Question: Why are some people naturally better at fighting than others?

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 Why are some people naturally better at fighting than others?

Has the guy you know ever done sports or dance seriously? Often the motions that you train in those domains can carry over into martial arts domain; for instance, the balance and ability to turn that one learns in ballet become very useful when learning how to kick. Additionally, there's a skill to rigorously learning motions that carries over, even if the motions aren't similar at all; a swimmer is likely to have more endurance and focus in training. Source: taekwondo instructor


Question: What the heck do birds and bees have to do with “the birds and the bees?”

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 What the heck do birds and bees have to do with “the birds and the bees?”

They both breed prodigiously. A long time ago, bees were not understood as they are now and worker bees were thought to be male. The queen bee popping out babies was thought to be a result of her having copious amounts of sex with all her workers. Birds also have lots of sex around mating season. Their songs are effectively “hey, wanna hook up?” calls.


Question: Why are insurance companies and pharmaceutical companies so profitable? And how?

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 Why are insurance companies and pharmaceutical companies so profitable? And how?

This is definitely 2 different questions. Insurance companies: profits are made by charging premiums from millions of people in order to pay settlements to a small minority. Essentially, those that have insurance do not have their house burn down in a fire, pay the bill for those that do have their house burn down in a fire. Insurance companies back on the fact that more people will not have their house burn down than those that will, and charge premiums according to an individual's risk, and the general risk if the pool of those insured. They charge an amount in excess of the minimum required to offset liabilities to convert executive pay, advertising, and all other necessary costs of doing business. Pharmaceutical companies typically create a drug. Get a patent for that drug. Start fda testing on that drug. Once the FDA approved the drug, the company has a patent that will prevent any other company from making the drug for 20 years. During that time, the company can sell the drug for whatever cost they feel like attaching to it. Recently a lot of these patents have been bought out by companies that have doubled or tripled the costs for the drug. There is nothing the U.S. government can currently do about this price gouging because Congress refuses to act on capping profits.


Question: How do babies make decisions? Are they "consciously" aware?

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 How do babies make decisions? Are they "consciously" aware?

Between 15 and 24 months a baby experiences self awareness. They make decisions all the time, based on their sensory inputs, but self awareness isn't needed for that. When they are self aware, they can tell that the baby they see in a mirror is not just any old baby, but it is actually themselves.


Question: Why do we only see smoke after a candle is blown out and not while it's burning?

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 Why do we only see smoke after a candle is blown out and not while it's burning?

Most of the smoke from a blown out candle is un-burned fuel that got vaporized on the hot wick. When a candle is burning, it uses up this fuel leaving only small amounts of carbon (soot) behind. Fun Fact: You can actually re-light a candle by lighting the stream of smoke coming from a recently blown out candle. This is because it's mostly un-burned fuel that is ready to light. [gif of it in action]( URL_0 )


Question: Why boiling food in water and boiling it in oil results in completely different consistency of the foods?

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 Why boiling food in water and boiling it in oil results in completely different consistency of the foods?

The most obvious answer is that water boils at 212 degrees F. When you fry in oil, it is typically 350 F or higher. So what happens is the water inside the food vaporizes and pushed itself outwards- causing the bubbles you see when you fry. So the texture essentially dries up, especially around the surface,giving the characteristic crispy exterior.


Question: What happend to the 78% Nitrogen in the air that we breathe in? Does it get into our blood via diffusion the same way Oxygen does?

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 What happend to the 78% Nitrogen in the air that we breathe in? Does it get into our blood via diffusion the same way Oxygen does?

There is nothing like hemoglobin to specifically carry nitrogen in blood, so what little of it dissolves in blood plasma has no effect. It only becomes significant when diving because the pressure is much higher and more of it dissolves in blood - nitrogen causes drunkness-like effect and could form bubbles in blood vessels when pressure is reduced too quickly.


Question: Do satellites fall faster towards earth everyday?

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 Do satellites fall faster towards earth everyday?

They are constantly accelerating, due to gravity, but that acceleration is at right angles to their motion. Thus they do not speed up or slow down, they just turn so they go around the Earth in a circle. You are right that there is no air resistance in space (because there is no air).


Question: Difference between Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry?

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 Difference between Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry?

There are 7 postulates in Euclidean geometry - baseline rules that underpin the entire logical system. Non-Euclidean geometries involve changing the 5th postulate - also called the parallel postulate - to something else. You can look up a more formal statement, but the parallel postulate is the one that ensures that two parallel lines can never meet. Normally, non-Euclidean geometries deal with situations where the surface you're working with is curved.


Question: If AndroidO is trying to save battery life, why does the theme use so much white?

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 If AndroidO is trying to save battery life, why does the theme use so much white?

Take your phone it to the brightest room of your house, or into direct sunlight, and turn the brightness to its lowest setting. You will experience glare. The display is designed to simulate the ambient brightness so as to maintain visibility. Similarly, Google maps has a night time driving mode, which turns the screen dark. This matches the brightness of the roadway so that viewing your screen does not kill your night vision. All in all, it is designed to match the ambient lighting conditions such that your eyes need not adjust to different brightness conditions, reduce eye strain, and maximize visibility.


Question: Why do games render cutscenes real time instead of the cutscene just being a video that plays?

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 Why do games render cutscenes real time instead of the cutscene just being a video that plays?

More flexible and cheaper. In-game cutscenes mean you don't need external models and art, in addition to tooling; you can use your engine for everything. It's also easier to change something. If you want to change what happens, then you just do it; you don't have to re-render it. Also ages better, though I'm not sure anyone cares in the moment.


Question: How does randomly mixing ingredients together produce something that is so evenly distributed?

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 How does randomly mixing ingredients together produce something that is so evenly distributed?

Apart from mixing ingredients usually being a very *deliberate* process, consider this: Mixing ingredients *randomly* would actually follow a normal distribution! Think about mixing stuff as throwing a gigantic load of dice. Sure, ending up with all ingredients A on one side and all ingredients B on the other is possible, just like it's possible to only roll ones or sixes. It's not very likely though. You'll usually end up somewhere in the middle of the bellcurve.


Question: How did the color green become associated with being correct, while the color red became associated with being wrong?

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 How did the color green become associated with being correct, while the color red became associated with being wrong?

Simple ELI5 answer - **Red Color** has been psychologically associated to danger. Fire and Blood are some of the things that might have triggered this response to red. Also, red light is least scattered and can be seen from really long distances. So, they were used both for danger and stop signals. **Green Color** is the color of nature. It symbolizes growth, harmony, freshness, and fertility. Green has strong emotional correspondence with safety. Dark green is also commonly associated with money. Green has great healing power. It is the most restful color for the human eye; it can improve vision. Here is a great read which includes more colors - URL_0


Question: Why do women get intense cravings for certain foods while pregnant?

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 Why do women get intense cravings for certain foods while pregnant?

There's no hard and fast answer for this - esoteric cravings in the brain still aren't wholly understood. But some scientists guess that as a woman's body exerts itself in the pregnancy process, burning excess calories and fat to help "feed" the baby and change itself to prepare for birth, it manifests any particular deficiency it's experiencing as a craving for a specific food. If the woman's body is low on sodium she might crave pickles, for example, or if she needs simple fats she might suddenly be hungry for ice cream. It's not a perfect answer - it relies on a rather tenuous connection between unconscious autonomic processes and a specific craving in the brain, as if your body could "remember" which processed foods contain which nutrients it needs at the moment. But it seems to be an explanation that accounts for the observed behavior.


Question: How can hypochondriacs make themselves feel ill and exhibit symptoms if there's nothing actually wrong with them physically?

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 How can hypochondriacs make themselves feel ill and exhibit symptoms if there's nothing actually wrong with them physically?

The brain is a remarkably powerful thing; but on a fundamental level can be pretty stupid. It's in complete control of pretty much everything your body does, so if it becomes "convinced" that something is wrong, it can cause many of the same reactions as if that thing were actually wrong.


Question: How were the trenches in World War 1 and 2 made? Did they predict where a battle would be ahead of time and dig there, or did they dig them during battle over time?

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 How were the trenches in World War 1 and 2 made? Did they predict where a battle would be ahead of time and dig there, or did they dig them during battle over time?

In WWII, trenches tended to be built ahead of time in areas that were expecting to be attacked. Trenches are used like walls or other fortifications, so if you had an area you felt was likely to be hit, or if you had a position you wanted to strengthen, you'd make up some trenches so if it was attacked you'd be ready. But in WWII, trenches were relatively small and simple constructions for the most part, designed to give a little bit of extra cover to the troops but not expected to hold for a significant time in most cases because tanks were so widespread and the battles moved quite quickly. In WWI however, it was the exact opposite. When you think of trenches in WWI you're probably thinking of the German/French/British western front, though trenches were used all over the place. In this area though, trenches were the most effective and most prominent feature, and it's where the biggest battles tended to take place. Early on in the war you had very large infantry and cavalry groups moving around trying to fight each other, but because they had so many machine guns and artillery pieces these formations were all but obliterated. It was extraordinarily bloody, and nobody could achieve anything, because the battlefield was just a constant mess of explosions and machine gun fire. So in order to just try to survive, people started digging into the ground to protect themselves, and these desperate defences soon grew to become complete trenches. The battles now found a stalemate where you couldn't move because if you tried you'd be minced by the artillery and machine guns, but the enemy couldn't destroy you either because you were protected by your trenches. So both sides just sat there, unable to resolve anything, for years trying to find a way to get out of the stalemate. In the meantime, because they were living in the trenches and couldn't leave them anyway, they spent a huge amount of time and energy digging and digging and digging, and so eventually many of the trenches were dozens of feet deep, full of buildings and bunkers and all kinds of things underground, and the fortifications would often span many miles from the actual front line so that people could come and go and move equipment and supplies in and out of the trenches while being protected from the artillery.


Question: Why does the road look reflective from far away on a hot day?

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 Why does the road look reflective from far away on a hot day?

This happens because the hot air refracts light differently than cool air. This depends on the temperature and the angle in which light hits the medium. If it is warm enough, the light is refracted so much, that it is basically reflected. And then the angle in which the light is reflected is the same as the angle in which the light hits the medium. So, at large distances you can see the small angles, just because of geometry, so it appears as if the things above it are reflected. If the skynis reflected and the warm air has a lot turbulence, so it moves like water, it can appear as if there is water on the ground.


Question: The government just put interest rates at zero or close to zero. What does that mean? Does that mean someone can get a car loan at zero percent interest?

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 The government just put interest rates at zero or close to zero. What does that mean? Does that mean someone can get a car loan at zero percent interest?

It means banks can get loans from the federal treasury at near zero percent, which in turn means that banks will lower *their* interest rates on home loans, auto loans, business loans, personal credit, all sorts of things. This is one of the powers the government has to stimulate the economy and encourage people to buy homes and cars and other things that keep our system running. Edit: In effect, yes it means you'll be able to get car loans at cheaper rates now than you might have before, at least until it goes back up.


Question: This only be me, but why do random small parts of my body twitch at the rate of my heart beat?

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</answer>
 This only be me, but why do random small parts of my body twitch at the rate of my heart beat?

This is called clonus or myoclonus, and is unrelated to your heart-beat, other than that it may occur with a similar frequency (that is, beats/twitches per second/minute). It isn't really known what causes these involuntary twitches in normal people. There are some rare diseases like Motor Neuron Disease/ALS which can first appear as these twitch-like movements (though typically these would be more chaotic, rapid 'fasciculations'). It may be a spontaneous phenomenon of electrical systems, like ectopic heart beats, since nerves are 'electrical', or at least based on flow of charge. It may be that there has been an 'injury' to that nerve, such as knocking it or even sitting/resting on it unusually. It may be that some of the salts the body uses to conduct the aforementioned charge are low/high in supply and lead to accidental signal firing. In short, we have a good idea of the 'what', but a pretty poor understanding of 'why'.


Question: why do photos look better on the screen of the device you took them with (smartphone, camera, etc.) than when you look at them on a laptop or PC?

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 why do photos look better on the screen of the device you took them with (smartphone, camera, etc.) than when you look at them on a laptop or PC?

Part of it is the pointless "Megapixel Wars". Cameras are tricky things, miniature phone cameras doubly so. Consumers don't want to hear about focal length, ISO, contrast ratio, dynamic range, universal vs rolling shutter and many more technical details that make a camera "good" or "bad". So, digital cameras have overwhelmingly been marketed by how many "megapixels" they have, that is, how many millions of tiny light senors there are in the camera. Theoretically, more sensors=better, higher resolution image. In practice though, the tiny lens placed way too close to the sensor in most phone cameras limits them way more than the sensor does. So, you have a high-resolution, perfectly crisp representation of an inherently blurry image. If you ever view phone camera photos at full resolution, they look awful. But, if you view them at 1/2 or 1/4 scale, they look ok, because that's about as sharp as the optics allow for. This is a result of building a sensor with way more "megapixels" than is really needed to capture the best possible result of the bad, miniaturized optics. And nobody cares because nobody who is taking a quick selfie is concerned that it only looks good on a small screen, and nobody who wants professional results is using a phone camera.


Question: Why is "asparagus staging" more efficient than continuing to use all engines?

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 Why is "asparagus staging" more efficient than continuing to use all engines?

Directly from the wiki link > The result is that the rocket always flies with the minimum number of tanks required to transport the fuel it has left while also constantly using all engines it has on board. The assumption you made is that an engine's thrust compensates for its weight, which is not necessarily true. Sure you get more thrust but for a significantly shorter amount of time. Besides, the higher you go, the less actual thrust you need. All you need is a boost every now and then to keep it going the right trajectory. As such, fuel efficiency trumps immediate thrust.


Question: - Why does light become blurry in the dark?

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 - Why does light become blurry in the dark?

Retention of visual perception of an object even after the rays of light proceeding from it have stopped to enter the eye is called persistence of vision. Normally an image remains on the retina for 1/16th sec after removal of its stimulus. This phenomenom is the same used by displays, movies films, TV and other in which rapidly changing images seem to be in continous motion to the human eye.


Question: What's the scientific reason people are sexually attracted to things like monsters?

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 What's the scientific reason people are sexually attracted to things like monsters?

The current scientific research on sexual attraction suggests that the same hormone that causes you to "fall in love" is just the general excitation hormone dopamine being interpreted as attraction and not fear or general excitement. However, when something "scares" you, and you get the same hormonal response as if you were falling in love, some people then interpret the hormonal signal as "attraction" and not "fear". From a purely physical perspective there is no difference between the two, but from a psychological perspective, how your conscious mind interprets your bodies response to stimulus is what emotion is and not the unconscious response that generally happens in the hippocampus.


Question: Why is it recommended to not fully charge a battery for any device with rechargeable capabilities?

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 Why is it recommended to not fully charge a battery for any device with rechargeable capabilities?

A strange analogy that kind of works is a bucket made of ice. If you pour some water into it, the bucket of ice will cool it down and hold the water. If you pour more water into that bucket, the water will slowly melt the bucket. If you keep pouring water into the bucket to the point that it overflows, all that water will more rapidly melt the bucket. Bringing this back to the battery, the battery is comprised of consumable materials. The more you charge the battery, the more it wears down the consumable materials. This used to be more of a problem in the past where the chargers will keep trying to charge the battery after the battery is at maximum capacity. This is less of a problem in the present with advances in battery technology that cut the charge down once the battery approaches maximum capacity.


Question: What is imaginary current/power in electricity?

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 What is imaginary current/power in electricity?

They're the imaginary components of the current and power meaning they don't do *real* work If you hook a resistor across the AC power line then the current and voltage are in phase, you have positive current with positive voltage and peak current at peak voltage. The resistor turns the energy into heat and *real* work is done If you hook an ideal capacitor across the AC line then the current and voltage are 90 degrees out of phase. You get peak current at 0 volts and 0 current at the peak voltage. Energy flows into the capacitor but then flows out later so no energy is lost and no *real* work is done In real systems though you still care about imaginary currents because they change the behavior of the system and do have resistive losses in power lines and can trip breakers


Question: How does toothpaste protect for 12 hours?

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 How does toothpaste protect for 12 hours?

the fluoride binds with the minerals in your tooth enamel and makes them protected against acids. this allows them to re-mineralize and be stronger. you can even put fluoride toothpaste on an eggshell , then wash it off and put it in some vinegar and it won't weaken where a egg that hasn't been treated will get all gummy and elastic.


Question: why do fluorescent lights make so much noise?

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 why do fluorescent lights make so much noise?

Fluorescent lights, because of how they work, require something called a *ballast* to function. A ballast is an electronic component that acts to limit the amount of current flowing through a circuit. Without this, a fluorescent light would draw more and more current in an exponential process, quickly destroying itself. The older type of ballast, a *magnetic ballast*, is more likely to buzz, and buzz louder, as the flow of current through the device changes.


Question: Why is hot water more effective than cold water in terms of cleaning?

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 Why is hot water more effective than cold water in terms of cleaning?

Water has been called a universal solvent because of it's ability to dissolve many different substances. You might also call it a universal cleaner as it can dissolve many stains and dirt which is why we wash our clothes in it. One of the basic rules of chemistry is that the solubility of a substance increases with temperature. IE the hotter the water is, the more it can absorb into solution. There is also a side effect of osmotic pressure where water that is purer, wants to go to areas of less purity. IE clean water is absorbed by a stain faster and easier than dirty water. This is partly because of the amount of dissolved substances in the water is not saturated yet, meaning it can take on more. Higher temperature means greater capacity to dissolve, making the water seem purer than it is. The other aspect of it is that many fats and waxes are very sticky or tacky when cool, but as they are heated they become thinner and flow more easily. The heat of the water helps turn the waxy, greasy, and oily deposits on a surface into their more flexible wet forms and flow them away from the surface cleaning them.


Question: What exactly is a computer doing when it "installs" something?

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 What exactly is a computer doing when it "installs" something?

Both. The files & folders all need to be copied to wherever they're supposed to be. But the operating system (usually) needs to know the program exists so that it can send it the right type of files. For example, when you double-click an image file, the operating system looks up "Who opens .jpg files? Oh...it's this Photos app." In order for that to work, the Photos app had to tell the OS that it exists, what kinds of files it can handle, and how to "talk" to it. For most large software, the software is also using a lot of shared resources (both hardware and software) on the computer. Part of the installation process is the program figuring out what and where those shared resources are, installing any that are missing, and generally figuring out "where stuff is". It's like unpacking after you move in.


Question: What is the difference between renting and "sharing"?

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 What is the difference between renting and "sharing"?

There's no legal/functional difference. It's almost all PR. The cultural difference is that "sharing" is from (presumably) normal people renting out their rooms/cars/etc. as opposed to an actual entity buying rooms/cars/etc for the express purpose of renting it out. Building a hotel = renting; renting out a room in your house that was already built = sharing. Since lots of people are now explicitly building rooms for rent in AirBnB, this distinction doesn't mean much.


Question: . Why do birth rates decline as a country develops?

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 . Why do birth rates decline as a country develops?

There's a lot of reasons. In less developed countries the birth rate is higher, but so is the infant mortality rate. The US has the highest infant mortality rate in the Western world at 6/1000 births but as recently as the 1940's-1950's the infant mortality rate in the US was as high as 20-25%. Or to make that more obvious if you had 5 kids one wouldn't make it to 6 months. Having a big family for the sake of having 'spare kids' was a thing. My own grandparents each had a family of 5 that made it and lost 2 and 3 kids respectively at only a few months old. In a low-tech more agrarian society (larger percentage of the population have farms or family businesses) you need kids to help with the daily labor just to help the family survive. Having more mouths to feed can make survival more difficult, but generally having more hands and feet available makes survival easier. One of the biggest human survival traits is that we form families and work together. Increased education + technical work leads to people focusing more on their careers and less on raising a family. Because of how we educate people, by the time well educated people graduate, get a job, get settled, buy a house, and do all the things you're supposed to do before you start a family you are already well into your 30s. A lot of people get used to the no-kids lifestyle, or by the time they want kids they are already fairly old so it's better to have a smaller family. Better medical care, and increased education leads to increased use of birth control and condoms reducing the rate of unexpected pregnancy. Retirement is another factor. In less developed countries retirement as we know it doesn't really exist. The parents can't reasonably accumulate enough wealth over their lives to stop working and stay home and travel for the rest of their lives. Select kids (the youngest or oldest for example) become responsible for caring for the grandparents as they get older and keep them in their home/inherit the house. While the grandparents in turn help raise the kids.


Question: What is a marginal tax rate and how does it work?

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 What is a marginal tax rate and how does it work?

Marginal means it applies to the last dollar earned. A marginal tax rate applies to the last dollars earned, not every dollar earned. Everybody pays the same on the same dollar of income, no matter the total. Whether you make $50k or $500k, you pay the same tax on the first $50k of income. Later dollars earned are taxed at higher rates.


Question: Why does alcohol burn when put on cut?

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 Why does alcohol burn when put on cut?

The answer lies in the lowering of VR1 receptors. VR1 receptors are a special kind of cell in your skin that respond to heat. Studies have shown that ethanol--which is a kind of alcohol--causes skin cells to put out the same neurochemical signals they put out when heat is around. The result is that it doesn't take as much actual heat for the VR1's to turn on. Researchers have found that alcohol lowers the amount of heat needed to turn on VR1 receptors by almost ten degrees. It isn't known for sure yet, but researchers think that ethanol may lower the threshold so much around inflamed tissue that your own body temperature kicks off the VR1 receptors. Not only does the cut hurt, but it now feels like its on fire as well. Source: Internet.


Question: Why real estate agents promote themselves like they're a celebrity and how this became standard practice?

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 Why real estate agents promote themselves like they're a celebrity and how this became standard practice?

Real Estate is a very visual business. They rely on name recognition from people looking at nice properties and think “they would be a good person to go with”. One of my earlier jobs was at a company that did commercial real estate and we relied pretty heavily on our signs that stated that we were the ones out there. Our company had a lot of visibility.


Question: How do producers get away with sampling songs in their tracks?

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 How do producers get away with sampling songs in their tracks?

If the sample is being used for a recording that will be sold to the public, they have to ask permission from the copyright owner of the original song (usually the music publishing company), and also from the owner of the original recording (usually a record company). Often they'll have to pay for permission. This is called "Sample Clearance". In the early days of sampling, especially in the hip-hop scene, producers often didn't bother asking permission, and not many people made a fuss about it. But as sampling became used more often in successful recordings, things changed. The beastie boys' 1989 album "Paul's Boutique" (produced by the dust brothers) is an incredible album, made entirely from multi-layered samples - including samples from nearly 30 different records in one track alone. Back then, permission was easier and cheaper to obtain, and samples were not always legally challenged when permission wasn't obtained - so it is said that an album like 'Paul's boutique' would be financially/commercially not possible to make today. ["Shake Your Rump"]( URL_0 ) from Paul's boutique. I love listening to the album and trying to identify all the different samples. Many of these were paid for with permission, some may not have been.


Question: Why is the Human body’s core temperature 37 degrees Celsius (98.6 degrees Fahrenheit) across the species, regardless of ethnicity or environmental location?

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 Why is the Human body’s core temperature 37 degrees Celsius (98.6 degrees Fahrenheit) across the species, regardless of ethnicity or environmental location?

There are slight variations even person to person, let alone ethnicity to ethnicity. However, our body’s require precise temperature regulation to maintain status quo, or homeostasis. Things that are poorly affected with temperature change would include blood clotting, hormone systems, and metabolism, for example. Similarly, losing heat increases energy requirements to keep the body (properly functioning) at normal temperatures and can cause very bad things to happen like heart attacks (from increased cardiac demand and perhaps decreased O2 supply). A simple compensatory mechanism to increase heat production in the body is shivering, which increases metabolic demands anywhere from 100-500%, but is very ineffective at actually keeping us warm. That’s why we have behavioral modification techniques such as putting warm clothes on, getting out of the cold, or finding heat sources. In high body temperature situations our cells begin to lose their functioning abilities too, just in a different way. In the brain for example, the cells become more excitable and their resting membrane potential (ability for the cell to become active) is altered, in the bad direction. This is why some people have seizures when their temp is above 40C/104F. All in all, we must have normal temperatures to ensure our bodies function at their best performance. Edit: spelling, grammar


Question: what is Law of Entropy (second law of thermodynamics)?

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 what is Law of Entropy (second law of thermodynamics)?

The second law of thermodynamics explains that it is impossible to have a cyclic (repeating) process that converts heat completely into work. It is also impossible to have a process that transfers heat from cool objects to warm objects without using work. In English: that first part of the law says no reaction is 100% efficient. Some amount of energy in a reaction is always lost to heat. Also, a system can not convert all of its energy to working energy. The second part of the law is more obvious. A cold body can't heat up a warm body. Heat naturally wants to flow from warmer to cooler areas. Heat wants to flow and spread out to areas with less heat. If heat is going to move from cooler to warmer areas, it is going against what is “natural”, so the system must put in some work for it to happen. & #x200B; [ URL_0 ]( URL_1 ) & #x200B; Or even simpler: You cannot break even (you cannot return to the same energy state, because there is always an increase in disorder; entropy always increases).


Question: How binary 1's and 0's translate into complex output?

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 How binary 1's and 0's translate into complex output?


Question: Why haven't algae based biofuels taken off yet?

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 Why haven't algae based biofuels taken off yet?

Cost per gallon. Algal crude costs somewhere around $7-8 per gallon to create. Current projections are that if that can come down to around $4-5 per gallon, then it's viable. If we can't hit that mark, then it's not viable. There's also the concern of retuning the entire automotive fleet to run on biofuels (although that's relatively minor in comparison), and the potential for increased NOx emissions (but that argument isn't quite settled yet). Source; Getting a doctorate in mechanical engineering, with research including combustion of biofuels from various feedstocks.


Question: How are important contracts between huge corporations proposed? And how do they then negotiate the conditions?

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 How are important contracts between huge corporations proposed? And how do they then negotiate the conditions?

They have entire teams that do this work. It will be (several) sections of their company, depending on the specific contract they are negotiating. ' > do they just call each other on the phone and arrange a meeting? Yes, and email of course. > Do they send a person into each others HQ At some point the teams will meet, but most of it will be done by email and phone, its too much work and coordination to get everyone on board to meet. Meetings generally take place at the beginning, and near the end to hammer out the final points. These ending meetings can be fierce as usually whats left is all the stuff they couldn't agree on before. For really big stuff, its common for C-level executives to discuss some of the hangups as well. > Also, when they eventually negotiate, is it just two 'teams' of people arguing over the conditions? Haha, yeah basically. Along with the lawyers. For the most part though stuff is done by talking on the phone and sending versions of the contract back and forth with changes. And this can take a really, really, really long time, even for fairly simple deals. The people who do this are professionals, its not their first rodeo, they all know the game and process.


Question: Why is Mona Lisa so special?

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 Why is Mona Lisa so special?

It was stolen in 1911. It was a huge international news story. [More info here...]( URL_0 ) > Before its theft, the "Mona Lisa" was not widely known outside the art world. Leonardo da Vinci painted it in 1507, but it wasn't until the 1860s that critics began to hail it as a masterwork of Renaissance painting. And that judgment didn't filter outside a thin slice of French intelligentsia. > "The 'Mona Lisa' wasn't even the most famous painting in its gallery, let alone in the Louvre," Zug says. > Dorothy and Tom Hoobler wrote about the painting's heist in their book, The Crimes of Paris. It was 28 hours, they say, until anyone even noticed the four bare hooks.


Question: Why does glass break when transferred from hot to cold water, but not something like an egg?

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 Why does glass break when transferred from hot to cold water, but not something like an egg?

First, a plaque of glass is very solid and strong, an egg shell is very porous and bendable. Second, hot objects expands while cold objects contract. Because an egg shell is bendable and porous, it is able to deal with the internal stresses caused by the temperature difference. And because the glass is solid and strong, the internal stresses caused by the temperature difference can make it shatter.


Question: . How are WW2 German soldiers treated in Germany by Germans today?

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 . How are WW2 German soldiers treated in Germany by Germans today?

Sort of indifferently, in my experience and from my anecdotal evidence from living there for a short time. The thing is that it isn't just some small group of people, it was an entire generation of adult males that served. You can't really deny being in the military at the time, if you were an adult male between 16 and 40 during 1930-1945, you were in the military. IIRC 18 million adult men fought out of a total 21 million adult men in the country at the time. It wasn't a "service", it wasn't "patriotism", it wasn't a "Nazi attitude", it was a forced draft that affected every man and therefore every family. Because of that, most Germans just don't want to talk about it, they don't really celebrate their WW2 veterans (or any veterans, even their modern ones, for that matter), and they just kind of sweep it under the rug. They don't shun WW2 veterans, they don't really acknowledge them in any way, and they just sort of try to ignore the fact. The German people are tremendously apologetic about WW2 (and WW1), and there's a sort of national guilt surrounding the topic. They feel really, really bad about it, which is why they didn't really engage in any kind of conflict afterward until a very small amount during the 90's and post 9/11.


Question: What's the difference between using O negative blood and type-specific blood in emergency medicine?

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 What's the difference between using O negative blood and type-specific blood in emergency medicine?

On the positive: any O- blood, with a few less common exceptions, can be transfused into any patient without issue. In an emergency situation where an immediate transfusion is critical, waiting a few minutes to test a patient's blood may do harm to the patient. On the negative: O- blood is rare, as donors of that type reflect only a small percentage of donations. Basically, unless it's a dire emergency, medical professionals will not use an O- blood unit for a transfusion unless the patient has been found to be the O- blood type.


Question: What do animals actually do during hibernation?

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 What do animals actually do during hibernation?

Hibernation means the animal literally just sleeps. It cannot get any meaningful amount of food during the winter so instead he just kinda skips it. He sleeps all the way through to conserve energy instead of walking around and doing stuff, and the fat it put on right before winter is whats being broken down and consumed to keep him alive and fed. He then wakes up again in spring when hunting is viable again.


Question: How do you solve this? (Picture in description)

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 How do you solve this? (Picture in description)

There are eight equations you can create and 7 unknown values. The brute force method is to solve it as a system of simultaneous equations. Or use some logic - like the last column is E + E + D = 17 (E and D cannot be 5 or 6) which only leaves E = 4, D = 9 or E = 7, D = 3 Then look at rows 1 and 3. J + G + H + E = 25 J + G + C + E = 22 There won't be too many combinations since H - C = 3, H > 3 and C < 7 and cannot be 5 or 6 or whatever E and D are. If E = 3, D = 9 then J + G + C = 19. Since C must be 1, 2, 4 this means J + G = 15, 17, 18. Since 9, 6, 5, 3 are not allowed leaving 8, 7, 4, 2, 1. This means both are either 7 or 8 making C = 4. If E = 7, D = 3 then J + G + C = 15. C cannot be 1 (J+G=14 without 5, 6, 7) leaving C = 2 or 4. And so on...


Question: How quaternions (4D imaginary numbers) are related to 3D rotation?

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 How quaternions (4D imaginary numbers) are related to 3D rotation?

There is no dead simple explanation, other than you can just pretend each if the parts of a quaternion is a 3D spacial axis and then do multiplication to do things. I have a line that goes north 1, east 2 from a centre origin point. We could write this as (1,2,0), a vector. The 0 is the up-down, this line does not go up down. I want to spin this line 90° clockwise. What's the new line? Well, you could just work this out in your head. It's rather simple. It now goes -2 north, 1 east. Draw it if you need to, but should be easy enough to see in your head. Simple enough, although I could have made this a lot harder. Could have been given it a height direction too. Could have made it a different rotation than a clean 90°. Could have rotated it vertically too. Could have made it a full 3D geometric shape rather than a line. You could probably have dealt with some of these with some sketches and trig skills, but at a certain point I would have you thrown for a loop. But what if you could just do simple multiplication instead regardless of how complicated I made it. Well, you can. Given the question, I'm just going to fly sort of past what a quaternion is and how algebra works. It's a fancy number that goes something like 1 + 1i + 1j + 1k, although you can substitute any of the 1's with any other number, including zero. i alone would be the typical imaginary number, ie sqrt(-1). Or alternatively, i^2 is -1. j and k squared are also -1, but they do fun things when the multiply together. i × j = k for example. Basically if you imagine i as 12 o'clock, j as 4 o'clock, and k as 8 o'clock, multiplying then just gives you the third one. If you go counterclockwise, like i × j = k, it's positive. If you go counterclockwise, like j × i = -k it's negative. Unlike regular numbers, these ones care the order you multiply then in. Operations not caring about order is a special property, doesn't apply to all operations not in all types of applications. We take it for granted that multiplying regular numbers can he the order swapped and give the same result. Rather than north 1, east 2 or (1,2,0), let's make it a quaternion. So this would be 2i + 1j + 0k. I'm using i as East-west, j as north-south, and k as up-down. I know, we normally have north-south written first and here I have East-west as coming first. It's just conventions. So how do we turn 2i + 1j + 0k 90° clockwise with multiplication? Well, we multiply by the transformation number corresponding to a 90° clockwise turn, and then by that same number again with the signs inverted. That number is 1/sqrt(2) + 1/sqrt(2) k. Why 1/sqrt(2)? Simply, because the hypotenuse (long side) of a right (90°) triangle with shorter lengths 1 is sqrt(2). Need to ensure this number is like 1 or -1 and won't scale anything, just change its direction, aka rotate it. Why k? Because that's the up-down axis, which is the one we are actual spinning this around. So I don't have to keep writing 1/sqrt(2), I'm going to call that x: (x + xk) (2i + 1j) (x - xk) Now do some middle school algebra: (2xi + xj + 2xki + xkj)(x - xk) Now let's apply some of the imaginary number like math of quaternions. k × i is j. k × j is -i: (2xi + xj + 2xj - xi)(x - xk) Simplify to: (xi + 3xj)(x - xk) Multiply out again: (xxi - xxik + 3xxj - 3xxjk) Now let's apply some of the imaginary number like math of quaternions. i × k is -j. j × k is i: (xxi + xxj + 3xxj - 3xxi) Clean up: (4xxj - 2xxi) Now x is 1/sqrt(2), so all xx are 1/2: (4/2j - 2/2i) So the result is 2j -1i. What's 1i - 2j + 0k? -2 North, 1 east. What we wanted, a 90° clockwise turn. A lot more work, but involving very simple, repeatable steps with basic multiplication. A waste of time here, very easy in more complex situations and also very easy for a computer to chug through. Or if you've taken introductory university math, probably could have just said complex numbers (imaginary and real combinations) are just length two vectors and quaternions are length 4 vectors, and this is all just linear algebra with a new hat.