol cans ask you to "shake well"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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</answer>
 Why do aerosol cans ask you to "shake well"?

You are mixing up the ingredients within the product so they are in the proper amounts when expelled, as opposed to separating in the can and you getting a lot more of one thing than the other. That the propellant is mixed in is fine, it is calculated into the normal usage of the product.


Question: How do we know when we’ve chewed something long enough?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know when we’ve chewed something long enough?

When it's time to swallow, you have a thing at the back of your throat called the pharynx. Usually, air passes through it when breathing through either you nose or mouth. But when you're chewing, food starts you gather in it. Once it's reached a certain amount food, it triggers you to swallow, which is also why you might have to take multiple swallows per bite. (I just looked this all up on the internet, so if anyone knows any of this is wrong, feel free to correct me)