Question: Why is boiling water so painful to touch whilst a 200°c oven is comparably only quite warm?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is boiling water so painful to touch whilst a 200°c oven is comparably only quite warm?

it's the thermal density of the water as opposed to air. it's the same reason you get hypothermia so much faster in water than air, though they be the same temperature. water is much denser than air, so the hot water molecules hit your skin many, many times more often than the same temperature air molecules, and therefore transfer more heat (which is at it's most basic level, just movement) to your skin.


Question: What is equity and how is it different from equality?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is equity and how is it different from equality?

Equality is everybody gets the same, whether it's the right amount, too much, or not enough. Equality might be something like everybody gets fined $100 for speeding. But for the unemployed person racing to get to an interview on time, $100 is a HUGE financial burden. For a middle class person, it's not fun to lose $100 but not life changing. And for a millionaire, it's not even pocket change so they'll drive fast for fun and view tickets as an expense like filling up with gas is. So a system looking for equity might charge people a % of income, ie. an unemployed person getting unemployment might pay $10, a middle class person pays $100, and a wealthy person pays $10,000. Then their financial burden is more consistent relative to wealth.


Question: Why does our voice sound so different when hearing it from a recording?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does our voice sound so different when hearing it from a recording?

Because we used to hearing a lot of what we say through sound that travels from your vocal cord through your body up to your ears, where when recorded we hear what it sounds like when only heard through air. It makes our own voices seem deeper and a bit more muffled.


Question: what causes the blue spots in your field of vision that result from looking at a particularly bright light?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what causes the blue spots in your field of vision that result from looking at a particularly bright light?

The cells in your eyes that capture yellow light get numbed due to overexposure. When the overexposure goes away it leaves blue-purple dots cause that is the complementary color of yellow-orange light. The dots disappear with time as the numbing effect wears off. Some of the numbing has a protective value, but too much can exhaust and damage the cells for good.


Question: How are traffic light timings decided? Is there a kind of formula for determining timings?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are traffic light timings decided? Is there a kind of formula for determining timings?

The short answer is yes. For individual signals or small networks, the timing can be figured by hand, but for larger networks, civil/traffic engineers use models and even purpose built computer software to link every light in a massive network together to try to prevent jams and keep traffic flowing. Contrary to what feels right, the longer a "cycle" (green yellow red green) is, the more efficient an intersection tends to be.


Question: can the US replace destroyed money if it was destroyed during a bank robbery?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 can the US replace destroyed money if it was destroyed during a bank robbery?

Yes. In fact this is what the vast majority of newly printed money is for anyway. Paper money has a short lifespan and gets beat up, so the banks mail it in get it replaced with freshly minted bills. No inflation occurs as they are removing the same amount from circulation.


Question: How does super glue work and how is it different from a regular glue stick?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does super glue work and how is it different from a regular glue stick?

Most regular types of glue just harden as water or solvent in them evaporates. If you want to glue something really well, you have to stick it really tight together with a clamp and let it cure for a bit. Superglue however doesn't need to dry out. Instead, it "polymerizes" - that means the individual liquid molecules start attaching to each other until they become a solid. This reaction is triggered by moisture in the air, and happens so quickly that you don't need to hold it clamped for hours.


Question: Why do classical songs always have “in D minor, in E minor, in G major” what do those mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do classical songs always have “in D minor, in E minor, in G major” what do those mean?

It’s because much of classical music is purely instrumental and has no lyrics and even, in a related way, no titles. After all, the titles of songs almost invariably come from the lyrics, directly or indirectly. So the names we use for many classical pieces are not really titles at all, only descriptions, and the musical key (e.g., “C major”), form (e.g., “sonata”) and tempo (e.g., “allegro”) are useful differentiators. There are even numbering systems used, e.g., “K331” to address this same problem.


Question: Nothing is ever truly gone on the internet. Why is that?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Nothing is ever truly gone on the internet. Why is that?

Contrary to that saying, lots and lots "goes" from the internet all of the time, it's actually a huge problem for people who care about preserving information and history. Fortunately there are more and more archival sites, but they still struggle for funding and manpower. The saying though just reflects that you should never assume (or expect) that something you say or do online will be forgotten or lost. Odds are it will be preserved in some form, but this isn't actually a guarantee.


Question: why does your voice break when you cry?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does your voice break when you cry?

When you cry you strain your throat, you breathe harder, your nasal passages swell, sometimes you produce extra mucus and muscle tension, and you release endorphins. All of this together makes it harder to talk normally, as well as hear normally, see normally, feel normally, or focus normally. Crying isn't just tears, it is a full body experience.


Question: What is fracking? Why is it so dangerous?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is fracking? Why is it so dangerous?

Drilling for oil and natural gas is mostly vertical. You poke a hole straight down into an oil or gas pocket and bring it to the surface. Because the stuff at the bottom is under pressure from all the stuff above it, it flows upward. You can think of fracking as drilling horizontally. Instead of straight line down, you drill down a small distance and then make an L-turn and drill off to the side. This lets you access oil and gas close to the surface... the stuff that gets lost as a “leftover” in a vertical drilling operation. The trouble is, the oil and gas doesn’t want to come out right away. In order to get it out, you actively pump in a fluid that displaces the oil and gas as well as breaks up the rocks that might be trapping it in place. This pushes it toward the surface, where you collect it. The fluid is called “hydraulic fracturing fluid,” which is where the term fracking comes from. The big problem with fracking is almost always accidents. Sometimes a company spills a lot of the fluid by accident. It’s almost entirely water, but the small amounts of other stuff can be pretty nasty. They don’t want to do that because it’s expensive stuff, they have to pay to clean it up, and it means that fluid can’t go to getting the oil and gas. A big, big problem, is when there are undocumented water wells in an area. Imagine you’re drilling sideways and your path hits a water well. Not only are you now just spilling oil and gas into that well (rather than collecting it), you’re also introducing it and the fracking fluid into the groundwater system. This is a real headache in areas that were farmland for a few hundred years and undocumented wells are more common. There is also a problem of induced seismicity... man-made earthquakes. They tend to be small, but they happen. The idea is, you’re disrupting the rock structures underground, and sometimes you do it in such a way that the area has to settle in again. I am not familiar with this being a major cause of actual damage, but it is an indication of how seriously fracking can disrupt a geological system.


Question: How does my cracker contain more wheat flour than it weighs? "Made with 107g Wheat flour per 100g of product. Ingredients: Wheat Flour, Rapeseed Oil, Salt, Sugar, Sugar Beet Fibre."

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does my cracker contain more wheat flour than it weighs? "Made with 107g Wheat flour per 100g of product. Ingredients: Wheat Flour, Rapeseed Oil, Salt, Sugar, Sugar Beet Fibre."

Wheat is a bit hygroscopic. That means that it draws moisture from the air, and therefore will stop drying at around 14% water content. Now if you bake a cracker, the moisture is driven out by the heat - reducing its weight accordingly. When you open the package of the cracker, it'll slowly start absorbing moisture again, becoming soft in the process.


Question: How does the body decide where to add or take away fat when gaining/losing weight?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the body decide where to add or take away fat when gaining/losing weight?

It doesn't 'decide' per-se. Fat is distributed in a rough order that varies with your sex. Males for example are more likely to store fat in their upper-body and abdomen (hence the Beer Belly phenomenon) whereas Females are more prone to store it around their hips and thighs. This is what largely contributes to the 'pear' shape we associate with women. Males are also more likely to store 'visceral' (around the organs) fat which is what results in the skinny-fat phenomenon where people can be overweight, but not look it. Females are more likely to store fat subcutaneously (under the skin) where it's more noticeable. This combined with our bodies preference for storing fat in certain places is what contributes to the difference of appearance as a result of our weight. Places like your face, neck and arms are lower down the list. Which is why when someone gains/loses a lot of weight this is where you notice it. It's one of the last places for fat to get stored, but when you start losing weight that means it's one of the first places to go. When you lose weight, it comes off in the reverse order that it went on. So if you've noticed that you've recently started accumulating mass in a certain place, then with improved diet and exercise that is the exact place it'll start coming off first. Edit: The order I've given is more of a broad trend rather than something you can usefully apply to individuals, various generic and environmental factors will affect the order from person-to-person. Your personal order may be different, but regardless of the order it's a last-on/first-off system. Edit2: There's some back and forth in medical journals about whether there is *any* consistency to the order or if it's purely an individual/genetic thing. I'm not qualified to really judge that and deep dive into them so please take that particular claim with a few pinches of salt. But while the notion of a consistent order seems contentious, there is nevertheless an order for you. TL;DR - Fat goes on in a particular order on different parts of your body that varies between people, and it comes off in the reverse order that it went on. Areas like our belly/hips are often the first place it goes on (but not for everyone!), so it's the last place it comes off and you have to do everything else first.


Question: Why is it that we generally find food that's bad for us more delicious than food that's good for us?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that we generally find food that's bad for us more delicious than food that's good for us?

That food isn’t *inherently* bad for us, we just eat too much of it. This leads to problems like obesity, because these “unhealthy” foods contain a lot of energy and nutrients. Before modern farming and food processing, it was hard to get salt, fat, and other nutrients in the diet. It was also hard to *get enough food at all*. People used to starve to death unless they were quite well-adapted and lucky... wild animals still experience this today... So when a human came across something salty, fatty, or sweet, it was best to eat it— this was a good way to get some energy-dense food into their bodies with minimum effort and time. Now that salt, fat, and sugar are abundant, this natural urge to eat lots of it is counterproductive.


Question: why are catalytic converters so valuable and worth stealing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are catalytic converters so valuable and worth stealing?

They have a small amount of various precious metals. This makes them expensive. Factory cats can cost a few grand so thieves steal them and sell them for less than oem but at quite a good price. Scrap recyclers will usually pay 100 or so for each one because they can refine the metal if needed. Most of the scrap places, around me atleast, don't bother refining them and instead sell them to junkyards or various places online.


Question: How do CEOs trade stock from their company without it being insider trading?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do CEOs trade stock from their company without it being insider trading?

There's a few different ways to avoid any issues, and this isn't all inclusive. The first, is that often senior executives make a "schedule" for buying and selling shares of their own company about a quarter ahead of time and follow that plan. Thats enough time that they can't really mess with too much and the plan is in place. Another is that there are embargo periods where they can't do anything, then the embargo is temporarily lifted, generally right after an earnings report, where they can trade. Since the earnings report came out, and is public you can assume everyone has basically the same info as the company, thats the whole point of the report. Often times, this can be combined with the schedule Lastly, in some cases, their investment properties (stock) can be held in a blind trust... basically they own it, but don't manage it in any way and its managed by a trusted third party and they have no influence on it. At the end of the day, there has to be some exceptions to allow people working at the company to trade stock, be it the CEO or the person working there with 1 share.


Question: Do objects on Earth always have kinetic energy since they are on an orbiting planet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do objects on Earth always have kinetic energy since they are on an orbiting planet?

Yes and no. An object's velocity (and therefore kinetic energy) has to be measured relative to something. In everyday usage, we measure speeds relative to the surface of the Earth, so your cup would have a kinetic energy of zero. But if you measure relative to the sun then, yes the kinetic energy of your cup is rather large, since it's currently moving about 100,000 km/hr.


Question: Where does deleted data go?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does deleted data go?

Imagine the device you are saving your data to as a library with a special place for each book and an index list that tells you in which book you have to look for a specific information (piece of data). Now when you delete data, usually only the entry on the index list is removed, the book is still in place. If, in the future, a new book is brought into the library (new piece of data, e.g. installing a new game) a new book might be placed where the old book is, overwriting it. Then the old data is actually gone. Now you have to know that there are special librarians who can go into the library without an index list, look at all the books that are there and build a new index list, including books (pieces of data) that you thought to be deleted. (Which means if you accidentally delete something and empty your trash bin, you may still be able to recover it!) If on the other hand you want to make sure that it is unrecoverable, you will need to hire another special librarian (another program) to go into the library and explicitly place a new book full of nonsense where the old book used to be. (just search for true delete software or something similar to find something). Still, even the deletion librarian can leave traces that can be interpreted by special forces librarians. If you want to truely make sure that no data can be read ever again, you will have to go full library of alexandria on your harddrive and destroy it (strong magnets for HDDS, physical force and shredding for SSDs)


Question: What stops a rocket in space from accelerating to a really high speed when there is no air in space which could lead to drag?

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 What stops a rocket in space from accelerating to a really high speed when there is no air in space which could lead to drag?

You can only accelerate if you have some thrust for normal rockets that men that you need to burn the fuel and eject it out the back. So you are limited by the amount of fuel you can carry. But if you have more fuel you need to accelerate it before you burn it. So a rocket with more fuel is heavier initially and you accelerate slower then before. The result is what is called the [ideal rocket equation]( URL_0 ) and if you do the calculation with rocket that is 100 tonnes fuel and 1 tonnes engine, tanks, payload etc to a rocket that is 200 tonne fuel and 1 tonne other the final speed will only increase by 15% because most of the energy is used to accelerate the fuel before you use it. You need to have 10 200 tonnes of fuel to get to twice the speed. Getting to 4x the initial speed require over 100 million tonnes of fuel. This is called the tyranny of the rocket equation


Question: Why are there different currencies for different countries? Why can't we all have the same one?

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 Why are there different currencies for different countries? Why can't we all have the same one?

Every country has different economic needs. Sometimes you need to remove currency from the economy to fight inflation, sometime you need to encourage inflation and add a lot of currency, and there are many other controls that countries use. If everyone had the same currency then most of those controls would be impossible. That is a major part of the problems that Spain and Greece have had recently. They had major economic problems but none of the mechanism necessary to address them because they were on the Euro and had no control over their money. This also means that any country on the currency having economic problems can drag every other economy on the planet down the drain because they tank the value of the currency.


Question: What makes grass smell after it's been freshly cut?

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 What makes grass smell after it's been freshly cut?

When you cut grass it releases a chemical called cis-3-Hexenal. This chemical is known to attract bugs that eat other bugs. Usually when grass is damaged it's because of bugs eating it, so it releases a chemical to attract things that eat the bugs before they eat more of the grass. So basically the smell is grass trying to call for help.


Question: How does a toxicology test work?

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 How does a toxicology test work?

Using analytic equipment. There are machines called Mass Spectrometers that take a sample, and can display the mass, and rough percentage of how much of the sample is comprised of the given compound. So if I run a blood sample through a typical gas chromatography mass Spectrometer (or GCMS for short) for a drug test or something, all I have to do is look through the printout to find stuff with the same mass as common drugs (or their metabolites) to determine whether or not you ingested drugs. Mass spec doesn't give names or anything on an analysis, you need to know the mass of what you're looking for to pick it out of the list, and even then, there's lots of funny reasons you will see head scratching data.


Question: What is the difference between ATP and NAD?

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 What is the difference between ATP and NAD?

ATP is the energy molecule, which you're aware of. I don't know the full role of NAD, but it is part of the production of ATP. NAD becomes NADH when it accepts an electron, as glucose is broken down in multiple steps. Anyway, that accepted electron eventually gets placed in the Electron Transport Chain in the mitochondrial membrane which ultimately culminates with the production of ATP. Hopefully someone will come along with a better answer than mine,


Question: Is rabies naturally occurring? Or if every organism that had rabies died at once, would it be wiped out?

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 Is rabies naturally occurring? Or if every organism that had rabies died at once, would it be wiped out?

Rabies is a natural virus has been around for a very long time. An animal (mostly bats, sometimes raccoons or other mammals, only occasionally dogs) that has the disease caries rabies virus particles in and on its body, and their saliva or claws transmits it when they bite or scratch someone. Those particles reproduce in the bitten creature's brain and basically drive it mad so it drools everywhere and attacks other creatures that it normally wouldn't, and this carries on the cycle. Even if you cremate them all, if you kill every single animal that's carrying the rabies virus, you're still going to have some of it around. Those creatures would have left particles in their environment that have a chance of being picked up by other animals, at least for a while. But this isn't the normal way it's transmitted so it would be a small chance.


Question: Why does water sometimes make things slipperier (e.g. hydroplaning) and other times make things "stickier" (e.g. putting socks on wet feet)?

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 Why does water sometimes make things slipperier (e.g. hydroplaning) and other times make things "stickier" (e.g. putting socks on wet feet)?

It's a battle between the properties of fluids. If you have lots of water, then the more influential property is the friction reduction *(Such as rain on roads)*, however, if you only have a few droplets as you mentioned with the sock, then the more influential properties are the cohesion between the water molecules. This means that the droplets on your sock and skin are trying to stick together. Fun fact: Water is the most cohesive non-metallic liquid!


Question: How does a thermal camera detect the temperature of different things?

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 How does a thermal camera detect the temperature of different things?

Everything that is warm, emits light, in a spectrum that we can’t see. However we can definitely make cameras that can see it, and turn the light into wavelengths that we can see. All a thermal camera does, is look at light that we can’t see, and turn it into light we can see. Infrared exists on that spectrum.


Question: What happens in our brain that makes it seem like time is slowing down during intense situations?

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 What happens in our brain that makes it seem like time is slowing down during intense situations?

Adrenaline. Your brain is overclocked and responds faster to stimuli. Time isn't slowed down. But it SEEMS to slow down. Because you're, essentially, experiencing time at a faster rate. Consequently, it's believed that flies experience time faster. Their response time is really small. I think that's due to the physical size of their brain/whatnot leading to small lag-time. The signal just doesn't have as far to travel. I think that also means elephants would then experience time going by slower. But it's a hard thing to study as it's pretty subjective. Maybe they've tested elephants response time? Which is probably about as close you're going to get to measuring how fast time seems to be going for someone. I have no idea how adrenaline does what it does as I suck at chemistry.


Question: Why is it children’s shampoo is “tear free” while regular shampoo burns like all hell in the eyes?

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 Why is it children’s shampoo is “tear free” while regular shampoo burns like all hell in the eyes?

Soap is a chemical with a long, and kind of clever, molecule. One end of the molecule attracts water. The other end attracts dirt, particularly oily dirt. So when you wash stuff, the oily-liking end sticks in the oily dirt and the other end gets stuck in water... and so the oily dirt gets pulled away from what you are cleaning when the water-liking end gets pulled away through scrubbing or swirling water around. So put some soap on your greasy hands, and scrub a bit, and all the greasy stuff gets lifted away. Now there are different levels of soap out there. The CLEANING 100 soap doesn't care about gentle, it just sucks dirt up like crazy at the expense of wimpy stuff like moisture and balance. The weaker soap works, but not quite so well, but at least it doesn't damage your skin or eyes, or dry out stuff in the process. So stronger soap chemicals are great for super greasy dirt, but the trade-off is they cause your eyes to sting when it hits them because your eyes are sensitive to super-effective soaps. But other soap chemicals don't cause your eyes to sting because they're not QUITE so good at sticking to oily dirt at one end, so they're not quite so good at cleaning or wrecking the careful balance of chemistry that keeps your eyes moist and in good shape. So we have a trade-off: oily dirt removal? Or no irritation to the eyes? Which one you want goes to which "soap" you use in your shampoo. And baby shampoo uses the second one even if it doesn't clean as good as the first, because babies generally don't stand underneath leaky car oilpans or go swimming in cold deep fryers unless you're a really bad parent. \*\*EDIT: Thank you all for the mega-gilding. I shall hammer them together into a scrub brush handle so I can finally get that out-of-reach spot on my back whilst I pamper myself in long hot gentle-and-not-irritating-soapy showers. You all rock.


Question: How do sound - cancelling headphones work?

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 How do sound - cancelling headphones work?

They have a microphone that picks up sounds external to the headphones. They then calculate the inverse waveform and play it as close to the same timeframe as they can manage. The two waveforms cancel each other out, resulting in silence. The ‘pressure’ sensation is due to the minute differences in time between the real and calculated waveforms.


Question: The global debt is 277 trillion dollars. To whom do we owe this money, exactly?

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 The global debt is 277 trillion dollars. To whom do we owe this money, exactly?

Alice owes Bob $5. Bob owes Charlie $5. Charlie owes Alice $5. The total debt of these three people is $15. They owe it to each other. David shows up and just gives Bob $5. Bob pays Charlie the $5, cancelling his debt. Charlie pays Alice $5, canceling his debt. Alice pays Bob $5, cancelling her debt. Bob decides to give David the $5 back. Literally nothing is different from the original situation, but now the total debt is $0. This is why money is weird, and why some people don't trust banks.


Question: When staring at a phone flashlight (or maybe other lights too), why do we see a rainbow colored circle around the light?

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 When staring at a phone flashlight (or maybe other lights too), why do we see a rainbow colored circle around the light?

It's the lens and moisture of our eye separating the light like a prism or raindrop would. It's in a halo around the light because the rays in the center are going straight through, but as your eye curves the light is being bent (aka refracted) by the lens or cornea of your eye. At the right angle of bending, that light is separated out like a raindrop separates out light into a rainbow.


Question: If matter can't be created or destroy where did it come from?

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 If matter can't be created or destroy where did it come from?

OP is essentially asking "how can something come from nothing?" But the big bang is not something coming from nothing. The theory of the big bang says that near the beginning of time, everything (as in, all the things in the universe. In fact, the universe itself) was at a single point. There weren't less things. There was the exact same amount of things. There was just less space. More specifically, there was zero space. The big bang is just that space very rapidly expanding, giving more room for the stuff to spread around. Edit: I had assumed that OP was ultimately asking about the big bang theory, but I had no right to make such an assumption. So I will come out and say that I have not at all explained the origin of matter or energy or information, and have thus technically failed to answer the question.


Question: Why does playing video games make people feel motion sick sometimes?

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 Why does playing video games make people feel motion sick sometimes?

Anytime your eyes and senses are experiencing simulated motion that is out of your control or doesnt match up with what motion your body is actually feeling it causes your equilibrium to got off balance. Your ears and eyes work together pretty well if you are in control and experiencing actual motion but if its simulated and your eyes convince your brain you're moving and your ears give your brain a signal that you are not moving - your brain has an evolutionary response *(sickness) simular to what you would feel if you ate poison. The more you experience it/the more severe it is - the more messed up your brain will be. If it gets bad enough you will feel queasy and maybe even vomit to expel the poison *(your brain thinks it has ingested since your ears and eyes are all messed up and not functioning together you brain feels the same symptoms it would get from eating poisonous food.)


Question: How can one explain the Pigeonhole Principle?

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 How can one explain the Pigeonhole Principle?

If you have 10 hat boxes and 11 hats, and you MUST store the hats in the boxes, there is a 100% chance that one box will contain two hats. Same goes for hairs on your head. In a city of a million people ther will be people with the exact same number of hairs on their head. Explanation: humans have approximately 100,000 to 250,000 hairs on their head, some might have more or less, but no one has more than a million for sure. Thus even if distributed evenly over every possible number of hairs, in a city of 1,000,001 people there will be at least two people having the same number of hairs on their head.


Question: Nonpolar molecules with polar bonds?

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 Nonpolar molecules with polar bonds?

ELI20: It comes down to geometry. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is such an example, with the C=O bonds each having a dipole moment, but because of the linear geometry of the molecule, the dipole moments cancel each other out and you’re left with a net zero dipole moment — i.e. a nonpolar molecule. A slightly more complex example is methane (CH4). Each C–H bond has its own dipole moment, but the symmetric geometry of the molecule (tetrahedral) makes the dipole moments cancel. ELI5: Think of it like a seesaw. If you and your (identically-sized) friend are sitting at equivalent positions on your own ends of the seesaw (molecule), you balance each other! This situation is “nonpolar”. But if one of you moves forward or backwards, it becomes unbalanced and there is now a “polarity”. Ditto for a four-way seesaw (is that a thing?). As long as you and your friends are sitting in equivalent spots with each other, you can balance the 4saw (molecule) and keep it nonpolar. But if even one of you moves out of the right spot, that creates an imbalance, and the 4saw is now polar.


Question: what exactly is happening when your stomach growls?

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 what exactly is happening when your stomach growls?

So a couple of hours after you’ve eaten your stomach sends a signal to the brain to restart digestion to clear out any remaining food left in the stomach. If the stomach is empty it rattles instead causing the growling since you only have an empty cavity. This rattling causes a signal which travels to the brain which manifests as an impulse to go eat and fill that stomach.


Question: Why do we have inflation? Is it necessary?

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 Why do we have inflation? Is it necessary?

There is a natural inflation. Every ton of ore taken from a mine was further away than the one before. We exploit the best parts first so there is additional cost from then on. A mining company would like to raise the price of the ore as fast as the cost of extracting it increases whether the market would allow it or not. When it becomes more difficult to do something the price should rise. Oil prices are beginning to rise again. When fuel costs rise the cost of everything rises. The cost of going to work rises. If we assign the true cost of burning coal to the generating companies then the price of electricity will rise. When basic costs rise then it dries up the cost of almost everything. If wages also rise then there is another factor raising costs of goods and services. This raises income taxes which means there is more income for the government. The national debt remains the same. So there is more money available to pay off the national debt.


Question: How do lost pets, identified through microchip, end up hundreds or thousands of miles away from where they were lost?

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 How do lost pets, identified through microchip, end up hundreds or thousands of miles away from where they were lost?

Most animals don't really have any drive (Haha, motivation) to travel that far so it's mostly by ending up in a vehicle. Either by; 1) stowing away- for example kitten climbs into a truck heading cross country while the driver leaves door open to load trailer or inspect cargo. 2) An animal strays to a nearby home, familly that finds it thinks it's homeless, that familly moves accross the country a month later and takes their new dog with it. 3) Someone steals a pet because it is a rare or expensive breed and moves it a long way to avoid it being recognised. In all these cases, if the animal is taken to a vetenary clinic after the move it will often get scanned for a microchip which can be looked up on a national database that will show the animal reported as missing along with the last recorded owners contact details.


Question: How can Robin Williams' will prevents Disney from using his name, taped performances or voice performances or voice recordings for 25 years after his death? Doesn't Disney own the rights to them?

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 How can Robin Williams' will prevents Disney from using his name, taped performances or voice performances or voice recordings for 25 years after his death? Doesn't Disney own the rights to them?

In the contract with Disney for his work on Aladdin, Robin Williams obtained to include a clause giving him power to veto the use of his voice work in other production. It seems his goal then was to avoid being associated with lower quality spin-offs that might have come after the first film. In his will, Robin Williams stated that his work shall not be used for 25 years after his death. The purpose of this is to decrease the value of his estate in terms of projected income after his death in order to ease the estate tax burden on his family. Disney is still bound by the original Aladdin contract, needing approval from the Williams' estate before using his work. Disney is not directly bound by the will, but Williams' estate is, thus transferring the conditions of the will onto Disney.


Question: How was the music video for "Virtual Insanity" by Jamiroquai made?

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 How was the music video for "Virtual Insanity" by Jamiroquai made?

It was surprisingly low tech \- basically they built the floor on wheels and would move the floor around with Jamiroquai dancing on it This video: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) shows the technique they used but for a different project \(a beer ad\) Edit: Turns out they moved the walls around instead of the floor


Question: Why is diet soda and other sugar free drinks with artificial sweetener bad for you?

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 Why is diet soda and other sugar free drinks with artificial sweetener bad for you?

Ultimately it's not. There's a lot of bunk science out there around it, but bottom line, some people have allergic reactions, and some people are more sensitive to it like they would be any other additive, but the sweetener itself is not harmful. A lot of people who drink diet sodas fail to notice that there's still a lot of sodium in those diet sodas, which causes weight gain just as sugar would. And a lot of people who replace diet soda for regular soda do not cut back on the amount they drink, so they're consuming far more sodium. There are no studies showing that it will cause cancer. There's a lot of rumor and speculation, but no actual factual data.


Question: Why do a lot of out of tune people singing together sound not out of tune? Or at least not as out of tune as compared to if they all sang as individuals.

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 Why do a lot of out of tune people singing together sound not out of tune? Or at least not as out of tune as compared to if they all sang as individuals.

Your brain is good at understanding patterns, and what things are "supposed to be." If one person does something wrong, your brain says "that's wrong!" but if multiple people are doing different things wrong then your brain can pick out the "right" parts of the singing and focus on that. If everyone sang something completely wrong then it would be equally difficult to listen to.


Question: How are films used for money laundering?

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 How are films used for money laundering?

Another name for this is "Hollywood Accounting," and I knew some film people who practiced it liberally. You see you start a production company, then you start a camera rental company, and a light rental company, and a makeup company, and a... And then you as a production company rent your cameras and lighting and all your other equipment, which you already own, from yourself, and you pay yourself from yourself to do all the work and hire yourself out. Then all these companies write off all sorts of expenses off as losses so that no one makes money and all the money funnels right back into your own pocket so you get rich anyway. And so when the movie goes to the box office and makes millions of dollars, all these companies get first cut to pay off their debts to themselves which means to yourself, but the debt is higher than the profits so it's all a loss, you're rich, and all these companies fold. It also means that the wording in an actor's contract is tricky, because if you're supposed to get a cut of the profits, that's not the same thing as a cut of the revenue. And where you stand in line, who gets paid first, is also important. If worded correctly, a movie can make millions, see no profit, no one gets paid, not even the actors, and you walk away rich. That's the gist. And frankly, it's terribly easy. It's easy as fuck. And you fold all these companies and their records disappear into the ether - you have on record you got paid by your employer, totally legit, but there's no business entity left around to question.


Question: Why do two transits of Venus occur every hundred or so years, but the transits of Mercury occur more frequently than Venus?

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 Why do two transits of Venus occur every hundred or so years, but the transits of Mercury occur more frequently than Venus?

Mercury orbits the sun much quicker than Venus. And Venus and Earth's orbit time are closer. That means Mercury is going to "lap" the earth far more often which gives opportunity for a transit. (Imagine a track race where you're on the outer track and the person next track in is running only slightly faster. They'd lap you every 10 laps or so. That's Venus. Mercury is on the inner most track on a motorbike and laps you both far more frequently)


Question: Why does some planes leave long trails but other don't?

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 Why does some planes leave long trails but other don't?

The trail is called a "contrail" because it is made of the water vapor in the jet exhaust CONdensing in the cold air after it leaves the engine. If the air is cold enough, it might even freeze. If the air is warm and dry, you might never even see it. The trail disappears as the water in it dissolves into the air or just gets spread out too far to see. But if the air is not windy or dry, then it can take a long time for either of those things to happen. Edit: bigger planes with more engines will leave bigger/more trails.


Question: Why does hot water feel cold for a split second before feeling hot again?

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 Why does hot water feel cold for a split second before feeling hot again?

'Hot 'and 'cold' are skin sensations. The other skin sensations are 'touch', 'pain', and 'itch'. Each of these can be broken into more areas -- e.g. light touch, deep pressure, etc -- but those are the basics. When you touch an extremely hot or cold object, this also triggers your pain receptors. Your skin and brain respond more quickly to pain, so the first thing you know is, "Argh! That hurts!" From there, the brain has to guess what has caused the pain, so it can take appropriate action quickly. This depends on what you have been primed to believe by experience. If you touched a pan, the answer is probably "it's too hot", but if you touch water then "it's too cold" is more likely. Your brain fills in the gap until the "hot" / "cold" signal arrives. This is one of many ways in which *expectation shapes sensation*. If a freezing cold knife was pressed against you, you might feel momentarily cut; a small electrical shock from a pointy object might feel like you'd been pricked; and, more abstractly, riding in a car is more likely to induce travel sickness than driving the same car. Some portion of these expectations are also subconscious and shaped by evolution: the historic human is much more likely to experience cold water than boiling; more likely to be stabbed than electrocuted; and more likely to be experiencing disorientation due to food poisoning than due to travelling in a vehicle.


Question: there was a video I saw that showed a robot using sweeping sonar to navigate, it moved in a zig zag motion. How does that zig zag movement help it compares to it moving in a straight line?

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 there was a video I saw that showed a robot using sweeping sonar to navigate, it moved in a zig zag motion. How does that zig zag movement help it compares to it moving in a straight line?

I'll try my best to explain it to you. For example, you are trying to cross a small road without a pedestrian lane. If you see a car approaching you, you might move in a more diagonal direction rather than in a straight line, in order to avoid the car. You'd also want to watch both sides of the road in order so that you could choose whether you'd like to run in circles or not. Similarly, this device zigzags in order to watch two directions that it could possibly go to; like watching both sides of the road. You are right. It really measures the distance of the echoes that it gets, and if it gets too close (by it's standards), it goes another way. (I made one just like this using EV3 years ago btw).


Question: In areas where the tap water is not drinkable but can be used for washing or even cooking, what is usually the contaminant/issue with it that makes it okay to put on our skin etc. but not okay to drink?

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 In areas where the tap water is not drinkable but can be used for washing or even cooking, what is usually the contaminant/issue with it that makes it okay to put on our skin etc. but not okay to drink?

Water-borne bacteria. Direct consumption could make you ill. However things like bathing and washing your clothes don't involve direct consumption of water. For cooking you're boiling the water, which kills the bacteria and allows you to safely consume. In other instances it may be problems such as high iron or high lead concentrations in the water. In those cases the water should not be consumed for any purpose as boiling will not make the water safer like it does for bacteria.