Question: why is it that when you get paint at the hardware store, they mix so many colors to get the desired color rather than say yellow and blue for green?

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 why is it that when you get paint at the hardware store, they mix so many colors to get the desired color rather than say yellow and blue for green?

Mixing pure yellow and pure blue in equal amounts will give you exactly one shade of green. If you use less yellow/more blue, you get a bluer looking green. If you use less blue/more yellow, you get a yellow looking green. And that's it. Your range of greens runs from yellow-green to blue-green. But there are more kinds of green than that, meaning you'd have to use other colors than blue or yellow.


Question: Why do most instructions say to leave a device unplugged for “x” minutes to reboot?

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 Why do most instructions say to leave a device unplugged for “x” minutes to reboot?

Most power supplies have capacitors. Capacitors build up charge and then dissipate it. Think like tiny batteries that lose charge in seconds. So you leave devices unplugged so that the capacitor is fully discharged and therefore not feeding even a minute amount of power back into the device. Completely rebooting the device.


Question: Energy transfers from the hand to pluck a guitar string. This energy is then transferred into vibration which travels through the air to our ears. Energy doesn't die, so where does the energy go once it's hit our ears?

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 Energy transfers from the hand to pluck a guitar string. This energy is then transferred into vibration which travels through the air to our ears. Energy doesn't die, so where does the energy go once it's hit our ears?

I'm not an expert in acoustics or physics by any means, but I would think most of the energy dissipates exponentially in the soundwaves, as they are going out in a complete sphere from where the sound originates, so the energy hitting your eardrum is just a tiny fraction of what was put into the guitar string. But then the eardrum vibrates and the bones connected to the eardrum move and the electrical impulses go into your brain and the cochlea absorbs some and your skull absorbs some.


Question: Does avoiding germs too much hurt your immune system?

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 Does avoiding germs too much hurt your immune system?

You wont hurt your immune system, as in it wont get weaker. Not over a few months or years. But you will prevent it getting stronger, which is similar but not the same. In the end, avoiding disease like, well, the plague will result in you getting sick easier when the time comes that you cant avoid it. That’s why vaccinations work. Once your body learns how to fight something, it’s unlikely to ever make you sick again. If you never let it learn, it will fail you when it matters.


Question: How are artificial flavors made and how do they get them to taste like other items? (Example: cotton candy ice cream.)

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 How are artificial flavors made and how do they get them to taste like other items? (Example: cotton candy ice cream.)

Esters! [ URL_1 ]( URL_0 ) Many of the artificial scents and flavors we use (e.g., pineapple, banana, strawberry) are from compounds called esters. These are what you get when you react an organic acid (like vinegar) with an alcohol. It's mainly trial and error how we find which ones make which scents and flavors.


Question: How do they continuously discover more decimal points to pi?

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 How do they continuously discover more decimal points to pi?

There are formulae for pi that invole adding an infinite number terms can an inifinite series, such as the leibniz formula which is 4-4/3+4/5-4/7+4/9+... which converges quite slowly. There are also thing you can add which converge much more quickly such as the Ramanujan formula. Pi is calculate by getting a computer to run one of these formulae many time. There are a few things we can do to get more precise values for pi. 1. We can optimize our formula and find a formula that converges faster 2. We can get better computers that can run the programs faster. 3. We can run the computers for longer or get lots of computers running in parallel.


Question: Basic color mixing shows blue and yellow make green but why not the same with a sunrise with the blue sky?

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 Basic color mixing shows blue and yellow make green but why not the same with a sunrise with the blue sky?

mostly it has to do with how the origin of the color/light works, as well as how it gets to your eyes. Paint **absorbs** light. The color of a paint you see is the basically the color it does not absorb. the sun **emits** light (rainbow spectrum), colour of the sky results from light that has bounced around on the way form the sun to our eyes. [Rayleigh scattering]( URL_0 ) the lower angle at sunrise/sunset changes the "bounce" behaviour and because of that, the sunshine is not seen as white or yellowish, more as red, and so is the sky (more like "skyshine". the light of the sun must pass through much more air and atmosphere to get to our eyes than in broad daylight when it's right above you. hope that helped a bit.


Question: What makes an employer decide whether they want to do 4/10 hour days vs 5/8 hour days (for 40 hour work weeks). Are there pros and cons to both?

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 What makes an employer decide whether they want to do 4/10 hour days vs 5/8 hour days (for 40 hour work weeks). Are there pros and cons to both?

For me it's a matter of "cuz everyone else is doing it". I'd love to operate my business 4 10 hour days. If I did, and my competitors didn't, I would be losing customers that want my product on my extra day off. I would lose not only that sale but potentially lose a customer to future sales who finds a competitor that is more convenient, cheaper, etc. If my competitors did it so would I and so here we are stuck with 5 day work weeks.


Question: Why is sugar bad for you and should you cut it out?

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 Why is sugar bad for you and should you cut it out?

Ok I'll try snd explain what I know. Sugar is a carbohydrate and is so tasty because our brain uses mostly it for its energy and so it rewards you by eating it, however when you eat excess carbs combined with lipids , aka fat, you're body decides it doesnt need all those lipids so it stores it and that leads to weight gain. So carbs (including sugar) isnt bad itself but eating too much will lead to weight gain. If you're looking for weight loss in the firm of fat, I suggest looking at the keto diet. And anybody feel free to correct me if I'm wrong Edit: Misspelled keto


Question: Why is inflation important for a healthy economy?

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 Why is inflation important for a healthy economy?

A small amount of inflation encourages people to spend or invest money, rather than saving it (because it will slowly lose value if saved). This effectively increases the amount of money moving around an economy, which helps businesses get started. Too much inflation becomes bad because if there's enough of it, you don't want that kind of money at all, because it might be worth much less tomorrow. So you invest somewhere else instead.


Question: Why can some animals like horses learn to walk immediately after birth but for babies it takes up to a year or more for them to walk?

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 Why can some animals like horses learn to walk immediately after birth but for babies it takes up to a year or more for them to walk?

When wild animals are born, they are born much more developed, as they would not survive very long without being able to walk, escape danger, etc. Human babies are born very immaturely compared to other mammals. Because of the size of a babies head and the size of the average woman's hips, a baby cannot be born any later. Our evolution has favoured larger, more intelligent brains over independence after birth.


Question: - How do robots dance?

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 - How do robots dance?

I would think you'd create a library of moves for each chassis, which start and end in a kind of neutral position so you can chain them together in any order. Then the robot can just execute those moves in a random, or scripted, sequence for as long as you want. You could measure the tempo of a song, and then just tell the robot to "dance at 152 beats per minute" (so it knows how fast to execute moves) or if you wanted to get complicated you could have an on-board microphone that analyzes the music in real time to determine the dance tempo.


Question: Why is it that warm/hot tap water often appears foggy and cloudy at first, but becomes clear after resting for a while?

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 Why is it that warm/hot tap water often appears foggy and cloudy at first, but becomes clear after resting for a while?

When water is in the pipes below your house, etc, it can be under a decent amount of pressure (this is why it comes out of your tap at a good rate, it is being pushed on by all of the water behind it, all the way up to the reservoir). This pressure forces more air than normal to dissolve into it (literally pushing the air into the water). When it comes out of your tap, it returns to normal pressure, and all the extra air starts to escape. The fog/cloudiness is just a whole lot of tiny air bubbles coming out of solution. Look really closely and you can actually see them! Edit: I see you said hot water. It’s essentially the same reason, but the pressure is created by the hot water trying to expand in your geyser and hot water pipes. The geyser and pipes can’t expand, so all the air/steam in there gets forced into the water under pressure. Water under high pressure also makes its boiling point increase, so some of the cloudiness will be steam suddenly forming because the pressure is suddenly released.


Question: How are deserts growing? Where is the new excess sand coming from?

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 How are deserts growing? Where is the new excess sand coming from?

There’s a well known process called *desertification* in response to climate drying, overgrazing and/or too intense agriculture … possibly with migrating sand dunes (did measurements on the latter for a major US Army base). Richer soil has a fungi component giving it a structure based on hyphae … and fungi need water. The hyphae act as molecular “cages” to trap more nutrients that plants love. Even in richer soils, sometimes it needs to be replenished. Debris (plant and animal) falling on the surface gets attacked by hyphae and incorporated into the soil in wetter environments. In drier ones it may be unavailable however or blow away in the wind. What were agricultural fields in Northern Africa during the Roman Empire are now part of the northern Sahara, so there’s been a bit of “terraforming” (in a negative sense) already.


Question: Whats happening to our body when we get physically tired?

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 Whats happening to our body when we get physically tired?

Broadly speaking, its the lack of fully optimal body function. Lack of proper sleep or vitamins may cause the body to function sub-optimally. Blood flow and general nutrients being provided to the muscles in our body is reduced. Depression and medications may also alter the way our bodies function, leading to these feelings of physical fatigue. Not enough oxygen may be making it to different parts of the body, and if you just ran, dehydration may cause you to feel lethargic. Think of it as the low power mode on your phone, still able to function, but limits the amount of energy usage.


Question: When the taste (or scent) of a food “turns your stomach” what is the physical (or psychological) process that’s happening? And could it be connected to food allergies?

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 When the taste (or scent) of a food “turns your stomach” what is the physical (or psychological) process that’s happening? And could it be connected to food allergies?

Interesting question, reasonable premise! Poking around recent literature, that doesn't seem to be the case. Rather, there doesn't seem to be a non-psychological link between just smelling/tasting food and a stomach reaction. There is such a thing as fragrance contact allergies but those seem to cause skin issues, not stomach. Additionally, asthma patients that experience allergic coughing to capsaicin (the thing in peppers that causes the burning sensation) demonstrate a greater sensitivity to capsaicin during pollen season (so affected by allergies). But, no, doesn't seem that the scent/taste of food causes a direct stomach-churning effect ala chemistry. Closest I know of is peanut allergy (at more severe levels, known to cause palpable swelling in the throat at the mere scent of peanut butter, but, again, not stomach). As a fun add-on to /u/MoosesMom7 's theme of "smell associated with stuff that will make you ill if consumed", which also happens to extend to other dangers*: There is mounting evidence that pregnancy-induced food aversion is a survival tactic to support the baby's development. Researchers are noticing that the subject and timing of aversion (by smell/taste/sound) of pregnant women corresponds to foods believed to pose dangers if consumed. Most noticeably, food aversion is at its strongest when the baby is at greatest vulnerability during brain development. (The opposite also seems to be true: pregnancy carvings tend to reflect "safer" foods with nutritional/micronutrional value) *like the smell of feces, which you probably haven't eaten before but are likely repulsed by; or decaying flesh, as a danger signal for "get out of here, something killed this animal and it could kill you too" and the pathogenic microbes that grow in it. Some of the same receptors in your nose that detect odors are in your lungs; instead of stimulating a "scent", they make you cough so the offending particles are removed from the easy-access-to-your-blood membranes in your lungs.


Question: How do we know how well animals can hear/see things?

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 How do we know how well animals can hear/see things?

We examine the eyes of dead animals and learn about things like their focal length, their concentration of optical nerve fibers, what *kinds* of nerve fibers. We see the rods and cones and we use what we know of our own experience with cameras and optics (and our own eyes) to create a mathematical model of how *their* eye works. Sometimes we're able to test our guess and sometimes not. Sometimes we just see evidence of their vision, like when we see a hawk stoop and snatch a field mouse when it was on the horizon only moments ago. Sometimes our model is complete conjecture. We're kind of guessing how some prehistoric animals eyes worked because we haven't got one to dissect.


Question: How was the automobile invented before gasoline? And how did gasoline become the standard fuel for automobiles?

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 How was the automobile invented before gasoline? And how did gasoline become the standard fuel for automobiles?

When "oil guys" first started refining oil, they knew it produced many different types of substances as you increased the boiling temperature. We've found a use for almost every substance that crude oil can make nowadays, but back then gasoline was considered a waste by-product of the manufacture of kerosene for lamps. After about 30 years they found a use for it, powering the new automobiles.


Question: Why does Root Beer foam so much when poured onto ice cream?

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 Why does Root Beer foam so much when poured onto ice cream?

It's a combination of two major factors: - Ice cream has a lot of surface area, which means more nucleation points. More nucleation points mean more bubbles. - Milk and cream have a higher surface tension than water. This means the bubbles are stronger. ----- The reason why Mentos in soda makes it fizz is because all the pits and holes means the surface area is ***huge*** compared to the volume. You could get similar effects from a spoonful of sugar or sand. Easy experiment: Get a bottle of seltzer or clear soda. Get it nice and cold before opening and pour it into a glass. Pour slow so it doesn't fizz too much. Wait for the bubbles to stop and drop in a few grains of sugar or salt. You will see that the bubbles will form around the granules until they dissolve. Use a few grains of sand and it the bubbles will keep forming until there is none left, which will probably be longer than you are willing to sit around. ----- /u/GaidinBDJ has the dissolved gases issue backwards. Hot liquids will hold more solids (salt, sugar, minerals, etc.) while cold liquids will hold more gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.) One of the worries with global warming is the amount of methane dissolved in the ocean. Warm up the ocean and the methane comes out. Methane is a much more effective greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. If enough methane gets into the upper atmosphere, the global temperature will skyrocket in a runaway reaction and life as we know it is ***fucked***.


Question: Why is every doctor's office I've (33M) ever been to behind schedule, and usually 20+ minutes behind?

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 Why is every doctor's office I've (33M) ever been to behind schedule, and usually 20+ minutes behind?

Because people all take different amounts of time in the doctors office with different ailments and situations. It’s impossible to actually stick to a schedule when you’re dealing with peoples Heath. It’s not like a car where when something goes wrong there’s a specific routine for fixing it, in healthcare there are all sorts of variables involved that take time


Question: What happens if you don't turn airplane mode on?

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 What happens if you don't turn airplane mode on?

Cellphones get their connectivity through their access to cell phone towers. Like all forms of technology, connecting requires power. When you’re relatively close to a cellphone tower, your device uses relatively less power, than being far away from a cell phone tower. So if you’re on an airplane, you’re going to be miles and miles away from the nearest cell phone tower, and if your device is trying to connect to them, it is going to consume more power. This can interfere with the radio transmission from the pilot to air traffic controllers. Now, a few people not turning airplane mode on will not cause much of a disturbance to the pilots, because aircrafts are designed to block interference, to a certain degree. However, I imagine if every single device on the plane is attempting to connect to a cellphone tower, there will be noticeable and significant interference to the pilots. It will not cause the plane to crash or make the aircraft malfunction, but you obviously wouldn’t want to distract your pilot; the same way you wouldn’t want to distract your driver.


Question: How do you know when someone is gaslighting Vs. When the person is just stupid/has a selective memory?

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 How do you know when someone is gaslighting Vs. When the person is just stupid/has a selective memory?

This is basically asking how you know when someone is doing something wrong maliciously and purposefully vs. accidentally and innocently. The truth of the matter exists only within their own mind, which no one else can ever really know. For such actions, we can only go off of their actions and responses. Look at the consistency of the errors, how they respond when faced with evidence of their mistakes. Look for things not dependent on simply their memory. Look for deliberate actions they may be taking to maintain the deception or illusion.


Question: When writing, how am I able to think of a word that would be good in a sentence even if I’m not exactly sure of its meaning until I look it up?

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 When writing, how am I able to think of a word that would be good in a sentence even if I’m not exactly sure of its meaning until I look it up?

You gain an intuition of what a word means and how it is often used by hearing or reading it multiple times. This is a subconscious process, and can often lead you to use the word in a reasonable way in the future. That doesn't always work perfectly though: [link]( URL_0 ).


Question: If all human cells replace themselves every 7 years, why can scars remain on you body your entire life?

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 If all human cells replace themselves every 7 years, why can scars remain on you body your entire life?

Human cells can replace themselves, this is correct. But they need a scaffold to replace themselves ON for them to be in the right place. And the nature of that scaffold is why scars stick around forever. Let's compare our bodies to a multi-floor brick building that King Kong or Cloverfield or Godzilla or something punches a big chunk out of. You have a couple choices to do something about that building before the weather gets in and wrecks it worse. But a feasible one of them isn't a complete tear-down and rebuild using scaffolding and heavy construction to recreate the building properly. People have got to go on living in there and there's not enough free spending money around to do it. So you patch that hole as best you can and maybe brick up the opening, and that's good enough for people to keep living in it. But it leaves a not-very-pretty gap in your building. It's functional even if some of the electrical stuff or elevators don't work due to the still missing area, and it looks ugly because you couldn't quite get everything perfect without bringing in super-expensive heavy machinery and shutting everything down, and the bricks don't match. So you're left with a serviceable building with ugly spots that you can't ever afford to make perfect-looking again. Scarring's the same. The body doesn't have the ability to regenerate huge missing areas because it can't create scaffolding once you're out of the womb. All of the 'heavy equipment' necessary for it is no longer available. This wasn't critical enough of a skill for us to evolve as a species because enough of us survived and had kids even without it to take over the world. So the body goes with a "walling off" strategy without coming with a bunch of perfectly set-up scaffolding to build new clean supporting structures for the new cells to grow back into their perfect original shape. And those wall-offs are dead 'hard' tissue that is permanently set into their walled-off shape and can't be replaced. Again, perfect-looking repairs weren't necessary to the survival of our species so we didn't evolve them.


Question: In California, why is there a palm tree planted at the end of every fourth row in a grove of orange trees?

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 In California, why is there a palm tree planted at the end of every fourth row in a grove of orange trees?

In Redlands, California there are many orange groves and there is a powerful wind that blows in the winter time (Santa Ana winds). These winds cause a lot of damage to limbs and can knock fruit off the trees and causing them to rot in the direct sunlight. There are two forms of protection from the winds that are common in southern California: a wall of eucalyptus trees that circle the grove, or palm trees that are in the groves. Both of these protections cause turbulent air flow across the groves lowering the wind speed.


Question: Why are dubbed movies/shows and their subtitles so off from each other?

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 Why are dubbed movies/shows and their subtitles so off from each other?

This bothers me too. I always find myself wishing that they'd do the subs based on the dubs, or if the subs are already done first, just read the subs as the dub "script." You're correct that they're done separately, and they're also done with slightly different objectives: The subs are trying to explain what the actors are trying to express. Suppose emphasis is given at the end of a sentence, but the foreign language follows subject-object-verb order (instead of subject-verb-object, like what English uses). This means the emphasis is actually on the \*verb\* and the translator has to move the sentence around in some way to get the verb to the end, or otherwise rephrase it to make it clear it's the verb that's being emphasized. The dubs are replacing the voices altogether, trying both to match **both** the natural mannerisms of an English speaker and the lip movements and body language of the character as best as possible. This means the translation often has to move words within sentences (and even entire sentences) around to match that as best as they can. In practice this difference doesn't turn out too badly. Most audiences prefer either subs or dubs, but not both. I'm somewhat hard-of-hearing with spoken conversations so I have subs turned on, even when I'm watching a dub, and I really wish the subs would just be redone to the dub. But I also realize I'm in the minority. :)


Question: How is it that now matter how full a person gets, there are some foods like French fries where a person can always seem to have room for one more?

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 How is it that now matter how full a person gets, there are some foods like French fries where a person can always seem to have room for one more?

Generalising, but it's because the body has two broad drivers of feeding: * direct nutrient deficit (ie, you need energy - or at least, your body thinks you need energy!) * pleasurable food consumption - also known as [hedonic hunger]( URL_1 ). Hedonic hunger probably primarily evolved to promote the consumption of high-energy foods even if you are 'full', to put on more fat and increase resistance to famine. French fries are high in fat, salt and easily digestible carbohydrates - a perfect food to put on that survival weight! [This review]( URL_0 ) goes over the evolution of hedonic hunger in quite an easy to understand fashion.


Question: Don't Open Source Softwares Basically Opens its Gate for Hackers?

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 Don't Open Source Softwares Basically Opens its Gate for Hackers?

If your security is because no one can look at your code and understan how it work it is called [Security through obscurity]( URL_0 ) The problem is that id do not work. It has been rejected since the mid 19th century in the context of how locks could be picked. A real secure system should still be secure if someone know your code. If the code is secret you might find a but that is hard to fix and just assume that no one will find it without the code and leave it in. If it is open source you assume that any attacker have the code and you will write it with that in mind and do not leave holes. In some cases it might be a idea. If there is limited access to the system and not a software that you can purchase on the open market where a attacker can purchase it and examine the code and decompile it and examine it. So for military system or any that is tightly controlled keeping the source and design of the system secret make it harder to crack it. So it can be something to add ontop of other good security practice but you should never trust that it is enough. If anyone can get the software you should assume that it is the same as if they had the source code.


Question: - Where are education funds spent?

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 - Where are education funds spent?

Average class size is in the low 20s, so it's closer to 250k per year. Subtract the average teacher's salary, then add a prorated amount for everyone who isn't a classroom teacher: administrators, librarians, gym teachers, custodians, nurses, counselors, teaching aides. And a healthy amount on top of that for non-salary benefits (health insurance, retirement pay). Add building maintenance costs, new construction, etc. It adds up quick.


Question: What is gerrymandering and why is it still a thing?

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 What is gerrymandering and why is it still a thing?

From time to time the districts in a state have to be redrawn to reflect changing populations. (Usually every decade following the census.) Typically that redrawing is done by the state legislature or a committee created by the legislature. In Gerrymandering, they are drawn with a political aim - using voting records, demographics, etc. they draw district lines in a way to give their party the best possible chance of winning as many districts as possible. There are some possible alternatives - bipartisan committees, algorithm-designed districts, etc. - but to make those law, you would need the party in power (who stands to gain the most from Gerrymandering) to voluntarily give up that power, which is difficult.


Question: Why does everything gets creepier at night?

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 Why does everything gets creepier at night?

Many people have a fear of the dark because they can’t see where they are going or if someone is standing in front of them. In the dark it is easy for your mind to play tricks on you however in the day you are usually not alone and there are people with you so you aren’t so scared if you have to deal with something on your own. This fear is not always developed by oneself but passed down from family members. Many people think that this fear in the dark is about be alone but it’s actually that they are scared that they’re not alone.


Question: When metalsmith's make swords, when we did we begin to fully understand what was happening with the metal from a scientific perspective?

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 When metalsmith's make swords, when we did we begin to fully understand what was happening with the metal from a scientific perspective?

For a long time, metallurgy was a refined trade that was held by master craftsmen, who did not trust their knowledge to anyone except their apprentices, because if 'just anyone' knew what they knew, the local smith might quickly be out of a job. With the invention of chemical sciences, people began to understand that metallurgy was basically just like any other practical craft of mixing ingredients together and making shapes out of them, like baking and pottery. The temperatures and forces involved were just larger. *De re metallica* by Gregorius Agricola was probably the first dedicated text about metallurgical sciences and ores in modern history, published in 1556. The exact compounds that were historically important in blade-making are compounds around iron and steel (iron-carbon mixtures): ferrite, martensite, pearlite and cementite. Knowledge, experience and understanding of these compounds expanded rapidly with the invention of the Blast Furnace, around the beginning of the 16th century in France.


Question: How do salary caps and computing for future salary and cap space work in team sports like basketball?

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 How do salary caps and computing for future salary and cap space work in team sports like basketball?

Team A has a $50m budget because they have a rich donor. Team B has a $10m budget. Team A can afford to lure multiple top tier players and therefore always walk all over Team B. Salary caps help to stop teams buying their way to the top of the ladder and even up the playing field.


Question: Why are trees programmed such that they drop their fat reserves i.e. fruits when they become ripe?

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 Why are trees programmed such that they drop their fat reserves i.e. fruits when they become ripe?

Fruits are not 'fat reserves' for trees - they don't use them for energy. Fruits contain seeds which allow the tree to reproduce. In short, fruit gets dropped onto the ground, some animal comes and eats it and then wanders off. The animal then shits out the seeds (which are protected by a tough coat against the stomach of the animal) somewhere else and the seeds grow again. This allows the tree to spread its offspring far and wide.


Question: Why do babies like it so much when we speak in silly voices?

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 Why do babies like it so much when we speak in silly voices?

Because infants aren't able to understand language, they process communication with people similarly to dogs. They rely very heavily on body language and intonation to figure out what people say. Those silly voices are a clear indicator to the baby that whoever's talking is happy and things are good. You can actually see a similar result when you talk to dogs the same way.


Question: Why does coin currency continue to be used and produced globally?

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 Why does coin currency continue to be used and produced globally?

A new dollar bill has a life expectancy of around 18 months. The oldest coin in my pocket right now is a quarter from 1967. Coins cost a bit more to make but they're massively more durable, which makes them ideal for small units of currency that get passed around a lot.


Question: Brand name products VS Generic. If both are the same, why are there both versions?

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 Brand name products VS Generic. If both are the same, why are there both versions?

In the pharmaceutical industry, it has to do with patents. When a big research and development company puts millions or billions of dollars into producing a new medication they get the right to distribute it exclusively for a period of years in order to recoup the cost. After several years (7 I believe?), generic companies can reproduce the brand name drug at a lower cost because they did not need to pay for the years of research, development, testing, FDA approval etc. A generic medicine has the same active ingredients as the original but the inactive ingredients are probably different.


Question: How do rockets "fly"in space?

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 How do rockets "fly"in space?

Newton's Third Law. Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. The rocket burns fuel, which changes it from a solid or a liquid into a gas. This greatly increases its pressure, and then it releases that gas out of the exhaust as high speed. This pushes the rocket in the opposite direction.


Question: Submariners, from the point of view of the crew aboard. Once submerged, do subs ever experience "rough seas"?

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 Submariners, from the point of view of the crew aboard. Once submerged, do subs ever experience "rough seas"?

I was on an Ohio class sub ssbn from 2007 to 2011. The sub rarely rocked, even in crazy bad storms, below 400 ft. We steamed under a typhoon in the Pacific with no ill effects. Being on a sub underwater feels a lot like a big jetliner. However, very near or on the surface the boat rocks like a damned pendulum. Imagine a steel pipe with some weight on the bottom. Thats a submarine on the surface. It starts to roll like a round pipe and the only thing that keeps it up right is additional ballast near the bottom. But that also creates a weight that acts like a pendulum swinging the boat back and forth. Many sailors got sick a few times coming up to periscope depth. As for other stuff causing the boat to move, I could feel when the speed was changed by more than a bell turn (I.e. going from 1/3 go 2/3 ahead or more). I could also feel large rudder changes because they'd make the boat roll a little. The officer of the deck might sometimes order light angles on the boat, like a few degrees up or down, for various training purposes or to be a dick. I did it once to my captain. He told me he was going to go use the treadmill for an hour, I ordered a 3 degree up angle to make him work harder because I was passive aggressive. After 45 minutes he walked into Control and asked why there had been an up angle for 45 minutes. He didn't need to look, he could tell it by how much harder to run it was. I had to explain it was for "training purposes" so the helm, lee helm, and diving officer of the watch could learn as a team (it takes some coordination between those three to effectively keep the boat at an angle without changing depth). Anyway, we all laughed after the captain walked out. I'm sure the captain did the same thing when he was a junior officer. Edit: I got the idea from a more senior officer on the boat. We were not undermining the CO as someone said below. Submarines are different in that my CO was more like an older brother to me than a boss. I'm sure the CO laughed a little and months later after it happened with a different officer on watch he announced he'd no longer be telling us when he was running on the treadmill because, "Sometimes I like to feel good about myself after a run."


Question: How does a bullet maintain stabilization when shooting a gun perpendicularly from a moving vehicle?

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 How does a bullet maintain stabilization when shooting a gun perpendicularly from a moving vehicle?

The plane moves somewhat quickly, a B-17 might be doing 300 kph, but the bullet moves a lot faster. The .50 Cal machine guns on the B-17 shot bullets out at 3200 kph. The result of this is that the wind is mostly focused on the nose of the bullet throughout it's flight and this is the same configuration it is normally stable in. The body of the bullet will tilt a little bit so it is pointed along the combined wind direction and is again stable. If you were to put a waist gunner on a B-1 supersonic bomber you'll get some weird bullet physics, but on subsonic bombers the bullets move significantly faster so they fly similar to how you'd expect.


Question: How do salted roads help prevent slipping?

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 How do salted roads help prevent slipping?

Salt melts ice by mixing with the water on the ice surface, which creates a brine. This slightly lowers the freezing point of the water, which causes the ice below to melt (as long as the ambient air temperature is above about -10C/15F). It can also provide traction on icy surfaces by increasing friction.


Question: Why is it that 75% of the world has lactose intolerance but it seems like everyone i know drinks milk without drawbacks?

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 Why is it that 75% of the world has lactose intolerance but it seems like everyone i know drinks milk without drawbacks?

Also, there are ranges of lactose intolerance and maybe you can train yourself to be less so. I'm East Asian and most of us are lactose intolerant. My father grew up in a country & at a time when young people did not regularly have dairy products. He can't drink any milk without having some problems. I can tolerate up to a pint of milk I think. I never thought I was lactose intolerant until I chugged a quart of chocolate milk after a hard workout. That was a shitty night.


Question: What is the difference between deep sleep and light sleep?

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 What is the difference between deep sleep and light sleep?

People normally achieve deep sleep after several hours of light sleep. This is why it is recommended you get a full night of sleep instead of taking naps throughout the day. I’m not certain how it is measured but it is characterized by REM (rapid eye movement) where most people have their vivid dreams and get the best sleep. If you’ve ever taken a nap and woken up to an alarm more tired then when you fell asleep it’s because your REM sleep was disrupted. If you wake up naturally you feel better because your REM cycle (usually 90 minutes at a time) completes.


Question: How did they know how many days were a year in the past?

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 How did they know how many days were a year in the past?

So actually **not** by measuring the sun. The Egyptians were the first to figure out that there were 365 days in a year. Before that calendars usually had 360 days because it more or less lined up with everything and the Babylonians used a base 60 number system that this fit well in. It’s also part of the reason we have 360 degrees in a circle. This was more based on observing the moon too. You’d have a new moon cycle roughly every 30 days, and 12 moon cycles would more or less line up with the sun being in sorta the same place and the seasons coming back around. Eventually this would fall out of sync since the moons cycle isn’t actually 30 days, and there’s not 360 days in a year. So sometimes they’d add an extra month here or there and it worked well enough. But the Egyptians looked at the stars instead. They saw that the star Sirius appeared just above the horizon at dawn at the same time every 365 days. That lined up closely with the flooding of the Nile too, so it was significant beyond just being interesting. It gave them greater predictive power over important events. So they made a calendar with 12 lunar months, and then 5 extra days on top of that for 365 days total. They did know it came a day later every 4 years, but they just let that slide. The calendar fell behind a little bit every four years, but they could see by looking at Sirius when it had been a year and the Nile would flood again. They put a lot of emphasis on observing the stars for largely religious reasons. So they could see pretty clearly when an important star appeared to rise in the same location. It’s more of a discrete event to them that they could see happened every 365 days than a measurement they had to try and get right with tools from 5000 years ago.


Question: How and why does heat create a mirage?

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 How and why does heat create a mirage?

Different temperatures of air change the angle at which light passes through them. This means that you will see a 'shimmer' or a 'wobble' in the air as light takes a bent path to your eyes, because the 'straight line path' from your eyes to some object has distortion along it. In strong cases, the light may be so bent that you could, for instance, see light from the sky in the direction of the ground, as it takes a sort of bent, u-shaped path from the air, towards the ground, to your eyes. We often interpret this as a watery reflection on the ground based on the *apparent* position of that bit of 'sky light.'


Question: Why is heart stoppage the indicator for death? If the brain is the root of conciousness, shouldn't it be when that stops working instead?

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 Why is heart stoppage the indicator for death? If the brain is the root of conciousness, shouldn't it be when that stops working instead?

Doctor here. There are two "types" (or criteria) of death, cardiac and brain, that need to be present and confirmed for a person to be l classed as clinically dead. If somebodies heart stops beating effectively, you attempt CPR because the brain is still alive, at least for a few minutes. Alternatively, if somebody is "brain dead", you can still keep their heart beating and lungs breathing artificially and their organs will continue to function in the absence of brain activity. They go hand in hand though, so an absence of one will generally lead to the death of the other without intervention. Absent of cardiac activity and blood supply will lead to irreversible brain damage and death, and absence of brain activity will cause you to stop breathing, which will lead to cardiac death through lack of oxygen. For this reason, when you verify death you have to check for cardiorespiratory death and brain stem death. You approach the body and check for a response to voice and pain, and other signs of life. You then check for pupil response, which is a brain stem reflex. If their pupils are fixed and dilated, with no response to light, then you can confirm brainstem death. You then feel for a pulse and listen to their chest for a heartbeat and breathing sounds to confirm they have cardiac/respiratory death. This should be done for a few minutes. If you can confirm both brain and cardiac activity are absent, then you can clinically verify them as dead. They could have died minutes or even hours before, but the time of death is recorded as when a doctor (or somebody else who is qualified to do so) verifies they are dead, at least this is what happens in a hospital. Edit: as stated by others, there are other criteria for deciding brain death in certain situations, such as organ donation. A full diagnosis of brain death or brainstem death is also more complex, pupil response is just one reflex and one way to indicate it and is usually enough in most circumstances if you have also confirmed absence of breathing or cardiac activity. And the difference between clinical death and legal death can be different. But as an ELI5 answer addressing a complex concept, I think this post covers the basics alright. There are some further posts in the replies if people want more details. I should also note that my medical experience and training was in the UK, mostly on general medical wards. Different circumstances and different countries may require a different approach. And yes I realise that somebodies should be somebody's.


Question: How does dust stick to my fan's blades while spinning?

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 How does dust stick to my fan's blades while spinning?

The airflow draws the dust in, and the fan accelerates the dust towards itself, causing the dust to stick to the fan blades better than if it just naturally fell on it. So, two fold. The dust hits the fan way faster than elsewhere in the house, but more importantly, your fan sees infinitely more airflow, and therefore dustflow, than anywhere else in your home (save for furnace air returns or bathroom fan covers). As you also have moisture and stuff being drawn across the fan blades, it gets stuck a lot better than dust naturally floating onto a baseboard or side table, but really it's just a game of numbers. Aim the same fan directly against a wall and run it for a week, that spot of the wall would be just as dusty. Feel free to ignore the guy who said fans have more gravity than earth. Please.