Question: How is it possible that a washing machine can spin so quickly (1200 rpm)? That's 20 spins in a second..?

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 How is it possible that a washing machine can spin so quickly (1200 rpm)? That's 20 spins in a second..?

> ELI5: How is it possible that a washing machine can spin so quickly (1200 rpm)? That's 20 spins in a second..? That's not even fast! A blender can spin at 18,000 RPM All you need is a properly built motor that's strong enough and good bearings. The motor just needs to be able to overcome the drag at that speed and should be built to spin at that speed either by design or with gears to get it there. If you've got good bearings then you don't lose much energy at all each revolution so the motor can keep adding more and more energy and spin it up further so the motor doesn't require too much energy to hit ludicrous speeds.


Question: Do human corpses sun burn?

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 Do human corpses sun burn?

No. The skin cells are dead so they can’t react with the sun and damage your skin. Also, there is no active blood flow so the reddening effect of the skin can’t occur. And what else is a sunburn? Heat sensation and pain. Can’t feel either sensation when you are dead. However, Your skin would dry out in the sun faster than if it were not. This, and your body would be decaying and the gasses/bloating would eventually create a totally different texture, look and colour to your skin and the heat of the sun would only accelerate this process. So does the sun change the dead bodys skin? Yes. Sunburn? No.


Question: What are the grammatical differences between parentheses "( )", square brackets "[ ]", and squiggly brackets "{ }"?

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 What are the grammatical differences between parentheses "( )", square brackets "[ ]", and squiggly brackets "{ }"?

Parentheses - these () - are standard for making parenthetical remarks. Square brackets are *less* standard, but are most commonly used for making *editorial* alterations, when quoting something. So I might quote "He ran away" as "[Jim] ran away", if context didn't make it clear who "he" was, or I might say "Jim [...] ran away" rather than "Jim, that gutless coward, ran away" if I didn't think the bit between the commas was important to my use of the quote. Slightly less commonly, they might be used for editorial remarks, but this is contested. One exception is "sic", meaning "thus" but generally used to mean "this phrasing/spelling is in the original thing I'm quoting, and my having preserved it is not a mistake on my part", which normally appears in parentheses. Curly brackets do not have a standard use in English. Like square brackets, they have uses specific to some technical fields, especially mathematics, but these are not a part of normal English. For that matter, chevrons ⟨ ⟩ don't have a standard use in English, either. TL;DR: you almost always want parens(), but occasionally if you're quoting something and changing it, you want square brackets[]. Other things only really come up in specialist fields.


Question: How does a refrigerator work?

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 How does a refrigerator work?

A motor causes some liquid to get highly compressed. Then its shot through a nozzle into a larger area. The drop in pressure causes the liquid to evaporate which sucks in all the surrounding heat. This is the cold inside of your fridge. Meanwhile, the motor brings all that now hotter liquid around to the back of the fridge where all that heat radiates from the pipes and fins and stuff on the back of the fridge (hence why they're warm all the time... that heat is the heat being sucked out of your milk). So, essentially, all a fridge does is move heat from the inside of your fridge to the outside. So that's why opening the door to cool off your kitchen doesn't work.


Question: How does developers input "traps" in their software for pirated copies? How do they distinguish between real and pirate, and why can't someone just upload new copies without it?

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 How does developers input "traps" in their software for pirated copies? How do they distinguish between real and pirate, and why can't someone just upload new copies without it?

This is called "digital rights management", or DRM. DRM comes in a variety of forms. When software came with printed manuals, sometimes there'd be information on the manual the program would force you to enter. Later, when software came on CD's, often extra DRM data on the CD was written in non-standard locations that can be read by most CD drives through low-level operating system calls, but cannot be written by most home CD burners. For game consoles, games use proprietary cartridges or discs that are different from normal forms of those media. The console manufacturer basically tightly controls the production of physical copies of games. So for the most part, you can't e.g. simply use a normal DVD burner to make copies of Wii games. These days, where most software is bought and sold on the internet, DRM has to take a different approach because there's no physical stuff you can put extra required information on. It often involves the software contacting a server being run by the publisher (or the contractor providing the DRM technology), and ensuring the usage of the software is authorized. For example it may check that the serial number is legitimate, or it may require the user to login to an account. It will also generally deny access to serial numbers or user accounts that are seen in multiple locations. > why can't someone just upload new copies without it? This is called "cracking", "warez" or "software piracy." It takes some technical sophistication to figure out how to crack software, and it's illegal in the US. That doesn't stop people from doing it though. A lot of times the people who crack software also insert malware -- cracked versions of the Windows operating system are especially notorious for being crawling with malware. Many users regard DRM as evil. Some reasons for this: - If the company running the DRM server goes out of business or decides to shut down the server one day, software you've bought may stop working. - If the DRM requires an internet connection, you can't use it if you don't have an internet connection available. - It makes it difficult to create backup copies of software, in case the physical copy wears out or is accidentally destroyed (for example in a fire or flood). - If DRM locks the software to a particular machine, you have to purchase a new copy of the software if you buy a new machine or perform extensive hardware upgrades. - DRM fails of its objective of preventing piracy. Despite using the best available DRM technology, cracked versions of popular software tend to quickly appear after release. - DRM assumes users are criminals. This is very insulting.


Question: How do proper nouns translate into sign language?

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 How do proper nouns translate into sign language?

People who sign create shortcut or specific signs to represent names of people they know. So between friends and family you will have a sign to represent the names of your parents, siblings, close friends, pets, and people you interact with frequently. These shortcuts usually include a tongue-and-cheek reference to something they are known for or their appearance. For example a friend of mine is 'S' followed by the sign for 'Cat' because her names starts with S and she volunteers at a pet shelter. For unfamiliar people the name is finger spelled letter by letter until such a time as that person is assigned a sign language name. For famous people these shortcut signs become standardized throughout the community because their names are mentioned so often. President Obama for example is the sign for 'O' followed by 'flag' While President Trump the last time I checked was a sign representing his comb-over. My favorite persons name is sign is Shakespeare. Which is you make the sign for a 'spear' and shake it.


Question: Why do investors sue the companies when they lose their money?

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 Why do investors sue the companies when they lose their money?

Suits happen when the people running the business make bad decisions. There’s a pretty high bar for what constitutes a “bad decision,” though. As long as the people running the business have a decent reason for their decisions, it falls under business judgment. Thee are other suits that are filed for fraud and other misconduct. As for Theranos, they managed to fool some of the smartest investors and scientists by coming up with fake data. Proprietary knowledge is closely-guarded, so it’s pretty hard to tell sometimes if a company is actually making the technological advances it claims.


Question: How do chance and probability correlate / work exactly?

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 How do chance and probability correlate / work exactly?

Assuming that all of your trials are independent then the 1% chance stays 1% each time you re-do the event. The probability that you succeed on at least one of the 1000 trials is 1 - (0.99^1000 ) = 0.999957 so there is a very, very small possibility that you do not suceed. In fact, because the term 0.99^X can never equal 0 then the probability that you succeed never equals exactly 1 and therefore you can never be certain of success. In general, if you run more trials, the chance that you'll get at least one success increases with the number of trials. The key wording is "at least one" here. Nothing about the number of trials changes the fact that each trial has exactly the same probability of success as the previous one. Of course, if the trials are dependent upon each other then everything gets a bit more complicated.


Question: How can a piece of colored plastic change the wavelength of light?

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 How can a piece of colored plastic change the wavelength of light?

They don't - coloured plastic basically acts like a filter. Most light we interact with isnt one wavelength but a combination of various wavelengths, with white light being a relatively even distribution across the visible spectrum. If you shine white light through red cellophane all the non-red wavelengths are absorbed while the red passes unhindered, and you now have a red light.


Question: What just happened in Venezuelan economy on Feb, 8th?

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 What just happened in Venezuelan economy on Feb, 8th?

The answer is pretty simple: The Venezuela Central Bank devalued the Venezuelan Bolivar Fuerte by 99.6% on February 5th, 2018. You can read more about that on the [wikipedia page.]( URL_0 ) They did this to account for rampant hyperinflation that the country was, and still is, experiencing. Venezuela has a socialist economy, so the government controls business and production in the country. Venezuela relied heavily on oil sales to the US, and when oil prices tanked, the entire Venezuelan economy did too. The government mishandled most of the businesses and industries in the country, making them extra susceptible to the lower oil prices. The Venezuelan government has been *terrible* at handling the economic crisis taking place in their country. If you read a list of things they've tried to stimulate or fix their economy, it reads like a list of things you **don't** want to do to fix an economy, like print huge amounts of money to pay your debts, or assert that your currency is worth some fixed amount to the USD.


Question: Why does gum lose it's taste after chewing it for a while?

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 Why does gum lose it's taste after chewing it for a while?

A big part of the flavour of gum is provided by sugar or some other sweetener, which gets absorbed by your saliva so it disapears from the gum. Also there is the brain. the brain is always looking for changes, in the input. Something that was tasted and deemed "safe" becomes less important so after a while the brain stops or decreases the amount of "taste" If you were to give a chewed gum to somebody else, they would experience more taste than you do at that moment.


Question: What is the purpose of the Joint Chiefs of Staff if they have no command authority?

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 What is the purpose of the Joint Chiefs of Staff if they have no command authority?

They offer advice on how the President should take action. They are not part of the chain of command, but remember that the President is a civilian and not likely to be an expert on military operations or tactics. The Joint Chiefs are those experts who can provide a good course of action.


Question: What do the specs on/of a computer mean?

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 What do the specs on/of a computer mean?

The big three specs on a computer are the CPU(the brain), the graphics card (what renders games and stuff), and how much ram you have (it is super high speed memory which can significantly impact how smoothly the computer runs). Other things might be what storage is in the computer or peripherals (like monitors, mice, keyboards or gaming keypads) Most of the "numbers and letters" are referring to specific products/brands/items. For example the GTX 1080 Ti is a graphics card designed by Nvidia but a number of other companies (like EVGA and Asus) have made their own versions so you might see their names in the title as well.


Question: How does graphite stay on paper?

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 How does graphite stay on paper?

Graphite is relatively soft, and as you scrape it along a surface, tiny bits of it crumble away and stay behind. These bits are insaaanely individually tiny and make up an extremely fine powder. Paper is not as smooth as you might think. It's covered in ridges and pores and little valleys. So as you are dragging the graphite along a piece of paper and leaving the trail of ultra fine powder behind it, you're also applying a bit of pressure between the pencil tip and the paper, effectively packing the graphite dust into all those grooves and pores and ridges in the paper. Erasers work because they're soft and also extremely porous, wich allows them to sink into the textures along the surface of the paper and collect that graphite dust up in it's own surface, taking it from the paper. As you can imagine this process doesn't work perfectly every swipe, which is why erasers sometimes leave smudges behind.


Question: Why does someone that you love smiling at you have a greater effect than a stranger smiling at you?

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 Why does someone that you love smiling at you have a greater effect than a stranger smiling at you?

Its Pavlovs experiment. He rang a bell every time he fed his dog. Dog started drooling even when he rang a bell but there was no food. You know you are loved when your girl smiles at you and all those previous positive experiences come flooding in because your brain knows you will have positive experiences when you get a smile. It a stranger smiles you know it's just a smile but has no specific positive experiences with that stranger in the past. So your brain is like yeah ok, it's just a smile, I'm not getting anything from that.


Question: How are audio and video stored on CDs and tapes?

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 How are audio and video stored on CDs and tapes?

On CDs and DVDs there are little bumps (burns) in the reflective surface in a spiral shape. When the laser from a disc reader "reads" the disk, it's capturing either a reflection (0) or a hole (1) which is binary for the machine reading it. The computer then converts the binary to a digital signal. On tapes, magnetic tape is passed through a series of magnets which record whatever you want onto the tape. When you put it through another magnetic reader, the change in fields on magnetic tape are converted to an analog signal. Edit: analog


Question: How can the human body give birth without actively pushing?

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 How can the human body give birth without actively pushing?

There’s actually a link to an article in the story that answers your question. Basically the woman wasn’t brain dead so her body is fully capable of carrying a pregnancy. Since we don’t know the type of diagnosis she has it’s possible she felt everything, maybe was able to push. Also, strange shit happens and there is some autonomic muscle contraction that happens during birth.


Question: How were the units of measurement for distance created? More specifically, how were they decided to be a specific length?

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How were the units of measurement for distance created? More specifically, how were they decided to be a specific length?

Long before the metric system, measurement systems were based on some known distance. Some community said "hey, from this rock to that big tree, we're gonna call that a Spoigle". Then everyone knew how far a Spoigle was, and could use that to estimate longer or shorter distances "Ukthar lives about 20 Spoigles away from me" or "man, that tree hahs to be like half a Spoigle tall". Similarly, smaller units of measurement were generally agreed upon in the same manner, often based on some important thing. Maybe the King's Staff, passed down from king to king was a known length, and they'd say "this room is 3 staves wide". As such in ancient historical times many different civilizations had their own unique set of measurement systems, and through trade and sharing of information over time, some of them became more widely used, spread, and more popular. EVENTUALLY as society progressed, we developed a more consistent measurement system, commonly known as the metric system. The problem with those OTHER systems of measurement was usually in conversion. Even the Imperial system has this issue. 12 inches in a foot, 3 feet in a yard, 1800 yards in a mile? Really arbitrary numbers, hard to dice up into bite sized chunks and translate to other systems. With the Metric system, they defined distance with a known, measureable, and constant base. The meter, for example, is defined as 1/10,000,000 of the distance from the equator to the North Pole. This is true forever (relatively), and not something that changes. (Like a foot is the length of the King's Foot. New king, new foot, bad unit.) Then larger and smaller units of measurement were just multiplied or divided by 10, since that makes the conversions and math easier. A Kilometer is just 1000 meters. A centimeter is 1/100 of a meter, etc. The concrete definitions, and ease of conversion and use, led to the widespread adoption of the metric system (with only a couple holdout nations who still use the imperial system heavily). Someday maybe we'll ALL use the same system, but only time will tell.


Question: How does Electricity (electrons) turn into light (photons)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Electricity (electrons) turn into light (photons)?

There are several ways. The easiest is an incandescent light bulb. The electrons are forced through a thin wire. They bump into the electrons of the atoms in the wire, giving them energy. Add enough energy and the metal gets really hot. When it's hot enough, the electrons have to occupy orbitals that are farther from the nucleus of the atom. They don't like to be in those orbitals, and then fall back to their favorite places. When they fall back, they emit a photon because energy must be conserved.


Question: how do corporations get away with “house brands” such as Walmart having Equate products that are “Head and Shoulders” shampoo even comparing themselves to them on the bottle and are cheaper?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do corporations get away with “house brands” such as Walmart having Equate products that are “Head and Shoulders” shampoo even comparing themselves to them on the bottle and are cheaper?

Here's something to blow your mind, since you are already having a hard time understanding it: Many times, those Equate products are made in the same plant that the name brand products are. They just put it in different bottles. You are literally buying the name of the product if you don't want to buy the generic version.


Question: Why do objects feel lighter when they're lifted higher up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do objects feel lighter when they're lifted higher up?

If you are carrying the box by placing it *on* your head, then you are using more muscles and bones to support the object than if you are simply holding it with your hands. Furthermore, you are supporting the object closer to its center of mass, meaning there is less gravitational forces trying to twist it out of your grip. You pack large camping backpacks with heavy stuff on top for much the same reason. Leaning forward, those heavy objects become situated above your spine and hips, allowing your whole body to shoulder the weight. If you packed the heavy stuff low, then more weight would be behind you, pulling your shoulders back and unbalancing you. In short, it's not that the objects are lighter, it's that the weight is more evenly distributed.


Question: Why do we wake up a minute or two before our alarm clock? Do humans have some sort of internal clock that makes us wake up at that time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we wake up a minute or two before our alarm clock? Do humans have some sort of internal clock that makes us wake up at that time?

Speak for yourself. Alarm clock goes off. I hear it for a few seconds, then am out like a light again for hours. I've been late many times to work. Can't seem to break the cycle of extreme blissful, tranquil sleep right about the time I'm supposed to get up. Edit: removed minor rant


Question: Why do injuries tend to hurt more in winter than in summer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do injuries tend to hurt more in winter than in summer?

Generally speaking, we feel more pain in the cold because there is a relationship between blood circulation and nerve pain. When its cold outside and you aren’t dressed up for it, it’s very difficult for your body to heat itself because your heart rate slows in the cold as a way to survive. Our nerves are a network that send signals to the brain -ouch- that hurt! As circulation and heat increase our nerves calm down. The cold is more painful because it increases pressure on our nerves and stiffens soft tissues- such as your muscles. This in itself can increase your likelihood of injury (which is why runners do warm ups and wear sweats!)


Question: why does it burn when rubbing alcohol/other treatments are put on a wound?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does it burn when rubbing alcohol/other treatments are put on a wound?

Rubbing alcohol is poisonous and doesn't have much water in it. It's also made of very different stuff than you are. So when you put rubbing alcohol on a cut, the flesh around the cut panics because it's: * getting poisoned * having all its water stolen * touching something that definitely shouldn't be inside your body all at once. When your flesh panics, it sends a pain message to your brain and you feel it. Your body uses the same system to feel pain and extreme heat, so anything painful can also feel like "burning." Further, part of the way rubbing alcohol poisons you is that it makes your pain/heat system easier to activate, so it burns more than you'd expect.


Question: Why does a feather fall at the same speed as a hammer in a vacuum created on earth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a feather fall at the same speed as a hammer in a vacuum created on earth?

Because acceleration due to gravity is the same for all objects. The only reason a feature falls slower outside of a vacuum is because it has much larger surface area compared to mass, which allows the air particles floating around in the atmosphere to get in the way of the falling feather and slow it down more than they do something like a hammer (which has a much *higher* mass compared to its surface area).


Question: Is 'Oxygenated' water a hoax? Water is H20, so doesn't that mean there is one Oxygen atom for every two Hydrogen atoms?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is 'Oxygenated' water a hoax? Water is H20, so doesn't that mean there is one Oxygen atom for every two Hydrogen atoms?

Oxygenated water means that it has oxygen gas dissolved within the water in the same way that carbonated soda has CO2 gas dissolved within the liquid. Oxygenated water is important for fish and other aquatic animals as they pull the oxygen that they need out of the water, if there is no oxygen gas dissolved in the water then there is no oxygen they can use(they can't split the H2O, it takes too much energy) Oxygenated water is useless for people as we breath through our lungs and put water into our stomach. You don't breath through your water holder(stomach) so you aren't going to be oxygenating your blood with your oxygenated water. Your lungs get orders of magnitude more oxygen into your blood stream than your digestive tract could ever hope to so even if you did absorb all the oxygen they dissolved in that water, it would have a negligible effect on blood oxygen level


Question: Why do cigars smell completely different when you're the one smoking compared to when someone else is smoking?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do cigars smell completely different when you're the one smoking compared to when someone else is smoking?

I’m not a cigar smoker but my father in law is and he explained that cigars are best enjoyed through your mucus membranes (mouth and nose, passive inhaling) and that you’re really only supposed to smoke enough to keep it lit. This is a very different experience compared to smoking a cigarette or a joint where people try to inhale as much of the smoke directly into their lungs as they can, mostly to get the effects of the nicotine or THC.


Question: When you sell a stock, who is actually giving you the money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you sell a stock, who is actually giving you the money?

Another shareholder. Just because you no longer perceive that share to have your desired value doesn't mean that someone else agrees with you. Remember a share valuation is based on any perceived chance of its price going up, which is a reflection of several things: the perceived value of all of its current assets net of obligations and debt, PLUS the current value of any future stock splits, dividends and revenues. Someone may see something in that company's future that you don't . To use your example of Sears, the company may be closing stores, but there is still _value_ there. They still have 400+ physical stores (which they might own outright so $$) and warehouses full of inventory to liquidate. Though at this point there isn't _much_ value. And it remains murky how an average shareholder would get anything out of their current liquidation course.


Question: How do small mammals survive frigid winters?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do small mammals survive frigid winters?

1.) Fattening themselves up beforehand 2.) Collecting and storing high-energy foods, like nuts, beforehand 3.) Entering a low-energy state (i.e. hibernating) for good portions of the day in a burrow/hidden nest. Sounds like kind of a questionable survival strategy but realize that a good portion of woodland crearures never survive the winter. Nature is metal, baby...


Question: How do we know what Dinosaurs sounded like even though we’ve never heard one before?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know what Dinosaurs sounded like even though we’ve never heard one before?

we dont know what dinosaurs sounded like. All we have are some best guesses, or, alternatively some guesses that aren't as founded in science but more artistic/cool (like the T-rex's roar from Jurassic park, where they combined the sound of a bunch of different animals, including the squeal of a baby elephant, into a roar that sounded cool/satisfying.) But for actual scientific analysis, scientists will look at things like skull/bone structures that are preserved to try to make a guess of what kind of sounds the animal might have made, sometimes comparing them to living descendants (ie birds). But again, those are just best guesses, we will likely never know for sure.


Question: why can't you refrigerate and eat meat that has already been reheated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why can't you refrigerate and eat meat that has already been reheated?

You can, it just depends on how long the food spends out of the fridge. All food develops bacteria between temperatures of about 40F and 140F. Reheating refrigerated food brings it back into this bacteria-growing range, but it takes a while for the food to become dangerous to eat, and this time is not easily predictable, so it's a good idea to limit the number of times you reheat. As a rule of thumb I generally only reheat leftovers once, but I've done it twice and have never given myself food poisoning, but that's just me. If you have a large amount of leftovers scoop out only what you are going to eat and reheat just that much.


Question: Why does film footage from the 60's often look much better than footage from the 80's given that technology should have advanced?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does film footage from the 60's often look much better than footage from the 80's given that technology should have advanced?

Home cameras didn't really exist in the 60s, so practically all the footage you see from before the late 70s was shot professionally or semi-professionally with fairly expensive equipment that used very high resolution film. By the 80s, home VHS recorders allowed any doofus to record low quality video to a low res tape relatively cheaply and quickly. There's a lot of sucky VHS footage still floating around, but that format didn't exist until the very late 70s.


Question: Why do European budget airlines not use jet bridges? Does it really cost more to use them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do European budget airlines not use jet bridges? Does it really cost more to use them?

There is usually a rebate for not using a jet bridge. An aircraft stand is a place where an aircraft can be parked. A gate is a designated area inside the terminal building where passengers will assemble and wait prior to boarding. A remote stand is location where passengers have to walk or be bussed to the stand. All airports post their fees online. Heathrow's remote stand rebate is £5.15 / passenger. Stansted's rebate is £2.67 / passenger.


Question: Why are some grapes seedless and other seeded? How did they get the seeds out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are some grapes seedless and other seeded? How did they get the seeds out?

You can breed grapes and many other fruits to have no, or only vestigial, seeds. You have to propagate them by cuttings. It doesn't need GM. Bananas are a major example. The variety that most of the world eats have had seed production bred out of them. As such, all plants are clones and if a virus struck, it's going to be very difficult to produce another strain that the virus doesn't affect.


Question: How can animals tolerate stepping on ice/snow barefoot?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can animals tolerate stepping on ice/snow barefoot?

Some of them have fur at the bottom on their feet, as many mammals like cats or bears do, besides having smaller paws than humans have feet. Some birds like ducks have a special blood circulation that kind of keeps cold blood flowing through their feet without cooling down the rest of the duck. This is how they don't freeze to death or to the ice they're standing on. I think most insects just don't really care since they have an exoskeleton, and just about all reptiles simply stop moving or hibernate.


Question: How do our bodies know how to digest many types of meat from fish, chicken, beef, pork, etc., without digesting our own selves (our own meat)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do our bodies know how to digest many types of meat from fish, chicken, beef, pork, etc., without digesting our own selves (our own meat)?

Our bodies don't "know" anything. It's an understandable bit of anthropomorphism, though. What keeps our stomach acids from digesting our bodies from the inside is a thin mucosal layer (not quite the same as snot, but it serves the same purpose) lining the inside of our digestive tract; this protects us from our own acid. In point of fact, our bodies do digest themselves all the time. if you ever hear someone complain of an ulcer, that means that the lining of their stomach has worn away, and their stomach acid is now eating away at the actual flesh beneath.


Question: What is happening when a video lags and loses quality but continues to play?

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 What is happening when a video lags and loses quality but continues to play?

> What is happening when a video lags and loses quality but continues to play? The streaming service has detected that there isn't enough throughput of data necessary to maintain a full resolution video stream to your computer, but that a lower quality video stream which consumes less bandwidth can be supported. It lags for a moment as the stream is converted to the new resolution but it keeps going afterwards.


Question: How do calculators find out the square root of a number?

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 How do calculators find out the square root of a number?

Depends on the calculator, but here’s one approach, illustrated for square root of 100 1. Make a first estimate (eg half it, your calculator might make a better guess though) = 50. 2. Add that guess to your target divided by that guess, and halve. So (50 + 100/50) / 2 = 26. That’s your next estimate. 3. Continue until the difference between succeeding estimates is small (again depends on your device). 50 - > 26 - > 14.9 - > 10.8 - > 10.03 so it’s getting there very quickly. Edit: as the other poster said, the actual algorithm used by any given calculator may be a lot more sophisticated.


Question: Who decided how much money each country is worth? Like, how come a country couldn't have just decided themselves that they have trillions of pounds and be really rich? How is it controlled?

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 Who decided how much money each country is worth? Like, how come a country couldn't have just decided themselves that they have trillions of pounds and be really rich? How is it controlled?

They do this exact thing sometimes, and it leads to hyper-inflation. In July 2008 it took 758,530,000,000 Zimbabwe dollars to equal ONE US Dollar. That's like me saying "I'm the King of France!". It's all well and good while I'm walking around the house in my royal underwear, but the minute I walk outside and interact with the real world, everyone ignores me or laughs at me. At some point you have to do business with the rest of the world, and to do that you have to agree what your currency is worth relative to the other parties. Nobody "controls" it, it's just the nature of commerce.


Question: Why does your "vision" go weird (see different patterns, etc...) when you apply pressure to your eyes when they're closed?

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 Why does your "vision" go weird (see different patterns, etc...) when you apply pressure to your eyes when they're closed?

When you press on or rub on your closed eyes the pressure is sensed by the ganglion cells in your retina and they react in the same way that they do to light only rather than a discernible pattern (looking at an image for example) the data from the pressure is random so you see patterns, rings representing the pressure radius, varying colours, etc


Question: How do companies that plant trees for every order actually do that?

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 How do companies that plant trees for every order actually do that?

I know that some businesses pay for carbon credits, which offset their own production. So they don’t personally plant the trees, but donate a sizable chunk of money to organizations and initiatives that do. So if you make $amount, you donate a % of profits and that organization plants a million trees. And so, your company has planted x trees.


Question: Why is IV fluid made of sodium chloride and water, rather than just water?

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 Why is IV fluid made of sodium chloride and water, rather than just water?

Injecting pure water into your bloodstream is a bad idea. Water is absorbed from Low-salt to high-salt areas by osmosis, meaning the fresh water would go into the red blood cells, making them swell up and burst. It’s a pretty common demonstration in biology classes, you can see the red blood cells explode in real time when put in pure water for ~6 mins. Edit: this video at 0:46 mark URL_0


Question: Why does it seem like you can run faster in hotel hallways?

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 Why does it seem like you can run faster in hotel hallways?

Because the hallway is long and narrow, it gives the effect that you are going fast because the things that are going past are really close to you. Because you cannot see a horizon beyond the wall, it appears that you are going fast. Think of when you are driving and telephone polls are going by, they are close in comparison to things on the horizon. Despite the telephone poles going by fast the slow progression of the horizon makes you feel like you are not going fast.


Question: Do loud noises travel slightly faster than very quiet noises or does loud noise just travel further at the same speed?

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 Do loud noises travel slightly faster than very quiet noises or does loud noise just travel further at the same speed?

Sound travels at a constant speed through a medium (eg air). This is because sound travels by moving the surrounding molecules (usually air) back and forth. This causes pressure differences which is what we experience as sound. Sounds that are louder cause a larger pressure difference (move the molecules further) but since the molecules don't actually have any net movement (remember they just vibrate back and forth), how loud they are doesnt affect how fast the sound actually moves through the medium.


Question: Do cough suppressants actually help, or do they just suppress the germs coming out when you cough (Which is bad, right?)?

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 Do cough suppressants actually help, or do they just suppress the germs coming out when you cough (Which is bad, right?)?

Cough suppressants have nothing to do with the germs coming out of your mouth when you do cough. Coughing is typically an involuntary reaction to your body recognizing an irritant somewhere in your respiratory or digestive tract. Germs aren’t the reason for this however, they’re too small to be recognized as irritants. They may be the root cause, by contributing the irritation (dry throat due to cold, etc) What cough suppressants attempt to do is replicate the body’s natural defense of these irritants by coating the throat with mucus. That’s why cough drops typically last not much longer than you have them in your mouth. The ones with menthol may last slightly longer because they have a numbing/cooling effect that helps kill the feeling of the irritant in the throat.


Question: What is light made up of? Where does it come from inside a torch? Is light just un-containable luminous particles than can never be studied as a single unit inside a Microscope?

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 What is light made up of? Where does it come from inside a torch? Is light just un-containable luminous particles than can never be studied as a single unit inside a Microscope?

Light is made up of photons, which in turn are small packages of energy moving at light speed. Light is created whenever small amounts of energy are released in subatomic processes. This usually happens when electrons around nuclei are infused with energy, then revert back to their "natural" state - they get rid of the excess energy by emitting a photon. This also happens during lightning strikes (infusing the air's electrons with massive energy, then releasing it as light) and inside light bulbs (infusing a gas' electrons with energy through electricity, which then releases the excess energy as photons). You can't study light particles in a microscope, not just because of their speed, but also because in order to see them you need them to be absorbed by your retina, i.e. destroying them. When you study a microbe in a microscope, you do that by bombarding it with photons (light), then capturing the light that gets bounced back from the microbe, concentrate a lot of that in the lenses and absorb it with your eyes' retinas. From that absorbed light you then infer the qualities of the microbe. If you were studying photons, you would basically bombard photons with other photons, which would combine their energy and possibly emit different photons; Either way you'd actually see the result of the merger, not the original photons.


Question: How does URL_0 work? I find it is very accurate; the thunder projection is almost always spot on, but i don't get how they can detect lightning.

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 How does URL_0 work? I find it is very accurate; the thunder projection is almost always spot on, but i don't get how they can detect lightning.

There are lots of antennas that are registered with URL_0 Those antennas detect lightning by means of picking up their electromagnetic waves they create when lightning occurs. If you get an AM radio, you can do the same by tuning it to the lowest frequency and listen for the static that happens when lightning strikes. Each of these antennas have their location known by GPS, so each antenna that detects a strike reports the strike and the system knows the gos location of each antenna and triangulates the strike and displays it on the map.


Question: 5 Hour Energy drinks have 8333% of your daily value of vitamin B12. What affect does this have on your body?

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 5 Hour Energy drinks have 8333% of your daily value of vitamin B12. What affect does this have on your body?

Not much. B12 is useful to your body when you exert a lot of energy and if your body has issues absorbing B12 you'll tend to sleep a lot. However it's not fat soluble so you actually just urinate out the excess that your body doesn't need. Your urine maybe a darker yellow due to the excess B12 even if you are well hydrated.


Question: Why do some cheeses have holes?

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 Why do some cheeses have holes?

we let the cheese rot and it tastes good. We let bacteria or mold grow in cheese intentionally because we like how it tastes. Stuff like swiss cheese the holes are actually bubbles where the bacteria let off bubbles from converting one chemical in the cheese into a different chemical. On some cheeses the holes are literally places mold ate out a pit in the cheese.