{"category":"Biology","question":"Why are some people naturally better at fighting than others?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are some people naturally better at fighting than others?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Has the guy you know ever done sports or dance seriously? Often the motions that you train in those domains can carry over into martial arts domain; for instance, the balance and ability to turn that one learns in ballet become very useful when learning how to kick. Additionally, there's a skill to rigorously learning motions that carries over, even if the motions aren't similar at all; a swimmer is likely to have more endurance and focus in training. Source: taekwondo instructor"} {"category":"Other","question":"What the heck do birds and bees have to do with \u201cthe birds and the bees?\u201d","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What the heck do birds and bees have to do with \u201cthe birds and the bees?\u201d","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They both breed prodigiously. A long time ago, bees were not understood as they are now and worker bees were thought to be male. The queen bee popping out babies was thought to be a result of her having copious amounts of sex with all her workers. Birds also have lots of sex around mating season. Their songs are effectively \u201chey, wanna hook up?\u201d calls."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why are insurance companies and pharmaceutical companies so profitable? And how?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are insurance companies and pharmaceutical companies so profitable? And how?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"This is definitely 2 different questions. Insurance companies: profits are made by charging premiums from millions of people in order to pay settlements to a small minority. Essentially, those that have insurance do not have their house burn down in a fire, pay the bill for those that do have their house burn down in a fire. Insurance companies back on the fact that more people will not have their house burn down than those that will, and charge premiums according to an individual's risk, and the general risk if the pool of those insured. They charge an amount in excess of the minimum required to offset liabilities to convert executive pay, advertising, and all other necessary costs of doing business. Pharmaceutical companies typically create a drug. Get a patent for that drug. Start fda testing on that drug. Once the FDA approved the drug, the company has a patent that will prevent any other company from making the drug for 20 years. During that time, the company can sell the drug for whatever cost they feel like attaching to it. Recently a lot of these patents have been bought out by companies that have doubled or tripled the costs for the drug. There is nothing the U.S. government can currently do about this price gouging because Congress refuses to act on capping profits."} {"category":"Other","question":"How do babies make decisions? Are they \"consciously\" aware?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do babies make decisions? Are they \"consciously\" aware?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Between 15 and 24 months a baby experiences self awareness. They make decisions all the time, based on their sensory inputs, but self awareness isn't needed for that. When they are self aware, they can tell that the baby they see in a mirror is not just any old baby, but it is actually themselves."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why do we only see smoke after a candle is blown out and not while it's burning?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do we only see smoke after a candle is blown out and not while it's burning?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Most of the smoke from a blown out candle is un-burned fuel that got vaporized on the hot wick. When a candle is burning, it uses up this fuel leaving only small amounts of carbon (soot) behind. Fun Fact: You can actually re-light a candle by lighting the stream of smoke coming from a recently blown out candle. This is because it's mostly un-burned fuel that is ready to light. [gif of it in action]( URL_0 )"} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why boiling food in water and boiling it in oil results in completely different consistency of the foods?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why boiling food in water and boiling it in oil results in completely different consistency of the foods?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The most obvious answer is that water boils at 212 degrees F. When you fry in oil, it is typically 350 F or higher. So what happens is the water inside the food vaporizes and pushed itself outwards- causing the bubbles you see when you fry. So the texture essentially dries up, especially around the surface,giving the characteristic crispy exterior."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What happend to the 78% Nitrogen in the air that we breathe in? Does it get into our blood via diffusion the same way Oxygen does?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What happend to the 78% Nitrogen in the air that we breathe in? Does it get into our blood via diffusion the same way Oxygen does?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There is nothing like hemoglobin to specifically carry nitrogen in blood, so what little of it dissolves in blood plasma has no effect. It only becomes significant when diving because the pressure is much higher and more of it dissolves in blood - nitrogen causes drunkness-like effect and could form bubbles in blood vessels when pressure is reduced too quickly."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Do satellites fall faster towards earth everyday?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Do satellites fall faster towards earth everyday?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They are constantly accelerating, due to gravity, but that acceleration is at right angles to their motion. Thus they do not speed up or slow down, they just turn so they go around the Earth in a circle. You are right that there is no air resistance in space (because there is no air)."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Difference between Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Difference between Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are 7 postulates in Euclidean geometry - baseline rules that underpin the entire logical system. Non-Euclidean geometries involve changing the 5th postulate - also called the parallel postulate - to something else. You can look up a more formal statement, but the parallel postulate is the one that ensures that two parallel lines can never meet. Normally, non-Euclidean geometries deal with situations where the surface you're working with is curved."} {"category":"Technology","question":"If AndroidO is trying to save battery life, why does the theme use so much white?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If AndroidO is trying to save battery life, why does the theme use so much white?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Take your phone it to the brightest room of your house, or into direct sunlight, and turn the brightness to its lowest setting. You will experience glare. The display is designed to simulate the ambient brightness so as to maintain visibility\u200b. Similarly, Google maps has a night time driving mode, which turns the screen dark. This matches the brightness of the roadway so that viewing your screen does not kill your night vision. All in all, it is designed to match the ambient lighting conditions such that your eyes need not adjust to different brightness conditions, reduce eye strain, and maximize visibility."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why do games render cutscenes real time instead of the cutscene just being a video that plays?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do games render cutscenes real time instead of the cutscene just being a video that plays?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"More flexible and cheaper. In-game cutscenes mean you don't need external models and art, in addition to tooling; you can use your engine for everything. It's also easier to change something. If you want to change what happens, then you just do it; you don't have to re-render it. Also ages better, though I'm not sure anyone cares in the moment."} {"category":"Other","question":"How does randomly mixing ingredients together produce something that is so evenly distributed?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does randomly mixing ingredients together produce something that is so evenly distributed?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Apart from mixing ingredients usually being a very *deliberate* process, consider this: Mixing ingredients *randomly* would actually follow a normal distribution! Think about mixing stuff as throwing a gigantic load of dice. Sure, ending up with all ingredients A on one side and all ingredients B on the other is possible, just like it's possible to only roll ones or sixes. It's not very likely though. You'll usually end up somewhere in the middle of the bellcurve."} {"category":"Other","question":"How did the color green become associated with being correct, while the color red became associated with being wrong?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How did the color green become associated with being correct, while the color red became associated with being wrong?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Simple ELI5 answer - **Red Color** has been psychologically associated to danger. Fire and Blood are some of the things that might have triggered this response to red. Also, red light is least scattered and can be seen from really long distances. So, they were used both for danger and stop signals. **Green Color** is the color of nature. It symbolizes growth, harmony, freshness, and fertility. Green has strong emotional correspondence with safety. Dark green is also commonly associated with money. Green has great healing power. It is the most restful color for the human eye; it can improve vision. Here is a great read which includes more colors - URL_0"} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do women get intense cravings for certain foods while pregnant?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do women get intense cravings for certain foods while pregnant?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There's no hard and fast answer for this - esoteric cravings in the brain still aren't wholly understood. But some scientists guess that as a woman's body exerts itself in the pregnancy process, burning excess calories and fat to help \"feed\" the baby and change itself to prepare for birth, it manifests any particular deficiency it's experiencing as a craving for a specific food. If the woman's body is low on sodium she might crave pickles, for example, or if she needs simple fats she might suddenly be hungry for ice cream. It's not a perfect answer - it relies on a rather tenuous connection between unconscious autonomic processes and a specific craving in the brain, as if your body could \"remember\" which processed foods contain which nutrients it needs at the moment. But it seems to be an explanation that accounts for the observed behavior."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How can hypochondriacs make themselves feel ill and exhibit symptoms if there's nothing actually wrong with them physically?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can hypochondriacs make themselves feel ill and exhibit symptoms if there's nothing actually wrong with them physically?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The brain is a remarkably powerful thing; but on a fundamental level can be pretty stupid. It's in complete control of pretty much everything your body does, so if it becomes \"convinced\" that something is wrong, it can cause many of the same reactions as if that thing were actually wrong."} {"category":"Other","question":"How were the trenches in World War 1 and 2 made? Did they predict where a battle would be ahead of time and dig there, or did they dig them during battle over time?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How were the trenches in World War 1 and 2 made? Did they predict where a battle would be ahead of time and dig there, or did they dig them during battle over time?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"In WWII, trenches tended to be built ahead of time in areas that were expecting to be attacked. Trenches are used like walls or other fortifications, so if you had an area you felt was likely to be hit, or if you had a position you wanted to strengthen, you'd make up some trenches so if it was attacked you'd be ready. But in WWII, trenches were relatively small and simple constructions for the most part, designed to give a little bit of extra cover to the troops but not expected to hold for a significant time in most cases because tanks were so widespread and the battles moved quite quickly. In WWI however, it was the exact opposite. When you think of trenches in WWI you're probably thinking of the German\/French\/British western front, though trenches were used all over the place. In this area though, trenches were the most effective and most prominent feature, and it's where the biggest battles tended to take place. Early on in the war you had very large infantry and cavalry groups moving around trying to fight each other, but because they had so many machine guns and artillery pieces these formations were all but obliterated. It was extraordinarily bloody, and nobody could achieve anything, because the battlefield was just a constant mess of explosions and machine gun fire. So in order to just try to survive, people started digging into the ground to protect themselves, and these desperate defences soon grew to become complete trenches. The battles now found a stalemate where you couldn't move because if you tried you'd be minced by the artillery and machine guns, but the enemy couldn't destroy you either because you were protected by your trenches. So both sides just sat there, unable to resolve anything, for years trying to find a way to get out of the stalemate. In the meantime, because they were living in the trenches and couldn't leave them anyway, they spent a huge amount of time and energy digging and digging and digging, and so eventually many of the trenches were dozens of feet deep, full of buildings and bunkers and all kinds of things underground, and the fortifications would often span many miles from the actual front line so that people could come and go and move equipment and supplies in and out of the trenches while being protected from the artillery."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why does the road look reflective from far away on a hot day?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does the road look reflective from far away on a hot day?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"This happens because the hot air refracts light differently than cool air. This depends on the temperature and the angle in which light hits the medium. If it is warm enough, the light is refracted so much, that it is basically reflected. And then the angle in which the light is reflected is the same as the angle in which the light hits the medium. So, at large distances you can see the small angles, just because of geometry, so it appears as if the things above it are reflected. If the skynis reflected and the warm air has a lot turbulence, so it moves like water, it can appear as if there is water on the ground."} {"category":"Economics","question":"The government just put interest rates at zero or close to zero. What does that mean? Does that mean someone can get a car loan at zero percent interest?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n The government just put interest rates at zero or close to zero. What does that mean? Does that mean someone can get a car loan at zero percent interest?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It means banks can get loans from the federal treasury at near zero percent, which in turn means that banks will lower *their* interest rates on home loans, auto loans, business loans, personal credit, all sorts of things. This is one of the powers the government has to stimulate the economy and encourage people to buy homes and cars and other things that keep our system running. Edit: In effect, yes it means you'll be able to get car loans at cheaper rates now than you might have before, at least until it goes back up."} {"category":"Biology","question":"This only be me, but why do random small parts of my body twitch at the rate of my heart beat?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n This only be me, but why do random small parts of my body twitch at the rate of my heart beat?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"This is called clonus or myoclonus, and is unrelated to your heart-beat, other than that it may occur with a similar frequency (that is, beats\/twitches per second\/minute). It isn't really known what causes these involuntary twitches in normal people. There are some rare diseases like Motor Neuron Disease\/ALS which can first appear as these twitch-like movements (though typically these would be more chaotic, rapid 'fasciculations'). It may be a spontaneous phenomenon of electrical systems, like ectopic heart beats, since nerves are 'electrical', or at least based on flow of charge. It may be that there has been an 'injury' to that nerve, such as knocking it or even sitting\/resting on it unusually. It may be that some of the salts the body uses to conduct the aforementioned charge are low\/high in supply and lead to accidental signal firing. In short, we have a good idea of the 'what', but a pretty poor understanding of 'why'."} {"category":"Technology","question":"why do photos look better on the screen of the device you took them with (smartphone, camera, etc.) than when you look at them on a laptop or PC?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why do photos look better on the screen of the device you took them with (smartphone, camera, etc.) than when you look at them on a laptop or PC?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Part of it is the pointless \"Megapixel Wars\". Cameras are tricky things, miniature phone cameras doubly so. Consumers don't want to hear about focal length, ISO, contrast ratio, dynamic range, universal vs rolling shutter and many more technical details that make a camera \"good\" or \"bad\". So, digital cameras have overwhelmingly been marketed by how many \"megapixels\" they have, that is, how many millions of tiny light senors there are in the camera. Theoretically, more sensors=better, higher resolution image. In practice though, the tiny lens placed way too close to the sensor in most phone cameras limits them way more than the sensor does. So, you have a high-resolution, perfectly crisp representation of an inherently blurry image. If you ever view phone camera photos at full resolution, they look awful. But, if you view them at 1\/2 or 1\/4 scale, they look ok, because that's about as sharp as the optics allow for. This is a result of building a sensor with way more \"megapixels\" than is really needed to capture the best possible result of the bad, miniaturized optics. And nobody cares because nobody who is taking a quick selfie is concerned that it only looks good on a small screen, and nobody who wants professional results is using a phone camera."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why is \"asparagus staging\" more efficient than continuing to use all engines?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is \"asparagus staging\" more efficient than continuing to use all engines?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Directly from the wiki link > The result is that the rocket always flies with the minimum number of tanks required to transport the fuel it has left while also constantly using all engines it has on board. The assumption you made is that an engine's thrust compensates for its weight, which is not necessarily true. Sure you get more thrust but for a significantly shorter amount of time. Besides, the higher you go, the less actual thrust you need. All you need is a boost every now and then to keep it going the right trajectory. As such, fuel efficiency trumps immediate thrust."} {"category":"Physics","question":"- Why does light become blurry in the dark?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n - Why does light become blurry in the dark?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Retention of visual perception of an object even after the rays of light proceeding from it have stopped to enter the eye is called persistence of vision. Normally an image remains on the retina for 1\/16th sec after removal of its stimulus. This phenomenom is the same used by displays, movies films, TV and other in which rapidly changing images seem to be in continous motion to the human eye."} {"category":"Psychology","question":"What's the scientific reason people are sexually attracted to things like monsters?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What's the scientific reason people are sexually attracted to things like monsters?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The current scientific research on sexual attraction suggests that the same hormone that causes you to \"fall in love\" is just the general excitation hormone dopamine being interpreted as attraction and not fear or general excitement. However, when something \"scares\" you, and you get the same hormonal response as if you were falling in love, some people then interpret the hormonal signal as \"attraction\" and not \"fear\". From a purely physical perspective there is no difference between the two, but from a psychological perspective, how your conscious mind interprets your bodies response to stimulus is what emotion is and not the unconscious response that generally happens in the hippocampus."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why is it recommended to not fully charge a battery for any device with rechargeable capabilities?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it recommended to not fully charge a battery for any device with rechargeable capabilities?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A strange analogy that kind of works is a bucket made of ice. If you pour some water into it, the bucket of ice will cool it down and hold the water. If you pour more water into that bucket, the water will slowly melt the bucket. If you keep pouring water into the bucket to the point that it overflows, all that water will more rapidly melt the bucket. Bringing this back to the battery, the battery is comprised of consumable materials. The more you charge the battery, the more it wears down the consumable materials. This used to be more of a problem in the past where the chargers will keep trying to charge the battery after the battery is at maximum capacity. This is less of a problem in the present with advances in battery technology that cut the charge down once the battery approaches maximum capacity."} {"category":"Physics","question":"What is imaginary current\/power in electricity?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is imaginary current\/power in electricity?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They're the imaginary components of the current and power meaning they don't do *real* work If you hook a resistor across the AC power line then the current and voltage are in phase, you have positive current with positive voltage and peak current at peak voltage. The resistor turns the energy into heat and *real* work is done If you hook an ideal capacitor across the AC line then the current and voltage are 90 degrees out of phase. You get peak current at 0 volts and 0 current at the peak voltage. Energy flows into the capacitor but then flows out later so no energy is lost and no *real* work is done In real systems though you still care about imaginary currents because they change the behavior of the system and do have resistive losses in power lines and can trip breakers"} {"category":"Other","question":"How does toothpaste protect for 12 hours?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does toothpaste protect for 12 hours?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"the fluoride binds with the minerals in your tooth enamel and makes them protected against acids. this allows them to re-mineralize and be stronger. you can even put fluoride toothpaste on an eggshell , then wash it off and put it in some vinegar and it won't weaken where a egg that hasn't been treated will get all gummy and elastic."} {"category":"Technology","question":"why do fluorescent lights make so much noise?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why do fluorescent lights make so much noise?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Fluorescent lights, because of how they work, require something called a *ballast* to function. A ballast is an electronic component that acts to limit the amount of current flowing through a circuit. Without this, a fluorescent light would draw more and more current in an exponential process, quickly destroying itself. The older type of ballast, a *magnetic ballast*, is more likely to buzz, and buzz louder, as the flow of current through the device changes."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why is hot water more effective than cold water in terms of cleaning?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is hot water more effective than cold water in terms of cleaning?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Water has been called a universal solvent because of it's ability to dissolve many different substances. You might also call it a universal cleaner as it can dissolve many stains and dirt which is why we wash our clothes in it. One of the basic rules of chemistry is that the solubility of a substance increases with temperature. IE the hotter the water is, the more it can absorb into solution. There is also a side effect of osmotic pressure where water that is purer, wants to go to areas of less purity. IE clean water is absorbed by a stain faster and easier than dirty water. This is partly because of the amount of dissolved substances in the water is not saturated yet, meaning it can take on more. Higher temperature means greater capacity to dissolve, making the water seem purer than it is. The other aspect of it is that many fats and waxes are very sticky or tacky when cool, but as they are heated they become thinner and flow more easily. The heat of the water helps turn the waxy, greasy, and oily deposits on a surface into their more flexible wet forms and flow them away from the surface cleaning them."} {"category":"Technology","question":"What exactly is a computer doing when it \"installs\" something?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What exactly is a computer doing when it \"installs\" something?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Both. The files & folders all need to be copied to wherever they're supposed to be. But the operating system (usually) needs to know the program exists so that it can send it the right type of files. For example, when you double-click an image file, the operating system looks up \"Who opens .jpg files? Oh...it's this Photos app.\" In order for that to work, the Photos app had to tell the OS that it exists, what kinds of files it can handle, and how to \"talk\" to it. For most large software, the software is also using a lot of shared resources (both hardware and software) on the computer. Part of the installation process is the program figuring out what and where those shared resources are, installing any that are missing, and generally figuring out \"where stuff is\". It's like unpacking after you move in."} {"category":"Economics","question":"What is the difference between renting and \"sharing\"?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is the difference between renting and \"sharing\"?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There's no legal\/functional difference. It's almost all PR. The cultural difference is that \"sharing\" is from (presumably) normal people renting out their rooms\/cars\/etc. as opposed to an actual entity buying rooms\/cars\/etc for the express purpose of renting it out. Building a hotel = renting; renting out a room in your house that was already built = sharing. Since lots of people are now explicitly building rooms for rent in AirBnB, this distinction doesn't mean much."} {"category":"Other","question":". Why do birth rates decline as a country develops?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n . Why do birth rates decline as a country develops?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There's a lot of reasons. In less developed countries the birth rate is higher, but so is the infant mortality rate. The US has the highest infant mortality rate in the Western world at 6\/1000 births but as recently as the 1940's-1950's the infant mortality rate in the US was as high as 20-25%. Or to make that more obvious if you had 5 kids one wouldn't make it to 6 months. Having a big family for the sake of having 'spare kids' was a thing. My own grandparents each had a family of 5 that made it and lost 2 and 3 kids respectively at only a few months old. In a low-tech more agrarian society (larger percentage of the population have farms or family businesses) you need kids to help with the daily labor just to help the family survive. Having more mouths to feed can make survival more difficult, but generally having more hands and feet available makes survival easier. One of the biggest human survival traits is that we form families and work together. Increased education + technical work leads to people focusing more on their careers and less on raising a family. Because of how we educate people, by the time well educated people graduate, get a job, get settled, buy a house, and do all the things you're supposed to do before you start a family you are already well into your 30s. A lot of people get used to the no-kids lifestyle, or by the time they want kids they are already fairly old so it's better to have a smaller family. Better medical care, and increased education leads to increased use of birth control and condoms reducing the rate of unexpected pregnancy. Retirement is another factor. In less developed countries retirement as we know it doesn't really exist. The parents can't reasonably accumulate enough wealth over their lives to stop working and stay home and travel for the rest of their lives. Select kids (the youngest or oldest for example) become responsible for caring for the grandparents as they get older and keep them in their home\/inherit the house. While the grandparents in turn help raise the kids."} {"category":"Economics","question":"What is a marginal tax rate and how does it work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is a marginal tax rate and how does it work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Marginal means it applies to the last dollar earned. A marginal tax rate applies to the last dollars earned, not every dollar earned. Everybody pays the same on the same dollar of income, no matter the total. Whether you make $50k or $500k, you pay the same tax on the first $50k of income. Later dollars earned are taxed at higher rates."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why does alcohol burn when put on cut?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does alcohol burn when put on cut?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The answer lies in the lowering of VR1 receptors. VR1 receptors are a special kind of cell in your skin that respond to heat. Studies have shown that ethanol--which is a kind of alcohol--causes skin cells to put out the same neurochemical signals they put out when heat is around. The result is that it doesn't take as much actual heat for the VR1's to turn on. Researchers have found that alcohol lowers the amount of heat needed to turn on VR1 receptors by almost ten degrees. It isn't known for sure yet, but researchers think that ethanol may lower the threshold so much around inflamed tissue that your own body temperature kicks off the VR1 receptors. Not only does the cut hurt, but it now feels like its on fire as well. Source: Internet."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why real estate agents promote themselves like they're a celebrity and how this became standard practice?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why real estate agents promote themselves like they're a celebrity and how this became standard practice?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Real Estate is a very visual business. They rely on name recognition from people looking at nice properties and think \u201cthey would be a good person to go with\u201d. One of my earlier jobs was at a company that did commercial real estate and we relied pretty heavily on our signs that stated that we were the ones out there. Our company had a lot of visibility."} {"category":"Other","question":"How do producers get away with sampling songs in their tracks?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do producers get away with sampling songs in their tracks?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"If the sample is being used for a recording that will be sold to the public, they have to ask permission from the copyright owner of the original song (usually the music publishing company), and also from the owner of the original recording (usually a record company). Often they'll have to pay for permission. This is called \"Sample Clearance\". In the early days of sampling, especially in the hip-hop scene, producers often didn't bother asking permission, and not many people made a fuss about it. But as sampling became used more often in successful recordings, things changed. The beastie boys' 1989 album \"Paul's Boutique\" (produced by the dust brothers) is an incredible album, made entirely from multi-layered samples - including samples from nearly 30 different records in one track alone. Back then, permission was easier and cheaper to obtain, and samples were not always legally challenged when permission wasn't obtained - so it is said that an album like 'Paul's boutique' would be financially\/commercially not possible to make today. [\"Shake Your Rump\"]( URL_0 ) from Paul's boutique. I love listening to the album and trying to identify all the different samples. Many of these were paid for with permission, some may not have been."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why is the Human body\u2019s core temperature 37 degrees Celsius (98.6 degrees Fahrenheit) across the species, regardless of ethnicity or environmental location?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is the Human body\u2019s core temperature 37 degrees Celsius (98.6 degrees Fahrenheit) across the species, regardless of ethnicity or environmental location?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are slight variations even person to person, let alone ethnicity to ethnicity. However, our body\u2019s require precise temperature regulation to maintain status quo, or homeostasis. Things that are poorly affected with temperature change would include blood clotting, hormone systems, and metabolism, for example. Similarly, losing heat increases energy requirements to keep the body (properly functioning) at normal temperatures and can cause very bad things to happen like heart attacks (from increased cardiac demand and perhaps decreased O2 supply). A simple compensatory mechanism to increase heat production in the body is shivering, which increases metabolic demands anywhere from 100-500%, but is very ineffective at actually keeping us warm. That\u2019s why we have behavioral modification techniques such as putting warm clothes on, getting out of the cold, or finding heat sources. In high body temperature situations our cells begin to lose their functioning abilities too, just in a different way. In the brain for example, the cells become more excitable and their resting membrane potential (ability for the cell to become active) is altered, in the bad direction. This is why some people have seizures when their temp is above 40C\/104F. All in all, we must have normal temperatures to ensure our bodies function at their best performance. Edit: spelling, grammar"} {"category":"Other","question":"what is Law of Entropy (second law of thermodynamics)?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what is Law of Entropy (second law of thermodynamics)?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The second law of thermodynamics explains that it is impossible to have a cyclic (repeating) process that converts heat completely into work. It is also impossible to have a process that transfers heat from cool objects to warm objects without using work. In English: that first part of the law says no reaction is 100% efficient. Some amount of energy in a reaction is always lost to heat. Also, a system can not convert all of its energy to working energy. The second part of the law is more obvious. A cold body can't heat up a warm body. Heat naturally wants to flow from warmer to cooler areas. Heat wants to flow and spread out to areas with less heat. If heat is going to move from cooler to warmer areas, it is going against what is \u201cnatural\u201d, so the system must put in some work for it to happen. & #x200B; [ URL_0 ]( URL_1 ) & #x200B; Or even simpler: You cannot break even (you cannot return to the same energy state, because there is always an increase in disorder; entropy always increases)."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How binary 1's and 0's translate into complex output?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How binary 1's and 0's translate into complex output?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"01000010 01100101 01100011 01100001 01110101 01110011 01100101 00100000 01111001 01101111 01110101 00100000 01100011 01100001 01101110 00100000 01101011 01100101 01100101 01110000 00100000 01100001 01100100 01100100 01101001 01101110 01100111 00100000 01101111 01101110 01100101 01110011 00100000 01100001 01101110 01100100 00100000 01111010 01100101 01110010 01101111 01100101 01110011 00100000 01110100 01101111 00100000 01101101 01100001 01101011 01100101 00100000 01110100 01101000 01100101 00100000 01100100 01100001 01110100 01100001 00100000 01111001 01101111 01110101 00100000 01110111 01100001 01101110 01110100 00101110 00100000 The above translates to \"Because you can keep adding ones and zeroes to make the data that you want\". Essentially a long enough string of ones and zeros can be made to represent any data. So with a long enough string of them, you can represent each pixel on your screen and the color it's supposed to be. This creates the image on your monitor."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why haven't algae based biofuels taken off yet?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why haven't algae based biofuels taken off yet?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Cost per gallon. Algal crude costs somewhere around $7-8 per gallon to create. Current projections are that if that can come down to around $4-5 per gallon, then it's viable. If we can't hit that mark, then it's not viable. There's also the concern of retuning the entire automotive fleet to run on biofuels (although that's relatively minor in comparison), and the potential for increased NOx emissions (but that argument isn't quite settled yet). Source; Getting a doctorate in mechanical engineering, with research including combustion of biofuels from various feedstocks."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How are important contracts between huge corporations proposed? And how do they then negotiate the conditions?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How are important contracts between huge corporations proposed? And how do they then negotiate the conditions?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They have entire teams that do this work. It will be (several) sections of their company, depending on the specific contract they are negotiating. ' > do they just call each other on the phone and arrange a meeting? Yes, and email of course. > Do they send a person into each others HQ At some point the teams will meet, but most of it will be done by email and phone, its too much work and coordination to get everyone on board to meet. Meetings generally take place at the beginning, and near the end to hammer out the final points. These ending meetings can be fierce as usually whats left is all the stuff they couldn't agree on before. For really big stuff, its common for C-level executives to discuss some of the hangups as well. > Also, when they eventually negotiate, is it just two 'teams' of people arguing over the conditions? Haha, yeah basically. Along with the lawyers. For the most part though stuff is done by talking on the phone and sending versions of the contract back and forth with changes. And this can take a really, really, really long time, even for fairly simple deals. The people who do this are professionals, its not their first rodeo, they all know the game and process."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why is Mona Lisa so special?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is Mona Lisa so special?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It was stolen in 1911. It was a huge international news story. [More info here...]( URL_0 ) > Before its theft, the \"Mona Lisa\" was not widely known outside the art world. Leonardo da Vinci painted it in 1507, but it wasn't until the 1860s that critics began to hail it as a masterwork of Renaissance painting. And that judgment didn't filter outside a thin slice of French intelligentsia. > \"The 'Mona Lisa' wasn't even the most famous painting in its gallery, let alone in the Louvre,\" Zug says. > Dorothy and Tom Hoobler wrote about the painting's heist in their book, The Crimes of Paris. It was 28 hours, they say, until anyone even noticed the four bare hooks."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why does glass break when transferred from hot to cold water, but not something like an egg?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does glass break when transferred from hot to cold water, but not something like an egg?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"First, a plaque of glass is very solid and strong, an egg shell is very porous and bendable. Second, hot objects expands while cold objects contract. Because an egg shell is bendable and porous, it is able to deal with the internal stresses caused by the temperature difference. And because the glass is solid and strong, the internal stresses caused by the temperature difference can make it shatter."} {"category":"Other","question":". How are WW2 German soldiers treated in Germany by Germans today?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n . How are WW2 German soldiers treated in Germany by Germans today?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Sort of indifferently, in my experience and from my anecdotal evidence from living there for a short time. The thing is that it isn't just some small group of people, it was an entire generation of adult males that served. You can't really deny being in the military at the time, if you were an adult male between 16 and 40 during 1930-1945, you were in the military. IIRC 18 million adult men fought out of a total 21 million adult men in the country at the time. It wasn't a \"service\", it wasn't \"patriotism\", it wasn't a \"Nazi attitude\", it was a forced draft that affected every man and therefore every family. Because of that, most Germans just don't want to talk about it, they don't really celebrate their WW2 veterans (or any veterans, even their modern ones, for that matter), and they just kind of sweep it under the rug. They don't shun WW2 veterans, they don't really acknowledge them in any way, and they just sort of try to ignore the fact. The German people are tremendously apologetic about WW2 (and WW1), and there's a sort of national guilt surrounding the topic. They feel really, really bad about it, which is why they didn't really engage in any kind of conflict afterward until a very small amount during the 90's and post 9\/11."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What's the difference between using O negative blood and type-specific blood in emergency medicine?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What's the difference between using O negative blood and type-specific blood in emergency medicine?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"On the positive: any O- blood, with a few less common exceptions, can be transfused into any patient without issue. In an emergency situation where an immediate transfusion is critical, waiting a few minutes to test a patient's blood may do harm to the patient. On the negative: O- blood is rare, as donors of that type reflect only a small percentage of donations. Basically, unless it's a dire emergency, medical professionals will not use an O- blood unit for a transfusion unless the patient has been found to be the O- blood type."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What do animals actually do during hibernation?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What do animals actually do during hibernation?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Hibernation means the animal literally just sleeps. It cannot get any meaningful amount of food during the winter so instead he just kinda skips it. He sleeps all the way through to conserve energy instead of walking around and doing stuff, and the fat it put on right before winter is whats being broken down and consumed to keep him alive and fed. He then wakes up again in spring when hunting is viable again."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How do you solve this? (Picture in description)","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do you solve this? (Picture in description)","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are eight equations you can create and 7 unknown values. The brute force method is to solve it as a system of simultaneous equations. Or use some logic - like the last column is E + E + D = 17 (E and D cannot be 5 or 6) which only leaves E = 4, D = 9 or E = 7, D = 3 Then look at rows 1 and 3. J + G + H + E = 25 J + G + C + E = 22 There won't be too many combinations since H - C = 3, H > 3 and C < 7 and cannot be 5 or 6 or whatever E and D are. If E = 3, D = 9 then J + G + C = 19. Since C must be 1, 2, 4 this means J + G = 15, 17, 18. Since 9, 6, 5, 3 are not allowed leaving 8, 7, 4, 2, 1. This means both are either 7 or 8 making C = 4. If E = 7, D = 3 then J + G + C = 15. C cannot be 1 (J+G=14 without 5, 6, 7) leaving C = 2 or 4. And so on..."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How quaternions (4D imaginary numbers) are related to 3D rotation?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How quaternions (4D imaginary numbers) are related to 3D rotation?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There is no dead simple explanation, other than you can just pretend each if the parts of a quaternion is a 3D spacial axis and then do multiplication to do things. I have a line that goes north 1, east 2 from a centre origin point. We could write this as (1,2,0), a vector. The 0 is the up-down, this line does not go up down. I want to spin this line 90\u00b0 clockwise. What's the new line? Well, you could just work this out in your head. It's rather simple. It now goes -2 north, 1 east. Draw it if you need to, but should be easy enough to see in your head. Simple enough, although I could have made this a lot harder. Could have been given it a height direction too. Could have made it a different rotation than a clean 90\u00b0. Could have rotated it vertically too. Could have made it a full 3D geometric shape rather than a line. You could probably have dealt with some of these with some sketches and trig skills, but at a certain point I would have you thrown for a loop. But what if you could just do simple multiplication instead regardless of how complicated I made it. Well, you can. Given the question, I'm just going to fly sort of past what a quaternion is and how algebra works. It's a fancy number that goes something like 1 + 1i + 1j + 1k, although you can substitute any of the 1's with any other number, including zero. i alone would be the typical imaginary number, ie sqrt(-1). Or alternatively, i^2 is -1. j and k squared are also -1, but they do fun things when the multiply together. i \u00d7 j = k for example. Basically if you imagine i as 12 o'clock, j as 4 o'clock, and k as 8 o'clock, multiplying then just gives you the third one. If you go counterclockwise, like i \u00d7 j = k, it's positive. If you go counterclockwise, like j \u00d7 i = -k it's negative. Unlike regular numbers, these ones care the order you multiply then in. Operations not caring about order is a special property, doesn't apply to all operations not in all types of applications. We take it for granted that multiplying regular numbers can he the order swapped and give the same result. Rather than north 1, east 2 or (1,2,0), let's make it a quaternion. So this would be 2i + 1j + 0k. I'm using i as East-west, j as north-south, and k as up-down. I know, we normally have north-south written first and here I have East-west as coming first. It's just conventions. So how do we turn 2i + 1j + 0k 90\u00b0 clockwise with multiplication? Well, we multiply by the transformation number corresponding to a 90\u00b0 clockwise turn, and then by that same number again with the signs inverted. That number is 1\/sqrt(2) + 1\/sqrt(2) k. Why 1\/sqrt(2)? Simply, because the hypotenuse (long side) of a right (90\u00b0) triangle with shorter lengths 1 is sqrt(2). Need to ensure this number is like 1 or -1 and won't scale anything, just change its direction, aka rotate it. Why k? Because that's the up-down axis, which is the one we are actual spinning this around. So I don't have to keep writing 1\/sqrt(2), I'm going to call that x: (x + xk) (2i + 1j) (x - xk) Now do some middle school algebra: (2xi + xj + 2xki + xkj)(x - xk) Now let's apply some of the imaginary number like math of quaternions. k \u00d7 i is j. k \u00d7 j is -i: (2xi + xj + 2xj - xi)(x - xk) Simplify to: (xi + 3xj)(x - xk) Multiply out again: (xxi - xxik + 3xxj - 3xxjk) Now let's apply some of the imaginary number like math of quaternions. i \u00d7 k is -j. j \u00d7 k is i: (xxi + xxj + 3xxj - 3xxi) Clean up: (4xxj - 2xxi) Now x is 1\/sqrt(2), so all xx are 1\/2: (4\/2j - 2\/2i) So the result is 2j -1i. What's 1i - 2j + 0k? -2 North, 1 east. What we wanted, a 90\u00b0 clockwise turn. A lot more work, but involving very simple, repeatable steps with basic multiplication. A waste of time here, very easy in more complex situations and also very easy for a computer to chug through. Or if you've taken introductory university math, probably could have just said complex numbers (imaginary and real combinations) are just length two vectors and quaternions are length 4 vectors, and this is all just linear algebra with a new hat."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why scientists, before the underwater nuclear test at Bikini Atoll, were afraid a chain reaction would happen with the underwater explosion and what stopped it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why scientists, before the underwater nuclear test at Bikini Atoll, were afraid a chain reaction would happen with the underwater explosion and what stopped it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The only scientist of any prominence that I know of who raised this issue in 1946 was Percy Bridgman, a Nobel Prize-winning Harvard physicist who happened to have been J. Robert Oppenheimer's undergraduate advisor, and who did some contract work for the Manhattan Project (Bridgman's specialty was generating very high pressures and getting the physical and chemical properties of metals under them, and he did work on plutonium). [You can read a letter he wrote on this here]( URL_0 ). The letter is to Hans Bethe, a physicist on the Manhattan Project who was an expert in nuclear fusion, and who is the one who later won the Nobel Prize for working out how stars work. Bridgman's worry is that the tremendous heat released by the bomb might cause the hydrogen in the water (water is very rich in hydrogen \u2014 H2O) to fuse into helium. That, he worried, would generate more energy, and you might have a run-away reaction. He openly admits that he doesn't know that much about fusion and that the scientists have probably thought about this, but he basically says that if there is any possible chance of this, then the test should be stopped until it had been investigated. He has some other interesting arguments in there as well, but that's the core technical one. Is it a crazy idea? No \u2014 the Manhattan Project scientists had thought similar things about the possibility of atmospheric nitrogen fusing before the tested the first atomic bomb. They did the math: it turns out that even the intense heat of an atomic bomb cannot cause a run-away fusion reaction in the air. They were also doing the same math on hydrogen during the war, because they were interested in making a hydrogen-fusion powered bomb \u2014 the hydrogen bomb. It turns out that the kind of hydrogen most prevalent in the ocean is _not_ very amenable to nuclear fusion (you need different isotopes \u2014 deuterium and tritium \u2014 for terrestrial fusion), and it also turns out, quite separately, that _even if_ the water in the ocean was mostly made out of the right kind of hydrogen, it would take _far_ more energy than any nuclear weapon ever developed by human beings to cause it all to react. The problem isn't just starting the reaction, it's continuing it: the fusion reactions don't propagate their heat fast enough. In a hydrogen bomb, the way to get around this is to compress the fusion fuel by a huge factor \u2014 hundreds to thousands of times \u2014before trying to heat it up. The ocean would not do this. (If you are curious about what it would take to turn the ocean into a giant fusion bomb, weapons scientists [concluded in the 1970s]( URL_1 ) that it would require a 20 _million_ megaton bomb \u2014 not a typo \u2014 _if_ the Earth's ocean had 20X more deuterium in it than it actually does.) So anyway \u2014 that's the fear, and again, the scientists had already done the math on this and figured out that it was not a credible fear. But you can see that so little was publicly known on some aspects of bomb work in 1946 that a very credible scientist like Bridgman could see this as a valid question to ask. And it was a valid question to ask! But they had asked it, and the answer was, \"it's not a problem.\""} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"What is the difference between liquid and fluid? Is there such a thing as low pressure fluid?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is the difference between liquid and fluid? Is there such a thing as low pressure fluid?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Fluids = Liquids + Gasses + Plasmas Most low pressure fluids are gasses, but some liquids, like mercury or ethelene glycol, have very low vapor pressures. This allows you to have them in a low pressure system remain as liquids. It all depends on the temperature also, Tungsten has a super low vapor pressure, but it's only a liquid at outrageously high temperatures."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why do we need drugs to make us feel good and why can't our brains just release more dopamine?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do we need drugs to make us feel good and why can't our brains just release more dopamine?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The production of dopamine has to be regulated. If it weren't, it would defeat the purpose of having dopamine. Dopamine is there to reward you for doing something *good* that increases your chance of survival (or at least, something that looks like something that increases your chance of survival to a brain that's been evolving for a few billion years). Imagine if your brain could just give you dopamine whenever you felt depressed. You wouldn't *do* anything. Generally speaking, if you're feeling depressed (but you don't have capital D Depression) it's because something happened that negatively impacted you. That feeling is supposed to motivate you to fix the problem, because feeling depressed sucks. So your partner dumped you and now you're depressed. That feels shitty. Solution: find a better, hotter partner and get some of that sweet, sweet sex dopamine (and make a baby to carry your genes, too). You see a shiny new car and know you can't afford it, so you're depressed. Solution: get a better job, making you more financially secure so you can afford that shiny new car (and become a fitter, more desirable parent, attracting hotter partners), and you get a nice \"I accomplished something\" dopamine fix. Basically, your brain is forcing you to be more capable of surviving and your reward for that is not feeling like garbage. If your brain just gave you dopamine whenever you felt like garbage, imagine the scenarios above. Partner leaves you? That's fine, your brain gave you dopamine so you feel GREAT and you sit in your house and never find a new partner and never reproduce and your terrible too-much-dopamine genes don't get passed on. Can't afford that car? That's fine, you feel fine - in fact, you're fine with not being able to afford *any* car. Or a house. Or food. And you're fine because *dopamine*. So you can see that dopamine *must* be regulated in order for it to do its job in your brain. Unregulated dopamine is a disaster. In individuals who struggle with addiction, that regulation is just a little off. With capital D Depression, due to a number of factors, your brain simple doesn't produce enough dopamine. Could be genetics, could be a trauma that you can't fix... For whatever reason, you have either too little dopamine or too many dopamine receptors. Because some drugs mimic dopamine, you can get that dopamine fix and avoid being stuck in Depression, as long as you're *regulating* your usage, otherwise you get stuck in the same problem of having too much and not being motivated to do anything. Or the more likely problem, your brain builds additional dopamine receptors, enzymes to remove it, and lowers production of dopamine so it can handle the artificially high amount of \"dopamine\" you've injected in an attempt to regulate its effectiveness, so you *don't* have the motivation problem. Then, when the high wears off, you have *less* dopamine than you did before, and more receptors that aren't getting activated, and you need still more drugs. Some people go for the more natural and \"safer\" method of triggering bigger releases of dopamine through seeking out more pleasurable or riskier behavior. Hence people who deliberately [skydive without a parachute]( URL_0 ) or [climb stupidly high buildings]( URL_1 ). Which *is* just \"releasing more dopamine\", but you have to kind of trick your brain into doing it."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why do so many employers neglect to list the pay rate on their job listings? How does one politely and professionally get that information?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do so many employers neglect to list the pay rate on their job listings? How does one politely and professionally get that information?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Employers will hide this information because they do not want to give you any leverage or bargaining power in terms of your salary. There are a lot of variables so I can't give you specific details like what they may offer and what others may be getting but hiring managers will usually be given a low end pay rate that they want to offer. They will try and hire you as cheaply as possible. You may be able to negotiate a higher salary or may offer you a higher salary based on your relevant work experience or performance. However, they again want to offer you the lowest they can so they will give you a number during interview or offering and see if you will accept it. They also want to hide this information from your coworkers because they may have offered them less and they don't want everyone finding out that you're all being paid differently for the same job."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why are video games developed and rendered in triangles and polygons?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are video games developed and rendered in triangles and polygons?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The game needs a system to describe objects. Say you want to describe a cube, how would you do it? You could say it's a cube with sides a certain length and a center at a given location. But then you need to describe a pyramid. You have to come up with a new way to describe it. Given the variety in shapes that objects in video games have, it's not a viable system. You need some system that can easily describe any object or shape using a common set of data. So they use polygons. You can describe any polygon in space by listing the coordinates for the vertices. Put together an enormous number of tiny polygons, and you can describe any shape or object you want, all using a single system and a series of coordinates."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How can people play chess against themselves, if they know what move their \u201copponent\u201d is going to make?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can people play chess against themselves, if they know what move their \u201copponent\u201d is going to make?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"If you've ever seen those \"grandmaster plays 100 opponents simultaneously\" stories, it's because the past moves and mind games with the opponent aren't much of a factor. They make a move, forget what happened, and go to the next board. A given board state often has a small handful of \"correct\" moves, so playing both sides yourself is an exercise in solving board states rather than exploiting an opponent's tendencies."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How does the moon cause tides?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does the moon cause tides?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Imagine a waterbed. The waterbed is the universe. Now, put a small, but heavy ball on it. It'll put a dent in the bed where it is because it's so heavy. This ball is earth. For demonstration purposes, but some water into that dent, that's your sea. Now, put a second, slightly less heavy ball nearby, which is going to be the moon. It'll put another dent in the bed, which is less deep. If that ball is super close to the other one, the dents will start to meld together. That'll cause the \"bed\" between the two balls to not go up to its normal full height, it'll be a bit dented between the balls. This means, that the area between the balls is deeper than the area on the other sides of the balls, so the water around your earth will flow a bit towards the moon ball. The \"dents\" are gravity, which is produced by the two balls, the earth and the moon. The dent of the earth is deeper, so the water will always stay on earth, but it still feels a bit of the pull of the gravity of the moon, so it'll move a slight bit towards it"} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"how does burning stuff produce light?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how does burning stuff produce light?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Burning stuff produces energy in the form of heat, which we perceive as an increase in temperature. The electromagnetic radiation (light) given off by something is proportional to the fourth power of the temperature, which is a fancy way of saying that the color goes up as the temperature goes up. In reality, everything gives off light all the time, because everything has temperature. You even give off light, though our eyes are not capable of seeing that light. It's called \"Infrared\" light. Well, at a certain temperature, we can start seeing that light, and the first color we can see is red, which is why if you heat something, that's the first color it begins to emit. Up the scale goes through orange, then yellow, white, then blue. It peaks out at blue because we can't see colors beyond that, and while it is still emitting higher energy colors (Ultra Violet, X-Ray), it's also still emitting all of the colors below that too. Blue ends up overpowering the rest, which is why it is blue and not an apparent mix of all the colors. A little further detail as to why, Temperature is really just the back and forth oscillations of atoms. The hotter they are, the faster they bounce back and forth. What we call color is really just the number of times an atom bounces back and forth in a given time period. Red light literally bounces back and forth slower than blue light. This is why UV light is harmful, it bounces back and forth so fast that it imparts too much energy into our skin and breaks our skin cells apart. Light is called \"Electromagnetic\" radiation because it is the electrons in the atom that are oscillating, and the fabric of spacetime is what is carrying those oscillations (as radiation) from the electron to whatever it is going to hit."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How can nuclear fission reactors in space lose their heat so they won\u2019t melt themselves?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can nuclear fission reactors in space lose their heat so they won\u2019t melt themselves?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Usually they\u2019ll have radiators, which are not like the radiators in your house. On Earth it\u2019s a lot more straightforward to get rid of heat. You just push it somewhere else. There\u2019s stuff everywhere, so you can give that heat to other stuff. That\u2019s conduction. In space there isn\u2019t a lot of stuff, so you usually have to get rid of it through radiation instead of conduction. Anything with any temperature (so everything) gives off some light. Most of this is infrared, so we can\u2019t actually see it, but everything is constantly shooting out little bits of light. Some materials are better at giving off infrared than others and so usually you\u2019ll just make a big surface covered in one of those materials. You\u2019ll basically just transfer heat over to the radiator using normal conduction, and then let the radiator shoot it off into space as infrared."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Why would you ever need to know the anything beyond the 2nd derivative of an equation?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why would you ever need to know the anything beyond the 2nd derivative of an equation?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"> U.S. President Richard Nixon, when campaigning for a second term in office announced that the rate of increase of inflation was decreasing, which has been noted as \"the first time a sitting president used the third derivative to advance his case for reelection.\" Since inflation is itself a derivative\u2014the rate at which the purchasing power of money decreases\u2014then the rate of increase of inflation is the derivative of inflation, or the second derivative of the function of purchasing power of money with respect to time. Stating that a function is decreasing is equivalent to stating that its derivative is negative, so Nixon's statement is that the second derivative of inflation\u2014or the third derivative of purchasing power\u2014is negative. Also: > In differential geometry, the torsion of a curve \u2014 a fundamental property of curves in three dimensions \u2014 is computed using third derivatives of coordinate functions (or the position vector) describing the curve. But yeah, typically you don't *need* to know a third (or further) derivative. But it still *exists*."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How do leyden jars even work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do leyden jars even work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There is metal on the outside and on the inside of the jar. Using an electric generator, you can force electrons to move from one of those metal pieces to the other. Electrons cannot go through the glass, so when you remove the generator, they will stay on each side, but because they can still attract each other through the glass, they are not going to fly off into your body when you touch the outer metal. As long as you do not touch the inner metal at the same time. Electrons can also jump from the metal to the glass, but since they cannot move through the glass, they will be stuck on the surface. So even when you remove the metals, discharge them and put them back, there will still be some charge left."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why MOST people lose money day trading stocks?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why MOST people lose money day trading stocks?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"50\/50 implies the market can move either up or down, but it doesn\u2019t. It fluctuates. So somebody bets the market goes down, it does a bit, then it goes the other way, then it drops and rises and long story short, nobody, ALMOST NOBODY can predict this accurately. People panic and pull out too soon, or they see a great run and decide to stay in too long. And this is just one of the factors."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why are tattletales hated on when in fact all they are doing is keeping people from doing the same bad thing again and again by telling another person that that person is doing something bad?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are tattletales hated on when in fact all they are doing is keeping people from doing the same bad thing again and again by telling another person that that person is doing something bad?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Tattletales don't actually care that something bad is being done. They just want to see the others suffer and to be praised themselves, which is why they generally seem to be associated with yelling on you for minor or inconsequential offenses. Someone reporting a bully to the principal doesn't qualify as a tattletale to me. Telling the teacher that someone passed a note in class does though."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How can cell phones send signals such long distances?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can cell phones send signals such long distances?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The big cell towers are there to provide broad geographic coverage and handle thousands of calls at once. The size and power is not related to communicating with one phone but thousands. The receiving antennas in the cell towers are able to pick up your weak signal and hand it off to the rest of the switching system."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How can something hot burn one person and not another?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can something hot burn one person and not another?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The explanation is rather simple: We're all different. Some people can withstand more pain than others, some people can withstand low oxygen levels better than others, some people can withstand hot beverages better than others, some people can drink more alcohol than others before getting drunk, etc. It all boils down to two factors: 1. Our genetic makeup. We have genes that express in different ways and levels, making each individual different from another. 2. [Acclimatization]( URL_0 ). Through your life, you are exposed to different experiences that shape how you perceive the environment. You can even go from \"I can withstand hot beverages\" to \"I don't withstand hot beverages\". If you stopped drinking hot beverages for a prolonged time and then tried to drink something hot, you would burn your tongue just like it happened to your partner. Just like that, your partner can develop tolerance to hot beverages is she begins drinking them more frequently."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Before children learn to talk how do they think without language?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Before children learn to talk how do they think without language?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There is a theory that one of the many reasons children cry is because of the frustration at knowing they want something, but not knowing how to describe what they want. When adults get that feeling, we can use context of language to describe how we feel, but a baby can't do that even satisfactorily to themselves."} {"category":"Technology","question":"how do 64kb demos work? How is a video generated from such a small file?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how do 64kb demos work? How is a video generated from such a small file?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"My thesis supervisor was interested in these demos ([here's one he made]( URL_3 ) and [here's]( URL_1 ) his thesis on it, though it's in Czech, but there's a lot of pictures) and he told me a little bit about them. Here are the main things: - The demo in not a video, it is a program that renders the animation. Program is small because it is just a small amount of instructions. - Procedural generation: Data, such as textures, is what takes up absolutely the most space in programs. Here instead of having the data embedded in your program you create algorithms that generate all the data, somehow randomly but within certain rules. Algorithms are extremely small, even if they are complex, because they are in result just a few instructions, of which each only takes a few bytes. These algorithms can however generate huge amount of data - textures, 3D models, music, everything. For example you can generate so called [Perlin noise]( URL_0 ) and use it as a heightmap for terrain. If you're more clever, you can make images like [these] ( URL_2 ) (these are from my bachelor's thesis on procedural textures). - Getting rid of any unnecessary stuff: In normal programs a few extra kilobytes usually do not matter, so most programming tools add extra layers to programs to make the programming more comfortable, faster, safer etc. If you want your program to be small however, you can give up these advantages and save memory. You can do this by using a low level programming language (assembler, C, ...), using special programming styles, telling the compiler you want to optimize for size, giving up platform independence etc. - Some data, such as camera movement, can be embedded in the program since they are very small. Camera movement can consist only of a few keyframes and the program then smoothly moves the camera between them. Camera keyframe may look like this: time (4 bytes) camera position (x,y,z = > 12 bytes), camera rotation (x,y,z = > 12 bytes). This is a total of 28 bytes for each keyframe. If you have 20 keyframes, your whole camera movement is encoded in 0.5 kb. - Compression: to make it even smaller, everything is compressed in the end."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How do no bake cookies work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do no bake cookies work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"In this case it looks like heating the sugar\/cocoa mixture to 230\u00b0 carmalizes the sugar, by adding heat to sugar it breaks down some of the simpler bonds and binds then into longer chains, then as it cools and sets as these reactions take place while mixing in the oats and other ingredients. Basically it looks like the instructions tell you to make a caramel sauce with some cocoa powder for flavor, then the caramel sets and it becomes a \"cookie\" by adding some other ingredients as fillers to give it body and flavor. If I'm reading it right, were you to stop after the sauce step and just reduced the sauce you'd make a chocolate flavored caramel concoction. For your chemistry assignment, look into caramelization. URL_0"} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why does cold air come out when we go \"hoooo\" with our mouth but warm air comes out if we go \"haaaa\" with our mouth?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does cold air come out when we go \"hoooo\" with our mouth but warm air comes out if we go \"haaaa\" with our mouth?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Hooo mouth shape makes the air go faster which pulls other air along with it. So the warm air from your mouth is closer to normal temperature air because it's mixed more. The faster moving air feels cooler because it can absorb a little heat from whatever you're blowing on and move away to let other air do the same. Haaaa mouth shape doesn't pull other air along with it as much so ends up being closer to the temperature inside your body (warmer) which is normally warmer (and more humid) than what you're blowing on so it feels warmer."} {"category":"Physics","question":"If Tesla's inventions were as good for harnessing power as they are reported to be why are they not being used today?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If Tesla's inventions were as good for harnessing power as they are reported to be why are they not being used today?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Okay, let's simplify this a bit: Tesla had a lot of inventions that were far ahead of his time but have since become so common people don't read articles about them. At the world's fair Tesla once demonstrated a remote radio controlled submarine. This device demonstrated so many new technologies at the time (radio controlled actuation, untethered robot operation, sending signals through water) that most people couldn't even start to appreciate it - but nowadays we use all those things and have developed the technology a lot. Tesla's power inventions (the ones you are mostly asking about) were mostly based around very high frequency resonance. That is to say that they needed similar equipment to become a standard otherwise it would not make sense to use them. His technology did not become the power standard, so nowadays it is only used in a few rare places where it fits the application very well and most of us never hear about it."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Why does external computer memory grow in increments like 4, 8, 32, 64, 128, 256 GB... and not more common numbers like 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 GB?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does external computer memory grow in increments like 4, 8, 32, 64, 128, 256 GB... and not more common numbers like 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 GB?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Computers read in base-2 numbering, also called binary. & #x200B; When we write a number, it's in decimal, or base-10. Back in elementary school we were taught that a number like 325 has 3 in the hundreds place, 2 in the tens place, and 5 in the one's place. & #x200B; Or to say it another way, 3 10^(2), 2 10^(1) , 5 10^(0) & #x200B; Binary puts 2's in there instead of 10's. To write 325 in binary, it looks like this: & #x200B; 101000101 - & #x200B; 1 in the 256s place, 1 in the 64s place, 1 in the 4s place, 1 in the 1s place, and 0's in the 128s place, 32s place, 16s place, 8s place, and 2s place or & #x200B; 1 2^(8),0 2^(7),1 2^(6),0 2^(5),0 2^(4),0 2^(3), 1 2^(2),0 2^(1),1 2^(0) & #x200B; What you're talking about is memory addresses. Memory addresses are like street addresses for houses, but they're written in binary. So the first house on the block would be 0001, the second would be 0010, the third would be 0011, the fourth would be 0100 & #x200B; In this way, you're always going to have a size that uses powers of 2 instead of powers of 10"} {"category":"Technology","question":"what are the tripod camera things used by construction workers on street corners in cities and what is their purpose?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what are the tripod camera things used by construction workers on street corners in cities and what is their purpose?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Survey equipment. They can either be line of sight or GPS. The GPS systems work kind of like you think. They set a control point that is known and then will take a separate piece that will tell them the position and elevation in relation to the control. Line of sight systems have a viewer that you use to look toward where you want to measure and another surveyor will have a pole with a reflector on it that will allow a distance measurement. I know this is a simple explanation and I hope someone else with more drive than me explains it better."} {"category":"Physics","question":"What makes sounds sound different from each other besides frequency, like what would for example be the difference between me slapping my table or a persons voice?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What makes sounds sound different from each other besides frequency, like what would for example be the difference between me slapping my table or a persons voice?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Pretty much every sound you will ever hear is not just one frequency, but a whole bunch of frequencies. Sound can be represented as a spectrogram, showing how much sound is present of all frequencies. A C note on two different instruments will share the same main frequency, but have a whole host of variations of other frequencies. The amount and frequencies also vary over time. A major difference between a jet engine and a distant gunshot, for instance, is the suddenness and echo of the latter."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why does a solid stream of water always eventually seem to break up into droplets as it's falling?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does a solid stream of water always eventually seem to break up into droplets as it's falling?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Acceleration due to gravity. The water in the stream speeds up as it falls, just like anything else that's falling. So the bottom portion of the stream is moving faster than the portion that's just exited the sink. It outruns the water behind it and pulls away, forming its own droplets."} {"category":"Technology","question":"To process images, a computer assigns red, green and blue values to every pixel. How does a computer manage sound? What are the values assigned?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n To process images, a computer assigns red, green and blue values to every pixel. How does a computer manage sound? What are the values assigned?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"All sound waves, even complex ones like talking or instruments are just single intensities at single moments in time. You assign each value in time an intensity and when you play it back you get the whole sound. Depending on how finely you chop up the timeline changes how good the sound will be reproduced."} {"category":"Physics","question":"What makes a bouncing ball bouncy?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What makes a bouncing ball bouncy?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The fact that the rubber is elastic, or squishy. When it is pulled to the earth by the gravitational force (and any additional force added by your muscles from throwing it), the ball doesn't get rid of all of the energy on impact the same way an egg would by exploding, or a heavy piece of metal would by transferring impact to the ground. Instead, the ball is flexible enough that it compresses, and retains a lot of the energy it gained during the fall. The compression then releases like a spring and shoots the ball back up into the air."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What is it about grapefruit that creates a complication with chemotherapy?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is it about grapefruit that creates a complication with chemotherapy?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Grapefruit has a compound in it that inhibits the activity of a liver enzyme that metabolizes a lot of pharmaceutical drugs. It's not just chemotherapy, there are lots of medications that when taken with grapefruit can result in higher concentrations of the medicine in your blood, or in some cases lower amounts of the active medicine if it's a drug that has to be metabolized first to become active (like codeine)."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Can someone please help me understand square roots?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Can someone please help me understand square roots?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Think of the number (e.g. 40) as an area of a square (e.g. as 40 little 1 by 1 squares). You are trying to find the sides of a bigger square that make an area of 40. So if a side was 7, the area would be 7x7, which is 49 --- too big. If the side was 6, the area would be 6x6, which is 36 --- too small. So the side length (also called the square root) must be somewhere between 6 and 7."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How do doctors and nurses take care of sick people without getting sick themselves? Or do doctors and nurses get common colds and bacterial infections all the time?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do doctors and nurses take care of sick people without getting sick themselves? Or do doctors and nurses get common colds and bacterial infections all the time?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"While the nurses and doctors get all the good press, I\u2019d like to share my perspective as a hospital cleaner. 1. We wash and sanitize constantly. 50 times a day is a reasonable estimate. 2. We use tons of disposable gloves. 3. Hospital rooms get cleaned every day. Nothing has a chance to fester. 4. In cases where the patient has a particularly nasty illness there are various levels of protection. For example: Contact isolation\u2014everyone who comes into the room dons a disposable gown, upon exit the gown is thrown away and you wash your hands before leaving the room. Contact plus\u2014same as above, except things are cleaned with bleach. Droplet\u2014gotta wear a mask to enter the room. Airborne\u2014these ones are intense, for illnesses like tuberculosis. Patient is in a negative pressure room so that when the door opens no illness gets out. To enter need heavy duty mask or powered respirator (you feel like Darth Vader a bit). But anyway. We really put a whole lot of effort to keeping things clean and protecting both patients and staff. Edit: thank you for all the Environmental Services love! < 3"} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why do streaming services care so much about people with a family plan living under the same address?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do streaming services care so much about people with a family plan living under the same address?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They want the amount of subscriptions sold to match the amount of pairs of eyes consuming their products as closely as possible. If they could, they'd sell 1 subscription per person, not even per family. Obviously they would lose customers if they started demanding you pay an additional fee for each of your kids or your spouse, so they have to accept that families are going to share a subscription. But they're not just going to let you share it with as many people as you want. If you've got an apartment building or a dorm with 10 unrelated people of legal age, that's 10 subscriptions. They're not just going to be cool with selling 1 or 2 instead of 10 and eat the loss in possible revenue. They're running a business selling a product, not a charity. So they say you can share with your family (because customers demand it) and that you can't share with a bunch of strangers. One way to determine if someone signing on to an account is family or not is if they live at the same address. Families tend to live together, random strangers tend not to. So it's a good enough method to try to get as close to possible to their target goal."} {"category":"Technology","question":"What can the NSA see?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What can the NSA see?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Who you talked to, when you talked to them and for how long, if you believe Edward Snowden. Nothing if you believe the Obama administration. According to Snowden, the NSA is hoovering up as much data as it can and storing it in a giant datacenter in Fort Meade, MD. I used to do work for the FBI concerning the discovery and location of child pornographers. The problem is, how can you sift the noise from the signal? Well in 2004, we were using a system that would hash the file you were downloading over P2P (data given to us by your ISP) that would then get fed in to a database. If that file matched the hash of a known child pornography file, we would flag that IP for further investigation. My job was simple, generate as many hashes as humanly possible. The problem with this? I could've inserted ANY hash I wanted, let's say for example a Hootie and the Blowfish MP3, or a PDF copy of 1984. Anything the government deems as criminal activity. The tool is only as good as what you use it for. That was 15 years ago, I can't imagine technology hasn't gotten exponentially better since then, using AI and machine learning instead of just basic hashing power. & #x200B; I think Snowden said it best, if he's not lying about what he did, it turley can be turnkey tyranny. Just like the Jews in 1930s Germany putting down 'Juden' on their census forms. You don't know what evil purposes the government can do with data until they do it. See: IBM And The Holocaust by Edwin Black. Amazing book."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How do species barriers work? What specifically stops gametes from two different species fusing?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do species barriers work? What specifically stops gametes from two different species fusing?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"DNA is the software that programs all the cells in your body. A single bit (amino acid) being off in the bootup sequence can lead to a miscarriage. A bunch of different values in the user-settings, like hair color, skin-oil bias, or desire for cheese don't make as big of an impact. Most of the variety in humanity is the later sort. Some humans have some BIG changes, like those with Downs sydrome. They're genetic material, their codesize, is simply larger than normal. DNA and the machines which process it do a lot of work to deal with sloppy code. It self-checks, fudges some things, and generally tries it's best. But there are limits. Species can't interbreed because there are too many differences in the codebase. Where a section of your DNA might tell your cells to give you red hair, in a lizard, that section of code might be in charge of making the pancereous, and the code doesn't make any sense when you combine the two. So the code just won't work if it's a mix of Linux and Apple library calls. ....You're actually talking about the very first step of the gametes fusing. You could try \/r\/askscience. But here we go: There's a specific step of gamete acceptance that eggs and sperm perform. The egg part has a protein called Juno and the sperm part brings with it a protein called Izumo1. These two interact, and from there the two halves either recognize each other and accept, or reject and the process halts (saving the mother from an expensive process). Sperm and eggs have a key and ward system specifically to prevent wasting time trying to make cross-species hybrids. It's probably also the mechanism for how a species decides how much variety is a good idea. Syrian golden hamsters have a Juno protein that fits\/accepts the human Izumo1 protein, and so it'll start fertilization... and then fall apart because the code-bases are so far off."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why are cold drinks more refreshing?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are cold drinks more refreshing?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They did a study relating to this back in the mid 90s. They hydrated one subject\/patient using an IV and another just by having them drink. Although they received the same amounts the person who was drinking felt more hydrated. So they concluded that the actual physical sensation of drinking a liquid triggers something in your brain that tells it you're hydrating. The sensation is stronger if the temperature of the liquid is colder or hotter than the temperature of your mouth\/throat. So colder drinks are more refreshing than drinks close to room temp. Edit: just realised I'm on ELI5 and idk if this is simplified enough. I'm very high. Apologies if I fucked up."} {"category":"Technology","question":"how does software interface\/communicate with hardware?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how does software interface\/communicate with hardware?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"lots and lots and *lots* of layers of abstraction. At the \"bare metal\" layer, you have electrical circuits that can either produce an \"on\" (1) or \"off\" (0) signal based on what signal it gets in. These are called *logic gates* and if you've played with Minecraft's redstone circuit system you may be familiar with some basic logic gates. Once you have predictable logic gate behavior, you can use certain inputs to produce certain desired outputs consistently. These strings of 1's and 0's can then be used in a sort of code to represent other things, like an instruction to pass a sequence of 1's and 0's over to another part of the computer. Once you have that standardized, you can write in more than 1's and 0's, and have a very low-level abstraction of certain functions; this is called *assembly* and it is the \"lowest level\" that is typically worked on by most people with the mantle \"programmer\"; assembly are basic instructions given to a computer that tell it what to do with data in it's memory registers; if it is connected to other things like RAM, it can push and pull data from those, and if it's connected to something like a monitor, it can send data to that. Then there are encodings written for the monitor so that it knows that when it gets a particular string of binary, it should display the character \"A\" on screen, for instance. Once you have built up a lot of assembly code, you will realize that you have a lot of functions that you use a lot. This is where programming languages come in: they have standardized libraries of the more useful instructions for computers to perform, and create more English-looking language for the computer to then turn into machine code using what's called a *compiler*; when you run a .exe on your machine, what's happened is that the code written for that program was run through a compiler, and the .exe is the output machine-language file that can be run through your operating system. This process of building up useful small functions just *keeps happening* across computers; the C language got so big that someone took a bunch of standard solutions to common computing tasks into a big library and launched C++ (++ is a programming shortcut that you append to a variable name [using x here] to write out x=x+1 with fewer keystrokes). At the end, it's layers upon layers of pre-determined rules that boil down to what inputs to send to the processor so that it can open the correct circuits the correct way to then trigger rules in the other parts of your computer to do whatever it is you're trying to do. I recommend [this series]( URL_0 ) if you want a more in-depth idea of how each level works."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How is Netflix cheaper than cable without ads while cable has them? Shouldn't it be the other way around ?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How is Netflix cheaper than cable without ads while cable has them? Shouldn't it be the other way around ?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Netflix is about the same price per month as a premium cable station like HBO or Showtime. So, I am not sure why you think it's substantially cheaper. If you are comparing Netflix to cable service as a whole, remember that the cable bill includes getting the content to your house. Netflix doesn't cover that."} {"category":"Physics","question":"If radio waves and visible light exist on the same spectrum, why can't you tune a transmitter to get it to shine?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If radio waves and visible light exist on the same spectrum, why can't you tune a transmitter to get it to shine?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Your antenna isn't efficient at generating waves that small. Antennas are optimized for a certain size range. AM antennas are big and transmit around 1 MHz which is waves around 300 meters. FM antennas can be much smaller and work around 100 MHz \/ 3 meters. If you tried to get an antenna that's good at broadcasting FM to instead broadcast 2.4 GHz for WiFi it would do terribly and you'd barely get any signal out no matter how much energy you pumped in. Similarly a microwave antenna is meant for 300 MHz-300 GHz, trying to get it to blast out Near IR at 400 THz is going to be terribly inefficient, and trying to get it to generate blue light at 770 THz is going to be even worse You instead need to use transmitters and antennas optimized for the frequency you want to work with, its incredibly hard to build anything that can work effectively across an order of magnitude, let alone 6 (300 MHz to 400 THz)"} {"category":"Other","question":"With sites like 538 projecting that democrats taking control of the House, but republicans maintaining control of the Senate, how does this impact policy? And what kind of impact does that have on the republican's agenda moving forward?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n With sites like 538 projecting that democrats taking control of the House, but republicans maintaining control of the Senate, how does this impact policy? And what kind of impact does that have on the republican's agenda moving forward?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The Republicans won't be able to get any legislation passed since they won't have control of the House and legislation must pass both chambers. The Democrats, of course, will also not be able to get anything passed. & #x200B; The Republican agenda is likely to focus on this stalling as proof of the Democrats obstructionism. Additionally, any consequences that occur because of legislation passed or not passed while Republicans were totally in control will then be blamed on the Democrats. & #x200B; The Democrats will likely focus on investigations and passing items that they want to build their platform on in 2020. This can force the Republicans in the House to take a stance on issues they might not want to speak out on."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"- How are large crowds at rallies and events calculated?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n - How are large crowds at rallies and events calculated?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Assuming there is no door they have to enter through or some other choke points you can count them at the only way to do it is with math. So you pick an area, say 100 sq ft, then you count the number of people in several of those sized areas, then you take your counts and average them together. Now that you have an average you can multiply by the area of the group and you have a rough count of the number of people in the group. It's not perfect, there is a large margin for error, but when you're talking about variances of even +\/- 10,000 out of groups of 500,000 that's considered reasonably accurate. Alternatively you can check the amount of people using public transit on an average day against those on the day you're checking, and you can see the variance and calculate the difference. And if you use both methods you can arrive at a more likely number than using either independently."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why did the Pittsburgh Mills mall sell at auction for just $100?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why did the Pittsburgh Mills mall sell at auction for just $100?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The bank is foreclosing on the owners. The owners are not contesting the foreclosure. The bank want to take possession of the property to cover the loan. The \"auction\" consisted of one bidder, Wells Fargo. This was done so the could legally transfer ownership. But the bank basically bought the mall from itself, because the bank holds the mortgage."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do counties have different names in different languages?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do counties have different names in different languages?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Translation into other languages, including mispronunciation and physical inability to pronounce certain sounds. 1) Translation: countries like the United States are just words. You can directly translate them into a different language. In Spanish, it's Estados Unidos. The words just happen to have pretty direct translations. 2) Mispronunciation: Turkey in Turkish is pronounced probably closer to the spelling Turkia. It's not that hard for an English speaker to try saying. But they didn't. Keep in mind, too, that country names can be very old. So at some point, the mispronunciation is simply the way you say it in that language. 3) Inability to pronounce certain sounds: language is interesting. We're born being *able* to learn and produce all phonetic sounds of any language. But at a very young age, you lose your ability to say sounds that aren't familiar. In English, R and L are very different. In Japanese, they're very similar. You actually lose the ability to even *hear* the difference if you aren't exposed to it as a child. In Hindi, there are 3 different ways to pronounce the letter D. It's really hard as an English speaker to even tell any difference between them. And this is proven by experiment: if you slowly transition an R to an L step by step with computer programs, English speakers have a clearer threshold where R becomes L. Japanese speakers have a lot harder time having a consistent threshold of detecting which is which. Same thing for English speakers and the D's."} {"category":"Technology","question":"My fan has an \u201cion\u201d setting, what is it actually doing and how does it create ions?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n My fan has an \u201cion\u201d setting, what is it actually doing and how does it create ions?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"What your fan is doing is using comparatively high voltage to ionize the air around it (strip off electrons from air molecules). The fan then sends those ions into the air nearby, where, so the claim goes, the ions attach to dust particles and other contaminants. These contaminants, now bearing an electric charge, are attracted to either collection plates inside the device or to the nearest walls or ceiling."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How did chemists in the past discover and collect gaseous elements such as helium?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How did chemists in the past discover and collect gaseous elements such as helium?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Helium was discoed by observing light from the sun the name is from Helios the Greek word for the sun. Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation. Different atoms and molecules releases and absorb light of different colors. Neon for example release a distinct red light when you excite it with electricity and that's why neon light have the colors they have. If you shine white light trough neon gas it will absorb the same red color so if you spit the light with a prism you will have dark line in the red part where neon have absorbed the light. There is multiple color that neon absorbent to a larger os smaller degree. The same it true for all elements. The colors of fire works is because of the emission colors of metal salts you add to the gunpowder. Yellow is produce by adding Sodium and old sodium lights that is common for streets light also release the distinct yellow color So if you test what color of light the atoms you know about absorb and write them down you can use that information to identify a gas. When it was done with sunlight We saw the line we identified the line Hydrogen has but we also found line that matched no element we had found on earth and called it Helium. The line of helium look like [Helium\\_spectrum]( URL_0 ) where the bright line is what color helium emit\/absorb The observation of sunlight was a decade the gas was fires observer on earth from release during a volcanic eruption and almost 30 years before the element was isolated on earth. This was done by dissolving a type of uranium or in a acid. Helium is produce by radioactive decay of uranium."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How does elasticity work? Like, how can something stretch and then come back to its original state?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does elasticity work? Like, how can something stretch and then come back to its original state?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Think of springs. A metal coil that can stretch but rebounds. The material that forms the spring doesn't stretch but the way that the material is coiled allows it to deform enough to cause the spring to work. Elasticity is the same but with very very small \"spring like\" molecules. This is a vast simplification for ELI5"} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why are some bodies of water murky and brown whiles others stay clear?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are some bodies of water murky and brown whiles others stay clear?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It has to do with the material the water flows over before reaching that point. Water picks up \u201cdirt\u201d and becomes muddy, obviously, but *silt* is a material like ultra-fine sand. It\u2019s even easier to pick up than organic (plant based) soil and stays mixed in the water for a long time. These materials could be in the riverbed or the ground that water flows over before entering the main stream. That stuff is carried from the beginning of the river to lower parts of the river, and finally settles to the bottom when the river becomes larger, flatter, and the water slows down. So streams near the source will often be stripped down to rock which the water doesn\u2019t pick up, and the water is very clear. But lower, bigger, slower parts of the river can have *more* stuff carried there from the first areas. Those can be very muddy. Also, different types of ground could be stripped to rock or be an almost \u201cendless\u201d supply of sand\/mud\/silt"} {"category":"Other","question":"People pay\/put vending machines\/slot machines\/arcade games in random businesses. How does this work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n People pay\/put vending machines\/slot machines\/arcade games in random businesses. How does this work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"We had a vending machine at my workplace. Our company rented the machine and bought the products from a supplier. We set the prices to a level that would cover these costs mostly. So basically our company decided to supply drinks, chocolate and biscuits as long as employees would at least cover the cost. We looked for a company that rents out vending machines and that's how they get a vending machine in some seemingly random location, like a warehouse in this case."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why do 4k videos look better than 1080p on a 1080p screen?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do 4k videos look better than 1080p on a 1080p screen?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"If you're talking about online streaming videos (e.g. Youtube), the resolution isn't just the resolution but also affects the compression level. The 1080p version isn't a perfect detail 1080p video, it's compressed which adds some blurriness and stuff (but makes the file smaller). The 4k version is also compressed which adds some blurriness and stuff. The 4k version has more detail in it than the 1080p one, even after the compression does its thing. And a lot of the detail is big enough to see even after you shrink it."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why do wet foods (e.g. mashed potatoes) stay hot for so much longer than dry foods (e.g. steak)?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do wet foods (e.g. mashed potatoes) stay hot for so much longer than dry foods (e.g. steak)?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Every substance has a property called its \"specific heat capacity\". This represents how much heat energy a certain mass of that substance must gain in order to become one degree hotter, or lose in order to be one degree cooler. The specific heat capacity of water happens to be quite high compared to other substances. URL_1 URL_0"} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do we hear about people getting sick while reading a book in a car but not on a plane?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do we hear about people getting sick while reading a book in a car but not on a plane?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"You can absolutely get motion sickness in a plane, but it is less common because of less change in motion. What that means is: motion sickness from reading a book in a car is the type of motion sickness caused by force [felt but not seen]( URL_0 ). Despite the name 'motion sickness,' it isn't the motion you feel, it is the force and force is mass times acceleration. So forward motion on a plane is only felt for the first 5 mins or so of flight, after that it is continuous motion, your speed doesn't change (enough to notice) so there is no acceleration anymore, so no more force. In a car, the car accelerates and decelerates constantly to account for other cars, traffic lights, stop signs, and just changes in speed limit. In a plane, you feel force during takeoff, landing, hard turns, and turbulence. The vast majority of the flight; however, is a relatively constant speed."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How does a High Speed Camera work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does a High Speed Camera work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The biggest hurdle is getting enough light. If your shutter is open for half as much time, you need to bring in twice as much light in order to see the same brightness. These cameras going at 10,000 fps need to bring in 160 times as much light as a regular camera, which means you're going to need a large high quality lens, and very good lighting conditions."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why do we have to purchase website names why can't we just have a system like usernames on sites? Like whom are we even buying from? What stops us from just straight up using it for all I know internet is free right?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do we have to purchase website names why can't we just have a system like usernames on sites? Like whom are we even buying from? What stops us from just straight up using it for all I know internet is free right?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Let's say the post office was an entirely private operation, and would only send and deliver mail to people who were customers. So you sign up to have your address added to their list of customers so you can do this \"mail\" thing- otherwise, you just flat don't exist for mail purposes. You're buying recognition from the companies that route and sort electronic traffic (the equivalent of mail in the postal service example) when you buy a website name."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why do solar panels stop working?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do solar panels stop working?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The panels on the voyager space probes worked for longer than 30 years. Higher tier panels in residential solar degrade at half percent a year and should still be at 90% of their output at year 20. Even if that curve is off a bit, that's still around 80-85% at year 30. Unless the article is looking at polycrystaline panels made 30 years ago? I must be missing some detail(s). Can you link the article?"} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why is there lightning during rainstorms but not during snow storms?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is there lightning during rainstorms but not during snow storms?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"You still can have thunder and lightning with snow. It\u2019s typically referred to as thundersnow. The reason you see it more with rain is because it generally needs the mixing of warm and cold air to bounce around together exciting and moving charges around until the build up is great enough to discharge. But it still happens in cold air too. URL_0"} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why did the Soviet Union collapse, and did Mikhail Gorbachev do anything that contributed to the collapse or would it have collapsed anyway?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why did the Soviet Union collapse, and did Mikhail Gorbachev do anything that contributed to the collapse or would it have collapsed anyway?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"That is a question that thousands of authors have written books about. We could write a ten thousand word answer and still not scratch the surface. But the basic thing is that the USSR was built as an extremely rigid top down hierarchy. The government would set ambitious goals for the economy which sometimes could never be met, but if you were the boss of the factory, and you didn't meet your goals, you would be arrested and sentenced to hard labor for an undetermined time. So you treated your employees harshly and demanded that your goals for them be reached. Sometimes those goals could not be reached no matter what they did, so the quality of everything had to be sacrificed, and lies told about things like quality inspections. For any example, the leading cause of house fires in the USSR was exploding television sets, because they were so poorly made, because the factory had to meet its set goal, regardless of whether or not it had enough materials or skilled laborers. So... everyone knew the system was severely broken. This rigid system was put in place back in the early days of the USSR in order to force modernization at any cost. Imperial Russia was also very top heavy and had a very few rich folks massively exploiting the millions of poor folks, and so the USSR was determined to drag or force the country into the 20th century. But by the 1980's the system had just become so corrupted, and soooo inefficient, that nothing was getting done. Every time a new leader was \"elected\" it always went to the oldest and most senior guy on the politburo, no matter how incompetent or ancient he was. No one wanted to change anything for fear of upsetting the system. But they all knew what they were doing wasn't working and the country was on a definite downhill slide. The country wanted reform so they finally picked Gorbachev, and he was relatively young, I think he was 57 when he took over. He tried to shake things up, and bring in some much needed reforms, called \"glasnost\" but by then it was too little and too late. The Warsaw Pact countries all started to break away and become democratic and the whole thing started coming unravelled. Rather than let his country end up in a Civil War, the politburo decided to vote itself out of existence. Here's a good example of how broken things were. A visitor from the USA reported seeing someone selling burnt out light bulbs on the streets of Moscow for a few rubles each. He asked around because he couldn't understand why anyone would buy a burnt out light bulb. Turns out there were no light bulbs available in the stores, so people would buy these bulbs, take them to work, swap them out with a working lightbulb, and then they had one to fix their lighting at home."} {"category":"Technology","question":"why can\u2019t we use cellphones on a plane, even today after many years, when can\u2019t we yet?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why can\u2019t we use cellphones on a plane, even today after many years, when can\u2019t we yet?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Cell phones are very short range radios. Their max range is 6 miles (10km). On the ground there are lots of towers, and protocols for switching from tower to tower as the phone moves around. Alas, planes move very fast, so that's a different tower every minute. That's faster than the code that runs the towers can support. This means that dropped calls are very common."} {"category":"Other","question":"What happens if someone in the United States accidentally receives classified information without clearance? Are they legally liable if they use or share the information?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What happens if someone in the United States accidentally receives classified information without clearance? Are they legally liable if they use or share the information?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A civilian who does not hold a security clearance has no legal obligation to protect classified information and legally isn\u2019t liable for any dissemination they perform, assuming they didn\u2019t commit a crime to obtain it. Whether the government accepts that or tries to find something to ruin their life anyway is open to be seen. Source: former counterintelligence."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Doctors : why has there been a female contraceptive pill for decades but only now is there one being made for men?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Doctors : why has there been a female contraceptive pill for decades but only now is there one being made for men?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There is a already a natural biological way that the female body prevents itself from getting pregnant. The female contraceptive pill works by basically abusing this system and to trick the body into think that it is always time to avoid pregnancy. Males do not have this luxury. We always produce sperm and any pill that is created to stop this would have find a way to turn off the ability to create sperm."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why do some politicians say the military needs more money when the military itself says it doesn't need more money?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do some politicians say the military needs more money when the military itself says it doesn't need more money?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It is in the same vein as politician speak on crime\/drugs. Even if we have law enforcement, criminologists, data scientists telling us year after year that the war on drugs has failed and is doing more harm than good, politicians will always run on a tough on crime, tough on drugs policy because the average voter won't be reading research papers on the drug war. Instead they are more susceptible to populist rhetoric about crime and drugs ruining their neighborhood. So as a result, regardless of party affiliation, if the politician is from a large, national party they will be \"tough\" on drugs and crime because otherwise, it allows their opponent a free means to accuse them of having a weak stance on the law and protecting your streets and families. This applies to military spending. The average person for the most part is against war but they are not against the military\/it's soldiers. If a politician takes an active stance of cutting military spending especially in a period of uncertainty, that politician leaves him\/herself open for a free attack on being against the troops and against national security regardless of whether the attacking politician wants to start a war or not."} {"category":"Economics","question":"When paper money became the new standard, how was in distributed? What was the process for people to exchange their old currency for the new currency?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When paper money became the new standard, how was in distributed? What was the process for people to exchange their old currency for the new currency?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Paper money started as promissory notes, created by private banks. The idea is that the bank held the real currency, and would create the note promising to pay the bearer the amount promised on request. When you have a note that can instantly be exchanged for 100 dollars, it effectively is worth 100 dollars, so if you've got something worth 100 dollars, which is easier to carry than 100 dollars, why bother turn it into actual money when you can just give people the notes as payment? So promissory notes promising currency can be used as currency themselves. Because of the paper note's ease of use over bucket-loads of coins, they caught on. But since there were many banks issuing notes, and an institution might not have accepted a note from another institution as payment, there needed to be some form of standardization. The government issued it's own notes to be the standard, which are recognized as acceptable payment in law (legal tender). In the US, the dollar used to be backed up on the gold standard, so a dollar used to merely represent a certain amount of gold that; in theory; the government promised to pay the bearer. I guess that makes a commercial bank note a promissory currency promising to pay a promissory currency."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Is there any significant difference in chemical composition between men and women shower gels,shampoos etc. ?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Is there any significant difference in chemical composition between men and women shower gels,shampoos etc. ?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Functionally speaking, no, it's the same chemicals doing the actual cleaning, loosening up dirt & oils, and letting water rinse it away. The only other typical difference comes down to fragrance. Non-functional differences in shape\/size of the bottle, color & label design, etc. also mostly exist to convey different gendered qualities; in the sense that they're not really going to use a pink bottle with flower-print labels and a dainty font on a masculine product."} {"category":"Biology","question":"why are something\u2019s edible and taste good (vegetables\/fruit) and other stuff like grass, leaves and other plants are inedible or we have no reason to eat\/ nutritional value? What makes the edible stuff taste nice and the other stuff taste bad.","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why are something\u2019s edible and taste good (vegetables\/fruit) and other stuff like grass, leaves and other plants are inedible or we have no reason to eat\/ nutritional value? What makes the edible stuff taste nice and the other stuff taste bad.","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A big part of the reason is that the crops we eat have been altered significantly by human farmers since the invention of agriculture to make them tastier. For instance, wild carrots are harder to chew and have a stronger flavor than domesticated carrots and are also mildly toxic. Meanwhile, wild bananas are small and filled with seeds. And so on."} {"category":"Other","question":"How much control does Amazon actually have over items?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How much control does Amazon actually have over items?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Hi, I work as a picker at amazon! We have scanners that tell us where to go and how many of an item to put in the cart, sometimes the scanner messed up and sends you to pick a pack of something when the buyer only ordered one and your scanner won\u2019t let you only pick one, you must pick the whole pack. It\u2019s not really in your control."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why did the green new deal get repealed?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why did the green new deal get repealed?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The Green New Deal was largely bogus. It was feel-good measures that didn't really have a chance of succeeding. The most ludicrous by far was the ten-year timeframe for converting the entire country to 'renewable' energy. There's no way that could work without heavy reliance on traditional energy sources; there's nothing that can take up the load but nuclear, and the American people are way too gun-shy about nuclear power."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why does aging make us weaker?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does aging make us weaker?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Mostly its cells. Your cells last about 7years(give or take the cell) they split and make \"copy\" of its self. This is how we heal, and replaced damaged cells. As your cells keep splitting this is the equivalent of making a copy of a copy. Eventually over time a cell wont split correctly or the dna strands info will be corrupted or other wise unuseable(this can cause things like grey hair) The more splits the higher the odds of corrupted cells replacing cells in more vital areas(such as the heart,lungs). Bad cells is also how cancer works it a replica of a corrupted cell. So with all of that you also have to take into account that our cells slow down over time splitting taking longer and thus cells dont replenish as fast."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How do odor-neutralising toilet sprays work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do odor-neutralising toilet sprays work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are two things that happen often at the same time. Smell is scent molecules binding to receptors in your nose. Any odor neutralizer has other molecules that bind to the scent ones, and either dissolve them, or make them so heavy the drop out of the air. At the same time they usually contain their own scent molecules to replace the bad smell with a new good one like citrus. This is more for a customer signal though, the smell of oranges or whatever lets you know its working, otherwise your nose will still kind of detect it even as its gradually being eliminated. Some cheaper ones will literally just try to flood the area with so much perfume it drowns out the other smell but those usually don't work, like smelly teenage boys who think axe is a shower in a can."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why is there a \"ripple\" whenever you push on a monitor screen?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is there a \"ripple\" whenever you push on a monitor screen?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Most modern displays are LCDs. LCD stands for liquid crystal display. What that means is there is a very thin layer of liquid held between two thin layers of glass. These crystals align in specific ways to make colors. When you press them, they get shoved out of alignment to varying degrees giving you a rainbowy ripple effect. Edit: This got way more attention so I will elaborate to clean up some confusion. Note I'm just a tech hobbyist and I don't feel too confident talking about this that in depth, so take the word of the people who sound smarter than me replying over mine. As people have pointed out liquid crystals are really not liquid or crystals in the layman sense. Liquid crystal is actually an intermediate phase of matter. Think of them as tiny controllable filter cells. Little pockets of this magic light bending material we've figured out how to control. They bend light in *just* the right way if you can control their position and waves right. We get them to move into the right shapes with electricity. Someone below came up with a great example with polarized 3d glasses. If you hold polarized glass up to a light source and turned it you can see it block out specific bits at different angles. Monitors do this to align the light in a clean array that is manipulated to make a picture. Edit 2: Think of a bundle of straws. You hold them all and they are all nice and aligned and uninterrupted, this is white light. Push a golf ball into the center of that bundle and the light can no longer travel in the right direction. Depending on the angle of the light (again this is a really boiled down version) you see different colors. All of the straws are bent to varying degrees around the ball (or your finger)."} {"category":"Biology","question":"why does milk go sour within a few hours out of the refigerator, but stays fresh inside the udder despite it being warm?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why does milk go sour within a few hours out of the refigerator, but stays fresh inside the udder despite it being warm?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Inside of an udder, in the cow's mammary glands, it's basically sterile. The cow's body is pretty good at killing bacteria and keeping bacteria out of most of its body systems, aside from the digestive tract. Just like a human body - lots of our fluids (blood, urine, milk, etc) are mostly sterile as long as they're inside of our body, unless something's wrong like an infection. Once the milk exits the body, though, it starts getting exposed to more bacteria. The bacteria present on the outside of the cow's udder, on the milking equipment, even in the air. In a well-maintained dairy they're going to work hard to keep the amount of bacteria to a minimum, but there will still always be some present. And the longer it's allowed to sit in the milk, consuming the sugars (lactose) in the milk and creating sour byproducts like lactic acid, the more gross that milk is going to taste. Pasteurization and refrigeration kill and slow down the bacteria that cause that souring, letting our milk last longer, but once it's outside of the cow, there's no good way to keep bacteria to absolute zero. All we can do is minimize their effects for as long as possible."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do some forms of energy drink\/ coffee\/ caffeine pill\/ etc work better for overall alertness than others?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do some forms of energy drink\/ coffee\/ caffeine pill\/ etc work better for overall alertness than others?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are a lot of things that affect alertness. Caffeine is the most direct ingredient, and caffeine content differs between drinks. But simply hydrating also contributes to your body\u2019s functioning. Other ingredients in the various drinks work in different ways as well. For example, theobromine and L-theanine have different effects on your body chemistry, typically associated with happiness and calmness, respectively. Nutrients like magnesium and potassium also contribute a little bit. Finally, the placebo effect is real. If you already associate certain drinks with alertness, that plays a role in how your body responds to it. Regarding caffeine itself, the fat content and other nutrients affect how fast the body absorbs the chemicals. Caffeine pills are formulated in such a way that it gets absorbed at a certain pace, but this is also affected by what you eat it with."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do allergy shots work over time but not the allergen itself?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do allergy shots work over time but not the allergen itself?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Imagine if you had parents (the immune system) who freaked out (allergic reaction), if you stayed up past your bedtime which is 4pm (crazy low threshold)! They thought you'd actually turn into a monster if you were out of bed after 4pm, no one knows why, maybe they saw you cranky once and put the kibosh on the whole thing. Anyway. You have to convince them that you should have no set bedtime at all and they shouldn't freak out (no allergic response). Option 1 - Stay up till 8, maybe 9 or 10, and see what happens. Or maybe midnight just to show them? (encounter the allergen) They'll flip out. They'll get mad. This definitely won't work. They'll get more vigilant and more strict and very upset. Option 2 - Stay up till 4:00:02 on \"accident\". Then 4:00:05, then 4:00:30, then 4:01. Over some months, keep overshooting by a tiiiiny and almost unnoticeable amount until 4:30pm, 5pm, 7pm... etc. As long as they're not getting really upset, you can fudge it just a little and then they're comfortable with that new time. Eventually they will probably stop being so jumpy (less or no allergic reaction)."} {"category":"Economics","question":"can somebody please explain the wallstreetbets sub to me?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n can somebody please explain the wallstreetbets sub to me?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's just a meme subreddit with the theme of people trying to get rich doing risky bets and options trading. This shouldn't be said but don't take stock market advice from random people on the internet, they're just in it for the memes \/ gambling addiction \/ karma. I would guess mainly the memes."} {"category":"Other","question":"why it is so important to conduct experiments in space?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why it is so important to conduct experiments in space?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I\u2019m no expert but... Space has zero gravity which means things react in a different way, the laws of gravity don\u2019t apply which could affect the outcome for various experiments differently compared with on earth. Also trying things in space (for example growing food \/ how bacteria or fungi react) will help with colonisation of other planets and pushing human endeavours beyond just standing on the moon. Additionally, space and motorsports are two of the biggest contributors toward onward development of products and results on earth, for example. Teflon Ceramic coatings Hybrid cars All created due to space \/ Motorsport."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Why is KiloByte not 1000 bytes?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is KiloByte not 1000 bytes?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There's a bit of marketing that mucked things up so KB is both 1000 bytes and 1024 bytes depending on what you're looking at *Technicially* a Kilobyte(KB) is always 1000 Bytes and 1024 Bytes is a Kibibyte(KiB), but that's confusing. People don't want to be flip flopping prefixes so marketing for most things just rounds to the nearest 10s place and calls a KB and a KiB close enough. Windows when reporting sizes reports in KiB\/MiB\/GiB(2^10\/20\/30) despite saying KB\/MB\/GB(10^3\/6\/9) so when you install a 1000 GB hard drive and it shows up as ~960GB, that's what happened."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"What is the science behind polling? How can talking to a few hundred people be representative of a country as a whole?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is the science behind polling? How can talking to a few hundred people be representative of a country as a whole?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The science you're looking for is called statistics, and its used much more in manufacturing and industry that just in polling. First, a few hundred people to represent a fee hundred million isn't great, but its doable. The key is to have your sample size be roughly approximate to your target population(The whole country). Statisticians will do their best to make the group 50\/50 male\/female, while also trying to get a good mix of party affiliations, incomes, and whatnot. Even with all that done, it'll never be perfect, so the statistician calculates a margin of error based on their data, and includes that in the statistic. For example, lets say we're polling vanilla vs chocolate ice cream, and we get 48% vanilla\/52% chocolate with a margin of 5%. This means that the reality could be as high as 53\/47 or as low as 43\/57."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"-Why does life on other planets need the same components as us to survive?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n -Why does life on other planets need the same components as us to survive?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"We don't know that they do. What we do know is that WE do, and we're the only example we have to go by. So if we find those sames elements on another planet, we know it's possible for life to form. But, ultimately, you're absolutely right, alien life could form under different circumstances, just look at the extremophiles we have here on Earth, like giant tube worms living near oceanic vents."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do we find the smell of some inedible things appealing? E.g. Petrol, paint","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do we find the smell of some inedible things appealing? E.g. Petrol, paint","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"One reason could be that people sometimes associate certain odors with pleasant experiences or happy times and as such the the smell reminds us of these feelings. For example the smell of gasoline and those old timey cars at some amusement parks. Another reason could be some of these substances give off vapors that provide euphoric feelings."} {"category":"Biology","question":"If Athlete's Foot is a fungus that's picked up from bare feet, would wearing shoes all the time prevent it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If Athlete's Foot is a fungus that's picked up from bare feet, would wearing shoes all the time prevent it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Hypothetically Yes, if you\u2019re able to 100% eliminate all traces of the fungus down to a single spore, then you shouldn\u2019t have any issues. The only problem is it\u2019s kind of impossible to guarantee you have completely got rid of every trace of the fungus, so there\u2019s always a chance you\u2019ve missed something, so in reality it isn\u2019t a great idea to just leave your feet in shoes 24\/7. But wearing footwear does help prevent the transmission of athletes foot, this is why many people where sandals or shower shoes when showering in a public shower like at a beach or a gym."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How does someone build up a tolerance to alcohol and why does everyone handle it differently?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does someone build up a tolerance to alcohol and why does everyone handle it differently?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Your body deals with alcohol by breaking it down into other molecules in your liver. The liver does this with little biological machines called enzymes (and actually, many many of your body\u2019s functions use enzymes, not just your liver!) Enzymes are folded-up strings of molecules, and the instructions on how to make them is built into your DNA. How your body decides to make a particular enzyme is complicated, but basically there are locks on lots of different parts of the DNA (genes) that prevent those instructions from being used, and when you are exposed to something more often that needs that particular gene\u2019s enzyme, a pathway of lots of different signals gets triggered. I sometimes think of it like a very small version of the scene in Lord of the Rings where the beacons of gondor are lit ;) So anyway, as the liver gets exposed to more alcohol, it starts to realize those enzymes are being used a lot, and it starts to make more of them by the above process. As for variations in tolerance, some of this has to do with how much of the enzyme your body makes at baseline, or how much is the max your body is able to make. And some of it has to do with other factors like body size and composition: men generally have a higher tolerance than women because they tend to be larger, for instance."} {"category":"Technology","question":"File extensions vs File format?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n File extensions vs File format?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A file extension is basically a tag to tell programs what to expect from the data inside the file. That is, how it is organized and what it represents. There's nothing stopping you from giving a file an extension that says it's something else. You can call a plain text file a .mp4. Just don't expect a video player to know what to do with it. The format of the file is how it's actually, in fact, organized."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why does the brain forget things? What decides what gets forgotten and what doesn\u2019t?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does the brain forget things? What decides what gets forgotten and what doesn\u2019t?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"As we go through the day we experience lots of things, if we were to remember all of it we would be simply overwhelmed. It is important to realise that there are different types of memory: there is our short term memory and our long term which consists of \"declarative\" (basically facts like remembering what time your favourite restaurant opens) and \"procedural\" (like motor skills: riding a bike or doing tasks) There is also no specific one place in your brain where memories are stored. Different areas of the brain play roles in different parts of memories. For your question specifically the answer is our emotional response to things happening. Our memory is dependent on our limbic system (which helps control emotions) so if we are super happy about something we are much more likely to remember it than remembering something that is meh and boring. Example: you'll remember getting a puppy on a specific day and you might not remember eating a bowl of cereal a week ago. The same goes for memories that upset us or anger us. Our hippocampus is the area of the brain that helps us consolidate our memories from short term into long term. If we learn something we think is interesting and form some kind of emotional response to it we are more likely to remember it. Which is why I remember lots about science and barely anything about history."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"What exactly is anesthesia, how does it work, and why does the milky white kind burn so badly?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What exactly is anesthesia, how does it work, and why does the milky white kind burn so badly?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"During surgery, the anesthesiologist usually only provides one or more of 3 basic drugs to the patient: Sleep medication, painkillers and muscle relaxers. There are different kinds of drugs in each category, but they all (except ketamine) make the patient stop breething, hence the need for a respirator. The sleep medications and the painkillers binds to different receptors in the central nerve system, and causes the effect. The muscle relaxer binds to receptors on (voluntary) muscles and prevents them from contracting. Propofol, the white milk, is by far the most common sleep medication used in anesthesia. It has lots of positive qualities, but it\u2019s irritating to the blood vessels, so it\u2019s preferable to use a large vein, or it\u2019s possible to administrate some local anesthetics In the vein before you give it."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why exactly do people get nauseous (and sometimes puke) from seeing other people puke?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why exactly do people get nauseous (and sometimes puke) from seeing other people puke?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"> Is it a result of humans being social creatures, trying to protect ourselves from toxins we may have ingested as a group\/ illnesses we may have picked up, or is it a biological response (or both)? Those are not really two different things. The fact that this response has evolved tells you that there's most likely a survival advantage to it, and your hypothesis is very likely to be the cause (bad food ingested as a group). So if you imagine a large number of people, half of which have a physical response to the smell\/sight\/sounds of another human puking and another half that don't, it's easy to see why the former group may be less likely to die of food poisoning, and why this physical response may be part of our biology as a result of us being social creatures. It's also interesting to note that humans respond similarly to other stimuli that may signal danger, such as the smell of feces or rotting flesh, both of which would indicate the presence of harmful bacteria."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why does an increased demand for a product automatically increase the price of it, do companies do this or is it just something that happens?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does an increased demand for a product automatically increase the price of it, do companies do this or is it just something that happens?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"An increased demand for something doesn\u2019t automatically raise prices. Generally it leads to increased production. However it can lead to higher prices when production caps out. Let\u2019s say that you run a donut shop in town. Every day you make 100 donuts, and you sell them for $1 each. And every day, Bob comes in at 2 in the afternoon (Bob sleeps late) and buys your very last donut. You made 100 donuts, you sold 100 donuts. Then one day you notice construction workers in the big empty field across the street from your donut shop. They are building a new apartment complex. Six months later it is done, and a bunch of people move in. The first day it is open, a bunch of new people come in to try your donuts. You sell all of your donuts by 9 am. The rest of the day, your normal customers come in and are upset that you have no donuts for them. Poor Bob. So the next day, you make 200 donuts instead of 100. The big crowd comes over and today you sell out by 11:00. Poor Bob still doesn\u2019t get a donut. The day after you make 250 donuts, and finally everyone gets a donut. Bob buys your last one at his usual time, and he is happy. And you are happy because you just sold two and a half times as many donuts. Great! But then you notice that they are building *another* new apartment complex next door to the first one. This is a problem, because your donut shop is small. You are working your butt off to make 250 donuts in that cramped space. You had to wake up at 3 in the morning to make all those donuts, and you don\u2019t have room in your display case for more. If more people come in, you are going to need to hire somebody to help you. Unfortunately your shop is too small and the new employee wouldn\u2019t have enough room to work. He would always be bumping into you. So six months go by and the second apartment building opens up. Today you sell out by 9:00 again. A whole bunch of people don\u2019t get any donuts. Poor Bob doesn\u2019t get his 2:00 donut. What are you going to do? You can\u2019t expand production any more without buying a bigger space and hiring more employees. That\u2019s expensive, and you don\u2019t know if this increased demand is going to last. What happens if you spend a bunch of money for a bigger space and some of those people decide they don\u2019t want donuts anymore? So what do you do? The answer is, you increase your prices. Donuts are now $1.50. Some customers are upset. They come in and say \u201cI\u2019m not paying a buck and a half for a donut!\u201d And they leave. That\u2019s good, as long as you still sell all your donuts. As long as 250 people come in and buy a donut at your new, higher price, you made more money. Bob comes in at 2:00 and you\u2019ve got one last donut for him. \u201cSorry Bob, I had to raise my prices. They kept selling out and I wanted to make sure you could get one. That\u2019ll be a buck and a half.\u201d Bob grudgingly hands over an extra 50 cents and he gets his donut. When demand gets really high, it\u2019s generally better to just make more of the product. But eventually you can\u2019t make any more (or making more requires a lot of lead time, or carries risks, or needs a lot of up front investment). So you either raise your prices or there it becomes first come first served and there is a shortage."} {"category":"Physics","question":"I know things have certain frequencies but do humans do as well? And what happens when humans are vibrated at that frequency?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n I know things have certain frequencies but do humans do as well? And what happens when humans are vibrated at that frequency?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Everything has a (one or more) resonance frequency. Usually we refer to the spine and skeletal system, but the human body is very complex and [every organ has its own frequency]( URL_1 ). What happens when you meet that frequency? For the skeletal-spine-muscle system, > At the resonant frequency there is maximum displacement between the organ and the skeletal structure, placing biodynamic strain on the body tissue involved. Note that human beings are complex and not clones of one another, so there are different frequencies (always in the same range, though) depending on mass, height, [posture]( URL_0 ) and, theoretically, bone structure or other characteristics."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why can\u2019t people walk after certain injuries (not obvious paralyzing injuries)? Do you just forget how to walk and have to remember?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why can\u2019t people walk after certain injuries (not obvious paralyzing injuries)? Do you just forget how to walk and have to remember?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Sometimes the injury is to the leg, hip, or back and it prevents walking for a time. Sometimes it is to the head, ears, or toes and changes balance and so that has to be relearned or recovered from. With the elderly you also see a lot of people barely being strong enough to walk getting an ailment that puts them bed ridden for a few weeks or months and that is enough time for their muscles to atrophy enough that they slip below the line of being capable of walking any more."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why is it so easy to fall asleep midday when it\u2019s hot, but hard to fall asleep at night when it\u2019s hot?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it so easy to fall asleep midday when it\u2019s hot, but hard to fall asleep at night when it\u2019s hot?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A little to do with mindset and a little to do with biology. People tend to fall asleep better when they aren't trying to. Sleep is the most passive thing you can do so it comes most naturally when you aren't laying there thinking, \"man I wish I could sleep\". Also, in order to fall asleep effectively and healthily for the night your body temperature actually needs to drop a few degrees. That's why it's better to try to fall asleep in a room that's a little too cold compared to a little too warm. When people fall asleep during the day when it's warmer they're usually lounging on the couch without a blanket and\/or a mattress which is basically a heat sponge."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How in the world did the NES light gun work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How in the world did the NES light gun work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When the trigger is pressed, the entire screen turns black for one frame (~1\/25th to 1\/30th of a second depending on TV type), except any valid target on screen. The \"gun\" detects whether or not the part of the screen it is pointed at is dark or light, and the game gives you a hit or miss based off of that."} {"category":"Other","question":"How did Russia even become a superpower?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How did Russia even become a superpower?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Despite taking massive damage in some of their cities during WWII they had a large enough population, and enough resources due to the size of their nation that they were capable of weathering the damage and getting on the road to recovery mostly on their own without the aid of the US or other allied nations. Countries like the UK and France which were superpowers prior to WWI simply did not weather the damages as well during those wars and had to give up a significant amount of their Empires' physical size thus reducing their influence enough to no longer be superpowers and instead just be world powers. The USSR being a very totalitarian form of Communism once Stalin was in power also allowed for them to divert resources and industries to support their military to a greater degree than a democratic and capitalist society can which let them recover militarily far faster than was expected and let them absorb territories formerly belonging to the Axis powers, or that were independent during WWII which gave them more resources to utilize."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why do most hard candies just shrink down as you suck on them but peppermints get all porous and full of holes?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do most hard candies just shrink down as you suck on them but peppermints get all porous and full of holes?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I can't find the YouTube video I'm thinking of, but [this one]( URL_0 ) (link should start right about the time they're \"whitening\" the white part of the candy cane) gives a good fast-forwarded example of the process. Basically, to get the candy to look white, the candy is folded many, many times, trapping tiny air bubbles which makes the candy look white. Then, as you're sucking on the candy, your saliva dissolves the microbubbles until you have little bubble craters in the candy."} {"category":"Other","question":"Vehicles have tires, tires wear down... Where does all of the rubber go from tires wearing down?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Vehicles have tires, tires wear down... Where does all of the rubber go from tires wearing down?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It peels off in tiny bits. Those are called \u201cmarbles\u201d in racing where you can actually see them after a long race when cars lose their rubber at the exact same spots over and over again. In real life you don\u2019t see it of course because road cars don\u2019t lose rubber that much and it constantly gets blown away by wind and washed away by rain."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"If a big asteroid is sure to hit earth how long before the scientists see it in advance before the asteroid hits?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If a big asteroid is sure to hit earth how long before the scientists see it in advance before the asteroid hits?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Unfortunately there isn't any way to be sure about this. In fact currently it is very likely there will be no warning at all; currently the rate of successful detection is 1% or lower. If an object can be detected it takes about two weeks to determine its path and chance of impacting Earth. To do that for a dangerous incoming asteroid would require a large amount of luck at this point."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Zero Day Exploits and what makes them so rare?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Zero Day Exploits and what makes them so rare?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A zero day is just an exploit that isn't public or out there on the market yet. Basically its a known exploit, its not patched, and its gonna work as you expect. It's a \"new\" exploit. \"Zero\" as in zero days out in the public for it to be seen and fixed. These are rare because first of all, finding any exploit is difficult, a second because exploits often make their way out pretty quickly so they end up getting patched fast. A zero day just means an exploit that is currently unknown by the public or thing its exploiting, and its working. Having a zero day exploit is a massive prize to nefarious users, as they know its going to work. It may not work for long, but it will work now."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why does burnt food generally have the same taste even if the foods are different?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does burnt food generally have the same taste even if the foods are different?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"All the complex and varied organic compounds making different foods tend all to decay into more or less the same basic blocks (i.e. charcoal and simple organic molecules) when overheated, giving the universal burnt taste. Think of it like ice sculptures - they can be of varied shapes, sizes and impressiveness, but they all turn into puddles of water after a warm spring weekend."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Is it possible, theoretically, to fill an enclosed space with enough light photons to break the enclosure as a result of volume within?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Is it possible, theoretically, to fill an enclosed space with enough light photons to break the enclosure as a result of volume within?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Photons don't have volume. *But* they have energy. So if you cram enough light into an enclosure, the pressure from the light hitting the walls will eventually break the walls. Alternatively, since energy and mass are two sides of the samwe coin, cramming enough energy into a small enough space *might* result in the creation of a black hole. *However*, those are theoretical musings. For example, long before you could cram enough light into a tight space for a black hole to form, the mass of the lamps would have done so. Similarly, how would you fill the space with light? If you're using lamps in the walls, they'd be able to withstand more radiation pressure than they emit, so breaking the walls likely wouldn't work, either. Or they'd melt before breaking. The two things are meant as hypothetical \"what if the photons appeared there out of thin air\" szenarios."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Whenever one nation gives another a loan for a large sum of money, how does this money get transferred to the other country?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Whenever one nation gives another a loan for a large sum of money, how does this money get transferred to the other country?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"In most cases, then actual money does not change hands. The amount is transferred electonically and appears on the balance sheet as a credit and debit respectively. In some cases, a tangible asset is transferred, in the form of gold or some other asset of value with an assessed value equal to that at the time of the exchange. In some cases where the IMF is involved, the loan is in the form of a letter of credit in the amount appoved. This means that the IMF is acting as a third party between the countries involved, guaranteeing that the sum is accessible. The concept of money itself is a trust relationship. The money itself has no real value if the country issuing the money is not believed to be able to stand behind their currency with some form of tangible asset. In the US, the tangible asset is the gold supply. In some middle eastern countries, oil is the asset."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How come people in comas don\u2019t get blood clots but you hear stories of people playing their gaming consoles for too long and dying from a blood clot?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How come people in comas don\u2019t get blood clots but you hear stories of people playing their gaming consoles for too long and dying from a blood clot?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"People in comas are rotated (well, supposed to be anyway) every 2 hours minimum so that helps relieve pressure points\/promotes circulation\/decreases risks of bed sores, also someone in a coma might be put on a blood thinner to prevent such an occurrence, depending on the situation. Basically a hospital is a controlled environment where, if procedure is properly followed, little can go wrong (unless it's a natural occurrence)."} {"category":"Physics","question":"What are the Weak and Strong nuclear forces? I get gravity and electromagnestism, but how do these two work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What are the Weak and Strong nuclear forces? I get gravity and electromagnestism, but how do these two work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Protons all have a positive electric charge, so why do they cluster so tight inside atoms? There must be a force stronger than electromagnetism holding them in place. We call this the strong nuclear force. The weak force, also sometimes called the weak interaction, is less intuitive, but basically describes how a neutron can \"split\" into an electron and a proton, in radioactive decay. Again, you'd expect the positive and negative charges to stick close together, so there must be some other force causing them to split."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why are eggs such an important cooking ingredient in a lot of recipes, including baking?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are eggs such an important cooking ingredient in a lot of recipes, including baking?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The biggest reason is eggs are a natural source of lecithin. Lecithin is an emulsifier that binds both fats and water together. With out it, many foods wouldn't have the texture that it has. Unfortunately my chemistry knowledge is rather weak, hopefully someone else can explain more about it, because i'd also like to know more."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"Why can\u2019t we just pump man-made ozone into the atmosphere in order to fix the holes in the ozone layer?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why can\u2019t we just pump man-made ozone into the atmosphere in order to fix the holes in the ozone layer?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A couple of reasons. First, ozone is quite unstable. It breaks down quickly in the atmosphere. The ozone layer is constantly replenished, but any individual ozone molecule lasts a matter of ~~weeks~~ (edit: days! The lifespan is shorter than I thought.) Two, the ozone layer is very high up. It takes a long time for air at the ground to mix up to that altitude - longer, as it turns out, than ozone lasts. We actually do create a lot of ozone at ground level: it's a significant pollutant. But it doesn't get up to the ozone layer. And three, the problem isn't *getting* the ozone: the problem is that certain pollutants, which *do* last a long time, speed up the rate at which it breaks down."} {"category":"Economics","question":"when it comes to production of consumer products, why do some technologically advanced products go down in price after a while but some products seem to only go up in price?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n when it comes to production of consumer products, why do some technologically advanced products go down in price after a while but some products seem to only go up in price?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Depends on the market segment. For internet service, the cost of doing business hasn't decreased dramatically: laying down and maintaining a wide physical infrastructure still costs a ton of money, and consumers demand more and more as time goes on. For vehicles, the market doesn't favorite low end new cars: the second hand market competes strongly with the lower end new market, and profit margins on new cars in the low end aren't enormous, and increasing emmisions\/efficiency\/safety standards and mandatory equipment drives up costs a lot."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do sleep-aids make me restless?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do sleep-aids make me restless?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"This also happens to me with certain brands of diphenhydramine (Benadryl, AdvilPM, a lot of other OTC sleep aids). I don\u2019t know the mechanism that specifically causes restlessness but I can tell you a thing or two about why people may feel different effects from the same drug. When you take a drug, the body metabolizes it, which changes its chemical properties so that it can be eliminated or used by the body. This is done through various steps and involves a bunch of different enzymes. Because of this, only a certain percentage of the original dose will make it to its destination (the receptors that cause the intended effects). This is accounted for in the design of the drug and the recommended doses, but everyone is a little different. Some people can have enzymes that are *really good* at metabolizing a particular substance, others can have rather \u201clazy\u201d enzymes that work a bit slower. Some people may have more (or less) of an enzyme. Other drugs that you take and even certain foods that you ate that day can effect how many enzymes are available to work on this drug. For diphenhydramine, restlessness and agitation occur when too much active drug was absorbed by the body \u2014 more drug molecules survived this \u201cfirst pass\u201d than was expected. We like to think of chemical reactions as pretty straightforward: A binds to B and you get C. But that\u2019s not usually the case. More realistically, A *prefers* to bind to B to produce C, but if there\u2019s no more B available, A doesn\u2019t want to just wander around all by its lonesome. So A may also bind to D and produce E. This is where those weird \u201coff-target\u201d side effects can come from. You\u2019ve got extra drug floating around but fewer available targets so that drug may start interacting with other nearby receptors that it wouldn\u2019t normally interact with at lower concentrations"} {"category":"Other","question":"why are countries sometimes referred to with female pronouns?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why are countries sometimes referred to with female pronouns?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"So, English as a language doesn't really differentiate between masculine and feminine words and conjugation. However, a lot of the languages that English borrowed pretty heavily from (particularly the Latin languages, and Latin itself) *do* have differences in conjugation that will use masculine or feminine forms (e.g. the generic term for cat in French is \"la chat\", which is the feminine form). Latin, in particular, had a tendency to gender countries and landmasses as feminine (e.g. Terra Firma), and English sort of inherited that from Latin, particularly in more formal linguistic settings."} {"category":"Other","question":"Do Doctors really work \"24 hour shifts\" as is a whole day with only a few breaks, no sleep? If so, does this not make more susceptible to errors?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Do Doctors really work \"24 hour shifts\" as is a whole day with only a few breaks, no sleep? If so, does this not make more susceptible to errors?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Yes, they do. Some states have passed laws not allowing this. FYI: this type of training schedule was initially implemented by a guy who was a drug addict\u2014amphetamines or cocaine, I forget which. So staying up for huge stretches of time was not strange for him. For people who are not drug addicts, it can be grueling."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How can people play chess against themselves, if they know what move their \u201copponent\u201d is going to make?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can people play chess against themselves, if they know what move their \u201copponent\u201d is going to make?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"If you've ever seen those \"grandmaster plays 100 opponents simultaneously\" stories, it's because the past moves and mind games with the opponent aren't much of a factor. They make a move, forget what happened, and go to the next board. A given board state often has a small handful of \"correct\" moves, so playing both sides yourself is an exercise in solving board states rather than exploiting an opponent's tendencies."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why does 60 degree Fahrenheit air feel so much warmer than 60 degree water?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does 60 degree Fahrenheit air feel so much warmer than 60 degree water?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The sensation of warmth or coldness is based around heat leaving or entering your body. Air does not conduct heat particularly well, so heat doesn't leave your body very quickly. Water conducts heat much better, so your body heat can leech out into the water much faster, and as a result it feels colder. This is the same reason why steel feels colder than wood, even if both are at the same room temperature."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How does the U.S. government owe money to itself?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does the U.S. government owe money to itself?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The Federal Government \"borrows\" money from the people by issuing Federal Bonds and printing more cash, which devalues whatever money you have in your pocket. Hypothetical situation. 2017 budget rolls around, we have a $1 trillion deficit. The Fed issues $1 trillion in bonds and prints that much in cash. If there's $100 trillion dollars in circulation, printing that $1T just devalued your dollar by 1%. This is a result of the official abolishment of the gold standard in 1971"} {"category":"Physics","question":"How do they determine the speed at which extinct animals used to walk?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do they determine the speed at which extinct animals used to walk?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"This was actually explained in the original post you linked to. It's determined by the depth of the prints across their length, and the distance between the prints. If a print is deep, it means the impact was heavier; if there's a long distance between prints, it means the creature was going faster. This is all based on an assumed height and weight of a creature, which can in part be determined from fossil records."} {"category":"Economics","question":"why do restaurants as a whole have an atrocious failure rate, but chain restaurants consistently stay open?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why do restaurants as a whole have an atrocious failure rate, but chain restaurants consistently stay open?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Have you ever made cookies from scratch before? I have, man sometimes it just doesn't work out. Other times its great and works perfect, its not a super easy thing. Now, but when I make them from those tubes of premade cookie batter and they give me all the instructions and stuff, they always come out just right A chain restaurant is like that pre-made cookie dough. Its a pre-set package, that we already know it is successful, it doesn't require a lot of ingredients or knowledge or skill to make, you just buy the package and you're all set for a good experience at a very reasonable rate, other people have already figured it out before you, and you just have to bake the cookies is all, and they even tell you how!"} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why curve a bowling ball?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why curve a bowling ball?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Wikipedia's reason: hook in ten-pin bowling is a ball that rolls in a curving pattern (versus straight). The purpose of the hook is to give the ball a better angle at the 1-3 pocket (right-handers) or 1-2 pocket (left-handers.) When a ball is rolled straight, hitting the pocket must be precise. By hooking the ball, the ball will hit the pins with more force, producing better carry - especially on the 5-pin during a strike ball. Straight roll - even when it hits the pocket, will tend to leave a tap, such as the 5-pin on a light hit, or the 10-pin if the ball was just slightly right of the head pin. A hook ball can create strikes with less precise hits at the pocket. A hook ball can also help the bowler shape the shot on challenging oil patterns."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why are the stickers vendors put on products so hard to peel off?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are the stickers vendors put on products so hard to peel off?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Stickers are made hard to peel off, and will often break up when removed to keep customers from changing price tags of items. A checkout person isn't always expected to know the price of every item in the store, and if a customer tries to check out a $100 item with a price tag of $9.95 the store would loose money. If the price tags didn't break up, they could be removed from a cheap item, and re-attached to a more expensive item"} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"What is the P versus NP problem?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is the P versus NP problem?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"So we have problems that can be solved, for example, 15x=75, and we have methods to solve them, in our example we have algebra that tells us x=5 easily. We call these P time problems. Some other kinds of problems aren't so simple, like solving prime factors. What's the prime factorization of 3640? It's really hard to do that without checking every available combination. We call these harder problems NP time problems. The last thing is that we can sometimes find that an NP problem is actually a P problem, we just didn't know the easy solution. A recent example is that we found a P solution to determining if a given number is prime. The P vs NP problem is this. \"Can all NP time problems be collapsed into P time problems?\" This is difficult because as it turns out, the P vs NP problem is itself an NP problem, which is a weirdly provable statement."} {"category":"Technology","question":"What exactly happens in old video games when you hold a direction on a controller when you start the game?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What exactly happens in old video games when you hold a direction on a controller when you start the game?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's common to use [potentiometers]( URL_0 ) in analog sticks. The value coming from them can be off by a little bit. It's different for each device and can change as it ages. But with a self-centering stick, you can measure its apparent center. This is exactly what some devices do: they record the center position at power-on and report positions relative to that center. That way the center is really the center, even if analog components are acting up a little. And if the stick isn't centered when it's performing its center reading, you mess it up."} {"category":"Economics","question":"What Is the Federal Funds Rate?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What Is the Federal Funds Rate?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The federal funds rate is the interest rate that banks charge each other to borrow or lend excess reserves overnight. Law requires that banks must have a minimum reserve level (held by the Fed) in proportion to their deposits, so if they are below this minimum reserve, they can short-term borrow from other banks that have excessive reserves. The rate matters because an overnight loan between banks is probably one of the _safest_ loans one can make (beaten only by US government bonds, but those are for longer duration). When evaluating whether or not to make _other_ loans to non-banks, the bank does a risk\/return analysis - does the amount of money that I will make from the loan offset the risk the lendee won't pay me back, and how does that amount of money compare to my other loan options? Since bank to bank loans are low risk, banks would only want to loan to others if the rate of those loans is _higher_ than the interest rate the banks would pay for the overnight loans. The higher the funds rate, the higher the interest rate for other loans has to be in order to compensate for that risk. In practice, this means that when the Fed Funds Rate changes, every other interest rate is going to change in accordance."} {"category":"Technology","question":"If a 3.5mm audio jack is also referred to as a 1\/8\" jack, why is a 1\/4\" audio jack also referred to as a 6.3mm jack?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If a 3.5mm audio jack is also referred to as a 1\/8\" jack, why is a 1\/4\" audio jack also referred to as a 6.3mm jack?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"> [The outside diameter of the \"sleeve\" conductor is 1\u20444 inch (6.35 millimetres). The \"mini\" connector has a diameter of 3.5 mm (0.14 in)]( URL_0 ) The 1\/4\" jack was defined as being a quarter inch because it's an old American invention dating back to the 19th century. Calling it a 6.3mm plug is an accurate conversion. The 3.5mm jack was invented much later and is defined as being 3.5mm. Calling it an \"1\/8th inch\" connector is not terribly accurate but it conveys the idea that it's \"half\" of a quarter inch connector. Americans aren't really all that picky and, since nobody has to actually create phone plugs\/jacks, it's not important for the common name to be accurate. It also rolls off the tongue better than a \"9\/64ths connector\""} {"category":"Economics","question":"What does safe harbor mean in business and finance?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What does safe harbor mean in business and finance?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"In general, a safe harbor is a law or regulation which explicitly makes an action legal so long as certain conditions are met. For example, a law might say if you build a fence a certain height, you are not responsible if your dog bites someone reaching over from the other side. In finance, this refers to US laws about how a company discloses its financial projections to the public. So long as they follow the correct procedure, they are not liable if those projections don't come true and people lose money. Otherwise, companies wouldn't make those projects and investors would have less to go on."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Americans went to the moon, but how did they come back with so little fuel and a much weaker engine ?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Americans went to the moon, but how did they come back with so little fuel and a much weaker engine ?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A few reasons: * For multi-stage rockets, each stage needs to carry the weight of the stages before it, and its' own weight in fuel; this is a fundamental problem of rocket science and is sometimes called the tyranny of the rocket equation: basically, the more mass you have, the bigger an engine and more fuel you need to propel yourself, but that extra fuel *also* has mass, and so you need even *more* fuel... but that's why we need such big rockets to get to the moon: we're carrying everything we need to get back, plus everything we need to get up in the first place. * Landing on the moon requires fuel because there is no atmosphere, and so you need to burn fuel to slow your descent onto the surface. However, there's also no atmosphere to slow down your lift-off, and much less gravity to boot, *and* much less mass carried, so you overall need much less fuel to lift off from the moon. * Because the moon orbits the earth, if you lift off from the moon and point away from the way it's headed around the earth, you effectively A) escape from its' gravity well, and B) get captured by the earth's gravity well at the same time, saving fuel. * Remember that gravity that was making us have problems lifting off at the start? Well it's helping us come home now. But it does pull us helluva fast, which is why... * Remember that air friction that was giving us problems on liftoff? Well, it's slowing us down a bit now, so instead of using fuel, we can use parachutes and ablative heat shields (that is, special materials that absorb heat and burn off some material as the friction from re-entry heats up the space craft, to avoid having charbroiled astronauts and explosive re-entry). * There's also a note here: in atmosphere\/on Earth, we need big inefficient boosters that provide lots of thrust in a short time, to have a positive *thrust to weight ratio*, so that we can move at all; once in orbit, we can use much more efficient engines with less thrust, since there isn't really another force pulling against us at that point. Similarly, landing on the moon will require a positive thrust to weight ratio, but your weight goes down by 1\/6 when on the moon, so you're ultimately going to end up not needing a big heavy booster like you need to get off of earth. Basically though, the big thing is that we could do with much smaller rockets if it were a 1-way trip, since we wouldn't need to pack for the return trip."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why do hotel room prices differ between websites?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do hotel room prices differ between websites?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Some websites work on a commission basis with the owner or another website and company who have a contract with the accommodation owners. The commission percentage ranges differ as well as prices they are allowed to display. Also date ranges selected affect the price and so do some possible \"handling fees\" and such that a website might use to make more than they would purely based on their commission. This gives them worse chances when people research heavily but might net them more on bookings from existing clientele who trust their brand. It's a balancing act and A\/B tests are carried out to see how their transactions suffer least while maximizing earnings per bookings. Source: 3 yrs of experience in the rental industry online (holiday homes)"} {"category":"Biology","question":"How do dolphins swim so fast if they barely move?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do dolphins swim so fast if they barely move?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Dolphins swim in a way where most of the thrust comes from their tail moving. It's powered by muscles in their body, but the tail moving up and down is the only real movement. That sort of swimming is very efficient for high speed, but less agile than some other forms. If you compare them to something like a tuna, it's the same idea, just rotated 90 degrees."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How do binary systems (pcs etc.) handle decimal points ?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do binary systems (pcs etc.) handle decimal points ?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are two possible interpretations of your question: A ) How do non decimal bases represent a decimal point (I.e what is \"a half\" in binary\") B ) How to computers (or other systems that use binary or have a fixed number representation) represent fractions? I'll answer both. A : The 'decimal point' is not something the decimal base has sole ownership of. All bases have a fractional component, it just works in different powers. In decimal 3.21 means \"3 'ones', 2 'tenths', 1 'hundreth' In binary 1.011 would mean \"1 'one\", 0 'halfs' 1 'quarter', 1 'eigth', or 1.375 in decimal. Each 'binary fraction' is half as large as the one that came before it. In ternary each point is a third as large, in hex it's one sixteenth. It works just the same as in decimal, just uses N as the base instead of 10. B : There are two main methods computeres use. A fixed point representation or the more common floating point representation. A fixed point simply states \"In ever X bits, the decimal point is there\". If you see a number '01100111' you simply just decide to see it as '0110.0111' and interpret that as a binary number. the upside is it's simple. The downside is you're limiting yourself to a very fixed range and representation. A floating point representation means that the decimal point isn't fixed. The common standard uses scientific notation, essentially. Instead of going \"25.5\" it goes the equivalent of \"255 x 10^-1\" by storing the binary equivalents of 255, and -1. The upside is that you have versatility and range. You can express a large range of numbers with a lot of power over what ranges or precision you need. The downside is that you can't always hit all the fractions you want and it's a bit more complicated, but that's something fixed point also has. Floating point doesn't deal well with very large or very tiny numbers."} {"category":"Other","question":"If 2 rivers meet, who decides which one is the main river and which one a tributary, on what basis?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If 2 rivers meet, who decides which one is the main river and which one a tributary, on what basis?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The \"official\" rule is that the main course of the river is the one that travels the longest path from source to sea. But if you look at actual rivers in, say the United States, you'll find that that's a custom honored in the breach. The branches of a river often got named before their upper reaches are mapped, and sometimes the question of which of them is the main channel got leaned on for political or financial reasons. Consider the Potomac river; at a place called Harper's Ferry (famous for John Brown's insurrection), it splits in two. Which side was the main river, and which was the tributary? After all, the two branches were about the same size when they met. Well, the surveyor who was drawing the maps was being paid by the Virginia colony, and their charter said that all the land south of the Potomac belonged to their colony. The surveyor, knowing which side his bread was buttered on, just *decided* that the north branch of the river was the main one, and the south branch (now called the Shenandoah) was the tributary. That meant that all the land in between them belonged to Virginia, instead of Maryland. By the time the rivers were more fully mapped, and it was clear that the Shenandoah actually flowed along a much longer course than the (upper) Potomac, the question was moot, and the Virginia colony was firmly in control of the land in question. (Well, compared to Maryland, anyway. The Indians were still putting up a fight.)"} {"category":"Economics","question":"The origins of money: where did the idea originate? How were differing rates between countries first established?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n The origins of money: where did the idea originate? How were differing rates between countries first established?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The idea originated as soon as people started realizing that the barter system sucks once services start existing within a community. Here's an example I like to use from an early human settlement: > CM: Hey, Repair Dude, my roof has a hole in it. Want to fix my roof for two chickens? > RD: Sure thing, Chicken Man. > *Two weeks later* > RD: Hey Chicken Man, I'm pretty hungry. Can I have some more chicken? > CM: Go away Repair Dude, nothing I have needs fixing. RD starves to death if his services aren't needed in that situation. And money solves the problem - he gets the money for doing his work and uses it whenever he's hungry, or needs some other service. As far as exchange rates between countries go, that's complicated, but the starting point is always the basic value of the money. Every country values 1 unit differently (1 dollar, 1 peso, 1 yen, etc). For example, a dozen eggs costs somewhere around $2 in US dollars, but is around \u00a5300 in Japan (if my google is doing good work). So obviously, \u00a5300 and $2 are a comparable value, and it would never make sense to trade \u00a51 for $1. Once that standard is in place, those exchange rates start to move around due to all kinds of factors - how stable a country's economy is, how much of the world actually *wants* their money, etc."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How do satelites that are important for tracking GPS location not rotate around the earth? Or is the rotation somehow calculated into them?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do satelites that are important for tracking GPS location not rotate around the earth? Or is the rotation somehow calculated into them?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The GPS satellites are in a medium earth orbit, so they go around the earth twice a day. Their exact locations are tracked very accurately by control stations on the ground on a regular basis, and the orbits are predictable enough to calculate where each satellite will be at any moment. The satellites send out a signal that says \"here's what time I sent this signal, and here's how you calculate where I was when I sent it.\" Your GPS receiver gets these messages from several satellites and figures out their location at the instant the message was sent. Simplifying slightly, what happens after that is your receiver figures out how far it is from each satellite. It knows when a message was sent, and knows what time it was received, and knows how fast the message travels (the speed of light). So it can figure out from all that how far each message must have gone through the air from each satellite's location. That means your receiver knows it's somewhere on a sphere at a certain distance from a satellite. When it does the same for a second satellite, it knows it's somewhere that those two spheres intersect, which would be somewhere on a circle. A third sphere around a third satellite intersects that circle at two points, one of which is usually clearly wrong, thus the receiver knows it must be at the other point. Ok, so why do you need to receive 4 satellites instead of 3? The clocks in the satellites are incredibly accurate atomic clocks, so the \"here's when I sent this message\" information is pretty much perfect. But the clock in your receiver is cheap and inaccurate, so the \"here's when we received the message\" information starts out wrong. You get a whole range of possible distances from each satellites depending on how wrong the receiver's clock is. A fourth satellite allows you to rule out all the wrong positions and figure out which one is right. So, your receiver figures out not just where it is, but WHEN it is, to get a correct position."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How a USB hub works? How can 1 USB carry the bandwidth of 5 or more? Wouldnt it be split?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How a USB hub works? How can 1 USB carry the bandwidth of 5 or more? Wouldnt it be split?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It is split, but most usb devices don't actually have high enough bandwidth for that to matter. Devices like mice and keyboards and stuff like that barely need any bandwidth at all. USB 2.0 has a max bandwidth of 480 Mbit\/s which is enough for almost anything that used it many times over. Modern USB 3 \/USB-C can have between 5 and 20 Gbit\/s depending on the version and future versions of USB will have more. This is more than enough to handle any I\/O a regular computer might want. The bandwidth isn't shared equally between all devices, so a mouse or keyboard will not take the same share of the total bandwidth as an SSD or an Ethernet connection via USB. One limitation is that a single controller can only talk to up to 127 devices and is you are daisy chaining usb hubs a lot of that will be taken up by the hubs themselves as there may be several hubs hidden within one physical casing. (For example a 7-port usb hub is usually just two 4 port hubs plugged into another in a single case and counts as two device by itself.) Another limitation is the fact that the host computer will talk to each device one at a time and can't be permanently talking back and forth with all devices, but that isn't really an issue for most use cases."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why is it that traits like skin tone mix to make a combination tone in a child of parents that are two different races\/ethnicities?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it that traits like skin tone mix to make a combination tone in a child of parents that are two different races\/ethnicities?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Skin tone is polygenic, meaning it is controlled by multiple genes. This is the reason why there is a gradient of skin tones. There isn't always a reason *why* something is dominant\/recessive, but I would hazard that skin tone is the way it is because it is something that has evolved to be on a gradient."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How and why does glass explode when placed in the freezer for an extended time?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How and why does glass explode when placed in the freezer for an extended time?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Water is unusual in that it actually expands when it freezes, because on a molecular level water molecules form a sort of honeycomb lattice when frozen due to strong intramolecular forces (electromagnetic repulsion in this case). If you put a glass of water or another liquid that contains a lot of water (milk, orange juice, etc.) when the water freezes it will expand, pushing against the walls of the glass container. If the container is sealed, or if it's simply too full, the increased pressure from the expanding water causes the glass to crack and eventually shatter."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why or why can't we use cloud seeding to fight forest fires?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why or why can't we use cloud seeding to fight forest fires?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"You need clouds to start with. Cloud seeding just gives the moisture in clouds something to form drops around, so it just makes sense in the narrow band of conditions between rain clouds forming and it raining anyway. Seeding the Australian air to make rain works as well as throwing seeds at your blow drier to make crops."} {"category":"Physics","question":"how chains on tyres help maintain traction on icy roads. Don\u2019t they make the ride bumpy and isn\u2019t metal more skiddy?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how chains on tyres help maintain traction on icy roads. Don\u2019t they make the ride bumpy and isn\u2019t metal more skiddy?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The chains sink into the snow and act like spikes or grips. As to making it bumpy, you\u2019re not supposed to use chains when there isn\u2019t snow on the ground, otherwise, yes, it can get bumpy. But the chains aren\u2019t super thick so it\u2019s not overly noticeable. It just wears the chains down faster. Super polished metal with a big surface area would slide all around. But the snow chains are galvanized metal, in fairly thin chains so they don\u2019t cause slipping on the snow."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What happens to a nerve in your finger when it is cut and medical treatment is not performed?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What happens to a nerve in your finger when it is cut and medical treatment is not performed?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They grow back most of the time. Peripheral nerves can take a lot of damage and keep coming back. So long as some part of the axon or connective tissue remains, it'll grow back. If those things are destroyed though, it cannot grow back. This is much different from the central nervous system, which has a lot of trouble regenerating."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why do airplanes fly at such a high cruising altitudes?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do airplanes fly at such a high cruising altitudes?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The lower an airplane flies the more expensive it is because the lower the altitude the more air pressure. The more air pressure, the harder the engines need to work to propel the airplane through it. The harder the engines work, the more fuel they require. > Is it to avoid bad weather? Is there less air resistance the higher you go? Yes. Yes."} {"category":"Biology","question":"- Why and how are babies so strong? What advantage does having a strong core give babies?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n - Why and how are babies so strong? What advantage does having a strong core give babies?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"This is explained by the square-cube law. In short, strength and durability are proportional to the size squared (X*X) and weight is proportional to the cube of the size (X*X*X) so if you take a human and shrink him proportionally to half size, he will become 4 times weaker but 8 times lighter, so in total it would be twice (8\/4) as easy for him to lift his own body. Babies have different proportions and their muscles are less developed, of course, but still they are much smaller than adults so it's easier for them to do these tricks. Babies appear to have lots of strength, but it's realistically only in relation to their size. They are super good at clinging to their parent. Their strength doesn't \"go away\" as they age, it just doesn't grow proportionally to their size. They do get stronger as they age, but they get a lot heavier too so some of that \"innate strength\" (and the strength they gain) goes towards just lifting their increased bodyweight rather than feats of strength like holding their legs up easily."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How can water evaporate from lakes and seas etc if the boiling point of water is 100 degrees?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can water evaporate from lakes and seas etc if the boiling point of water is 100 degrees?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I answered this on ELI5 just last night: > So, molecules in a liquid are moving around all the time, right? That's heat, and as long as you're above absolute zero, there's going to be movement. Well, occasionally, molecules near the surface of the liquid get bumped hard enough that they break free from the main body of water and get launched into the air. As long as the air isn't already saturated with as many water molecules as it can hold, it's going to just carry that molecule away. And so, little by little, as long as the water still has any heat, it's going to keep popping molecules up into the air until either the air can't hold any more water, or all the water has evaporated. > > Warm air can hold more water than cold air, and if you take warm air that's nearly saturated and cool it down, you'll hit a point where the excess water falls out of the air. This is called the condensation point, and it's responsible for all kinds of things, like dew, the moisture on the outside of a cold drink glass, and moisture on your windows on a cold day."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"What\u2019s the cause and effect of an iceberg breaking off?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What\u2019s the cause and effect of an iceberg breaking off?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Ice sheets move. As new snow falls in the elevations it compresses into ice and gravity carries it downhill. Slowly, but inexorably. The end of the ice sheets stick out over water. Ice has weight, even though it can float. When it extends to a point where enough of it extends past land the weight can contribute to it, quit literally, snapping off. Warmer temperatures can and do contribute to and potentially aggravate this process, but the basic mechanics are above. As for what happens, the new iceberg drifts, melts, breaks up, drifts more and eventually melts."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Durag, is it just a fashion accessory or does it have function?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Durag, is it just a fashion accessory or does it have function?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"**Waves** are a hairstyle for curly hair in which the curls are brushed and\/or combed and flattened out, creating a ripple-like pattern. The hairstyle begins with a short-cropped haircut and frequent brushing and\/or combing of the curls, which trains the curls to flatten out. Pomades and moisturizers can help hold the hair in place while preventing the hair from getting too dry. A durag is worn to preserve moisture while compressing the hair and holding it in place."} {"category":"Other","question":"What's the black side of a tennis table paddle for ? And the red side ?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What's the black side of a tennis table paddle for ? And the red side ?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Players can choose different rubbers for each side that have different effects on how the ball interacts with the paddle but the color lets their opponent know which side they're hitting with. The color and the type of rubber are completely independent, they just let the opposing player tell them apart. The rule that there had to be a black side and a red side was created by the ITTF, the governing body for table tennis."} {"category":"Biology","question":"why does cold remove pain?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why does cold remove pain?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Pain is a result of signals from little receptors on the surface of your body (and mouth) called nerve endings. When you put something cold against those nerve endings, it numbs them and reduces their ability to receive pain signals, essentially by overwhelming them with a \"cold\" signal. Therefore putting something cold on an area that's in pain will reduce the feeling of pain. The other effect of putting something cold on an area that's in pain is that it reduces the blood flow to the area by causing your blood vessels to contract. This can reduce inflammation."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How much does gasoline contract when it's cold?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How much does gasoline contract when it's cold?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Good question. Because of how much a liquid will contact and expand because of temperature, fuel volume at large depots is calculated to a standard temperature of 15c. Some petrol stations now calculate the fuel to what the volume would be at 15c. When filling your tank in the cold the fuel is more dense, so they take the metered amount and apply a standard equation. When you calculate the higher temperature for a metered volume you end up with a larger volume, and a higher price. I can't remember the name of the equation but it is a global industry standard method of calculating petroleum volumes. It shouldn't make that much of a difference in your car, but when you're buying\/selling thousand of gallons at a time you could lose or gain a lot of fuel. I'd try a different petrol station mate."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why is the passage of time instant when we are asleep?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is the passage of time instant when we are asleep?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's not. You just usually don't remember the time when you're asleep, because your brain knows that whatever happened was ultimately unimportant and doesn't retain that information. Also, there have been studies about dreams where they wake up people in the middle of dreams and ask them how long they think they've been asleep, and the person almost always gives a time that is pretty close to the time elapsed. Related note: those studies are how we know the \"dreams move faster than reality\" claim is completely false."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"why do some gases, like oxygen or hydrogen form a molecule with a pair of atoms, while others like helium are just single atoms flying around?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why do some gases, like oxygen or hydrogen form a molecule with a pair of atoms, while others like helium are just single atoms flying around?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It has to do with the number of electrons available for bonding. The first \"orbital\" can contain a maximum of two electrons. The second \"orbital\" can contain a maximum of eight electrons. Helium has two protons and two electrons, and is happy all by itself. Hydrogen has one proton and one electron, so it bumps up against another hydrogen, and the two hydrogens share the two electrons, and they're both fairly happy. Oxygen has eight electrons total. Two of them are happy in the first orbital. Another four are fairly happy in the second orbital, and the remaining two choose to tango with the loose two from another oxygen. Or with two hydrogens. I can go into better depth, but this is ELI5"} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"water rings are much harder to remove from marble surfaces than others. How come?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n water rings are much harder to remove from marble surfaces than others. How come?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Two reasons: 1) Marble is a relatively soft, porous surface, and the mineral crystals that water leaves behind can embed themselves physically in the surface. 2) Marble is composed primarily of calcium carbonate family minerals. Your typical municipal water supply will evaporate and leave calcium carbonate family minerals. The rings and the marble are chemically similar so you can't rely on cleaners that attack calcium deposits. That's why we use the silica-based granite for counters and high-traffic areas, it's much tougher and resistant to calcium stains."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why do eyeglass lenses cast shadows when they're transparent?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do eyeglass lenses cast shadows when they're transparent?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They change the path of light going through them. They take the light that would have fallen in the area of their shadow and project it into a larger or smaller area. Some area seems a shadow by comparison, but take a close look. Often some area is by the edge brighter as well. That area is getting all the normal light plus the light that made the shadow."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do some animals respond faster when we \"pspsps\"?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do some animals respond faster when we \"pspsps\"?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Animals, cats specifically, instinctively react to high pitched noises. The \"pspsps\" sound imitates mice and is built of hard and sharp syllables which is why cat's will immediately look to where the sound is. However, once they know the sound is coming from you and not prey, they will not be enticed by the same trick again. Unless they dum cat."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why personal computers mostly use graphical user interfaces and mainframe\/servers & supercomputers are mostly controlled through command\/text line?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why personal computers mostly use graphical user interfaces and mainframe\/servers & supercomputers are mostly controlled through command\/text line?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"People who use the latter category are mainly IT professionals and computer scientists who a) may not need the more user-friendly interface, which saves development costs, and b) might actually be restricted by a GUI. Pure command line interfaces give the user complete control of whatever the program in question is capable of, generally speaking. E: the resource cost of running a GUI may also matter, as another comment says, especially when you're in the business of optimizing algorithms."} {"category":"Other","question":"Everything about American school buses?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Everything about American school buses?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It all depends on the state and local school system. 1) Color: URL_0 2) Yes, there are public buses in some places. Some students use them to get to school. 3) In our local school system (serving a rural area with some small towns), the buses will go to every rural students' driveway. In town, it will stop at a designated spot every 2-4 blocks or so and multiple students will get on\/off."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why is it, when writing the same sentence repetitively on a sheet of paper (for punishment), does it seem easier to write the words down the paper, than the same line over and over (from left to right)? Isn't it the same amount of work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it, when writing the same sentence repetitively on a sheet of paper (for punishment), does it seem easier to write the words down the paper, than the same line over and over (from left to right)? Isn't it the same amount of work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because it is essentially a mindless task, repeating the same group of letters takes less attention. Also, because being assigned such a mindless and useless task is insulting, giving it no more effort than absolutely necessary to get the job done is the natural reaction to being forced to alter your thinking by repeating someone else's ideas under duress. By breaking the whole sentence into meaningless parts, you are basically refusing to be brainwashed by breaking the complex chain of words into simple links which are easily forgotten."} {"category":"Other","question":"The method to the madness of country codes (+1, +44, +358 etc). What's the actual pattern, if any?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n The method to the madness of country codes (+1, +44, +358 etc). What's the actual pattern, if any?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There was a bit of politics to the pattern. 1 for the USA down to 7 for the USSR at the time with other areas being given intermediate numbers. Africa is 2, Europe is 3 and 4, South America is 5, Australia is 6 and China is 8. Individual countries within those are split further. They're normally given a smaller number based on the size of the country. USA's country code is 1 for example, UK is 44, and Iceland is 354. This is because there was an agreement to try and keep international telephone numbers to eleven digits or less, so the smaller a country is, the fewer digits it needs left in order to be able to dial every possible number in that country, including all the local regional and area codes. So the bigger countries need more spare digits, hence the USA having just 1. Everything sort of fit over the years around that one concept."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How can some people allegedly survive years without any food?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can some people allegedly survive years without any food?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Literally without *any* food (but with water) you die from scurvy or similar malnutrition ailments within a month or 2. There have been morbidly obese individuals that survived more than a year on water, vitamin supliments (to fend of scurvy), and small amounts of baker's yeast while under medical supervision. This is basically a 0 calorie diet, but does involve *some* food intake. They were able to survive that long because their excess fat was used as a source of calories to keep them alive over that time. This kind of crash diet is also incredibly unhealthy, BTW."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How do range finders work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do range finders work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Old school rangefinders in cameras and for military artillery worked by having two viewfinders. A combination of mirrors, including half-silvered mirrors, would project them onto a single viewfinder screen, but the user would start out by seeing a double image. By adjusting the range or focus, which changed the angles of the two viewfinders, the user would cause the two images to merge and become a single image. At this point, the angles of the two viewfinders would effectively compute the distance, changing the focus of the lens or adjusting the targeting range of the artillery. These systems were essentially a form of analogue of analogue computer, with the inputs the angles of the two viewfinders."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why does ice melt when we sprinkle salt on it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does ice melt when we sprinkle salt on it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Pure, distilled water when frozen melts at 32 degrees F\/0 degrees C. By introducing impurities, such as salt, into the ice the bonds between the ice molecules become weaker, lowering the temperature that it will melt at. A lower melting point means that the ice will melt sooner. Standard road salt allows ice to melt down to about 20 F\/-7 C, while specialized mixtures work at much lower temperatures."} {"category":"Economics","question":"What causes an economic crash a la the one in 2008 and the Great Depression?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What causes an economic crash a la the one in 2008 and the Great Depression?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Crashes can happen for many different reasons, but most of them boil down to a bunch of people very suddenly realizing that they don't have as much money as they thought they did, and therefore being much more careful with the money they do have. I can't speak knowledgeably about the Great Depression, but I can explain 2008 pretty well. It was a massive criminal fraud. Some companies specialize in making home loans, e.g. mortgages. These companies typically sell the loans they make to big banks, because there's risk in holding a bunch of loans at once if all of a sudden an unexpected number of them go bad. The bank pays a fixed fee to the home loan company based on the quality of the loan (the likelihood of repayment, etc.) and then the bank holds the loan and receives the repayment and the interest, earning a profit in exchange for taking the risk that the homeowner won't repay the loan. All perfectly wholesome. For reasons that will soon become apparent, in the run-up to 2008, the home loan companies started making as many loans as they possibly could, regardless of how likely it was that the person taking out the loan would repay it. The banks continued to buy the mortgages and paid the home loan companies very well for them, even though the quality of the loan was significantly worse. Here's where it gets interesting. The banks packed all those incredibly risky mortgages into financial instruments called CDOs. Each CDO might contain thousands of home loans. The idea is that if you own a CDO, some loans will probably go bad, but most will be fine, and you've therefore lessened the risk of holding them. Still technically wholesome. Now usually what happens is private rating agencies will analyze the financial instrument and give it a rating that represents the risk that you'll lose all your money if you invest in it. The banks pressured the ratings agencies (by threatening to withhold their business) to rate these instruments AAA, the highest possible rating, despite the fact that the loans inside the CDOs were increasingly rotten, and the risk of severe loss was growing. Once the CDOs were rated AAA, they became very easy to sell to all kinds of investors worldwide who had an interest in holding onto super-safe instruments that paid regular amounts, like pension funds. Neither the lenders nor the banks held onto the bad loans: their risk was zero. So the banks had a voracious appetite for these irresponsible loans, since they had a way of disguising them as low-risk investments and selling them. Since the banks would buy even the shittiest loans from them, the lenders showed zero discrimination. If you could fog a mirror and were willing to take out a home mortgage, you were a source of pure profit. In fact, business was so good that the lenders eventually couldn't find enough people willing to take on irresponsible loans. So the banks started creating and selling synthetic CDOs: financial instruments that didn't actually contain any loans, but just copied the behavior of loans that had already been packaged and sold. In other words, pure gambling. Eventually, most of the loans went bad, and anybody holding the CDOs took catastrophic losses. And a lot of institutions were holding them, because everybody trusted those AAA ratings. So you had a housing bubble because the home loan companies were willing to give a stripper five mortgages and she's bidding on multiple houses, then a housing crash when she eventually defaulted and nobody was willing to buy the houses at their inflated values, plus major investors losing their shirts because CDOs were blowing up, plus municipal pension funds suddenly going bankrupt because they'd used the pension money to buy these supposedly safe investments. And that's how you get an economic crash. P.S. Or you can let someone convince you that tulips, internet companies, or cryptocurrency are worth much more than they actually are. Same effect, much more straightforward."} {"category":"Technology","question":"how servers in video games work, and what exactly is a server?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how servers in video games work, and what exactly is a server?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A physical server is a computer like any other, but designed and programmed specifically to connect to many 'clients' (the players' computers\/games). They're normally quite large, noisy, powerful, and have a very good internet connection. A game server is the software side of this. It is the program that all of the clients talk to. It is what tells everyone's client what is going on, and sort of runs the game."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Vacuum tubes. How and why? Transistors: Same question, but how are they better than vacuum tubes?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Vacuum tubes. How and why? Transistors: Same question, but how are they better than vacuum tubes?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"People were using electric circuits to make devices. To turn a circuit on and off you need a switch. But a switch that you push with your finger or engage with an electromagnet can be slow and easy to break. So they invented the tube. It works like a switch, but with no moving parts. Instead it uses an voltage signal to turn it on and off. That means you can switch it super fast. But it\u2019s still easy to break because it\u2019s made of glass and thin filaments. So they invented the transistor. Now the switch is just 3 layers of some materials encased in plastic. Still controlled by a voltage signal. It\u2019s pretty sturdy, can switch super fast, can be made very small, but is vulnerable to over heating."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do our bodies have the capability to regenerate and heal in some ways but not others?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do our bodies have the capability to regenerate and heal in some ways but not others?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The major factor is lack of resources to do such a task and the \"mother cells\" aka the cells that can transform into any cell stop being produced IIRC. But there's a theory I read a while back that we have the ability to do such thing but because we're active most of the time the body doesn't have resources to redo a limb as fast as when we're in the womb where that's our only objective."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What's the biological connection between (facial) symmetry and attraction? Most physical attributes like being tanned or strong do have real advantages and are therefore desired, but which advantage does symmetry have?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What's the biological connection between (facial) symmetry and attraction? Most physical attributes like being tanned or strong do have real advantages and are therefore desired, but which advantage does symmetry have?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Symmetry is an indicator of general genetic healthiness beause our bodies are meant to be symmetrical (look up bilateral symmetry). The more your exterior deviates from symmetry, the more likely there is something wrong with its blueprint, your genes. Evolutionarily, it was an advantage to prefer symmetrical bodies because it meant your descendants were more likely to be healthy and survive. This is why an inherent preference for symmetry had a higher chance of being inherited through genes in humans (and probably other animals with symmetrical bodies)."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Pls can someone explain to me what an inverted yield curve is and why its bad?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Pls can someone explain to me what an inverted yield curve is and why its bad?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Investors requiring more for 2 year bonds than 10 year bonds means that they generally are thinking right now that the economy will be in very bad shape 2 years from now, but by 10 years from now it should have recovered. Because of this, they are starting to sell off stocks that they either were not planning to hold onto for a long time or that they think might be long to companies with a risk of going under during a downturn. There are a lot of factors that get us to this point, but once we get to this point moving into a recession is essentially a self-fulfilling prophecy, where one bad economic indicator forces other people to respond, creating more bad economic indicators."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How do employees of marijuana dispensaries in the US handle their taxes if their income is based off the sale of marijuana?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do employees of marijuana dispensaries in the US handle their taxes if their income is based off the sale of marijuana?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They report that their employer paid them to operate a retail shop. The IRS wants to know what you got paid, not what the shop sells. OK, there are some banking issues, so your boss had to pay you in cash. From the IRS perspective, also not a problem, they want to know how much you got paid, not how it was paid to you. Of the many legal snarls surrounding pot, employee income taxes isn't one of them."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why and how do rechargable batteries eventually die faster\/lose their charge faster?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why and how do rechargable batteries eventually die faster\/lose their charge faster?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Electric is the movement of the particles called electrons. To construct a battery you need two materials. One that wants to give electrons and another one that wants to take electrons or wants to give electrons with a less power than the first one. When you put these two materials into a medium called electrolyte and connect them with a cable, a chemical change happens inside the electrolyte and electrons rush trough the cable from one who wants to give them more to the second. This reaction gives energy to electrons to move. For some specific materials this reaction is reversible to some extent so you can use them to construct a \"rechargeable\" battery. By consuming energy, you can force the electrons back and reverse the chemical reaction that changed the materials. But this is not a 100% efficient reaction and some material end up not converting back to original but converting to another one that holds electrons tightly. Repeat this for 1000 time now you have much more unwanted material that holds their electrons and not wanting to give them out. The ratio between unwanted material and the battery life is not direct. After some unwanted material has been accumulated it can block the original material to efficiently push electrons."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"If heat rises, then why are higher elevations so cold?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If heat rises, then why are higher elevations so cold?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"while heat rises, at higher altitude the air is thinner. This means that the air is less dense and isn't as capable of holding or transmitting heat. Additionally, as hot air rises it expands and the energy to do that comes from the air itself cooling it. There's some other things as well. Air essentially acts like a blanket, trapping heat. At higher altitudes, there's less air above you trapping heat."} {"category":"Technology","question":"What\u2019s the difference between IPv4 and IPv6?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What\u2019s the difference between IPv4 and IPv6?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Computers, like houses, need addresses. The internet is a city, and this city is being built. With IPv4, the city planners we only allowed to use numbered addresses up to 2^32 unique combinations. With IPv6, the city planners are now allowed to use both letters and numbers, up to 3.4 x 10^38 unique combinations."} {"category":"Technology","question":"For massive websites like Amazon or Google, how are they built, scaled to a large size, and maintained?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n For massive websites like Amazon or Google, how are they built, scaled to a large size, and maintained?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Well I am a web developer at the opposite end of things to Amazon and Google. If websites were ships those guys are making supertankers and aircraft carriers while I am making kayaks so I can't claim the expertise to actually build things like that but maybe I have enough grasp of the concepts to try a high-level ELI5. So first of all imagine a small 'normal' website. Imagine I build an online book store. On the homepage it might have a bit in the top corner saying: Hello rokd, with a link to manage your account\/profile. The main section has a list of this week's 20 top-selling books and on the right is a column with teasers from a blog where I highlight my personal favourite authors. At the most simple level I have one database storing all the stuff I need. It has a table for users (including rokd), a table for books, one for sales, one for blog posts. I then have one script\/executable page of code which gathers all the information and assembles in, something like: > < header > > print link_to_user_profile(getCurrentUser) > < \/header > > < main > > print get_recent_bestsellers(20, week) > < \/main > > < sidebar > > print get_recent_blog_items(5) > < \/sidebar > This is all well and good but this one script running on one computer and one database running on one computer is doing everything for this page, and every other page served to every other user. So the only way to scale is to make those computers really really powerful and at google levels even a supercomputer isn't enough. Setting aside that problem completely for a moment, let's imagine I didn't want to bother building a blogging system for my bookshop because wordpress already exists and why invent the wheel. So I get a site at URL_0 and I change my page to something like: > < sidebar > > print ask_remote_server_for_something(server= URL_0 , account=somersettlerbookshop, request=latest_blog_posts(5)) > < \/sidebar > So now my blog posts are being stored and rendered somewhere else. I just make an API call to URL_0 and ask for something, it supplies the answer, I don't even know or care exactly what database my blog posts are stored in, or what script on what computer renders the data into html. So long as URL_0 tells me what I want I don't have to give a shit how it does it. Well what Jeff Bezos famously did in 2002 is [issue an edict]( URL_1 ) that all teams in amazon had to built their shit to talk to each other in the same way as I talk to wordpress in the example above. Even though they are within the same company, and even though, at small scales, their code might be running on the same computer, they always had to pretend they were totally separate and only communicate through remote services and APIs. So I change my code to something like > < header > > ask_remote_server_for_something(server=user_subsystem, request=link_to_current_profile(currentuser)) > < \/header > And so on for every element of my site. That way separate tasks can be split across separate computers. So 1 computer just runs the books stuff, 1 for the user stuff, 1 for the blog stuff, 1 for the sales, and 1 to coordinate all the requests and piece it together in a single page for the user. Now, we might add some cacheing. For example, I only write a new blog post every couple of days. So if you load my page at 9.00pm, then refresh at 9.05pm, at present, we are loading all my blogs from the database and rendering them all over again, even though nothing has changed. Our get_latest_blog_posts code might look like this: > blog_raw_data = get_recent_blogs_from_database(5) > rendered_blogs = render(blog_raw_data) > return rendered_blogs Waste of resources. So I can tell it to cache the results of a request and only re-calculate it if a certain amount of time has passed, say, 24 hours. The code changes to something like: > if (more than 24 hours has passed since I was last asked) then > > blog_raw_data = get_recent_blogs_from_database(5) > > rendered_blogs = render(blog_raw_data) > > cached_blogs = rendered_blogs > > return rendered_blogs > > else > > return cached_blogs Note that my top level page doesn't know or care about this change. It just asks for blogs, and it gets blogs, it doesn't matter to it whether they came from a cache instead of from a database. Now let's imagine my website needs to scale even more. It's a bookshop, so books is the hardest-working subsystem I have, and 1 computer is not enough to run it any more. So we changed > print get_book_information(bookID) to > print ask_remote_server(server=books, request=book_information(bookID)) But now we need several servers: books1, books2, books3. So make it something like > print ask_remote_server(server=find_me_a_books_server, request=book_fnformation(bookID)) and have another server in the middle, called a load balancer, which keeps track of whether books1, books2 or books3 has capacity to service a request, and sends it on accordingly. Once again our top level page doesn't know or care which of the 3 books servers answers the request, so long as it gets an answer. Basically we keep breaking our software down into self-contained 'black boxes' which communicate with each other through defined protocols, and that way if we outgrow 1 server we can use 2, or 3, or 300, on different continents. Still, we can't scale perfectly, because if I'm running my bookshop on 20 servers, and it maxes out, then while my _software_ is capable of seamlessly extending across 30 servers, I can't just wave a magic wand and have 10 new PCs in my racks, all wired up to my network. That takes time. But I want my site to suddenly have twice the capacity if it gets linked from reddit. By the time I get the new servers physically installed the reddit traffic has gone. So we invent virtual servers, where an entire physical server is virtualised in software within a more powerful actual server, capacble of hosting multiple virtual servers. And we take our find\\_me\\_a\\_server code, which used to say: \"Hey, books1, are you busy? Hey books2, are you busy?\" and hand the request to whichever server said \"no\" - and we change it so that if _all_ the books servers say \"sorry, I'm busy\", it just creates a new books4 server on the fly. Once we get used to coding in this distibuted fashion we can also rewrite our algorhythms to take advantage. So rather than simply separating the \"books\" workload from the \"sales\" workload, we can also improve performance of a particularly taxing sales data processing task by splitting that into parallel tasks across multiple servers. google's map_reduce is an example of this sort of thing but getting a bit out of my depth \/ scope of this answer to explain that in detail. There's another whole category of scaling around databases. Most traditional databases are 'ACID-compliant', and 'normalised'. Again this comment is getting way too long for me to go into detail on that but basically they are ways of ensuring your data does not get corrupt. Say for example my bookshop is extremely busy. As you visit the homepage the code asks the sales system for the top 20 bestsellers. It returns the #1 seller, _Harry Potter_ with 150 sales in the last week (narrowly ahead of the #2, _Bambi_ with 149 sales). While it does this, three people buy a copy of Bambi and one person buys Harry Potter. My code then proceeds to tell you that the #2 seller is Harry Potter with 151 sales (because the #1 is now Bambi with 152). So your list is 1 Harry Potter 150 sales 2 Harry Potter 151 sales WTF? Looks like my system is fucked, right? Traditionally databases avoid this through ACID compliance, so the database is locked while a transaction is made to ensure consistent results. Simplistically, this would mean while you are generating the list of bestsellers, nobody else can buy a book, because that would change the results. But everybody visiting my homepage generates that bestseller list. If nobody can buy while someone is looking at the homepage, I'll never sell any books. Customers will always get a \"database locked, cannot purchase!\" error and give up and go to Amazon... So some people realised, it doesn't actually _matter_ if your bestseller list is based on the most accurate and up-to-date data. If it's based on sales as of 5 minutes ago, that's fine, then we can carry on selling. We can tell you Harry Potter is #1 when it is actually Bambi #1 since we made a few sales a millisecond ago - who gives a shit? On the other hand it _does_ matter if we tell you we have 10 copies of Bambi in stock when we actually have zero left, since we made a few sales a millisecond ago. So people started carefully breaking down which parts of the database required traditional 'safety' \/ consistency \/ anti-corruption guarantees, and which parts didn't. And for the parts that didn't, by selectively adding caches, splitting amongst parallel systems, denormalisation, abandoning ACID-compliance, or even abandoning SQL paradigms completely, they could get more performance. tl;dr distributed computing, parallelisation, cacheing, load balancing, virtualisation, denormalisation, nosql"} {"category":"Other","question":"what is SWAT up to when theres not like a hostage crisis or something?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what is SWAT up to when theres not like a hostage crisis or something?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Depends on the agency. In many, SWAT is a part-time job, so they're regular patrol or detectives until there's a call-out. In bigger agencies where they can afford full-time SWAT, they generally operate much like the fire department - training, working out or other administrative duties until they're called out, and then they go to work."} {"category":"Physics","question":"how did we \"find\" quarks?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how did we \"find\" quarks?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Pretty much all discoveries of new particles come from accelerator data. The basic premise is this: * Take a particle with known properties (mass, charge, spin), like a proton or electron. * Accelerate them into such high speeds that they can penetrate other particles. This is where the particle colliders\/acclerators come in. * Look at what comes out the other end in terms of particles, angle of the outgoing particles, their energy, and their frequency. * Use the \"before\" and \"after\" data to deduce what the insides of the penetrated particle must look like. By collecting such data, it appeared that the insides of hadron consists of 3 particles, with some charge, etc. An analogy to this would be to try to figure out the hidden inside geometry of some box by throwing tennis balls in one end and look at how fast and at which angle the tennis balls come out the other end. An easy to understand example to this is how Rutherford discovered the structure of the atom. He shot particles into a thin gold foil and looked at where the particles ended up on the other side. In 99 % of the time, the particles didn't change trajectory at all. But in rare cases, they were deflected. And in even rarer cases, they bounced back completely! By using this data he deduced that the atom must almost completely consist of empty space, and have a tiny massive nucleus. The quark example follows the same principle, but is of course a bit more complicated. --- The discoveries of exotic quarks (and other particles) are slightly different. Now we are not probing the \"geometry\" of an atom or particle, but we are trying to find the particles themselves. But these particles decay, or \"vanish\" so quickly that we can never detect them directly. However, the thing is all particles have unique properties (mass, charge, spin), and this leads to unique decay products. A top quark may decay to some lighter particles and some photons with a specific energy, whereas a W boson may decay into something else. So we look for what comes out the other end, and deduce that these decay products must have come from a particle with mass X and charge Y, and this does not match any previously known particle."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"Why does the oxygen level in the air doesn't change dramatically, when most of the trees shed their leaves in the winter?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does the oxygen level in the air doesn't change dramatically, when most of the trees shed their leaves in the winter?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Trees do not produce the majority of the oxygen. 50-80% of all oxygen comes from the sea where it is mostly plankton that produces it. so 20-50% is land and there is lot of other plants than trees. But even if they did you would not see a dramatic change because the amount of oxygen that is used is not very high compared to the amount in the atmosphere. If no oxygen was produced and the amount of animal was like it is today (do not as ask me what they eat if there are no pants) the all oxygen in the atmosphere would be used up in 52 000 years. That also assumes that all oxygen can be used. Let's say winter is half a year so 1\/100 000 of the oxygen would be used by animals & #x200B; That is not the whole story of oxygen usage because it is used when nonanimals like fungus, bacteria break down biological matter. So more oxygen is used than just by animals but those processes then get slower in the winter especially if it is below freezing. The result is that there is a minimal change in oxygen level in winter vs summer we talk about 0.02 to 0.03 percent. I'm not sure the number is the percentage of the atmosphere or percentage of the average oxygen level but regardless it is not a lot."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Can a telescope act as a microscope?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Can a telescope act as a microscope?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A telescope is focused at infinity. It expects all light to come in parallel to the telescope. If you look at something close it ends up blurry. A microscope on the other hand is focused at a very close range. The difference can be adjusted by a single lens often called a macro lens. But you might have problems with the focus adjustment ranges and different light condition requirements."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How can you get for example 10kV out of a normal 230V plug?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can you get for example 10kV out of a normal 230V plug?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Theres a component called a transformer. It basically consists of two coils of wire around two cores. The current is transferred from one coil to the other through electromagnetism. The number of turns in each coil is calculated to step up voltage. Simplified E.g. 5 coils on input coil, 10 coils on output coil, 2x Voltage It's been a while since I did electromagnetism, so someome else could step in on this point if I get it wrong: the thing that makes this difficult to believe is that it sounds like you get power from nothing. The extra voltage comes at the expense of current. The current slows down when the voltage is ramped up."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How come a lot of cryptography involves the use of prime numbers?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How come a lot of cryptography involves the use of prime numbers?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because when you have big numbers multiplied together, it's very easy to multiply them, but very difficult to divide and find all the numbers that have been multiplied. Example: find what numbers have been multiplied together to give the result of 298178561. Those numbers that have been multiplied together are the passwords to the encryption."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Is eating late really harmful? Why\/why not?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Is eating late really harmful? Why\/why not?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It was believed that eating late promoted weight gain because you would be asleep and not burning off the calories. In reality as long as you keep your calorie count below your recommended daily intake, and don't eat anything that will disrupt your sleep you'll be fine. (Some people get nightmares from spicy or greasy food). Now, the bad part of eating before bed is that people who get late night cravings generally want easy to prepare junk food, or some kind of fattening comfort food."} {"category":"Economics","question":"What caused gas prices to hit $5 in the mid-2000s, and what has caused it to not get anywhere near $5 since?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What caused gas prices to hit $5 in the mid-2000s, and what has caused it to not get anywhere near $5 since?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"If we're talking about oil prices generally, then the shale oil and gas revolution in the United States has been a major factor. Before this took place, much of the world's oil came from countries part of OPEC, or the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. OPEC is a cartel, which regulates the amount of oil each member can produce. They attempted to carefully regulate it so that it never became too expensive to encourage a cheaper alternative, and never too low that they didn't make insane amounts of money from it. That's changed since the United States became a huge producer of shale oil and gas. What happens now is that as the price of oil goes up, it becomes ever more economically viable to activate many of the sites that produce shale oil. If the price goes up high enough, lots of them come online. Since the United States isn't a member of OPEC, companies can produce as much oil as they like. This leads to an oversupply in the market, prices come back down, and these facilities are gradually turned off if they're no longer profitable. As technology improves, that $ per barrel \"threshold\" drops further and further, meaning that it becomes profitable at much lower prices, further adding to the oversupply. I'm not sure if any of this directly corresponds to the gas price you're talking about - mid-2000s was the Iraq War years, so that may have had something to do with it. But I wanted to explain why prices have been relatively stable and low since the peak prices in the early 2010's."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How do people who end up in viral videos and\/or memes suddenly become rich? Where does the money come from? (i.e. the \u201ccash me outside\u201d girl, and others)","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do people who end up in viral videos and\/or memes suddenly become rich? Where does the money come from? (i.e. the \u201ccash me outside\u201d girl, and others)","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"So. My sister in law works for a company that does this type of work. When someone \u201cgoes viral\u201d her boss calls them and sees if they have representation. Then they set them up a YouTube channel or other social media (not sure on this part) They basically work like attorneys who are on commission. If they can get money funneling to you they get a cut. They also work with nightclubs and malls \/stores and television news agencies to charge those people for appearances. So if Ellen heard about your video this company\u2019s job is to get to you before Ellen\u2019s people do so try can negotiate the fees for appearance. So basically you make money off ads, appearances, selling video rights, and hopefully future videos or social media"} {"category":"Physics","question":"What are the differences between Amps, Volts, Watts, and Ohms?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What are the differences between Amps, Volts, Watts, and Ohms?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They all measure different things. If you think of electricity like water, voltage is the pressure of water flowing in a pipe. The higher the pressure the harder it tries to push out of an opening. Amps is a measure of electron flow. This would be like water in a pipe at a steady pressure and measuring how many gallons per minute flow past a point in the pipe. Ohms is a measure of resistance in an electrical circuit. Lets say you put a faucet at the end of the pipe then slightly crack open the faucet. That is an example of high resistance. Open the faucet all the way, and thats low resistance. Watts is a measure of power which really doesnt work for a water analogy. Its energy per unit time (Joules per second). Its also equal to one amp of current at one volt."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why do sci-fi films depict big explosions in space as a ring instead of a sphere?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do sci-fi films depict big explosions in space as a ring instead of a sphere?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Explosions aren't always round. Usually some part of the exploding device fails first (by design in weapons, by weakest-link in anything else) and directs much of the energy in a certain direction. In the case of cylindrical ship hulls or missile casings this definitely can be a rupture along the centerline to produce a flat ring. I doubt most movies have any in-universe science to explain why things explode the way they do though, it's just there to look cool."} {"category":"Psychology","question":"Why does depression seem to prevent you from answering messages\/having conversations with people or trying to make new relationships?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does depression seem to prevent you from answering messages\/having conversations with people or trying to make new relationships?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's all quite complicated and at a neurological level we don't understand it at all, but at a psychological level it has to do with reduced motivation. Depression reduces people's motivation to do things. We generally do things through a combination of habit and motivation. Depression disrupts normal habits and inhibits motivation. It's very hard for someone with severe clinical depression to feel motivated to do anything at all, and they can end up having all sorts of difficulties in life to literally stuck in their house all day. Depression also very often co-occurs with some sort of anxiety disorder, which can further prevent a person from participating in society due to the lack of motivation and a significantly negative reaction when trying to do so."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why does the compass point North even in the southern hemisphere?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does the compass point North even in the southern hemisphere?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because the Magnetic North Pole is near the Geographic North Pole. A compass follows the field lines of [the earth's magnetic field]( URL_0 ). On the surface of the earth, those field lines go from the South Pole to the North Pole, so a magnet will always point to the North. If your question is, why the compass doesn't point the Magnetic South Pole, despite the fact that it is closer than the North Pole: A magnet consists of a north and a south pole. Thus one end of the magnet will always point towards the Magnetic North Pole of earth, while the other end points to the Magnetic ~~North~~ South Pole of earth. It's not either or. The respective ends of the magnet point to the corresponding pole on earth on both hemispheres."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How does the stock market itself generate value?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does the stock market itself generate value?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The stock market as a whole tends to grow in value over time. This is for exactly the fundamental reasons you identified initially. Stock is ownership in firms, so the stock market essentially measures the value of (public) firms. As firms grow, or we found new firms, or we replace old firms with better\/more efficient firms, the total value of the stock market increases as well. This is not an iron law of the universe, but so long as we continue to come up with new or better ideas for how to do economic activity (e.g. smartphones, internet retail, and electric cars - to cite a few firms that are currently huge on the stock market but weren't in our recent past), the market will rise not just in nominal terms, but in per-capita terms. You might say \"Ah, but that's only relevant to the people who are lucky enough to provide the initial investments to companies that then grow large. Once those stocks are on the secondary market, you can't really gain anything from buying them.\" This is both right and wrong. In the short term, buying and selling stocks is close to a zero-sum game (see: the front page of Reddit right now). You can make money if you're lucky, but it will come at someone else's expense. However, it can still be worthwhile to buy stocks if you plan to hold them for the long term. Firms can live forever. Failing that, an index of important firms (like the S & P) certainly can. Humans can't live forever. Every person holding stock is going to eventually want (or need) to get out of the market. As they do, they hand that stock to someone else just getting into the market. In this way, generations of people can each take their little ride in the growth machine."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why can't magnets be used to create a motor that never stops?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why can't magnets be used to create a motor that never stops?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because a motor has to drive something else to move also, and in doing so the energy input that began the perpetual motion you describe gets dissipated. This causes that motion to slow and eventually stop. Edit: Just to add, most perpetual motion displays (often toys) use an object that doesn't appear to stop spinning once it starts. What's happening here is that the magnets are used to reduce the resistance to the objects turning as much as possible, so nothing slows it down. This doesn't work for a motor because a motor that is not being resisted is essentially doing nothing."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"why is it that when you get paint at the hardware store, they mix so many colors to get the desired color rather than say yellow and blue for green?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why is it that when you get paint at the hardware store, they mix so many colors to get the desired color rather than say yellow and blue for green?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Mixing pure yellow and pure blue in equal amounts will give you exactly one shade of green. If you use less yellow\/more blue, you get a bluer looking green. If you use less blue\/more yellow, you get a yellow looking green. And that's it. Your range of greens runs from yellow-green to blue-green. But there are more kinds of green than that, meaning you'd have to use other colors than blue or yellow."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Why must the Pythagorean Theorem contain squared values? Is there a relationship between sides prior to squaring them?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why must the Pythagorean Theorem contain squared values? Is there a relationship between sides prior to squaring them?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Your sense that if a relationship exists after an operation it must exist before it is not necessarily wrong, but it is misapplied. Think about how it can be that A\u00b2+B\u00b2=C\u00b2, yet A+B\u2260C: it is because (A+B)\u00b2=A\u00b2+2AB+B\u00b2\u2260A\u00b2+B\u00b2. Going from A, B, and C to A\u00b2, B\u00b2, and C\u00b2 does not simply involve squaring both sides of the equation. The fact of the matter is that the \"unsquared\" side-lengths are not directly related (except by the the triangle inequality A+B\u2265C). The relationship *really does* derive from their squares."} {"category":"Other","question":"How come Northern Africa sees little to no rain while S.America and the Philippines are rainforests?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How come Northern Africa sees little to no rain while S.America and the Philippines are rainforests?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"South America is considerably closer to the equator than N. Africa. Heat from the sun hits Earth most directly at equator, causing the air to warm and rise. Warm air can't hold moisture all too well so clouds form and rain falls pretty heavy there. The air cools as it gets higher and descends around 30 degrees N and S latitude pretty dry, hence why at those latitudes there are lots of deserts. This phenomenon is called the Hadley Cell. However if you look at a globe you notice areas of the world that are at the 30s that are not deserts. For example, Florida. This is due to the fact that florida is surrounded by water on 3 sides. Pressure and temperature differences caused by the ocean (which had different heat retention properties, amongst others, compared to land) keeps Florida relatively wet and not desert compared to other parts of the world like Southwest US and N. Africa. Philippines also below 30 degrees N as well. And it's a bunch of islands surrounded by ocean. My first ELI5 answer, hope this is a good enough explanation. If not I'm sure someone more qualified than me can fill in!"} {"category":"Economics","question":"How can owners of commercial real estate afford to have properties vacant for years at a time?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can owners of commercial real estate afford to have properties vacant for years at a time?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I own commercial property and invest heavily in commercial property through an investment group. The prices of commercial property fluctuate greatly based on the rents collected and every city goes through cycles of boom and bust. So, when a city is doing poorly, the building start vacating and we will buy an empty building for pennies on the dollar because the owner is losing money. E.g. Two years ago, I bought a three story building that cost $3.5m to build for $1.1m Well, now the building literally across the street has a $4m mortgage to cover and I have $1m. But my building is empty and his is still full and there aren\u2019t enough renter in the market to fill both buildings. So I will set my rent at 2\/3 of his rent and within the next two years, my building is full and his is empty. If he lowers his rent, I lower mine more. He can\u2019t afford to play this game because his mortgage is too high. I\u2019ll also write shorter lease terms so that companies perceive a lower risk. But I insist on shorter leases because I\u2019ll be raising my prices as the market recovers. Now, over time, one of two things will happen. Either the market will recover and my building will fill up and we\u2019ll start raising rents. Or he will run out of patience and sell the building at a loss (quite possibly to me.) Now, the great thing about commercial building is that values are between 5x and 10x forward rents. So if my rents double, my value increases 10 times. A building full of 5 year leases is worth double a building with two year leases. So at no point did I care about the lease income much at all, though covering the mortgage is a bonus. In ten years, when the market has recovered, I will have filled the building and started writing longer lease terms and I will sell the building I bought for $1m for $5m. Great, a 5x return over ten years, right? No, not really... I only paid $250k for the building and mortgaged the rest. Most (if not all) of that mortgage was paid for by the tenants. Much of the rents above the mortgage, I invested into building improvements, which also helps my tax liability. My total return on investment was about 20x or 200% per year. It\u2019s difficult, but I can live with those returns and I can certainly let the building sit empty for a couple years until the markets start to recover. How do I know the market will recover? Because I lowered rents. When building are empty, everyone lowers rents. I can afford to go lower, so I will get those renters first. Then the businesses in neighboring cities\/states\/towns move in because it\u2019s cheaper."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How do meteorologists predict an \u201caccurate\u201d snowfall total?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do meteorologists predict an \u201caccurate\u201d snowfall total?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Studying past weather helps. Nowadays we have satellite imagery including imagers that specifically pick up moisture in the atmosphere. Knowing how much moisture is accumulating in the clouds, and how it\u2019s moving, helps you predict when it will rain down. You can look at the behavior of past weather systems and how much rain they dropped to guess how similar patterns will react. In the past meteorologists would have had to get weather data from other towns and weather stations to figure out what could be coming their way. Things like atmospheric pressure and temperature are important factors too. Less moisture can stay in colder air than warm air, so if you know warm moist air is moving towards a region with colder air, you can guess a storm will brew."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"What are imaginary numbers and what are they used for?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What are imaginary numbers and what are they used for?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Squaring a number means taking a number and multiplying it by itself. So two squared would be 2\\*2 = 4 The reverse of this is to take the square root, When you take the square root of a number, you're asking: \"What number can I multiply with itself to get this solution?\" So if I ask for the square root of 4, I'm asking what number can I multiply by itself to get 4. Which as we saw is 2. What happens if we toss negative numbers into the mix? Well, a negative times a negative is a positive (for reasons not discussed here) so (-2)\\*(-2) is also 4. This means the square root of 4 has *two* answers, 2 or -2 (though usually we default to the positive answer). But what if I ask about the square root of a negative number? Like, the square root of -4? Well, we want a number, multiplied by itself equals -4. But it can't be any positive number, because a positive times a positive is a positive. It can't be any negative number, because a negative times a negative is also a positive. No number times itself can equal a negative! We might think this is the end of line, but it turns out the square roots of negative numbers exist and can be used! When we were looking for solutions to certain kinds of math problems, they involved using the square roots of negative numbers. These square roots eventually cancelled out in the end, but it was clear that getting from point A to point B required using them. Eventually, we codified them and labeled them. They were called \"imaginary\" in a derogatory sense and unfortunately that label stuck, because they are no more or less \"real\" than any other number. The most fundamental imaginary number is *i* which is defined as the square root of -1. All other imaginary numbers can be represented as some multiple of *i* such as 2*i* or -4.5*i.* Mathematically they are used any time you need the square root of a negative number. They can also be used in various types of engineering fields to represent electric currents and signals in convenient ways."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How does Helium escape from party balloons?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does Helium escape from party balloons?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Helium atoms are smaller than the molecular make-up of the ballons. They in essence slip between the cracks. Add to that that most traditional ballons are elastic and forced to expand under pressure meaning the helium is always trying to find a way to the lower pressure on the other side of the balloon wall. Mylar balloons on the other hand are made up of material more impervious to the leaking Helium. Add that they are mostly pre-inflated, so once enough helium leaks out they can hold the gas at a much lower pressure."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why is it not a good idea to pump gas while your vehicle is running?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it not a good idea to pump gas while your vehicle is running?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Mechanically speaking you can fill your tank whilst the car is running. However pumping gas introduces fuel vapour to the relative environment; and with a running car with hundreds of electrical and moving parts there is a risk of a spark! Plus you'll probably trip an engine fault code with the pressure change in the fuel tank\/subsequent change in fuel pump pressure!"} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why can we see shockwaves, and when we see them, what exactly are we really seeing?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why can we see shockwaves, and when we see them, what exactly are we really seeing?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A shockwave changes the density of the air, basically turning it into a sort of lens. Light changes direction whenever it passes through a different medium, which is why looking through a glass of water makes things behind it look weird. By compressing and then decompressing the air, the shockwave can bend the light passing through it, making it visible to us."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do some non-ginger guys have ginger beards?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do some non-ginger guys have ginger beards?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The genes that control head hair and facial hair and body hair are not all the same genes. There are multiple genes that impact our hair, determining its color, texture, wether it\u2019s thick or thin, all that stuff. So it\u2019s possibly to have some variations, though there are some combinations like black hair and a blond beard arent really possible, but red and brown are pretty close."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How is it possible for panic attacks to manifest similar symptoms to a heart attack if there aren't any other underlying health factors present?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How is it possible for panic attacks to manifest similar symptoms to a heart attack if there aren't any other underlying health factors present?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"That is essentially due to stress. When you are normally stressed, your body create stress hormones which make you more receptive to danger, more reactive, make you feel fear, and prepare your muscles to an intensr activity (if you need to run away). It's totally chemical. About panick attack: It happened to me after a long stress period (~1year) : your body accumulate stress hormones and is not able to eliminate them anymore so you are in \"constant stress\" even if nothing stressful happen, it's nearly impossible to control. Stress hormones make you tired, contract every muscles of your body even those near the heart and the stomach, which causes (real) pain that make you believe you have a heart problem. Plus, your brain reacts to the hormones and the pain with a sentiment of intense fear (a fear like : I need to go to the nearest hospital NOW). So you have a huge pain in the chest and an intense fear : that's very near to an heart attack symptoms."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do we still \"see\" light even if our eyes are closed?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do we still \"see\" light even if our eyes are closed?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because our eyelids are thin. Pull your t-shirt over your head and stare at a light bulb. Now drop a phone book on your face and look at the same light bulb. Phone book thicker than t-shirt, hand thicker than eyelid. If my 5 year old ever asks me this I'll send him back."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why do we rely on donations from the public for disaster relief? Isn't this the government's responsibility?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do we rely on donations from the public for disaster relief? Isn't this the government's responsibility?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"> Shouldn't the government be able to fully fund disaster relief without relying on contributions from the general public? If you want to fully fund disaster relief, that means convincing voters to raise taxes, or cut spending elsewhere. getting Disaster funding is notoriously tricky. No one wants to pay for it until it happens (especially if it happens to them), and no one wants to subsidize areas that are disaster prone. If federal funds are used, it means places that don't get hit (say, Wyoming) will pay for something only FL\/Texas would use. Voters in Wyoming might not be super keen on that. > I believe the federal government should pay for these resources - even if they just cut a private company a check to feed\/temporarily house\/etc. victims. Our tax dollars should cover this. If you think it should- great! convince other voters. Right now, you're in the minority. The government does do quite a bit for relief. It's just not fully funded. It's not a question of whether the government can or can't. It can, but people don't necessarily agree with you. > I'm focused more on why the public is being urged (and many corporate leaders have donated millions) to donate to disaster relief - which goes to companies like the Red Cross. The Red Cross in turn pays for food, water, etc. to help people during disaster time. The idea is that the federal government covers the bare minimum of what people want federally covered. However, private donations are encouraged for people who feel more should be done. This allows people who wish to help more, to do so. The people who don't, don't."} {"category":"Biology","question":"when muscles get stronger they grow. How do our lungs get stronger if you go for a long run?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n when muscles get stronger they grow. How do our lungs get stronger if you go for a long run?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Your lungs aren't actually a muscle. They themselves can't get stronger, because they're not the thing providing the power to breathe. You breathe with a muscle called your *diaphragm*. It's a sheet of muscle that separates your chest from your belly. When it contracts, it moves downwards. This increases the pressure in your belly and decreases the pressure in your chest. As the pressure in your chest decreases, air rushes in from your nose\/mouth and inflates your lungs, like two little balloons. To breathe out, the diaphragm relaxes, moving back upwards. This increases the pressure in your chest again, squeezing the air out of your lungs back up your windpipe and out your mouth\/nose. Your lungs never actually do any work; they only ever \"get inflated\" and \"get deflated\". When you go for a long run, you're strengthening your diaphragm."} {"category":"Physics","question":"What happens to time once it has passed?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What happens to time once it has passed?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Time isn't a \"thing\" or an object. It isn't represented by particles or waves etc. Time is how the universe keeps track of interaction. It distinguishes cause and effect, like an orchestra conductor coordinates of the actions of a symphony orchestra. Time has no meaning if there is no interaction. It cannot be stored or recycled."} {"category":"Other","question":"What do the rally drivers' partners say while they drive?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What do the rally drivers' partners say while they drive?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It *really* matters. A rally isn't like a circuit race where you cover the same lap of a track over and over, so you very quickly get to know the exact speeds you can go round each corner - in a rally, the chances are you will only be driving that particular stretch of road once or maybe twice (and often if you do it again, it's in the opposite direction). This means that in order to be fast, you need to know as much as possible about the road ahead of you. This is where pace notes come in - that's what the co-driver\/navigator is calling out. There's no fixed system but most teams tend to use fairly similar systems. The co-driver will call out something like: *\"sixty, four left into three right\"* That means, in sixty yards there is a left-hand bend that you need to be in fourth gear for, which goes immediately into a third-gear right-hander. As soon as they're into that sequence of bends, the co-driver will start calling out the next bit. Of course, what they end up calling out involves a whole lot more information than that - you'll hear things like: *\"Sixty, four right tightens over crest into jump maybe and square right don't cut over bridge into square right, fifty.\"* Which translates as \"in sixty yards, there is a fourth gear right-hander that tightens up, immediately after which is a bump or crest that might make the car leave the ground. Then there's a 90 degree right turn which has got something substantial on the inside of the corner (so don't hit it). This takes us over a bridge, then another 90 degree right turn, then it's fifty yards until whatever I start saying next happens\". One of the most important skills for a rally driver is to be able to process information like this on the fly while driving a car as fast as possible in usually less than ideal conditions (it's a similar skill requirement to modern fighter pilots) while knowing that driving too slowly will lose them huge amounts of time, but driving even a fraction too quickly will almost certainly end their race; there are no run-off areas on rally stages, usually just trees or cliffs..."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"why G\u00f6del\u2019s Incompleteness Theorems is very important in mathematics and philosophy? I\u2019ve been reading but I somehow can\u2019t absorb the technical stuff","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why G\u00f6del\u2019s Incompleteness Theorems is very important in mathematics and philosophy? I\u2019ve been reading but I somehow can\u2019t absorb the technical stuff","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Incompleteness shows that there will always be true, but unprovable statements for any axiomatic system you have. That's important because mathematics and philosophy are axiomatic systems. This gets rid of any hope of \"100%ing math\", and also introduces proof of unprovability. My favorite example is that if you can prove that the Rieman Hypothesis is unprovable, then it has to be true, because any counterexample has to be provable."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do our voices change as we get elderly? What causes the gravelyness in old people's voices? Is it inevitable?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do our voices change as we get elderly? What causes the gravelyness in old people's voices? Is it inevitable?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Vocal cords are basically folded-up bits of squishy mucous membrane that bang against each other. Air moves through these folds. When the folds move, that changes the way the air that flows through them moves, which causes vibrations, which causes sounds. What the vibrations sound like depends both on the movement of the folds and on the size and shape of the folds themselves (bigger folds tend to cause lower pitched sounds, which is why our voices deepen as we get older and why men tend to have deeper voices than women). Picture a drum. You bang on the head of the drum to produce sounds. A bigger drum sounds deeper (ex: a bass drum), while a smaller drum sounds higher (ex: a snare drum). You can also change how the drum sounds by tightening or loosening the head of the drum. When we get older, the composition of the tissues changes. Parts of it get thinner and more fragile, and parts of it become thicker, and the muscles controlling it atrophies and becomes weaker. This is not only true of the vocal folds: all our tissues undergo a similar change. Picture the same drum again, but now imagine it covered in a thick blanket, or loosening the head of the drum so much that it sags. Consider how that would change the sound the drum makes. It would probably sound duller or quieter. That's what happens when we age."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How do we know that irrational numbers are irrational?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do we know that irrational numbers are irrational?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"One very common method is to prove that it must be irrational by assuming the opposite. This is called a proof by contradiction. Say the goal is to prove that X is irrational. Start by ASSUMING that X is rational and therefore it can be expressed by a fraction of two integers say p\/q. From this point, show that p and q cannot be integers or something contradictory, for example p > q AND p < q at the same time. Since this cannot be true, as long as there were no other assumptions used, then the only assumption that must be incorrect is the original one, ie that X is rational. Therefore X must be irrational."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do we misspell words when we write\/type but not when we speak?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do we misspell words when we write\/type but not when we speak?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Well, the idea of misspelling words when you speak is kind of nonsensical on its face, isn't it. But that doesn't rule out other kinds of linguistic errors. > Or maybe it is happening when I speak and I've just never noticed before? Basically, I think you're misunderestimating the number of mistakes people make in their speech."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How does mold react when it comes into contact with bleach?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does mold react when it comes into contact with bleach?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It dies. Bleach is toxic to all life. Essentially what it does is cause the proteins (the small molecular machines that do all the work in your cells) to unfold, in a similar way to what heat does. This means that the cells stop functioning, break apart and die. Bleach would do the same to bacteria, plants, and animals and so is dangerous to all forms of life, the same way heat is."} {"category":"Physics","question":"why does music seem quieter when louder external noise is present?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why does music seem quieter when louder external noise is present?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The Tensor Tympani Your ear hole leads to the ear drum which then shakes the 3 little bones in your ear which amplify the vibration and feed it into the cochlea where little hairs detect sound. The Tensor Tympani connects to the little \"Hammer\" bone in your ear and when it tenses it damps out the motion meaning the vibrations which finally make it to your cochlea are much smaller and therefore quieter. When you encounter a noisy environment, this muscle will tense up to reduce the volume and hopefully protect your hearing but its is limited in how much it can damp the sound so you should still wear hearing protection when dealing with extremely loud or loud and sustained environments"} {"category":"Economics","question":"What is the difference between capital and money?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is the difference between capital and money?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Capital is the stuff that helps you make more money but would cost money. It's goods that you don't really want on their own, but have some kind of utility. Let's say you want to start up a delivery company, what you \\*want\\* to do is deliver stuff to people and get paid for that. So you need a car. That car is capital, because it helps you make money. Edit: I should point out that your personal car wouldn't be considered capital if you aren't using it to produce goods or services. Using something to make something else is what defines capital."} {"category":"Technology","question":"What would happen if you filled an HD or SSD to the last byte? Would it stop the pc from functioning?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What would happen if you filled an HD or SSD to the last byte? Would it stop the pc from functioning?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Yes. Modern operating systems like Windows use a portion of your hard drive to store some temporary files it needs to function. It may also use your disk as extra memory if your onboard memory gets over utilized. For this reason, there has to be some space available for these temporary files. Windows for sure (other OSs too, probably) has some alerting that is built in to start warning you when your space is getting low. You can change when this occurs in the performance\/alerts section, but I believe the default is 10% remaining. Continuing to fill up your disk space will result in gradual increases in performances issues until your computer is pretty much unusable and it becomes difficult to even delete files to free up space as even the act of deleting files takes up some temporary space."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why is leasing a vehicle considered such a \"no-brainer\" bad finincial move?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is leasing a vehicle considered such a \"no-brainer\" bad finincial move?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The question really depends on specifics to you. Pros with leasing, you get a new car every 3-5 years. Possibly able to write off the lease expense, if leasing as a business vehicle. Cons if you go over the alloted milage contract, the excess miles are expensive. What if you hit your milage limit at 28 months into a 36 month lease? Keep the car garaged for the rest of the time and still pay the monthly lease. Generally owning a car is cheaper over the long run. Certain specifics might change that for individuals."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How do baby animals like jaguar cubs and fox pups know to wait for their mom when she goes out hunting without wandering away from the den and getting lost?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do baby animals like jaguar cubs and fox pups know to wait for their mom when she goes out hunting without wandering away from the den and getting lost?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Baby animals operate with a lot of instinctive behaviors - things that are hard-coded into the structure of their brains from day one. They don\u2019t have to be taught to not wander far from mom, they always knew because it\u2019s in their genetics. Baby animals that didn\u2019t have this behavior baked in were less likely to survive, and over many generations it has been strongly reinforced."} {"category":"Other","question":"if things can be explained in more laymen terms, what is the benefit of explaining them in more complicated terms to begin with?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n if things can be explained in more laymen terms, what is the benefit of explaining them in more complicated terms to begin with?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I can explain how to bake a cake in laymen terms. You mix the dry and wet ingredients together, and put it in the oven until it is ready. But to actually get someone to bake a cake, I need to give them a recipe that has more information. I need to say things like \"Sift the flour\" and \"line the tin with parchment paper.\" It's much easier for me to give a recipe using baking terminology than to go \"Take out a special tool with lots of little holes in it in a half-dome shape, and then put flour in it and shake it a lot.\" Using complicated terms is necessary for fully explaining complicated ideas."} {"category":"Technology","question":"why does Google translate spit out completely crazy nonsensical things sometimes?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why does Google translate spit out completely crazy nonsensical things sometimes?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's still very much in development. It's all automated, so there's going to be some nuances that don't carry over. What you're seeing here is basically what the Google Search engine was like circa 1999. Google Translate uses algorithms that are based on UN Transcripts. Nearly every UN meeting is public record, and translated by competent humans into nearly every spoken language. That way no country is \"left out\" of the conversation. Do this for a couple of decades and you've got a really fucking boring but really long Rosetta Stone for the modern era. With that base, they can do a pretty OK job translating most formal writing that your grammar teacher would be proud of. When you start mixing in words that didn't make the UN minutes, it starts getting fucky. I wager extended debate on the \"tostostostostostostostostostostos\" issue didn't quite make the UN docket, so Google has to guess at what you're mashing into the algorithm. Given no other context, it's still giving you the best match for your translation, even if that high score is less than 1%. But, Google's Algorithm learns, as it did in 1999. It will recognize that \"tostostostos\" is a failure, but eventually many someones will want it legitimately translated, and give it some positive hits to learn from."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why can't we put an entire city under WiFi as opposed to providing coverage with cellular data?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why can't we put an entire city under WiFi as opposed to providing coverage with cellular data?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Frequencies.... wifi is designed to operate in a set of frequencies that makes them ideal for medium-range distances only, we are talking about something in the range of an small house. Wifi radio waves are easily blocked by objects like walls, doors, trees, etc. So in order to make it available in a large area, you need to place a lot of repeaters around it. To properly cover an small city basically you will need to place a repeater on every crossroads and in the center of every block. And thats without taking into consideration large buildings. Cellular radios on the other hand works on a very different set of frequencies that allows them to bounce and go trough walls and any objects more easily, so with a single high power antenna (tower) you can cover an area the size of an small-to-medium city with good reception quality. Effectively lowering the costs, and the amount of work required to setup a network (and its maintenance), at the expense of losing a little amount of bandwidth per user. Also remember that cellular towers provides a lot of services to their users, not just internet. Providing the same amount of services on wifi would require a whole lot of infrastructure changes, and a lot of very expensive devices to support it. They are just different things designed to solve different problems."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why single Oxygen is not found in environment, but it appears as O2 only?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why single Oxygen is not found in environment, but it appears as O2 only?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's just very stable. An analogy for a 5 yo might be like if millions of little magnets were flying around in the air. They'll inevitably run into each other, and the ones that match up north to south will click together, and really dont have a good reason to separate."} {"category":"Technology","question":"If almost all camera lenses are circular, then why are almost all pictures rectangular?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If almost all camera lenses are circular, then why are almost all pictures rectangular?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Cameras work by shining light on something that changes color forever when the light hits it. While the lens may be a circle, the thing the light hits is a rectangle. When cameras first became popular, the thing the light hit was a roll of film. It was essentially one long, thin sheet, rolled up onto a spool. The camera would cover all but a small section of the roll of film, and allow the light to hit that. Because of the way it was shaped, the piece left uncovered was a rectangle, because you could fit more rectangles on a roll of film, which fit more pictures, so it cost less per roll of film."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Are there any elements besides Uranium and Plutonium capable of creating a thermonuclear explosion?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Are there any elements besides Uranium and Plutonium capable of creating a thermonuclear explosion?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Uranium and plutonium are not able to create thermonuclear explosion, they are only able to create nuclear explosion. Nuclear explosion mean fission energy, while thermonuclear mean fusion energy. Uranium and plutonium are used as a source of fission energy to force the fusion of hydrogen and that's this fusion of hydrogen that create thermonuclear explosion. In the Sun there is enough pressure to create thermonuclear explosion without any uranium or plutionium. Hydrogen alone is needed if you have enough mass. & #x200B; But you probably mean nuclear explosion and in that case you have two type of material that can do that. Fissile material can create nuclear explosion directly by absorbing a neutron, while fertible material can only create nuclear explosion indirectly. By that I mean that absorbing a neutron will transform them into fissile material and if they absorb a neutron again, they will create a nuclear reaction. Fissile material include : Uranium, Plutonium, Radium, Curium, Californium, Actinium, Berkelium, Thorium, Neptunium and Protactinium. Important to know, only specific isotope of those element are fissile. So for them exmple Thorium239 is fissile, but Thorium232 (which is the Thorium we most often hear about) is not fissile, but is fertile. & #x200B; Fertile material include : Thorium, Uranium, Plutonium and Americanium. & #x200B; Keep in mind that even if there is 10 fissile elements, most of them can only be artificially created, which is super costly or they are highly radiactive, meaning they decay too fast to be of any use. The reason why Uranium and Plutonium are the only one you heard of is because Uranium235 if fissible and Uranium238 is fertile and will transform into Plutonium 239 which is fissile and both U235 and U238 are found in nature, so they are by far the easiest material to use. Anything else would be vastly more costly and harder to get."} {"category":"Technology","question":"While programming a game, how do image textures like this work to make an actual game?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n While programming a game, how do image textures like this work to make an actual game?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When mapping textures to the 3D model you can specify which parts of the texture go on what part of the model. You are basically telling the game engine to only use a small portion of the image for the legs, this portion for the arms, this one for the face, etc. This is more efficient than splitting it up into multiple files. You can also reuse the same texture for multiple different objects like in your chess example. This way only one image is loaded into memory and each game piece is told to use different specific parts of that one texture."} {"category":"Physics","question":"If delta wings are only good for speeds above Mach 1, how come they are the standard design for paper planes?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If delta wings are only good for speeds above Mach 1, how come they are the standard design for paper planes?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Its more about the rigidity of the material When you make delta wings on your paper airplane you end up with wings that have been folded a couple of times and are no longer floppy paper. They're strong enough to support the plane as it glides, and even have a bit of an airfoil shape to help with lift. If you try to make a glider style with longggg narrow wings out of paper you'll just have this big floppy wing that will collapse rather than holding the plane aloft. It also won't have the optimized airfoil which gives the good lift:drag ratio required of a glider. Also, delta wings aren't *only* good at supersonic speeds, they're just not the optimal design for low speeds as they have higher drag making them less fuel efficient for long hauls"} {"category":"Physics","question":"How come the same prescription for eyeglasses produces thick \"coke bottle\" lenses can be used for paper thin contacts?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How come the same prescription for eyeglasses produces thick \"coke bottle\" lenses can be used for paper thin contacts?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The glasses are pretty far from your cornea (the lens on the front of the eye. Contact lenses are, or course, in contact with the cornea. A much thinner lens can bend the light the required number of degrees because the light hasn't spread out to an aviator's eyeglasses sized area before the lens has to capture it."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How do instant money transfer services like Venmo & Paypal work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do instant money transfer services like Venmo & Paypal work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Venmo and Paypal are the intermediaries. You Venmo your friend $50 and they instantly withdraw the cash from their Venmo account before it even hits your credit card (or whatever funds your Venmo). What really happened is that you promised to give Venmo $50, and Venmo has decided that you're good for it so they gave your friend $50. Since they're acting as a pseudo-bank, they don't mind waiting for the check from your Credit Card. If you backcharge the account, they're likely out the $50, but that's a cost of doing business. That's also why they usually charge an \"Instant Withdrawal\" fee to cover the risk they're assuming. If your friend left the $50 in his venmo account they'd have a right to pull it back out when you reverse the transfer or backcharge. They're not unfamiliar to folks pulling a low-key scam using Backcharge and Instant Withdrawals. First offense it usually means they eat the $50, and ban everything about you (email, billing address, SSN, CC#, etc). For sums less than $1k they're not worth the legal expense to sue you. Do it regularly and they're compliance\/security team will be after you. Every transaction is geotagged, so they're going to start putting together a profile of people doing more than a polite amount of scamming or running illegal businesses via their app. That gets tied up into a nice bow and dropped off at the relevant DOJ\/Prosecutor for a fraud case."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What muscles are the least used and why do humans still have them?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What muscles are the least used and why do humans still have them?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The palmaris longus. It is a muscle in our forearm. It doesn't do anything. 14 percent of people don't even have it. Those that do have one have it because it is a vestige of days when claws and climbing were important for survival (and not a hindrance to handling tools). It is still there in most people because having the muscle doesn't hurt anything in terms of survival, so there is not pressure on the trait. In other mammals, it serves to retract skin to expose the claws."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"Can soil erosion one day completely finish the fertile soil available on our planet?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Can soil erosion one day completely finish the fertile soil available on our planet?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"If the farmer does nothing to rejuvenate the nutrients in the soil, often done via crop rotation, which is planting crops that add necessary nutrients to the soil as they grow and when they are tilled in, rather than planting a crop for harvest. Or even leaving the fields fallow (letting whatever native species grow, rather than planting a crop) for a few seasons can help rejuvenate the soil. But if industrial monocrop farming carries on unabated without using these techniques (and others) then yes, the soil will eventually be drained of nutrients and unable to bear harvestable crops."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How do fitness instructors keep up with their classes when working out 6-8 hours a day?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do fitness instructors keep up with their classes when working out 6-8 hours a day?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Depends on the class of course but many of them are not targeted at people that are already in great shape. The instructor is probably really fit and the work that's being done isn't too strenuous for them or they just have vastly superior cardio. Like if you're a beginner runner running for 15 minutes straight or 2 miles like that is pretty challenging. If you've been running 5 days a week for a year going for a 15 mile run isn't that big of a deal. Most people don't do treadmill classes but convert this scenario into biking A really fit cyclist could teach a spin class 6 times a day at an intensity that is difficult for the students but if you take all 6 of those classes and combine them together the intensity\/distance traveled still isn't even more than a normal workout for the instructor if they were going for a ride by themself"} {"category":"Other","question":"how are pilots able to remain on track of a flight's path when flying through thick fog?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how are pilots able to remain on track of a flight's path when flying through thick fog?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are a variety of choices for maintaining course with no visibility. Most of them deflect a needle on a gauge in the cockpit to show you if you are left or right of the course. If you want to learn more, look up ADF, VOR, and for older tech, LORAN."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why is the download of a software update 100 MB, but does it need 1 GB of free space to complete the installation?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is the download of a software update 100 MB, but does it need 1 GB of free space to complete the installation?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Imagine you buy a new TV. You bring it home, you're gonna replace your old TV. Maybe the new TV is the exact same size as the old TV, so it doesn't take up any more space. But obviously it takes space just to switch them out. You're gonna make a mess, there's gonna be boxes, you have to move the old TV out of the way, etc. So after you're done and you clean up, it doesn't take a lot of space. But you need a certain amount of space just to move stuff around, and your computer is asking for the same thing."} {"category":"Technology","question":"When you increase the volume in a tv, what actually causes the sound to become louder?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When you increase the volume in a tv, what actually causes the sound to become louder?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Electronic loudspeakers generate sound by vibrating a *diaphragm* (a thin, semi-rigid membrane made from various materials) against the air. The diaphragm is made to move because it is attached to a magnet, which sits inside a coil of (e.g. copper) wire. When an electric current is passed through the coil, this creates a magnetic force that pushes or pulls the magnet. By reversing the direction of the current at the right rate, the diaphragm can be made to vibrate (move to and fro) at any desired frequency, which causes the air around it to vibrate at the same frequency. These air vibrations are what we perceive as sound, and the pitch of the sound is determined by the frequency of the vibrations, with fast vibrations perceived as having higher pitch. The loudness of a sound has to do with the strength of the vibrations: not how quickly the air molecules are moving to and fro, but how far they move in each direction while doing this. A loudspeaker can control this by moving the diaphragm back and forth a little (say 1 mm) or a lot (say 5 mm) in each cycle. That is, by passing a stronger current through the electromagnetic coil, it can push and pull the diaphragm in and out further, thereby pushing against the air more strongly and causing stronger vibrations. So to summarize: when you increase the volume on your TV, the current it sends to its loudspeaker(s) is increased, causing the diaphragm(s) in the loudspeaker(s) to vibrate more strongly, which creates stronger vibrations in the air, which you perceive as a louder sound."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why do dried mushrooms that are re-hydrated have greater umami than the original mushroom?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do dried mushrooms that are re-hydrated have greater umami than the original mushroom?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I feel like when you rehydrate dried mushrooms, the flavor just comes back tenfold. Take shiitake for example, it's very common to find them dried in most stores. I use dehydrated ones for tonkotsu ramen broth, not only does the flavor come out in the broth, but when I ribbon them, and try a bite, their flavor is just so much more concentrated than plain old sauteed shiitake mushrooms. I dont know exactly why, but think of it like beef jerky, jerky can have much more flavor than just regular beef a lot of the time."} {"category":"Other","question":"How do campaign rallys work if people attending them are probably already voting for the person holding it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do campaign rallys work if people attending them are probably already voting for the person holding it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The idea is that it builds excitement and momentum for a campaign. Most elections aren't actually decided by swaying people to your side from the middle or from the other side; they are decided by who bothers to actually get out and vote. Case in point, in 2016 only about 50% of the voting-eligible population actually bothered to cast a ballot - that is a lot of voices unheard that could easily have changed the outcome. Rallies get people excited about a candidate. Maybe you support Candidate Smith, but you are a lazy voter who may not bother to cast a ballot. If Smith comes to your town and holds a rally, you might attend and that builds your excitement in Smith's platform. When election day rolls around, you actually get to the polls and vote for him."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How Is Jeff Bezos so rich if Amazon wasn't profitable until recently?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How Is Jeff Bezos so rich if Amazon wasn't profitable until recently?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They were only considered not profitable because the company kept reinvesting in construction and expansion. The company has been constantly growing since it began. Since he has owned his stock from it's inception, his wealth has increased every time the company grew. His net worth is an estimate because it is dependent on selling all of his stocks at the current market value. As long as the kept building at a pace equal to their profits, they could claim not to have a profit during that period."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How do scientists calculate half lives for the elements that have super long ones that we can\u2019t observe?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do scientists calculate half lives for the elements that have super long ones that we can\u2019t observe?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"We can't observe it decay by half but we can observe it decay a little bit and with some math we can then figure out what the half life must have been to go from Quantity A to Quantity B over X days If you start with a hunk of a material and measure how many particles per second are coming off of it, then wait a week and measure it again. You can rearrange the standard half life equation (Amount at time t = Initial Amount * (1\/2) ^( t\/half life) ) to get HalfLife = 1 week * ln(2)\/ln(First Amount\/Amount at 1 week) For things with really longggg half lives you might need to measure over a couple months to get a big enough difference between the two amounts to get a reliable answer, but the point of modeling things with math in science is so you don't need to observe a complete event to know how it will turn out"} {"category":"Biology","question":"How does extended release Ritalin work in respect to timing?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does extended release Ritalin work in respect to timing?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It depends a lot on the specfic medication, pill, and manufacturer. Some ER formulations have a quick-release dose and a dose that releases after 4 hours, then another dose that releases about 8 hours. Some XR formulations have 4 doses. Other formulations have a lot of granules with varying strengths of coating - so they'll release steadily all day long, then take about 4 hours for the body to process. Some are 'ion capsules' that have a little of the drug in a capsule and a very small opening that is sensitive to digestive fluids - it will release a VERY steady stream until it's gone then shut off all at once. It's unfortunate, but you probably aren't going to be able to choose which one you get, unless you get brand-name, which of course costs way too much because your insurance company doesn't want to pay for it. So one month the pharmacy might have ion-release knockoff generics and the next they'll have the multiple dose pills."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How will automation not create another Great Depression?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How will automation not create another Great Depression?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"To understand this it's important to understand some fundamental truths: - Ownership, the idea that a person can legally own assets, money, etc., will likely always exist in our society - It's unlikely that artificial intelligence will ever be given the right to ownership - People who have capital will almost always be at an advantage to those who don't. In that they will be able to invest in ways to make their wealth grow - While democracy gives the concept of 1 vote per person, no matter their wealth, in reality, those above a certain wealth level will always have more influence in government What I'm saying is, the rich will get richer and will make money off the slightly less rich. The poor will be mostly screwed and will only live at the whim of the rich to keep the peace. Living standards will improve for everyone, to the point that basic food, accommodation, transport and entertainment will be available to all. Living standards for the rich will improve astronomically in comparison to the poor - this will lead to resentment and tensions which will ultimately balance society. TL;DR: it will work the same as it does now, just more extreme"} {"category":"Biology","question":"If the DNA of an organism contains all the building plans for the body, how does a single cell know its location and needed function if all the first cells start the same?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If the DNA of an organism contains all the building plans for the body, how does a single cell know its location and needed function if all the first cells start the same?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The key here is to recognize that while almost all cells in the body contain the same set of genetic information, not all genes (the segments of DNA that codes for a specific protein) are expressed in all cells. **Regulation of gene expression** is at play here. Cells can (and regularly do) receive signals that tell it which genes to express. Different cells receive different signals - > different cells express different genes - > different cells make different proteins. Having different sets of proteins allows one cell to function, look, behave, etc. differently from another. A cool example that I was taught was how our fingers develop. Early in a developing fetus, the limbs don't have fingers\/toes (think stumps). At a certain point though, cells at the extremities get the signal to basically commit cell-suicide. The death of these cells leads to the space between our fingers and toes. A failure in this process is how some people have webbed fingers!"} {"category":"Biology","question":"How does being used to spicy foods work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does being used to spicy foods work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"after repeated exposure to capsaicin (the spicy) the receptors in your mouth begin to stop responding as much to it, as nerves tend to do when constantly stimulated (downregulation). Basically the nerve is sort of saying \"ok ok we get it turn it off\" and adds a phosphate group to one part of the receptor and the end result is you've (temporarily) become less able to sense the spiciness. This process is reversible, and you will eventually return to the same spicy food tolerance as you started with if you quit eating spicy food for a while. So no, below a certain threshold the person actually cannot feel the heat as much. But the person will still seek spicy food if they begin to enjoy the hot sensation, and will need spicier food for the same effect now that they have a higher tolerance. Anecdotally, I am caucasian and enjoy spicy food. It doesn't really matter what area of the world you are from, you can get used to it. It's just that you probably didn't start getting used to it when you were five like people from some areas often would. The whole white people can't handle spice thing is just one of those white people stereotypes we all kind of laugh off even though they're kinda ignorant."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why is the corn that grows in the corners of corn fields always shorter and shittier than the rest?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is the corn that grows in the corners of corn fields always shorter and shittier than the rest?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It could be as simple as the tillers and irrigation systems not reaching the corners, leaving them to be treated poorer than the rest of the field. In such a case, the fertilizer doesn't reach all the way to the corners and is instead concentrated at the middle of the field, leading to poor nitrogen availability. You can visualize this by thinking of a vehicle turning; it will turn on a curve, and so the corners will be left out from any field-work, unless the farmer pays special attention to the corners."} {"category":"Biology","question":"The saying \"feed a cold, starve a fever\". Just an old wise tale or is it accurate? If so what is happening physically?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n The saying \"feed a cold, starve a fever\". Just an old wise tale or is it accurate? If so what is happening physically?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Its an old wife's tale. A fever is a natural response from your immune system. If you starve yourself during that you also starve your immune system. It just people have a tenancy to throw up and keep nothing down during a fever so they tend to feed them less\/they eat less. Not throwing up is important because it dehydrates you."} {"category":"Psychology","question":"Why are children who experience abuse more likely to engage in riskier sexual behaviour as teens?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are children who experience abuse more likely to engage in riskier sexual behaviour as teens?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Hypersexuality is the most common response to childhood sexual abuse. There are a lot of reasons for this. I've listed a few of the basic ones below. (a) Survivors of CSA are often conditioned to view sex as a form of validation. They turn to sex for attention and love after the abuse because they know no other way to get these things. (b) It can be a matter of dependency on the chemicals. Sex releases hormones which make us feel good. Someone who has suffered frequent abuse might seek out the release. (c) It's a way for survivors to gain control of a situation. It's a choice now rather than something forced upon them. This can feel freeing. They have the say over their bodies and what happens to them in these situations."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why do aerosol cans ask you to \"shake well\"?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do aerosol cans ask you to \"shake well\"?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"You are mixing up the ingredients within the product so they are in the proper amounts when expelled, as opposed to separating in the can and you getting a lot more of one thing than the other. That the propellant is mixed in is fine, it is calculated into the normal usage of the product."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How do we know when we\u2019ve chewed something long enough?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do we know when we\u2019ve chewed something long enough?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When it's time to swallow, you have a thing at the back of your throat called the pharynx. Usually, air passes through it when breathing through either you nose or mouth. But when you're chewing, food starts you gather in it. Once it's reached a certain amount food, it triggers you to swallow, which is also why you might have to take multiple swallows per bite. (I just looked this all up on the internet, so if anyone knows any of this is wrong, feel free to correct me)"} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How does gambling work and how do \u201codds\u201d work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does gambling work and how do \u201codds\u201d work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The odds depend on the game being played, and the rules for those are usually the same wherever you are (barring any odd house rules that the casino may have). Basically, what the casino will be trying to ensure is that the odds of the punter winning mean, on average, they'll receive less money in winnings than they paid in the first place, because that's how they make their money. To reduce it to its simplest, if they had a game where you pay $1 to flip a coin and you win $1.50 cents if it comes up heads, the win on average will come out to $0.75 (because heads occur half the time) so the casino is ahead. The odds of winning in that case would be 2 to 1."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How do we measure how many calories are in food and drinks?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do we measure how many calories are in food and drinks?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Using a device called 'calorimeter'. A calorie is equal to the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1\u00b0C. You use the calorimeter to burn a piece of food and the released energy is used to heat a known quantity of water. From this information, you calculate the number of calories."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How do colour changing cups\/shirts work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do colour changing cups\/shirts work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I'm not sure about the specific compounds used or reactions that occur in this. But thank goodness this is ELI5 so I don't need to. Basically we take an item and cover it with one color. Then you coat it with another layer of thermo-reactive paint (paint that reacts to heat). This special paint becomes transparent when heat is applied on it. (I'm not sure but I think you can choose the color of the thermo-reactive paint as well. Generally black tho) So basically what happens is that. When the article is cold, the outer layer of paint, the thermo paint, is opaque. When it is heated up, this layer becomes transparent and then you can see the layer beneath it. Since the transparency is dependant on the heat level, it is possible to get gradients. For example, phone covers which show palm prints. The inner layer is red. And the thermo paint is blue. So if it is slightly\/moderately warmed up, the blue becomes translucent(instead of transparent) and red and blue mix to show purple. This process can also be used it reverse using a different thermo paint which react to coldness instead of heat. In this case the outer layer will be transparent in normal temperature and application of coldness will cause the outer layer to become opaque. There are also other techniques for color changing such as using UV light as a trigger instead of heat. This is used in some shoes and shirts. I don't have much knowledge about these but I speculate that they may have similar working principles."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why\/How does putting bread in a container with brown sugar make the sugar soft and the bread hard?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why\/How does putting bread in a container with brown sugar make the sugar soft and the bread hard?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The other comment was a little confused so I'm gonna post the fix, any food product given enough time will start to dry out due to the high moisture content of the food compared to the low moisture of the air around it. Due to liquids having an inherent vapor pressure (basically their desire to evaporate into air) over time the sugars will dry out and stick together. But since sugar is hydrophilic given enough water in the air of an enclosed space it'll pull that water out and into itself rehydrating the sugar and loosening it up. It just so happens that bread has a good quantity of water in it and that due to the very high surface area of bread it evaporates out pretty fast. So just like the sugar it to has its water evaporate out drying the bread and then the sugar happily sucks it up rehydrating back to normal. Then the process starts all over again of it slowly evaporating out of the sugar again starting the cycle over."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why do popular shows like Attack on Titan get low budget?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do popular shows like Attack on Titan get low budget?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"> most popular anime at the moment The amount of money to be made (in the west) on anime TV is close to zip, and cartoons, especially high quality cartoons, are grossly expensive to make (this gets lost a bit, but yes, cartoons are often very expensive and time consuming to make compared to live action). Its no wonder it has a 'small' budget, if the budget was higher, it wouldn't be making any more for the company making it. Also a \"popular\" anime, is pulling in joke numbers of viewers and money compared to a more traditional TV show... the audience just isn't there. Just business. You can't spend more on making a product than you can sell it for."} {"category":"Biology","question":"When searching for signs of extraterrestial life, exactly what are looking for?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When searching for signs of extraterrestial life, exactly what are looking for?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Anything that's not natural, or what we consider to be natural. On earth for example, an alien might see straight line structures and conclude they're a sign of intelligent life (straight, symmetrical structures are very rare in nature). In space we're focusing on energy emissions, especially radio waves, and their patterns. A burst of radiation that occurs once or twice every few years? Probably natural. One that appears precisely every two hours, follows a pattern, and originates from the same place? Might be worth investigating. Our theory is that a space-faring species will have developed technology to either broadcast their presence through the galaxy, or significantly alter their environment at a planetary scale in a way that we could observe, whether directly or indirectly."} {"category":"Physics","question":"why does watching welding in person damage your eye, while watching a video of the same weld is completely safe?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why does watching welding in person damage your eye, while watching a video of the same weld is completely safe?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The danger from watching welding in person is from the overwhelming amount of photons that enter your eyes. When a video camera captures a scene, the photons hit a sensor that registers a digital value for the color and the intensity of the light. There is an upper limit on how high the number the represents the intensity of the light is. So once the light hits or exceeds that upper limit, the camera just records its max number. For that reason the camera will never record a number that represents a level of light so intense it could hurt your eyes. For example lets say the highest level the camera can record is 1000. A normal sunny day might be in the 800-900 range. Welding would be in the 10,000 range. So even if the camera was pointed right at the welding arc, the max number it would record for brightness would be 1000. When you go to watch that as a video it's not bright enough to hurt you. Also no TV or computer monitor could even produce enough light to hurt you the way welding does."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why does the moon exist, would life on earth be the same without it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does the moon exist, would life on earth be the same without it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The current theory is that a smallish proto-planet named Theia collided with the early Earth. The collision produced lots of debris, which eventually glommed together to form the moon. [It looked like this]( URL_0 ). While it is really impossible to know for sure if life would be different without a moon, it is *extremely* likely that life would be radically different or simply not exist without the moon. The moon governs tides, which have a major effect on life near the shorelines. The moon also acts as a gravitational \"shield\" for incoming meteors so that the Earth doesn't get impacted nearly as often. So it has almost certainly influenced life on Earth in a number of ways."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"if the perimeter of a circle and a square are the same why is the area of the circle greater?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n if the perimeter of a circle and a square are the same why is the area of the circle greater?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Take a loop of string. Make a square out of it. The square has some area. Now pull two opposite corners of the square as far apart as you can. The new shape has the same perimeter as the square did, but almost no area at all. So we can use the same perimeter to make shapes with different area. If you take your square and reshape it into a circle, you\u2019ll lose some area around the corners, but the amount you gain outside of the edges is more than what you lost."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why is the economic middle class shrinking?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is the economic middle class shrinking?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because the rich and ultra rich are getting richer. That money has to come from somewhere. For every million whatevers more your rich CEO is earning, that could have paid 10 people 100k, or 100 people 10k more. Its compounded by taxes-taxes over the past thirty\/forty years have plummeted for the rich. So governments either have to raise taxes for the middle class or the poor, cut services, or both. Then you also have to factor in the circular economy. If you give a poor person 10 whatevers, they're more likely to spend it in the local community because they need to buy food. Which helps pay the shopkeeper, the accountant, the taxes for the schoolteacher, etc. A rich person would hoarde most of their money because that's a wiser investment for them. But that doesn't help the local economy."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How to barcode scanners instantly detect what an item is, despite the barcode being at any angle and often on a crinkled surface, completeley changing the look of the code from the scanner's perspective?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How to barcode scanners instantly detect what an item is, despite the barcode being at any angle and often on a crinkled surface, completeley changing the look of the code from the scanner's perspective?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The lasers that read the barcode hit it from many angles and scan it very quickly. Also barcodes have something like a checksum, where it's easy to recognize if the data that was read is garbage and needs to be read again. That's why when using hand scanners, like at the grocery store, sometimes it scans a valid item very quickly, and somtimes it takes a while. The built-in scanners in the checkout lanes have lasers that shot from the sides and from the bottom."} {"category":"Other","question":"If the interstellar medium (ISM) is defined as regions of Space beyond a Star\u2019s influence, why is there an ISM between the heliopause and the Oort Cloud?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If the interstellar medium (ISM) is defined as regions of Space beyond a Star\u2019s influence, why is there an ISM between the heliopause and the Oort Cloud?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The heliopause is basically the limit of the Sun's physical influence...it's the outer edge of the Sun's particle bubble. Since what's beyond that, by definition, can't be from the sun then the contents must be interstellar medium. The Oort cloud goes \\*way\\* farther out than the heliopause. You might be thinking of the sun's gravity...that doesn't have a limit to it's influence, it just gets so weak that nobody cares if you go far away...but that's much much farther than either the heliopause or the Oort cloud. And the gravity well doesn't have anything to do with the heliopause."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How does an eSport organization make money beside of the sponsoring and prize money of tournaments? How can it be a sustainable business?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does an eSport organization make money beside of the sponsoring and prize money of tournaments? How can it be a sustainable business?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Same way any sports team will be profitable. Sponsorship, advertising, donations, merchandise selling, and tournament winnings. eSports is a very popular audience passtime, and good teams have a lot of fans that are willing to watch their matches. Sponsors are willing to pay a lot of money to get to advertise to such a very targeted audience of this size. The teams also sells merch, t-shirts, mugs, posters, whatever that are very popular with their fans and can make a fairly good supplemental income."} {"category":"Other","question":"How do pharma companies come up with the names of new drugs?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do pharma companies come up with the names of new drugs?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"IUPAC has standards for naming compounds so someone versed in the field can determine the structure of the compound even if they didn't have a model of it on hand. These are often extremely long, and are rarely used over common names. Common name is given by whoever discovers the drug, and they can name it whatever they want. Brand name is just whatever the company thinks will be catchy and stick with consumers. A company I interned at held a contest at our facility to come up with the brand name for a drug we were working on. For an example: Lipitor. The name Lipitor is the brand name from Pfizer. The drug's common name Atorvastatin, named by the creators. It's name using the IUPAC convention is (3R,5R)-7-[2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3-phenyl-4-(phenylcarbamoyl)-5-propan-2-ylpyrrol-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid, which gives the drug's full chemical structure."} {"category":"Other","question":"How can I think that two people look very much alike but someone else thinks that the same two people don't look alike at all?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can I think that two people look very much alike but someone else thinks that the same two people don't look alike at all?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"On first introduction, our brain naturally searches to get a handle on things--do I know this individual? What can I induce about him\/her from appearance? It's all about us assessing the threat\/benefit level of a new situation. Your brain assesses that he\/she shares traits with someone you are familiar with, acquaintance or celebrity. Then it determines if it is in fact the same person. Some people's brains are sharper at this than others'. (Personally I don't recognize most of my neighbors if they aren't in their yards\/cars or with their kids\/dog.) But once you get to know the individual, you tend to forget the initial similarity because by then you know so many things about him\/her that are distinct. So if you are meeting the person for the first time, but your friends already know them, they will see more differences than similarities"} {"category":"Technology","question":"How did people in the middle ages keep their swords from rusting in the rain? Did people just not fight if it was wet out?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How did people in the middle ages keep their swords from rusting in the rain? Did people just not fight if it was wet out?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Simple, regular maintenance, after using the sword they didn't just throw it back in the scabbard and hang on the wall at home until the next time. It would be wiped dry, re-sharpened and oiled before storing it. A sword is not going to fall apart immediately after getting wet, seriously rusting would take weeks of neglect."} {"category":"Technology","question":"what is dirty_bytes and dirty_background bytes in linux system?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what is dirty_bytes and dirty_background bytes in linux system?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"URL_0 Dirty memory is related to how Linux caches writes to nonvolatile storage (hard drives, USB sticks, etc.). Basically the actual writing operation only begins when a given amount to be written is accumulated to prevent the system from having to babysit a huge amount of small and slow I\/O operations. *Dirty pages* are memory pages allocated to this cache feature that have data written on them that is yet to be transfered to the nonvolatile storage."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How do antidepressants (specifically bupropion\/Wellbutrin) work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do antidepressants (specifically bupropion\/Wellbutrin) work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Wellbutrin is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Norepinephrine and Dopamine are both neurotransmitters that excite specific neurons in the brain to trigger specific pathways. The more neurotransmitter circulating, the more excited these pathways become. Your body has a natural way of recycling these neurotransmitters by using them or storing them in neighboring support cells (glial cells). A \u201creuptake inhibitor\u201d functions to prevent these cells from removing the neurotransmitters in circulation. This way, they are present in higher concentration and longer duration. Dopamine plays a major role in reward-motivated behavior. The reward system is responsible for motivation, desire, pleasure, and much more. By maintaining circulating dopamine levels, the drug helps improve mood and provide a sense of motivation that counteracts depression."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How are we able to experience a new thought that is a complete revelation to us if the thoughts are coming from us?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How are we able to experience a new thought that is a complete revelation to us if the thoughts are coming from us?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Like \/u\/jimbob994, I think of this as a philosophical question. Though, my mind swings towards Hume. You may have completed a puzzle, but others have given you all the pieces. [Hume argued first that every simple idea was derived from some simple impression and that every complex idea was made up of simple ideas; innate ideas, supposed to be native to the mind, were nonexistent.]( URL_0 )"} {"category":"Physics","question":"How come constellations are the same no matter where you are on the planet?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How come constellations are the same no matter where you are on the planet?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The earth is spinning around its north-south axis once every 24 hours. From the equator, Japan and the USA are about the same distance to the north pole. From the perspective of the sun, the place where the USA is now will be the same where Japan will be in about eight hours (give or take, I'm not sure what the distance is nor is it relevant). As such the star constellations you see in Japan are the same as the ones you will see in the USA. If Japan and the USA would have been at the opposite site of the equator, like Japan and Australia are, then you would see different constellations."} {"category":"Technology","question":"What is end to end encryption and why is the government trying to ban it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is end to end encryption and why is the government trying to ban it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"you and your friend have a safe with a lock and only you and him know the code. You put a message in that safe and mail the safe to your friend. That message is protected and cannot be seen by anyone handling the safe except your friend when it arrives to him. So the message is encrypted on your end, or put in the safe box and then sent to the other end where your friend is, and also where it is encrypted or locked in the safe until your friend opens the safe. But you can just break the safe right? So you encrypt the message further, you tear it up into a hundred pieces and send it to your friend. But before this, you gave him a blueprint of how to put the message back together. This is end to end encryption. Only either end can decrypt the message to see it. I don't know about the government part. But I might have a few guesses."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do storage devices not have the full amount of space on them? What is taking up that space or where is the missing amount?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do storage devices not have the full amount of space on them? What is taking up that space or where is the missing amount?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The device puts aside a bit of space for itself where it puts files and things to keep track of whats stored. Kind of like how a libary has a small office for the libririan to work out and track where all the books and things the libary stores actually are"} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"Where does all the dust go and finally end up?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Where does all the dust go and finally end up?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Heavily depends on what is meant by dust! If by dust you mean the stuff that accumulates on books and the table in your house, then the answer is probably: you suck it up with a vacuum or wipe it away with something else, and the deposit the collected dust outside, in the sink or elsewhere. If you mean dust more generally (including, say, the dust that can hang in the air on hot days) then the answer is: it falls on the ground and mixes with it, is carried away by wind to settle somewhere else or gets blown into the ocean. In the end, all dust gets recycled by nature, one way or another."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"why can't doctors just prescribe dopamine and serotonin for mental health issues like major depressive disorders?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why can't doctors just prescribe dopamine and serotonin for mental health issues like major depressive disorders?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because it's more complicated than just a dopamine or serotonin deficiency. Maybe the receptors aren't working properly, so they can't use the brain juice correctly. Maybe things like therapy are more effective. You also don't necessarily want to add MORE of those brain juices, because they affect things other than your brain. Dopamine, for example, is used for cardiac support. If there's nothing wrong with your heart, you don't want to add that to the mix."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How is thirst quenched so quickly?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How is thirst quenched so quickly?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Food is far more complex and must be broken down in various stages. This includes acidic breakdown in the stomach, pancreatic enzymatic breakdown and further breakdown and absorption in the small and large intestines. Water isn't really subject to all these rules - its water at the end of the day. Most of the water is absorbed in the Colon and it can certainly bypass food and faeces. Once water is absorbed into the bloodstream, kidney blood vessels get stretched. A signal is sent which relaxes thirst receptors in the brain. More info: Thirst and hunger act very differently in the brain. Hunger signals are complex and are related to the different nutrients in the food you eat. They also tend to take longer to take effect with some taking up to 20-30 minutes."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Why is there an easy method to test if a number is divisible by any number 1-10 except 7 and 8?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is there an easy method to test if a number is divisible by any number 1-10 except 7 and 8?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's to do with which numbers are factors of each other. The tests looking at the last digits happen when dividing by a factor of 10 (2 and 5), or a power of those (4 and 8). Technically there's a matching test for divisibility by 8 (last three digits divisible by 8), but it's less helpful. The tests looking at the sum of digits happen when dividing by 10 & minus;1 and its factors (3 and 9). Finally, for numbers which are a product of numbers in both groups, we can use both tests together (6=2 & times;3). This leaves just 7, which shares no factors with either 9 or 10."} {"category":"Economics","question":"If the net worth is based on shares, how can it be spent?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If the net worth is based on shares, how can it be spent?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"People who have most of their net worth tied up in a company they founded that's publicly traded, like Mark Zuckerburg, typically have automated trading set up so that every month\/quarter it'll sell a set amount of shares so that they have money for living expenses, are able to diversity their investments, etc. By automating it, it removes the ability to intentionally or inadvertently act in ways that might be construed as insider trading. They could also make manual trades to sell shares, but would have to make sure to do so only in periods when there aren't trade blackouts (or quiet periods), say right before earnings releases or an acquisition is announced. Yes, if shares are sold then the founder's holding would decrease and whomever bought would have a part of the company -- that how public companies work. The whole point of buying stock is to profit later from the company doing well. In the case of companies that are not yet public, the founders can borrow money using their stake in the company as collateral, or they can sell to private investors like venture capital firms. This is often why start-ups take on additional rounds of funding... they don't need the cash to fund the company, but instead the founders want to take some money off the table."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How do international credit ratings work? Italy has never defaulted on its sovereign debt, Germany has defaulted over 5 times. Why does Germany have a better rating than Italy?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do international credit ratings work? Italy has never defaulted on its sovereign debt, Germany has defaulted over 5 times. Why does Germany have a better rating than Italy?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"well, they are issued by companies that all have their own unique blend of reasons to issue them. but considering at least 4 of those 5 times \"Germany\" defaulted it was a different country, it is pretty obvious they will pay more attention to the current economic situation than how the country (or whatever country was there in 1500) handled things several centuries ago as stated in the link you provide, that graph is incredibly missleading and just for fun, not for serious contemplation"} {"category":"Economics","question":"What is the difference between Money and Credit??","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is the difference between Money and Credit??","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Money is how much spendable stuff you have now. Credit is how much money people are willing to lend you. Almost always you have to pay back more money than you borrow. Sometimes you can promise to give a person a valuable thing (like your house) if you don't pay back the money you owe. Thus allowing you to get more credit than you have money."} {"category":"Other","question":"How do linguists or travelers learn or translate a language which had not been previously discovered?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do linguists or travelers learn or translate a language which had not been previously discovered?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"If you have someone that speaks the language they can teach you. You spend a lot of time pointing at stuff and eventually can start to infer words and basic communication, and then can figure out complexities from there. If you do not have that person, like dead languages, you need something that was translated into a language you do know."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How come wet paper get curvy, spoiled and ruined when it dries up and not go back to its original form and quality?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How come wet paper get curvy, spoiled and ruined when it dries up and not go back to its original form and quality?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Paper is made of compressed fiber derived from wood. As any owner of wood furniture or tools can tell you, without a waterproof finish, wet wood will warp and swell and it may or may not go back to where it started. This is largely because the fibers in the wood swell when they absorb water. Depending on the location, grain, wood type, temperature and amount of water this swelling my happen more in some places than others. If that happens the wood can tear itself. Paper, being made of compressed fiber, cannot re-compress itself once the water is gone and as a result the paper occupies a somewhat larger space. But since the surrounding paper has not swollen, it's too large to fit in its own spot in the sheet and thus wrinkles. If you wet and entire sheet and spread it carefully to dry it's possible to keep it flat, if weak, when it dries."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Why you can't divide a number by Zero?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why you can't divide a number by Zero?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Division is the inverse of multiplication. When you're asking \"what's 8\/2?\", what you're *really* asking is \"what number do I need to multiply with 2 to give 8?\" The answer is 4 because 2\\*4 = 8. Now try that with 0. Consider 8\/0 -- which number multiplied by 0 gives 8? There literally is no answer, as something multiplied with 0 is always 0."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why do the Canadian and American dollars fluctuate so much?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do the Canadian and American dollars fluctuate so much?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"First, it's important to know that this isn't unique to the US or Canadian dollar. Any currency that is allowed to float based on market demand will have a changing value over time. The root of it is supply and demand. When there is more demand for US dollars the price goes up. This is a weird thing to think about in regards to the price of money itself. Let me give you a simple example. Imagine that you own a business making widgets. Your widgets require steel to make. Let's also assume that your primarily buy your steel from foundries in the US. Those foundries are going to want to be paid in US dollars for their steel. So, before you can buy that steel you have to convert your CAD to USD. That means finding someone who is willing to sell you USD and accept CAD in exchange. You literally need to buy US dollars and the amount that you have to pay in Canadian dollars is the price. If there are lots of people wanting to buy USD then the price for USD will go up. That means that you will have to pay more CAD to buy the same amount of USD."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"What makes Sharpie and other markers permanent?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What makes Sharpie and other markers permanent?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"First, let's talk about non-permanent markers, and how they work. The ink in a dry-erase pen isn't _just_ ink. Usually, they contain coloured ink, a solvent to keep the pen from drying out, and binding agents that make sure the ink and the solvent are mixed properly. When you write with them, you leave a trail of ink and solvent mixture, but since the solvent has a much higher vapor pressure than the ink, it quickly evaporates. This leaves a trail of dry ink particles on the surface - colour. The reason you can erase a dry-erase marker is that there's nothing in particular keeping the coloured particles in the ink stuck to the surface you're writing on when they're dry, unless the surface itself is porous like wood, or skin. Not so for permanent markers. In addition to ink, solvent, and binding agents, permanent markers contain resin. The resin is also dissolved by the solvent, but when the ink dries, the resin hardens, leaving a protective coating of resin on top of the ink. This protective layer keeps the ink in place and prevents you from erasing it. The resin also sometimes makes permanent marker ink feel sticky, when it's dry. Add more solvent, and you'll dissolve the resin again, which will make it erasable. This is why you can use a regular whiteboard marker to erase permanent marker with, as they usually contain the same solvent. In theory, you can use anything that contains organic solvents - acetone or nail polish remover will work, as will vodka or another strong alcoholic beverage. I've used sunscreen once."} {"category":"Technology","question":"If music CDs are burned with the opening tracks towards the center, how are open-world video game discs burned?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If music CDs are burned with the opening tracks towards the center, how are open-world video game discs burned?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Ignoring the hard drive element of modern games, for games that *did* run entirely from the disc, the non chronological nature of their storage wouldn't have been a problem. Unlike a music CD, it wasn't necessary to read the disc from start to finish in one go. (Indeed, even with a music CD, you can use track select to change the order in which it is read.) When a game needed to load more data from the disc, it would know where on the disc that is located, and start reading from that point. There would still be some care taken with data placement - the time taken to find the correct location on disc (seek time) is a factor in the overall loading speed, especially if the system is constantly jumping around for fragmented data."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why do burning materials smoke?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do burning materials smoke?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Smoke is tiny particles of unburned solid or liquid matter, being carried into the air by currents caused by the fire. Darker smokes contain more carbon and soot, while lighter smokes contain more water. This happens because fire often overlooks tiny particles, and also sometimes just can't burn them (such as ash or water)."} {"category":"Other","question":"How do illegal drugs get from import to low level drug dealers?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do illegal drugs get from import to low level drug dealers?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Depends on the drugs involved, but usually each member of an organisation will have contacts to help filter out the bulk (if not all) of the drugs as quickly as possible. These people will be dealing in Kilos of product (powder, leaf etc) or thousands of pills (Ecstasy etc). Each of the guys who then receive it, will have their own contacts who likely want smaller amounts than the full amount purchased, which is where the extra margins come into play. This can either be in the form of simply charging more, or cutting the product with cheap filler to increase the total volume (although sacrificing the quality of the product). This is why almost all Cocaine purchased on the street has things like dog-dewormer etc in it. Cheap to get hold of, roughly similar in appearance to cocaine, not harmful to humans (within a reasonable level) etc. Each person in the chain wants to make their own cut, so the only way to do so is either charge more per gram to make the margin, or increase the quantity of the drug that they have and sell at the same or more. This is part of the reason why legalisation has such positive effects, since the criminal networks have severely reduced cash flow, and users dont end up putting unknown substances into their body. Since a legal product, especially pharmaceuticals, tends to have regulations and guidelines to match up to. Of which purity is one of them. For example here in the UK, a pork sausage has to have a certain percentage of pork meat in it, which is a legal regulation. Same would apply to recreational drugs."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do cold drinks taste different to the same drink but, warm\/hot?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do cold drinks taste different to the same drink but, warm\/hot?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Two factors are at play here. 1. You've learned to like the taste of a food at a specific temperature, and you've also learned to expect it to be that temperature. Eating it at another temperature is an unpleasant surprise. 2. Volatile compounds (i.e. the chemicals that floats off of food to give it its smell) become more or less concentrated depending on the temperature, and their ratio can change as well. This alters the scent of a food, which alters its flavor. Likewise, your taste buds also change their sensitivity based on the temperature of the food, so certain flavors are more pronounced if the food is hotter. Again, this changes the food from your expectation, which is unpleasant."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How does a candle not burn all at once?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does a candle not burn all at once?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Paraffin wax only burns when it is a gas and mixes with air. To become a gas, it must first be a liquid. Liquid paraffin in bulk, like a puddle, conducts heat away from the surface too quickly to burn under normal conditions. Small flecks of it will burn, as they have more surface area compared to how quickly they lose heat through the bottom. The result is that as wax melts, the wick sucks it up. Then the fire boils it off of the wick, and it mixes with air and burns. The paraffin at the bottom, meanwhile, does not receive enough heat to boil. A little bit of it will evaporate, and may get sucked into the fire, but very minuscule amounts."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"What happens to the \u201clost\u201d iron, that disappears when steel rusts? Like, does it just enter the water system and then the ocean, or do we reclaim it in any way?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What happens to the \u201clost\u201d iron, that disappears when steel rusts? Like, does it just enter the water system and then the ocean, or do we reclaim it in any way?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The iron isn't lost. It is an \"ingredient\" of rust. The iron in the steel binds with the oxygen in the surrounding air or moisture to make rust. It's like when you mix red paint and yellow paint to make orange paint. The original red and yellow never really go anywhere, but they combine to make a new color."} {"category":"Technology","question":". Why does slapping the remote make it work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n . Why does slapping the remote make it work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are flexible metal contacts holding the batteries in place and transferring electricity. These wear over time and become less flexible and\/or get covered with leaking battery acid and build up corrosion. Hitting the remote may reestablish electrical connection by moving things slightly or breaking some of that corrosion free. Sometimes enough corrosion or other junk (food crumbs) gets under the buttons so hitting the remote moves whatever is shorting or blocking a button contact."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why are ab muscles asymmetrical?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are ab muscles asymmetrical?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"None of these answers are quite correct. Assymetrical abs are generally genetic and have nothing to do with working out one side over the other. You're either born symmetrical or aren't. Aside from that, the way you exercise and natural things like one shoulder higher then the other can contribute to how much the assymetry appears but it is at its core a genetic issue (edit: pun intended) URL_0"} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why does creatine require glucose?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does creatine require glucose?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Creatine is all about adding more \"fuel\" to your muscles. Think of glucose as the gas station. Can you run your car on gas station gas? No, not directly, has to be pumped into your gas tank. Your gas tank is another molecule called \"ATP\". Feeds the engine (the muscle) directly. Creatine is like a second gas tank you fill up. So when your ATP\/gas tank gets low, Creatine jumps in and refills it, from this secondary tank. Then the engine keeps running from the refilled primary fuel tank. & #x200B; All that being said, it requires glucose, because if you install that secondary fuel tank, it would be best if you're positioned at a gas station to fill it up!"} {"category":"Biology","question":"How do we wake up?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do we wake up?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Your brain wakes you up. It has an internal clock which regulates the body, and it can prepare your body to wake up and eventually bring you back into consciousness. If you establish a regular sleeping schedule, your internal clock will adapt to it, often waking you up just before your alarm."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why sounds of higher pitch get faster and sounds of lower pitch get slower?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why sounds of higher pitch get faster and sounds of lower pitch get slower?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Pitch is determined by the frequency of a sound. Sound is, in fact, a vibration travelling through the air, a procession of waves in the air. How fast these waves follow one another is what determines the frequency - one peak and dip per second corresponds to 1Hz, two to 2 Hz, one thousand to one kHz, and so on. Thus, when you naively speed up a sound clip, you not only make the sounds follow one another faster, but also these waves - you generate more waves per second, the frequency of the noise goes up, and you end up with a higher pitch. However, done properly, you can increase the speed at which sounds follow one another, while still maintaining the same frequency of the sound itself and thus the pitch. Similarly, you can increase the frequency of your sound waves, and increase the pitch, while maintaining the same speed at which one 'bit of sound' follows the other. Thus the change of pitch going with the change of speed is not an intrinsic matter, and rather, the result of a shallow approach to the changing of pitch or speed in a sound clip."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why do some dead batteries work again after you stop using them for a while?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do some dead batteries work again after you stop using them for a while?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I'm not really sure, because this is very situation-specific (for instance, iPhone batteries have some special features). However, many batteries will also be very hot when they run out of life. When cooled, the charges flow better, so you might be able to squeeze just a little more life out of them. Some batteries (esp. computers and phones) turn off before they're fully empty to stop you from physically damaging the hardware. Sometimes you can trick them into turning back on after that. Energizer batteries and such will randomly start and stop working near the end of their lifespan as the chemicals stop reacting. There's no correlation between what you do and how well they work; you're just drawing a conclusion because your brain dislikes randomness. src: astrophysicist, this is basically a summary of what I know, but may not be 100%"} {"category":"Biology","question":"If your brain uses 20% of your calorie intake, and your brain uses more energy when used intensely, does this mean you can lose weight from using your brain more intensely on a regular basis?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If your brain uses 20% of your calorie intake, and your brain uses more energy when used intensely, does this mean you can lose weight from using your brain more intensely on a regular basis?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Most of what your brain does has nothing to do with \"thinking hard\". Rather, the energy is primarily going towards just keeping all the systems operational. While it would no doubt be possible to measure some small difference in energy consumption based on use, this difference probably wouldn't favor the sort of thinking you're considering. It's a much more difficult computational chore for your brain to play a game of racquetball than it is for your to lie dead still and philosophize about how much energy you can burn with pure thought."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why does a smaller gene pool lead to more genetic diseases?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does a smaller gene pool lead to more genetic diseases?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"With a smaller gene pool, you have less variation. Genes are present on chromosomes, and each gene has two copies - alleles. Alleles can be the same (homozygous) or different (heterozygous). Say you have a disease that is caused by having two of the same copies of an allele. When you have a larger gene pool (say 30 alleles of one gene), you have less of a chance of picking up the \"bad\" disease causing copy of the gene. However, when the gene pool is small (3 copies), theres a much greater chance of picking up the disease causing copy. So, since there's less variation in the gene pool, there is a higher chance of genetic diseases."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why is it that cracked eggs go bad in a few days but raw dried pasta with eggs in it can last for months?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it that cracked eggs go bad in a few days but raw dried pasta with eggs in it can last for months?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"You said it yourself - DRY. Bacteria thrive in a wet, nutrient rich environment that is your cracked egg, but pasta is a desert where living is much slower and more difficult. I mean, make no mistake, that pasta is absolutely full of bacteria, but their biological functions are extremely slow due to a lack of resources."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why can automatic transmission cars be \"bumped\" into neutral without pressing the release on the gear shifter? Is it for safety, or something else?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why can automatic transmission cars be \"bumped\" into neutral without pressing the release on the gear shifter? Is it for safety, or something else?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The button is a safety feature I believe to prevent you from bumping the shifter into another selection when it would be either dangerous or damaging to the vehicle to do so. You need to push it to go in or out of P for example because you don\u2019t want to accidentally go into P while moving or out of P when parked. When in N the drivetrain is not connected to the engine so you aren\u2019t going to damage the vehicle or be in any danger by going into that accidentally once you\u2019re out of P."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why has Journalism become so unreliable?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why has Journalism become so unreliable?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's been a *very* long time since journalism was reputable. I can't remember a time it ever was in my lifetime. Problem is, people don't really like being presented with information that disagrees with what they already think, so newspapers and stations, and later websites, identified a core audience they could get a lot of money out of (typically various points along the political spectrum) and exploit the shit out of it. So right wing people only read right wing papers so think that their worldview is correct even when its not, because the newspapers are telling them what they want to hear. And left wing people only read left wing papers so think that their worldview is correct even when its not, because the newspapers are telling them what they want to hear. And... I have no idea why people read the sun, but whatever reason it is it affirms that reason without challenging it. Basically, everyone is being fed information they *want* to hear, rather than the *truth*, because the truth isn't profitable."} {"category":"Biology","question":"if most drinks contain water, why is it considered bad to only drink them and not actual water?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n if most drinks contain water, why is it considered bad to only drink them and not actual water?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because they also contain other things. Such as: \\- Sugar - which in large amounts can cause all sorts of health issues \\- Artificial sweeteners - which a lot of people argue are not healthy for you \\- Caffeine - A stimulant that can actually be addictive If you had a drink that wasn't water that didn't contain any of the above or other weird chemicals, people would probably consider it ok to drink."} {"category":"Economics","question":"how does (or doesn\u2019t) it benefit the economy to make charitable donations tax deductible?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how does (or doesn\u2019t) it benefit the economy to make charitable donations tax deductible?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It is mostly irrelevant to the economy. However making charitable donations tax deductible will tend to increase the amount of donations to charities which can benefit the society, but at the cost of reduced tax revenue which in turn will either limit government projects (unlikely) or simply shift tax burdens into other areas. Heavier taxation of industries tends to reduce their performance so overall we should expect that shifting tax burdens from charitable donations elsewhere must necessarily be detrimental to the economy in some form."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why when you step out the shower are you extremely cold for about 3 minutes but then you go back to normal temperature?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why when you step out the shower are you extremely cold for about 3 minutes but then you go back to normal temperature?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"This is a little bit couterintuitive, but: Warm water evaporates faster than cold water, yet pulls enough heat energy from your skin to make you feel colder as it does when it's cold water. This is because the sensation of freezing or feeling warm isn't prone to absolute temperature difference between your skin and another medium, but to how fast heat is transferred from your skin to the water. As I said, warm water is much more likely to evaporate and leave. The process of evaporation drags A LOT of energy from your skin really fast. Cold water just sits there and evaporates much slower, as it warms up un your skin, taking less energy in the same time."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why does gas prices continue to rise when renewable sources of energy are creating a surplus?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does gas prices continue to rise when renewable sources of energy are creating a surplus?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Electric buses are not causing a surplus of gas. The article you read was about how electric buses were reducing the demand for gas from municipal bus services. But municipal bus services form a very small fraction of the overall demand for gas. Overall demand for gas has consistently increased by about 2% per year going back decades. But as to why gas went up 10 cents last week, its a combination in a rise in oil prices caused by whats going on with Syria and Iran right now as well as the world entering into the \"summer driving season.\" Gas prices tend to rise during the summer and then fall during the winter because people drive more when its warm outside. edit: To put the electric bus thing another way - electric buses are not causing the demand for gasoline to fall. Rather, they are slowing the rate at which it increases. And they aren't even having a meaningful impact on that."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"If nylon kitchen utensils are heat resistant to over 400F, why is it that they melt easily when they're used on a hot pan? Do pans routinely surpass that temperature?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If nylon kitchen utensils are heat resistant to over 400F, why is it that they melt easily when they're used on a hot pan? Do pans routinely surpass that temperature?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Most stove top eyes\/burners heat your pan by conduction and some radiated heat. It is a very inefficient process so yes, the eye will typically get much hotter than 400F, more than 2x hotter in some instances. Also, a lot of the pans bottom surface area isn\u2019t even in contact with the eye, this creates hot spots on the cooking surface. Cooking over a gas flame is much better and more efficient. You get even heating and better temperature control, that\u2019s why professional kitchens use gas."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How do bookmakers calculate odds in play? Like how do they decide what odds to give on a certain person to score or an event to happen in such quick time?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do bookmakers calculate odds in play? Like how do they decide what odds to give on a certain person to score or an event to happen in such quick time?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Vegas has the sharpest minds coming up with the best statistical models that cover every facet of every single event that occurs in competition. Even with that, it's all about getting money to be as 50\/50 as possible. Sportsbooks earn on the juice. If one side is getting too much action, they will hedge by revising the odds to incentivize bettors to drop money on the other side. Accurately forecasting the probability of potential outcomes isn't even close to as important as getting money to come in 50\/50. You can make a living (or at least a nice side income) as a sports bettor if you can come up with a model that *can* somewhat accurate predict probabilities and use that to take advantage of inefficient lines (which 100% do exist because vegas isn't trying to predict outcomes but get 50\/50 action)."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"So, what happens when wind stops? Did the moving pressurized air just keep going to the next two? Like, is all the wind just moving around the world continually depending on where the pressure is, like a water bed? Or do wind patterns dissipate...or something?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n So, what happens when wind stops? Did the moving pressurized air just keep going to the next two? Like, is all the wind just moving around the world continually depending on where the pressure is, like a water bed? Or do wind patterns dissipate...or something?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Wow, cool question. What is wind, wind is the movement of air. Why does air move, air moves based on a few different things but pressure differences is one driving factor. Closely in related is temperature differences... which causes changes in density which causes... changes in pressure. Add to that the earth is spinning and our distance from the sun changes and the planet is tilted and the final answer is the wind never stops moving on our planet. Sometimes it moves faster than others but it is always moving even when it seems completely still and stationary. Look up in the cloud at aircraft trails, on a still calm day the still spread out. On a windy day it happens much faster."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why does string theory require that there be 10 dimensions?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does string theory require that there be 10 dimensions?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Imagine a room with some 3-dimensional objects in it, like a sphere, a cube, a cone, a pyramid, etc. The room and the objects are uniformly white in color, and there's no light except for a flashlight that you can shine into the room from different locations. Every time you shine the light inside the room, you take a picture. After you've taken several pictures, you sit down and look at the results. Soon, you start classifying various shadows that you've seen. You have a bunch of shadows that are crescent shaped, a bunch that are sort or rectangular, etc. You compile a whole huge book of these shadows, and it's pretty impressive, but it's really hard to explain it all to other people because the location of the flashlight and picture make all sorts of subtle differences in the shapes of the shadows. Then, a breakthrough! Someone says, hey, those are shadows from 3-dimensional solids. The crescents come from a sphere, the rectangular ones from a cube, etc. Now, all of a sudden, you've got an easy way to classify all your 2-dimensional shadows simply by referencing 3-dimensional shapes that create them. This isn't what's happening in string theory, but the principle of being able to explain more with less by adding dimensions is similar. A great deal of what we know about light, heat, magnetism, and so on can be explained more simply by a universe with more dimensions. In this 10, 11, or 26 dimensional universe, everything we see is just one special case of a more general set of rules."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Can alcoholism actually be \"passed down\" from an addicted parent, or is it just a sorry excuse people use to keep being alcoholic?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Can alcoholism actually be \"passed down\" from an addicted parent, or is it just a sorry excuse people use to keep being alcoholic?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I assume ELI5 actually means explaining like OP is 5. So I'll give it a shot. When someone says *passed down*, they typically mean transferring a trait from parent to child. There are 2 ways this can happen. **Environmental factors** (these are things that are *outside* the body. Like home-life, parent-child relationship, type of friends, role models, all that good stuff) & **Genetic factors** (things that are *inside* the body. Like genes and...well mostly just genes) The potential environmental factors are obvious, so I'll spare reddit the details. Genetic factors are a little more complex. You see, the mechanism of **addiction** is in the brain. But not just in a person's thoughts and\/or feelings, but *literally* in the brain. In the pink tissue inside our skulls, there are tiny receptors (think of a baseball glove) that *catch* tiny neurotransmitters which are chemicals created and released *by* and *to* other brain tissue (think of tiny baseballs). Now, drinking alcohol, for most, makes a person feel good, right? When the brain feels good like this, it releases baseballs to their respective baseball gloves. However, overdoing this will cause the brain to create more baseballs than gloves. But the brain is basically a god-damned 3d printer. So it just creates more baseball gloves for the extra baseballs. Here's where the plot twist comes in, and where alcoholism rears it's head. These gloves don't *just* catch baseballs. They catch all kinds of balls as well, such as tennis balls (seizures), golf balls (hallucinations), and ping balls (death). An alcoholic, then, has to KEEP drinking alcohol to make the brain continue to release enough **base**balls to fill up the available gloves and to prevent these random other balls from entering the gloves. These gloves have always been able to catch these random balls, but since there was always a limited number of gloves, the chances of catching a tennis ball in the middle of a baseball field was always highly unlikely. So addiction comes down to too many gloves catching the wrong balls. Now, the most common way this happens is by the pathway mentioned above: a person drinking way too much and then causing the brain to make shitload a gloves. However, genetics has a role here too. There are some folks who's brain's 3d printer is way too efficient and is programmed to build more gloves quicker. In other words, in these folks it would take less drinks to cause them to become full blown alcoholics. Also, genetics can affect how *good* a glove can catch these other balls. So if you're brain's 3d printer is building Hyuuuge gloves, then obviously that person's glove will catch more random balls. Genetics can affect any part of that terrible baseball metaphor. I'd go on, but I'm sure you're getting the point. I think we've talked about balls enough today. **Serious Note**: So, no. It's not a sorry excuse for some people. It's a real disease. Hey, from personal experience, I know how problematic dealing with alcoholics can be, but they deserve empathy and patience. Some of them were just dealt a bad hand."} {"category":"Other","question":"Whats the Muller report and why is it so important?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Whats the Muller report and why is it so important?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Robert Mueller was charged with investigating whether the Trump Campaign to get him elected as President of the United States broke any laws in regards to illegal activities with Russia. While we know that Russia tried to interfere with the US election to get Trump elected, we don't know for a fact if Trump was actively working with Russia to get that done, or if Russia was doing it without his knowledge. During Mueller's investigation, several prominent members of Trump's election campaign were found to have had illegal actions with Russia, several of whom confessed guilty to the crimes. He has completed his investigation and made a large report which was given to the US Attorney General, who was chosen by Donald Trump. The full report has not been released to the public, just a 4 page synopsis written by the US attorney general. It indicates that there isn't enough evidence to prove that President Trump was illegally involved with Russia during the campaign, and doesn't make a judgment about whether President Trump illegally used his authority to try and interfere with this investigation. Attorney General Barr, before being chosen for the position, wrote an essay stating that he felt the President of the United States can not be charged with crimes, something many people suspect is the reason why he got chosen. Likewise, Barr's son-in-law works for the Trump Administration. Many feel that Barr is too biased. Many members of Congress want the report released to the public, so that the American people can decide for themselves given the evidence. But... at first it appeared that Barr wouldn't let it be made public. Now it seems that Barr is having the White House censor the report, and that censored version is all that the public would see. If the report does have evidence of Trump doing bad things, then President Trump's team getting to remove those sections seems unfair to many. tl;dr - It's an investigation into President Trump, and may have information that makes him look bad or implies that he may have broken the law."} {"category":"Physics","question":"If you put a perfectly spherical object onto a perfectly flat surface would only one atom from the sphere be touching the surface?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If you put a perfectly spherical object onto a perfectly flat surface would only one atom from the sphere be touching the surface?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"This is a question which illustrates how incompatible reality can be with mathematical rigour. In mathematics, a perfect sphere sitting on top of a perfectly flat plane would indeed have a single point of intersection. Such a flat plane would be a 'tangent plane' to the sphere. However, in reality, nothing can be 'perfectly spherical' or 'perfectly flat', as both of these properties are defined rigorously by mathematics alone. A sphere for instance is a mathematical object with very specific rules, e.g. * Every point on the surface of the sphere is equidistant from it's centre. * Every point on the surface of the sphere has the same curvature. And conclusions you can draw from the properties such as: * The maximum distance between two points on a sphere is achieved when they can be connected by a straight line through the centre of the sphere. * The sphere looks exactly the same from any direction. These very specific mathematical conditions are too specific to be consistent with the real world. But back to the question, if you lived in some imaginary world where objects in that world complied exactly with specific mathematical definitions for flat planes and spheres, then a sphere and plane could intersect at a single point (this would not be an atom as we know it though). In the real world where atoms are a thing and mathematical definitions don't exactly translate, then no."} {"category":"Other","question":"why do people's voice pitch sometimes change when switching between different languages?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why do people's voice pitch sometimes change when switching between different languages?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Different languages are spoken with different average pitches (obviously there's a LOT of variation within a language, but once you study a lot of people, trends start to emerge). People may just be imitating what they hear. Also, anecdotally, I've noticed people tend to raise their pitch when speaking a second language. My equally unproven explanation is that people get anxious when speaking a second language, and people tend to raise their pitch when nervous."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Why divide by (n-1) for standard deviation?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why divide by (n-1) for standard deviation?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's to correct for an underlying bias in the sample standard deviation that causes it to systematically underestimate the true population variance. If you calculate the expectation of the population variance (sigma squared) minus the formula for standard deviation with an n rather than an n-1 in the denominator (the biased estimator), you'll end up with the variance of the sample mean (sigma squared over n). This implies (because of the linearity of the expectation operator) that the expectation of the biased estimator is sigma minus sigma squared over n. Basically, since the expectation of sigma squared is sigma squared (it's a population parameter, just a number) and the expectation of sigma squared minus the biased estimator equals sigma squared over n, then the expectation of the biased estimator must just be sigma squared minus sigma squared over n. Sigma squared minus sigma squared over n is just (n-1)\/n times sigma squared. So all we have to do is multiply our biased estimator n\/(n-1) to correct it. The n in the numerator cancels out the n in the denominator from the biased estimator and leaves the squared deviations from the mean over n-1. I know this is kind of awful without symbols and formulas (I don't really know how to do that on reddit but didn't want to just link to the wiki). What I described is just method three of the proof on the [wiki]( URL_0 ). If you have specific questions about what they did there I should be able to answer them."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why sometimes the cloudy sky appears yellowish during the day, and sometimes during the night brownish\/redish?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why sometimes the cloudy sky appears yellowish during the day, and sometimes during the night brownish\/redish?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"At night, it's because you live in a city. Cities are actually extremely bright, so much so that even on clear nights you can barely see the stars. When the light from the city reflects off the clouds it often takes on an orange-ish color, since that's what the clouds are best at reflecting. Edit: Forgot to mention, this effect is called \"Skyglow.\" I don't know why it might happen during the day."} {"category":"Biology","question":". Why are flys so dumb? They come into a house, and straight away fly into the windows","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n . Why are flys so dumb? They come into a house, and straight away fly into the windows","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They're homing in on the reflection of light in the room presented in the glass, unfortunately they make goldfish look insanely smart with their 7 second memory so \" \\*dink\\* Ow! can't go that way, hey light! \\* dink\\* Ow! Can't go that way, hey light! \" is normally the mental process"} {"category":"Biology","question":"What is an EEG test?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is an EEG test?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"EEG - Electroencephalograph - you know in the movies when the patient is wired to a machine that is plotting out all these little lines and then they ask the patient to think about bananas or something and the lines go nuts? That's it. Its a machine that can be used to measure the electrical output of your brain. You can actually pinpoint certain areas of the brain (say if you're looking to measure speech center or muscle control of your right side..) then you get our patient to talk or say or move and you watch the activity. Like here, [\"you can see the point where we jabbed the patient with the cattle prod and they flopped around a bit\"]( URL_0 ) Lets say you're measuring the speech center. You ask them to say \"banana\" and they don't, but you see the brain activity, that helps you determine well maybe the problem isn't the brain, maybe there's something wrong with the nerves that connect with the larynx or the vocal cords or the jaw, tongue etc. to make the sounds. (ok that's probably a terrible example.)"} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Is urine beneficial or aggravating to jelly stings?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Is urine beneficial or aggravating to jelly stings?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"this is one of those cases where someone heard a fun factoid, and spreads it round without context and it now becomes a widely recognized \"myth\". There is a specific composition of urine that would work for specific types of stings but the chances that your\/someone elses pee on the jellyfish that stung you would be a match is very very very low. For the times where Urine does not how, it can actually cause the stinger cells to release more toxins which is what causes the pain sensation. The pain lasts a long time because your body has its own natural defense mechanism but it doesn't work as fast. & #x200B; This is kind of like someone saying \"i kicked my tv and it turned on again\" maybe in very few cases that your kick shook something loose back into place but more likely than not you would do more damage than finding the right tool for the job."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why are stains like those from curry, yellow ginger so difficult to remove despite numerous cleaning?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are stains like those from curry, yellow ginger so difficult to remove despite numerous cleaning?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's turmeric - which is indeed a plant in the ginger family. I don't know why turmeric hangs on as well as it does, but it's been used as a dye forever. It's the curcumin in turmeric which produces the color. Interestingly, Indians have used turmeric as an antibacterial - you may wash your vegetables in turmeric water before cooking, for instance, or use a turmeric facial to help with acne - and it does indeed have antibacterial qualities similar to synthetics. URL_0"} {"category":"Physics","question":"Where did the saying \"Pink at night, sailor's delight. Pink in the morning, sailors take warning\" Come from and is there any validity to it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Where did the saying \"Pink at night, sailor's delight. Pink in the morning, sailors take warning\" Come from and is there any validity to it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"In order to understand why \u201cRed sky at night, sailor\u2019s delight. Red sky in morning, sailor\u2019s warning\u201d can predict the weather, we must understand more about weather and the colors in the sky. Usually, weather moves from west to east. In the mid-latitudes, the prevailing winds are westerlies. This means storm systems generally move in from the West. The colors we see in the sky are due to the rays of sunlight being split into colors of the spectrum as they pass through the atmosphere and ricochet off the water vapor and particles in the atmosphere. The amounts of water vapor and dust particles in the atmosphere are good indicators of weather conditions. They also determine which colors we will see in the sky. During sunrise and sunset the sun is low in the sky, and it transmits light through the thickest part of the atmosphere. A red sky suggests an atmosphere loaded with dust and moisture particles. We see the red, because red wavelengths (the longest in the color spectrum) are breaking through the atmosphere. The shorter wavelengths, such as blue, are scattered and broken up. Red sky at night, sailors delight. When we see a red sky at night, this means that the setting sun is sending its light through a high concentration of dust particles. This usually indicates high pressure and stable air coming in from the west. Basically good weather will follow. Red sky in morning, sailor\u2019s warning. A red sunrise can mean that a high pressure system (good weather) has already passed, thus indicating that a storm system (low pressure) may be moving to the east. A morning sky that is a deep, fiery red can indicate that there is high water content in the atmosphere. So, rain could be on its way."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How is meat grown in labs without creating a whole animal?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How is meat grown in labs without creating a whole animal?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Basically there are two parts to this that we need to cover. 1) stem cells & differentiation; 2) tissue growth. TL;DR: Stem cells can make a whole tissue from just a few cells, and then to get the specific meat you put it in the correct environment to make sure it creates only the bits you want it to make. Also to answer your question, we can't in many cases. Animals are very much still used because we don't understand cells well enough yet. --- First of all, stem cells. These are cells which can replicate indefinitely in a controlled manner, and are relatively unspecialised. When they replicate, they can 'choose' (based on external factors) whether to produce 2 stem cells of the same type, 2 more specialised (differentiated) cells, or one of each. Adult stem cells are really only able to produce a few related cell types, such as stem cells in your bone marrow producing different blood cells, but the earlier back in development you go, the more general-purpose the stem cells\u2014in an embryo, they can produce every type of body cell. The takeaway here is that if you have a bunch of stem cells which can differentiate to form muscle (myoblasts) and fat (pre-adipocytes), you can skip out all of the annoying middle step where you produce the rest of a cow, and just make a bunch of muscle and fat. This means you can extract some from a cow, and then use just those cells to produce as much meat as you want without ever touching a cow again. Unfortunately, it's not as simple as just \"throw myoblasts and pre-adipocytes on a petri dish and watch the magic happen\", for reasons we'll see now. Now, part 2: tissue growth. Unless your cells are cancerous, they don't *just* divide. There are *tonnes* of molecules and mechanisms which signal whether a cell should divide, based on its surroundings (how else would the cell 'know what to do'?). The main ones which are useful for thinking about lab-grown meat are growth factors, density-dependent inhibition, and anchorage dependence. Growth factors are basically other parts of the body signalling to cells that they should divide, for example to repair a cut, or just because you're a child and are growing. Density-dependent inhibition tells cells not to replicate if the cell is being squished in on all sides (it's much more complicated, as always, but still); this is why tumours (which lack all inhibition) are round-ish lumpy blobs, rather than neat and ordered. Anchorage dependence is that cells don't divide unless there's a framework (a matrix, and no not that kind) outside the cell that they can sit on and not be knocked off easily. This is the biggest issue with making, say, a lab-grown steak\u2014making a 'steak matrix' is really difficult, and way more expensive than just making the full cow. We just don't understand how everything fits together well enough to do this well. If you want to make a burger, you don't care about structure, so you can be a lot more relaxed about getting a proper matrix (hell, you might even be able to just use pre-cancerous cells that lack any anchorage dependence). After all, standard procedure with a cow-sourced burger is basically \"tear the meat into tiny shreds then force it into a patty shape\", so there's really not much by way of macroscopic structure going on."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How in the world do rich people file their taxes in such a way to avoid paying absolutely anything at all, and how could a normal person do the same?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How in the world do rich people file their taxes in such a way to avoid paying absolutely anything at all, and how could a normal person do the same?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Having a lot of money doesn\u2019t necessarily mean they have a large earned income for the year. I could own 100,000 shares of Tesla and if the stock rose $100 for the year, I made $10 million. My net worth would reflect that, but if I don\u2019t sell any of those shares during the year, I don\u2019t have to pay any taxes on them. Only when I sell do I pay taxes. The same could be said for real estate. I own 5 houses and their value doubles in a year. My net worth rises, but again, I don\u2019t pay taxes unless I sell the houses. (I know property taxes are still a thing, but I\u2019m strictly talking income tax). Another thing that can be done is to receive write offs for charitable donations. Donate $100,000 to a qualified charity and that is $100,000 less you have to pay taxes on. You can also carry forward losses if you lost money in the stock market in previous years. Those losses can be deducted from any gains you made and sold this year. So there are some CEOs who get a majority of their salary in the form of stock in the company and may only take home $100,000 in cash paychecks a year despite gaining $1,000,000 in shares of stock."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Why do Maths have theorems but other sciences and disciplines do not?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do Maths have theorems but other sciences and disciplines do not?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A theorem is a result that can be proven true given a set of rules. A theory is a set of ideas to explain why something is true; a guess at the rules. Humans did not invent the physical world, so we cannot know its rules with absolute certainty. Therefore, we only have theories about the physical world. Humans invented math - the rules are decided by us and can be literally whatever we want because they have no real consequence. (It\u2019s just that Math is only useful when the rules are self-consistent and align with reality). Because we know the rules, we can come up with theorems."} {"category":"Other","question":"Having seeing that gif of the Amish building a barn, what building codes do they have to adher (ex. smoke detectors, etc.) and do fire departments treat fires differently if they are held to different standards?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Having seeing that gif of the Amish building a barn, what building codes do they have to adher (ex. smoke detectors, etc.) and do fire departments treat fires differently if they are held to different standards?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Building codes are set at the city and county level, not the State level. Since the Amish live in their own communities (small villages or collections of farms) they do not have any building codes that they have to comply to save the standards of craftsmanship they choose to hold themselves to. But seeing as they see labor as a service to God they put a massive amount of time in planning the design and crafting of the barns. The final assemblies go very fast due to teamwork. The Amish are also some of the most skilled carpenters and wood workers in the country, so what they build is well built."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How can a small battery with 12V and 5000mAh make 1000A to jumpstart multiple cars?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can a small battery with 12V and 5000mAh make 1000A to jumpstart multiple cars?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A 5000mAh (i.e. 5Ah), means that it will take the battery 1hr to drain with a 5A current draw. You could instead draw 1A and make it last for 5hrs, or in this case, 1000A for 18seconds... Let\u2019s say a car start engine draws current for 2-3 seconds, so you get about 6 starts before the battery runs out of juice."} {"category":"Physics","question":"If big bang happened 13.8 Billion years ago and observable universe is 46 Billion light years vast, so do we have any clue on what happened before the big bang if we can see past that?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If big bang happened 13.8 Billion years ago and observable universe is 46 Billion light years vast, so do we have any clue on what happened before the big bang if we can see past that?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Hubble\u2019s Law states that the space expands because of the big bang, and this expansion pushes light further away than it\u2019d travel by its own, just like a wave pushing a surfboard over itself, and this is why the light travelled more than it should by the time the universe exists. (english isn\u2019t my first language tho, sorry)"} {"category":"Economics","question":"How do people with most of their wealth in stock make money for daily use?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do people with most of their wealth in stock make money for daily use?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"He does get paid but he gets paid in stocks. So instead of getting paid at the end of the year he gets X # of shares of facebook stock He can turn around and sell that stock for a profit. Also because of tax reasons he only has to pay 15% tax on it not the normal rate most of us pay what with all the taxes is around 35-40%"} {"category":"Economics","question":"What does it mean to \u201cwrite something off\u201d for taxes?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What does it mean to \u201cwrite something off\u201d for taxes?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The tax code allows for deductions and credits for certain things. For example say your taxable income is $50k, when you deduct or \u201cwrite off\u201d something , you are deducting from that. So say you write off 5k in mortgage interest, your new taxable income is 45k A tax credit is something that gets reduced from your actual tax burden, say you owe 5k in taxes , and you get 2k for your child tax credit; that\u2019s 3k your new tax burden Businesses are allowed to deduct expenses , so you hear this a lot"} {"category":"Other","question":"What's the difference between a bank and a credit union?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What's the difference between a bank and a credit union?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A credit union is a cooperative. I paid 5$ to be a member of mine. The members own the company. They hire staff to run it. Theres are regular CA meetings when major decisions are made. Once a year the overall dividends (profit) is shared between all members. I make about 300$ a year this way."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Not all wounds scar so why can't you cut a scar to have it heal back without scar tissue?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Not all wounds scar so why can't you cut a scar to have it heal back without scar tissue?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"All wounds scar. Some are just not noticeable. And you could do what you suggest. This is what reconstructive surgery does. It cuts out the scar, takes a piece of skin not scarred, and puts it in its place. But you need to have a piece of skin available. This almost always comes from your own body. And then you need to close the hole you took the skin from. Most often, causing scars there. The thing to remember is nothing heals completely scar free. Just, some are not noticeable. Or as noticeable."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Why do we use x, y and z as the standard variables in mathematics?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do we use x, y and z as the standard variables in mathematics?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A lot of math symbolism, like this one, was popularized by the French philosopher and mathematician, Ren\u00e9 Descartes (Fun fact: the term \"Cartesian\" is named after him). He wanted to make the convention of using letters like x,y and z to represent unknown variables, while a b and c are known constants. Why he chose those letters specifically is not really clear, but they're a convention that we still use today."} {"category":"Technology","question":"What is \"blue light\" and why does filtering it on my phone help protect my eyes?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is \"blue light\" and why does filtering it on my phone help protect my eyes?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The most important thing about filtering blue light from your electronic devices is that blue light keeps you awake at night. Light signals your body to stop the production of melatonin and destroy the melatonin in your body, and blue light is the most effective at causing this. Melatonin signals the rest of your body to sleep and gives you that sleepy feeling. Filtering out the blue from your phone screen and computer monitor helps prevent sleep disorders because it helps prevent those devices from falsely signaling your body to stop producing melatonin."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How does the sun make things pale?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does the sun make things pale?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Most colors for manufactured things come from [pigments]( URL_1 ). Pigments are chemical compounds that absorb most wavelengths of visible light and reflect a fairly narrow band of visible light (thus giving it its color). UV light is highly energetic, and [can break down chemical bonds]( URL_0 ). Pigments subject to UV light (like from the sun) over long periods of time will get broken down, thus changing their chemical structure, and thus making them less good reflecting a specific wavelength of visible light."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How do scientists determine the age of a species?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do scientists determine the age of a species?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There's various methods for making that determination, and like all things in science, new information may change the number. Probably the two most common methods for determining when a species first evolved are using the fossil record and genetic profiling. The fossil record is pretty straight forward. If I find a fossil of a particular species, then I can look at the rocks I found that fossil in and determine how old the rocks are. Once I know how old the rock layer I found the fossil in is, I know that the species has to be at least that old (if it weren't that old, it couldn't have wound up in a rock layer that is that old). Another method is to use genetic profiling. If I can't find fossils of that species, or I can't find fossils old enough to determine when they might have first evolved, I might be able to determine what other species it evolved from by analyzing it's DNA and the DNA of other species. By tracing changes in the DNA of the species I'm trying to date compared to species I know the date of, I can determine things like whether or not one species came from the other, or if they shared a common ancestor (I might even determine that they're actually the same species with small genetic differences, like different breeds of dogs). Using DNA in this method is complex. It relies on other information, and the more you learn about a species and the species it's related to can significantly change your understanding of how those species came about (and therefore, when they came about). So there's always the possibility that our understanding of when species first evolved could shift. The more information we gather, the better our understanding. EDIT: I just want to emphasize, these are not the only methods for dating species. Similar to DNA, we can use things like bone structure to understand the relationship between different species and how they may have evolved. And by combining multiple different techniques, we can be more accurate."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why is everyone so afraid of Saudi Arabia?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is everyone so afraid of Saudi Arabia?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They're rich, they have oil, they have no morals, and they've funded a great deal of modern terrorism. They also seem to have the west by the balls because of the oil. The result is that Saudi Arabia can shit on anything it wants but the USA and Europe will still buy its oil and sell it weapons."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What's the point of allergies?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What's the point of allergies?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Your immune system can be conceptualized as a bunch of factors playing tug of war. When your immune system is developing it has to play this balancing game learning how to discriminate self (your body) and harmless (like tree pollen) from foreign and dangerous (like bacteria\/viruses). In some people, their B immune cells recognize a particular allergen as foreign. This leads to an increase in circulating antibodies that trigger an allergic response every time the allergen is encountered. Some of these people will learn that this is an incorrect response and raise a different type of antibody (ones with what is called a different effector function) that turns off this particular immune response. There's other mechanisms of allergy and autoimmune reactions, but they all rely on some form of balancing (e.g. PD-1\/PD-L1\/CTLA4\/CD80 axis, IgG\/Igm4, etc.) but they are quite complicated to explained. Ultimately, there's no real point to it. There's infinite combinations of molecules and your immune system has to discriminate all of that from you. It's a tough job."} {"category":"Biology","question":"if cancer is basically a clump of cells that dont want to die, why\/how do things like cigarettes, asbestos, and the literal sun trigger it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n if cancer is basically a clump of cells that dont want to die, why\/how do things like cigarettes, asbestos, and the literal sun trigger it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Cancer cells result from mutations that disable the things that keep cell growth in check. Those mutations come from incorrect repairs to cell DNA, and those errors happen more frequently the more repairs take place. Therefore things that cause damage that requires repairs increase the chances of developing cancer, stuff like cigarettes, asbestos, and sun exposure."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How does making a lever longer increase the amount of force applied to it's pivot point?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does making a lever longer increase the amount of force applied to it's pivot point?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Torque! Work = Force * Distance Longer lever arm (long pipe in your example) increases distance. This means less force needed for the same amount of work. Note: I am *not* a physics guy\u2014someone more qualified please help out if this is wrong! I\u2019m sure there\u2019s something I may have missed in the explanation."} {"category":"Physics","question":"In tv shows and movies, why do really giant people\/creatures always move so slow?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n In tv shows and movies, why do really giant people\/creatures always move so slow?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I think it just appears as if they are moving slow, but are actually covering a lot of ground. We could use stride\/steps as an example. Let's say that a stride is the distance between two planted feet after having stepped forward onto one foot while walking. Let's then assume that it would take six steps for a human to walk the distance of a giant's single stride (obviously this varies according to giant's\/human's size). So with one swing of the giant's leg, it has actually moved pretty far compared to the human. A giant's limbs are also heavier and therefore perhaps not as nimble. It takes a lot more energy for the giant to lift and lower it's feet as it walks. You could simulate this by walking around with 10lb ankle weights on. But if you had super long legs like a giant, you would still cover more ground in less time than a human while walking just because you have a much longer stride."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do crabs, shrimp, etc. turn orange?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do crabs, shrimp, etc. turn orange?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Lobsters and crabs have a pigment called astaxanthin in their shells, which has the ability to absorb blue light, making the shell appear red under certain conditions. When the lobster is alive, the pigment is safely stored inside a membrane hidden in the shell called the crustacyanin. It\u2019s packed so tightly inside the lobster shell that the pigment is trapped inside the membrane, unable to flow freely. That means that crustacean usually appears in those muted dark blue or green tones. The pigment responds strongly to heat, though: Once you dump a crab or a lobster in a pot of boiling water, it\u2019s body chemistry changes: The pigment\u2014astaxanthin\u2014gets separated from the membrane\u2014the crustacyanin\u2014transforming your dinner into that ruby-hued tone we know so well. Same goes for usually boring grey shrimp, which also have a pink pigment in their meat and shells that is released by heat. URL_0"} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why does the rotation of a wheel on a car force the car to move? I was told it was due to the wheel 'pushing the ground and propelling the car,' but this seems a little basic.","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does the rotation of a wheel on a car force the car to move? I was told it was due to the wheel 'pushing the ground and propelling the car,' but this seems a little basic.","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It helps not to think of it as rotation, just look at the patch where the tire touches the pavement. The engine is twisting the wheel, trying to push the tire contact point backwards. But it can't slide (because the tire is grippy) and the ground can't go backwards (because it's ground) so the only way for the bottom of the tire to move backwards is for the axle to move forwards. The friction between the tire and the ground is transmitted through the tire and wheel and shows up as a force pushing forward on the axle through the wheel bearings. As the car (and axle) moves forward, that little patch of tire on the ground lifts away...but it's a wheel, so as it rotates a new patch is coming into contact. Rotating the wheel makes sure that you've always got a piece of tire touching the ground to push off with. If the tire \\*isn't\\* grippy enough, the tire will slide over the ground, you spin your wheels, and don't go anywhere. If the ground isn't solid, the ground will go backwards and spray dirt\/gravel behind you, and you won't go anywhere. Edit:typo"} {"category":"Economics","question":"What happens when you file for bankruptcy?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What happens when you file for bankruptcy?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are various kinds of bankruptcies, depending on the type and degree of debt. Some (credit cards) are relatively easily discharged while others are nearly impossible (student loans) or require a loss of assets (car loans). People do it when the debt payments become unmanageable or pointless. During filing you have to declare your assets and the creditors may file a claim against them if they can. If you owed money on a car or furniture or something tangible, it may be repossessed. Houses are sometimes protected from repossession depending on the bankruptcy type, but not always. If the house is underwater there may not be much incentive to protect it anyway. Many people opted to let the house go after the 2009 crash since the loan was for way more than the home was worth and restructuring the loan was useless. Either way, your credit score is obliterated and nobody wil lend you money for a decade. Simply having more debt than assets isn't enough to declare bankruptcy, since most people have large home loans. You need to show that you can't reasonably continue to make payments before your debts can be discharged."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do we seek out sad music when we are sad? Wouldn't we want happy music to cheer up?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do we seek out sad music when we are sad? Wouldn't we want happy music to cheer up?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's called Catharsis - URL_0 It's a way of purging your negative emotion by allowing yourself to explore it and experience it fully. The idea is that you don't try to ignore this deeper emotional problem with positive things, but instead accept what you feel until you can internalize it and resolve it. Also sometimes it's just good to know that you're not alone in how you feel, that other people experience sadness and sorrow in the way that you feel, and to express that (push it out) through music and stuff."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How did they code the first computer without a computer?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How did they code the first computer without a computer?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"By hand, with switches and wires. You literally use switches to specify binary codes in machine code (the binary commands that the processor understands) and load those directly into memory, one memory position at a time, by manually specifying memory addresses (with other switches). It suuuuuuucks. Hence the relatively rapid invention of assembly code (human \"readable\" machine code), punch cards (ways to quickly set switches), and then compilers and programming languages."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Is there an optimal shape for flying through space?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Is there an optimal shape for flying through space?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There could be. Thinking square or spherical maximizes internal volume is cool but if you're worried about striking dust or derbies at 200,000kmph then long and thin makes more sense. But what if you're using solar winds to pull you along? What if you solare radiation is your only means to keep the interior warm?"} {"category":"Other","question":"How do they remove the caffeine from decaf coffee and other decaffeinated drinks?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do they remove the caffeine from decaf coffee and other decaffeinated drinks?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Getting caffeine out of coffee beans is easy--just grind them up and steep them in hot water! Getting ONLY caffeine out is harder, as we'd like to keep those flavor compounds. The Swiss Water process involves boiling some sacrificial beans to make very strong coffee, then filtering the caffeine out of that coffee with activated charcoal, then using that coffee to extract caffeine from new beans (it won't remove much flavor, as it's already saturated.) The most common approach these days involves steaming the beans then adding an organic solvent like ethyl acetate or dichloromethane to dissolve the caffeine. There is a trace of the solvent left, but with adequate quality control the risk is minimal. Alternately, you can use the solvent in place of the filter in the above process. Perhaps the coolest is supercritical carbon dioxide. If you get warm CO2 to a very high pressure, it becomes a weird sort of gas-liquid that can pass into the beans and very selectively remove caffeine, leaving no trace of itself."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why do caffeinated drinks not always keep you awake?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do caffeinated drinks not always keep you awake?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Simplified.....think of locks and keys. A chemical (key) bonds to a receptor (lock) that makes you sleepy. Caffeine prevents this key from binding to the lock. There are only so many locks and keys and eventually the effects wear off and you get sleepy. Your body wants to sleep when it's tired and of the locks are still recovering the caffeine won't block the key. Your body can build a tolerance to caffeine and you have to drink stronger coffees to have the same effect. Less is more!"} {"category":"Biology","question":"What happens to our bodies when someone makes us jump?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What happens to our bodies when someone makes us jump?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Your brain thinks there is an immediate danger and tells your body to suddenly release loads of adrenaline and activate a part of your nervous system called the sympathetic nervous system which deals with the fight or flight response. This has the effect of increasing your heart rate, making you more alert, making your hairs stand on end, breaking down energy stores so there's lots of glucose for muscles, dilating your pupils and a bunch of other effects. All of these effects are designed so that you can fight or run away as effectively as possible. When we realise that there isn't any danger, we downregulate all of the above effects."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How does frozen food sometimes \u201ctaste like a freezer\u201d?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does frozen food sometimes \u201ctaste like a freezer\u201d?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Freezer burn is a condition that occurs when frozen food has been damaged by dehydration and oxidation, due to air reaching the food. It is generally caused by food not being securely wrapped in air-tight packaging. Food is still safe to eat though but usually has that aftertaste you're talking about."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Speed causes time dilation. Mass causes time dilation. What is the link between speed and mass which means that they both cause the same phenomenon?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Speed causes time dilation. Mass causes time dilation. What is the link between speed and mass which means that they both cause the same phenomenon?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"To try to make this very simple, space and time are both components of a single thing called, very logically, spacetime. Spacetime is a coordinate system consisting of three spatial directions and one temporal direction. Time dilation is a result of the way things move through spacetime. Both speed and gravity are related to the way things move through spacetime, which is why they both cause time dilation. For speed, again, in a very simplified way, you can conceive of everything moving at a combined \u201cvelocity\u201d of c (\u201cthe speed of light\u201d) through spacetime. Thus the faster you are traveling through space, the slower you are traveling through time, and vice versa. Gravity, by contrast, is the warping of spacetime by mass\/energy. Just as it warps the path that objects take when traveling through space, this warping also affects the path they travel through time. The mechanics are different, and the end result is also different (time dilation due to velocity in special relativity is reciprocal. Gravitational time dilation in general relativity is not), but the common thread is the interaction with spacetime."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How does milk relieve the burning sensation of spicy food?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does milk relieve the burning sensation of spicy food?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Substances can either be polar or nonpolar in a molecular sense. In chemistry, a common saying is, \"Like dissolves like.\" A nonpolar substance like paint requires a nonpolar solvent like acetone. The chemical that makes things spicy, capsaicin, is nonpolar. Milk contains a lot of fat, which is nonpolar. Therefore milk can dissolve the capsaicin and carry it away, whereas water (which is fairly polar) will not dissolve it very well."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How do Valentine and Winthorpe buck the trend and sell frozen orange juice at end of Trading Places, without ever buying any?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do Valentine and Winthorpe buck the trend and sell frozen orange juice at end of Trading Places, without ever buying any?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's called \"short selling\". You start with a line of credit (the money they got from Ophelia and Coleman) and sell shares to others while the price is high. You need the line of credit because you are obligated to close the sale by the end of the day. Every share has to be accounted for, with any outsiding sold back at the market rate by the exchange. The market was already in an upswing, and Randolf and Mortimer were buying as much as they could to corner the market. This instigated a buying frenzy, which Billy and Winthorpe were happy to exploit. When the crop report came out and it was worse than the Duke's expected (because they had bad Intel), Winthorpe screamed out a panicked low offer, which sparked a massive sell-off and brought the price crashing down. To simplify, if they bought 10,000 shares at $100 and sold them back at $10, they would end up with $900,000. Meanwhile, the Dukes were overextending, expecting the price to keep going up, and they didn't have enough money in reserve to pay $900,000 (actually much more, but again, simplistic example) while only holding $100,000 worth of stock. Edit: missed a decimal point on the example"} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do leave change colour in autumn?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do leave change colour in autumn?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Pigments (colored chemicals) in the leaves protect the cells from getting damaged as badly by sunlight. They also help focus some light energy, and even protect against diseases and such. Many of these are red and yellow, purples and other colors. Think of the skin of fruits - very much the same chemicals. So when the leaves die, the green chlorophyll gets broken down, leaving only the red and yellow protective pigments. The brown is essentially the color of the dead cells with all these pigments removed or broken down. Some of the color can also come from certain toxins which the tree pumps into the leaves before they fall. So in summary, once all the green is gone, the other chemicals in the leaf can be seen."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How does not losing conciousness help when someone us gravely wounded?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does not losing conciousness help when someone us gravely wounded?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Doctors want patients to be conscious, because you can learn a lot more from them than you can if they pass out. You can also act more quickly on them because you can ask \"How bad does this hurt?\" to gauge the status of some body part rather than wait for some medical scanner."} {"category":"Other","question":"When a part of your skin with a mole gets wounded, will the regenerated skin grow the same mole?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When a part of your skin with a mole gets wounded, will the regenerated skin grow the same mole?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It depends on the wound, but generally it will regrow as long as some of those tissues survive. *Think of it similarly to a weed, as long as the root cells live... the whole thing will regrow everytime.* A professional will usually freeze it, and then cut under the mole with a sharp scalpel. It might get some basic guaze and bandages, or a few quick stitches depending on the size of the cut. Afterwards, new skin will fill the hole. *Edit: The removed mole is usually tested for cancer.*"} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"If math is an entirely human construct, why can't we calculate all the digits of pi?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If math is an entirely human construct, why can't we calculate all the digits of pi?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Pi is a number that shows a specific thing (if you have a circle of diameter n, how big is that circles circumference). That's not a human construct. All circles with a diameter of 1 will have a circumference of pi, no matter what species measure it. The reason why we can't calculate all digits of pi is because pi isn't a rational number, and is therefore going on infinitely."} {"category":"Physics","question":"What is reactive power in electricity?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is reactive power in electricity?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Computer engineer here. Apparent power = reactive power + resistive (or work) power. Since power is a bit of a tricky concept for laymen to understand I'll use the term energy instead. They are not the same thing; power is the time rate of change of energy and energy is power integrated over time. In electrical applications, resistive energy is any use of energy that increases entropy. Energy that is used to light up a light bulb is resistive energy; energy that is used to generate heat is resistive energy; energy that is used to turn a motor shaft (once it is energised) is resistive energy. Reactive energy on the other hand is energy that is stored in an electrical or magnetic field. Capacitors store energy by creating a charge disparity between two metal plates. An applied electric force pushes electrons onto one plate, and the coulomb force (electrons repel one another) from those electrons pushes electrons off of the other plate. This occurs until the coulomb force from the electrons (or lack thereof) is sufficient to oppose the electric force pushing them on. When the external electrical force is removed, the opposing electrical force remains; the energy stored in the capacitor can then be released. Inductors are more difficult to understand, but they store energy in a magnetic field by capturing changes in current. The more rapidly current changes, the more energy is stored in the inductor. The closest mechanical analogue that I can think of is a flywheel but even that's not entirely accurate. Just like capacitors, energy stored in inductors is still electrical in nature."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How do accents work when people talk?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do accents work when people talk?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Almost, (assuming no issues that would impede speech.) Every human is born which the ability to speak any language with any accent. Accents are entirely learnt, you learn you accent by learning from your parents and those around you. And while this is most influential when you\u2019re young (as in it\u2019s hard to completely change accents when your older) your accent can shift and change your whole life depending who you live your life around. All accents, all sounds we make, are is use controlling different muscles in our mouths\/throat as we speak. So you can gradually change your accent by shifting how your controlling those muscles, either consciously or subconsciously. Humans are social creatures, we like fitting into groups, so when moving countries people will start to shift their accents to match people around them, assuming they don\u2019t often speak to people from their own country, but they\u2019re rarely able to make the shift 100%. Fun fact: linguists have found that Antarctic researchers who spend months in isolation with each other often will develop common accents in those months of isolation, a kind of melting pot of all the accents that went in to begin it."} {"category":"Biology","question":"When we whistle, how do we immediately match the pitch that we hear?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When we whistle, how do we immediately match the pitch that we hear?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Part of the reason we can match the pitch is because the sound we make when whistling is the sound we actually hear. Have you ever noticed that recordings of yourself don't seem to sound like you to you, even though everyone else says it does? When you speak or sing, a good portion of the sound we hear is actually going *through* our head, not around it."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why does the charge of one atom determine how many atoms there are of another element in a molecule?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does the charge of one atom determine how many atoms there are of another element in a molecule?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The general idea is that a atom what a full outer electron shell. That i 2 electrons for the first shell and 8 for all other . So look at the [Periodic table]( URL_0 ) where the nobel gases on the far right column have full outer shells. If you move a step to the right you add a electron and a step to the left remove one. Covalent bond is sharing electrons and both atoms move a step to the right. There is also Ionic bonding where one atom lose a electron and another gain one. So oxygen are two steps to the left so you need to add two electrons for a full shell and hydrogen is one step from helium so you need to add one. In covalent bond atoms share electron. So hydrogen what to share 1 electron and water what to share 2 electrons. So if two hydrogen atoms each share 1 electron with a oxygen atom each hydrogen atoms have 2 electrons and oxygen have 8 in the outer shell. The result is that all have a full shell and is happy. & #x200B; Carbon is 4 steps from a nobel gas so it like to share 4 electrons. So you can combine it with two oxygen that like to share 2 electron each and ger CO2 or with 4 hydrogen atoms and get CH4 (methane) & #x200B; A example of Ionic bonding is table salt NaCl. Na looses a electrons and jump one step to the left and have a full outer shell and Cl gain a atom and move a step to the right."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How Windows time synchronization with server works?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How Windows time synchronization with server works?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Several organizations maintain atomic clocks which are the most accurate timekeeping devices we have, and are used as \"primary standards\" which we as people agree is the official time. Every once in a while, provided you are connected to the internet, windows sends a request to a computer (server) that is synchronized with an atomic clock, asking what time it is, and changes the time on your computer to match. Your computer is not as good at keeping time, so it will desynchronize over several hours or days and need to be updated again."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How do different types of exercise trigger different types of muscle growth? i.e Marathon runner vs. bodybuilder","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do different types of exercise trigger different types of muscle growth? i.e Marathon runner vs. bodybuilder","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Muscles have three different types of cells or fibers (possibly more but we'll stick with three). One fiber type helps lift more weight but it fatigues easier. Another type cannot lift as much weight but it has a lot of mitochondria (energy makers) so it can sustain exercise for a lot longer. The third is an intermediate fiber between these two. The first two fiber types are non transformable. This means that the fiber types you are born with stay with you. The intermediate type is transformable which explains how a power lifter could become a little better at high rep work or a runner could increase strength. The intermediate fiber type senses the demand your body is placing on it and transforms to one of the other two fiber types depending on the demand. When you run, the intermediate fiber will sense that the muscle is not efficient enough so it will become an endurance muscle. Vice versa for weight lifting."} {"category":"Other","question":"If the earth's rotation is 23 hours and 56 mins why isn't it eventually pitch black at 1pm if we use time at exactly 24 hour intervals?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If the earth's rotation is 23 hours and 56 mins why isn't it eventually pitch black at 1pm if we use time at exactly 24 hour intervals?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There's two types of \"days\" What you are referring to is the sidereal day, that is, the amount of time it takes Earth to spin exactly one revolution relative to a fixed point in space. However, the solar day is how long it takes a point on Earth pointing at the sun takes to rotate around and point at the sun again. There is a difference because the Earth is orbiting the sun, thus the Earth's position relative to the sun has changed by roughly 1\u00b0 (since it takes 365.25 days for a complete orbit). It takes another 4 minutes to make up the difference."} {"category":"Other","question":"How can the UK government keep Alfie Evan's parents from taking him to Italy for treatment?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can the UK government keep Alfie Evan's parents from taking him to Italy for treatment?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Legally, the hospital felt that the parents were not operating in the best interests of the child and filed in UK courts to have parental rights removed from the parents. The courts agreed with the hospital's end-of-life plan for Alfie and that continued treatment would be unethical due to his current condition. In essence, Alfie is now a ward of the State and the parents do not have authority over him anymore. Anything they wish to do they can only do by appealing the courts, who have rejected their appeals and ruled that they cannot take Alfie out of the country for further treatment."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"how bug barriers (e.g. Ortho Home Defense, Raid Max Bug Barrier) kill a large variety of insects for 6+ months and is yet totally safe to use in home?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how bug barriers (e.g. Ortho Home Defense, Raid Max Bug Barrier) kill a large variety of insects for 6+ months and is yet totally safe to use in home?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"While I don't have have answer to your question, I'd like to point that \"safe to use in home\" is a matter of politics. For instance, Ortho Home Defense contains Bifenthrin, which has been banned from Europe because it's been proven to be cancerous but is allowed in the USA at a very low concentration. When it comes to aggressive molecules, the dose makes the poison and each country has its own thresholds."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Atoms change when observed, does that mean the atoms that aren't obeserved never existed? Like how videogames generate for the observer but the places you don't see are never generated.","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Atoms change when observed, does that mean the atoms that aren't obeserved never existed? Like how videogames generate for the observer but the places you don't see are never generated.","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It is not quite like a video game trying to save resources. The atoms you do not observe still exists. It is just that their position and velocity does not have concrete numbers. Rather it is in a probability wave. When you observe the wave it collapses from a superposition to an absolute position. If you want to draw the comparison to games it is much like how a lot of games handles lag in multiplayer mode. Your game does not know the position of all characters but it knows the approximate position they must be in. However as they round a corner and become visible their position is sent to your computer so now you know their position accurately."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why does our skin flora not overgrow and make us ill?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does our skin flora not overgrow and make us ill?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I think someone smarter will come along and better explain this but , for now here is what I know: the skin is actually pretty acidic ( ph being somewhere around 5\/5.5 , 7 would be neutral). This acid ph keeps away most harmful bacteria and skin fungi that would love to penetrate the skin otherwise. Whatever else that survives on the skin, is kept well in check as long as you're alive. This is a delicate balance ( that your body works insanely hard to keep) which can be disrupted in situations like: taking some antibiotics, following some extreme bs alkaline diet, some diseases. This is why when you're sick, your skin might break out or get a rash, or get a fungal infection."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"How are beavers benificial for ecological systems?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How are beavers benificial for ecological systems?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They store water above sea level. Among other things, this makes them one of the most valuable creatures nature has ever created. They are classified as a keystone species like salmon. This means without them, other parts of the ecosystem will collapse. You could rid all the humans off the planet and leave the beavers. In a century they can reforest what we deforested in Canada, which is a lot. They can turn deserts into rainforests if you give them enough time."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why do polarized glasses block reflections from water but not from mirrors?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do polarized glasses block reflections from water but not from mirrors?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The polarisation of light is changed when it reflects off water, glass, and similar surfaces. This allows polarised glasses to selectively reduce the amount of light seen coming from such reflections, e.g., sun being reflected off a lake or ocean. Mirrors are made of glass but almost all of the reflection you see comes from a layer of aluminium coated on the back surface. Reflections off a metal surface like this aren't affected by polarisation in the same way so polarising glasses can't block the images. If you look at a reflection in a glass surface, e.g., look at yourself reflected in a window when it's dark outside, you'll find that polarising glasses can block that reflection. You may need to take the glasses off and rotate them around and\/or look through them backwards to best see and experiment with this effect."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How do games like Overwatch and Battlefield 1 (and others) allow you to play the games while still downloading?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do games like Overwatch and Battlefield 1 (and others) allow you to play the games while still downloading?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"You decide to order a boardgame online. You get your friends together every week to play. The package arrives, you find out that the the fancy game pieces are being shipped separately because they were heavy. However your friends are still there, you find that the box you just received contains the game rules, the game board and some passable cardboard game pieces. So you can still play with your friends. Over the next few days more fancy game pieces arrive, when they come, you swap out the cardboard pieces for the fancy pieces. That's how the download works. The biggest parts of a game are stuff like textures, sound files and videos. But you don't really need them to play, they just make it look nicer. The rules and the code for communicating online are relatively small. So they get sent first. Also BF1's single player was split up. Sort of like ordering all 6 seasons of a TV show, and Starting once season 1 arrives. You're watching season 1 while you wait for season 2 to arrive."} {"category":"Psychology","question":"how does mental momentum work in sports. how is it that a team can go on a \u201crun\u201d and what is the explanation behind the mental processes?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how does mental momentum work in sports. how is it that a team can go on a \u201crun\u201d and what is the explanation behind the mental processes?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When things are going right you get into a flow. When things start going wrong, you start hyper focusing on the pitfalls which causes you to make more careless mistakes that further drive your success down. This last super bowl was a really good example of how quickly this can change. The Kansas City QB had all this pressure on him of people expecting so much. And he was doing ok until he threw an interception. Then another and couple sacks later they're almost guaranteed to lose. Then he throws a perfect hail mary and suddenly the kid is on fire. With that hail mary he fell back into the flow of what he does and stopped worrying about how he had been playing like a total amateur. Falling into that flow is basically just remembering that you don't have to think about how to throw a ball. You just throw it perfectly because you've thrown it a 100,000 times before."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why does the second shampoo lather up so much more than the first?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does the second shampoo lather up so much more than the first?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Typically oil and water will not mix. Hair can be filled with oil from your body, especially after a few days of not washing it. The purpose of soap is to help oil and water mix together so the water can wash it away. The first application of soap will have a lot of oil to work with. This will \"use up\" the soap and make it more difficult for it to form suds. Once you wash away the soap\/oil mixture with water, the second application doesn't have much oil to mix with and easily forms suds. Try this out with something like lard and dish soap on your hands in a kitchen sink. Rinsing your hands off without soap (especially with cold water) will still leave them slimy with oil. Rinse once with soap and the oil will go away but the soap won't bubble that well, second time and you'll get more suds."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do peppers taste \"hot\" and mints taste \"cold\"?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do peppers taste \"hot\" and mints taste \"cold\"?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Our tongues are actually pretty stupid. Chemical receptors on our tongue that respond to sensation operate like a lock and key. The right chemical key in the right lock causes us to feel whatever the receptor is programmed to make us feel. The reason I say our tongues are stupid is that these locks can be fooled. Or, rather, different chemical keys can open the same lock. The lock that opens in response to the sensation of heat can also be opened by a chemical called *capsaicin,* found in hot peppers. Similarly, the lock that opens in response to the sensation of cold can also be opened by something called *menthol,* found in mints. When our tongues' receptors respond to those chemicals, they don't know that it's a chemical -- they just respond to the stimulus, and so we feel heat or cold."} {"category":"Economics","question":"What is bankruptcy and how does it actually work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is bankruptcy and how does it actually work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are different types if bankruptcy, and they work differently for people and businesses, but this is the jist of it: You file paperwork with the court saying that you can no longer pay your bills. You owe too much to realistically ever pay it back. So the court works with you and the people you owe money to come up with a payment plan so that they get their money and you can keep on living. That plan can involve you selling off extra assets you own, extending the payment plans on your debt, or securing debt consolidation loans to roll up a bunch of smaller debts into one bigger loan that you can pay back over time."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How does a calculator compute the square root of a number?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does a calculator compute the square root of a number?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"You start with a guess as to what the square root actually is, and then you check. Then you improve your guess over time. So let's say the number is 55, and I guess 10. 55 \/ 10 is 5.5, which isn't equal to 10. The answer has to be between 5.5 and 10. My next guess will be the average between them: (5.5 + 10) \/ 2 = 7.75. Let's plug that in. 55 \/ 7.75 is 7.096 and change, so again, the true answer is somewhere in between. Our next guess is 7.423. Repeat that same thing again, and we get 7.416. 55 \/ 7.416 is...well, it's about .00039 off from 7.416, but we're only looking at the first three digits after the decimal place, so that's good enough. If we needed more accuracy, we could repeat this process as much as we want. Each time around, we get about twice as many correct digits."} {"category":"Other","question":"How do the oils on hands deteriorate ancient relics (like the ones at museums) over time?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do the oils on hands deteriorate ancient relics (like the ones at museums) over time?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Oils are comprised of fatty acids. As such, they're acidic, so will react with any base on the surface of the relics, resulting in corrosion. Repeated handling will wipe the old corrosion off the surface, allowing new acids from the hands to react with the next layer down. Rinse and repeat."} {"category":"Physics","question":"What are Voltage, Current, Resistance, Energy and Power? And what relationships do they have with each other?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What are Voltage, Current, Resistance, Energy and Power? And what relationships do they have with each other?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"We're gonna compare electricity to water in a hose. Voltage is electricity's version of pressure, sort of like PSI. It's what makes electricity want to get from point A to point B. Current how much and how fast water is flowing through the hose. Think gallons per minute. Resistance is like a kink or blockage in the hose. It slows the flow rate (current) down. The pressure also goes up where the blockage is. A similar thing happens with electricity. Power is the ability for that water to do work. Imagine you want to knock things over by spraying them. You need a combination of pressure and current (flow) to allow you to move those objects around."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"what\u2019s the actual difference between different atoms besides just some protons, neutrons and electrions?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what\u2019s the actual difference between different atoms besides just some protons, neutrons and electrions?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Most of the effects you are talking about are just the chemistry of the atoms. The chemistry is a result of how many electrons they have and \"want,\" which is a result of the number of protons they have. So the difference between arsenic and gold, in the end, is that arsenic has 33 protons and gold has 79. That changes how they work chemically, and how a body will process them (it'll just excrete the gold, but the arsenic will be bioactive in nasty ways). If you had an arsenic atom and could add 46 protons to it, it'd be gold. This is what we mean by a \"chemical element,\" so if it seems tautological, it sort of is \u2014 gold is any atom with 79 protons, arsenic is any atom with 33. The number of neutrons influences the physical properties of the atom \u2014 notably it can determine whether it is radioactive or not, and how radioactive it is. So any atom with 79 protons is gold, but depending on the number of neutrons it might be normal gold, or it might be radioactive gold. These different types of atoms, with different neutron counts, are called \"isotopes.\" Lastly, molecules are just groups of atoms that are joined together by shared electrons. Again, how this works is going to be determined by the chemistry, which means by the electrons, and so ultimately the protons."} {"category":"Other","question":"Psychologically speaking, do parents have a preferred child?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Psychologically speaking, do parents have a preferred child?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There's no real way to quantify like. You could like kid 1 for X Y and Z but they're pretty terrible at A B and C, and kid 2 could be great at A B C but terrible at X Y Z - but again, how do you quantify these things to compare which child you like more? That being said, even if you did find some way of quantifying it, the chances of preferring both children exactly the same seems astronomical."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How can malware get installed on your computer just by openning up a website and without the user getting notified about a download?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can malware get installed on your computer just by openning up a website and without the user getting notified about a download?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Malware is mostly spread through security vulnerabilities on your computer, for example in your browser or some plugins your browser uses. The most common ways for an infection are through JavaScript or the Flash plugin. Someone might find a bug in Adobe Flash to manipulate it into running arbitrary code. Using this bug, he downloads the real malware to your computer and executes it. Since this still requires you to visit a website that serves the exploit and quite sure you won't visit some site like URL_0 too often, there is often another step in the whole attack campaign like hacking a advertisement network and serving the exploit code via advertisements. This way every website that includes ads from the hacked network, will serve the malware (that's why we love ad blockers ;)). Another way to spread the exploit are so called Cross-Site-Scripting vulnerabilities in websites where a attacker can inject JavaScript code in a website that will get executed when a user visits the website. But using vulnerabilities in your browser or the plugins aren't the only ways to infect your computer. Another way that was described not to long ago but only in theory (never seen in the wild) was to infect Fedora Linux using the fact that Google Chrome will download files without prompting the user and Fedora will automatically index the downloaded files and create for example preview images for pictures or video files to show in your file manager. A attacker could cause Chrome to download a manipulated media file, that would be stored on the disk and processed by the multimedia engine used by Fedora (called gstreamer). Due to a bug in gstreamer, when processing the manipulated media file, the attacker could execute code on the computer. All in all, to infect a computer without user interaction the attacker needs a vulnerability in any program you use or multiple minor bugs combined in a clever way."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How does our immune system differentiate between good and bad bacteria?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does our immune system differentiate between good and bad bacteria?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"You'd need a PhD in immunology to get any rigorous answer. One overly broad way to answer \"how does our immune system differentiate\" is simply: it doesn't. If you raised a primary immune response to every bacterial cell you'd be in big trouble. Gut bacteria have evolved with us to either work to our benefit (mutualism) or to work without harming us (commensalism). There is usually very little benefit in killing a human for bacteria, but often a very high reward in behaving. Most pathogens evolve, over time, to be less pathogenic for that reason. A second possible answer is that our immune system doesn't need to differentiate because the good bacteria do it for us. The \"good\" bacteria not only evolved to be harmless\/helpful to us, but they also evolved to be very efficient within us. Their efficiency is so high that they use up resources faster than invasive bacteria can. This competition depends upon the bacteria having evolved with humans for a long time, which often means it evolved low pathogenicity. A third answer is that the immune system modulates its response by area of the body. Pathogens in the gut trigger a weak immune response. Anything foreign in the blood, though, triggers a strong response. Immunologically this can work as simply as lowering the concentration of T or B cells. In a more complicated way, the cells that are present may be immature (this can be true even within the body, for example in the liver). The human cells in your body are outnumbered 10:1 by bacteria. You can't live without them, and they can't live without us."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How do whistles work? How does air going through a tube create such a sharp tone?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do whistles work? How does air going through a tube create such a sharp tone?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Air moving over openings creates vibrations that can be audible. Think of a really windy day and your windows make a low humming sound during the big gusts. Or maybe you have a chimney that does the same thing. Faster air + smaller openings increases the frequency of the vibrations, and in turn, the pitch of the sound."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"In math, what\u2019s a function?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n In math, what\u2019s a function?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Something with an input and an output where each input will map to *exactly* one output. I.e using the same input will always give you the same output. For example. If i have a machine that when I put in an apple (input) it gives an orange (output) that's a function. If i have another machine where If I put in an plum or apple (input) and also gives an orange (output) its still a function. You can have multiple inputs all give the same output. But a machine where i put in an apple (input) and get back a pear or an orange. It not a function. Because now the same input has multiple outputs. If you have made a graph from an equation. If that graph passes the vertical line test. It's a function. (This will almost always be the case until you get into somewhat more advanced courses) If you don't know what the vertical line test is and want to know. I recommend a video. Much easier to explain with visuals. (It's a simple concept that's basically roll your pencil over your graph)"} {"category":"Economics","question":"How does trade imbalance affect a country's economy?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does trade imbalance affect a country's economy?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"> Isn't it just trade between private corporations? Yes. When we say country x has a trade deficit with country y, that means that private corporations (or citizens) in x buy more stuff from y, than y does from x. This isn't inherently a bad thing. If country y has a lot of stuff people want to buy, people in country x are still improving their lives by having access to it. (Or having access to it cheaper than they otherwise would). That said, if you look sector by sector, some will be hurt more by the competition, although overall the benefit that everyone else gets will outweigh that. Long term, eventually those trade flows will have some limit\/cap (you can only take on *so* much debt safely), and sectors that can't compete will go out of business and go do something else they *can* compete at. However, it's an extremely popular topic politically, because a \"deficit\" sounds generically bad to your average person. And on top of that, people tend to think in zero-sum terms that those jobs where you buy overseas were \"lost\" here at home. Neither of these are the whole story, but they're intuitively appealing and the full story is complicated so it's difficult to educate people. > How is the government involved? Directly, it's not really involved much. Indirectly, governments set trade policies and politically are interested for the reasons above."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How much info can a website glean from websites open in other browser tabs?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How much info can a website glean from websites open in other browser tabs?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Websites can't see what you're doing in other tabs, as that would be a major browser security issue. However, many websites contain Facebook \"Like\" buttons, or Facebook comments sections. If you're logged in to Facebook (even if you don't have a tab open to Facebook), the Facebook elements on those pages can see that you're logged in, and Facebook can keep track of what websites you visit."} {"category":"Other","question":"why do some airplanes have a T-shaped tail and others have a normal L-shaped tail?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why do some airplanes have a T-shaped tail and others have a normal L-shaped tail?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The horizontal part of the tail needs to operate in smooth air. As a general rule, the L shape is easier and cheaper to build, but sometimes the shape or location of the wing and or engine sends turbulent air around the tail. If this is the case, the T tail is a solution because it lifts the horizontal part of the tail above the turbulent engine wash. If however the engines and wing don't send turbulent air past the tail, an L shape is normally preferred."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why are the front and back cameras on smartphones not the same to begin with? Why do they need to differ in quality?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are the front and back cameras on smartphones not the same to begin with? Why do they need to differ in quality?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"cost and size. if all other variables remain constant, a bigger lens allows for better photos, as well as a bigger image sensor (the light sensing chip behind the lens). since they\u2019re intended for different things, they just use different cameras. smaller cameras are also better at taking pictures of things closer to themselves (like a selfie)"} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why does the milk poured into coffee or tea not spoil if left out\/not consumed over many hours, while a glass of milk or cream left out would go bad?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does the milk poured into coffee or tea not spoil if left out\/not consumed over many hours, while a glass of milk or cream left out would go bad?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Milk has a complex carbohydrate called lactose (this is the same thing that lactose-intolerant people can't digest\/breakdown). Some bacteria can't go through aerobic respiration, i.d. taking in oxygen and glucose to make energy for your cells. So these bacteria go through anaerobic respiration which involves fermentation. The byproducts of anaerobic respiration are lactic acid and ethanol. So hungry bacteria see that lactose, go through fermentation, create lactic acid, and turn the milk bitter and curdy. But to do all this, the bacteria need a nice pH balanced environment with adequate temperature. Coffee manages to destroy both of these conditions. Coffee is more acidic, so it lowers the pH, and it is usually hot. When you do this to the milk, the bacteria that was on the milk will either die or have its enzymes denatured so it can't ferment the lactose. Caffeine itself is seen as an anti-microbial (because of its acidity and some other stuff that I don't really know about), so this is why it also works with tea. So next time you want to make sure your milk lasts a bit longer, either turn it to coffee or tea, or heat it up and cover it so no more nasty bacteria will feed on your hard earned lactose."} {"category":"Technology","question":"why copying a software project is called forking?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why copying a software project is called forking?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Think of it as a \"fork in the road.\" When you make a copy, you can make changes that aren't in the original. Anyone else that makes a copy can do the same, so mapping out where each copy came from creates something like a family tree. You could call it \"branching\" instead of forking, but branching already has a meaning in programming, so we call it forking to avoid confusion."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why is decreasing biodiversity bad?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is decreasing biodiversity bad?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"(I\u2019m not a biologist, so if any are reading this, feel free to elaborate or correct me) Every native organism (anything that has life, meaning animals, plants, bacteria, etc) in any specific environment has its own niche, that is to say, its own unique role and place. If you remove even one of these organisms, for example, by making them extinct, suddenly no organism is there to fill that role, which makes that environment less stable, or in other words, more likely to collapse. For example, let\u2019s say there was a forest with only one species of deer, and let\u2019s say there\u2019s a species of fox that eats only that deer. If people were to come in and hunt every single deer in that forest, then that fox would have nothing to eat. The fox species would die out too. If we switch the two, and say we kill all the foxes, then the deer would keep multiplying with less animals to eat them, and they might eat more plants than the forest has, causing the forest to have much less greenery. In other words, if you decrease biodiversity, you\u2019re making environments less stable by removing species that have specific roles in that environment, making it more likely that those environments will collapse and become unlivable and empty of any resources we humans might need."} {"category":"Biology","question":"After a tooth is removed how is it that the hole left gets completely filled over time?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n After a tooth is removed how is it that the hole left gets completely filled over time?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Dentist here - inflammation and normal trauma processes carry out cell growth, tissue differentiation, repair, etc. like they would for any wound. The body doesn\u2019t like voids and will fill them. They first heal to close the wound, then slowly over time remodel into a smoother shape (bone and soft tissue)."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why is a census necessary in the US? Can't specialized software from the social security department and the IRS do this job automatically for most of the US?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is a census necessary in the US? Can't specialized software from the social security department and the IRS do this job automatically for most of the US?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"That would be an excellent way to determine how many people are legally employed in the US. It would miss the following people: Children College students who don't have a job All unemployed people Illegal immigrants Retired legal immigrants who don't qualify for Social Security benefits Basically, there are millions of people in this country who don't have a job, and would be missed by this plan. Also, it's unconstitutional."} {"category":"Other","question":"Humans have existed for 200,00 years, yet history only goes back 5,000 years. What do we know happened past 5,000 years ago? What do we know\/think life was like?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Humans have existed for 200,00 years, yet history only goes back 5,000 years. What do we know happened past 5,000 years ago? What do we know\/think life was like?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Holy shit, this is the first time I can answer a Reddit question as an actual \"professional\". I'm a prehistoric archeology student, so basically trying to figure out exactly that is (hopefully) my future job. The answer is, we really don't. **A lot** of what we 'know\" is conjecture, which is fancy talk for \"educated wild ass guess\". But we obviously base our guesses on some evidence. The more evidence you have, and the more detailed it is, the better your reconstruction. Finding out all those details takes a lot of highly specialized skills. And that's where we \"archaeological scientists\" (as opposed to archaeologists) come in. Archaeologists paint the broad picture, we fill in the little blanks. The amount and kind of evidence you have depends on location and age, but older doesn't necessarily mean less evidence. Here in Switzerland, the Neolithic is one of the best studied prehistoric ages whereas we know next to nothing about some parts of the pre-roman Iron Age. That's because many Neolithic settlements were built on lake shores or even in lakes. And waterlogged environments cause excellent preservation of organic remains. Let's try a simple reconstruction of a Neolithic lake shore town so you see how we work and what kind of evidence we use. We find wooden remains from stilt houses, which allow dendro-dating, which is precise to a few years, sometimes even to a few months. So we know how the town looked, how many houses there were and how old they are. The patterns of stilts also allow us to reconstruct certain dimensions of the houses, size of the settlements and so on. Inside the houses, we find bones of livestock, charred grains and fruit seeds, so we know what the people ate. Sometimes, we can analyze the remains of fats from ceramic shards to tell if they've been used to store milk or cheese. We find tools, fishing hooks made from bones, axes made from stone, arrowheads made from flint, maybe loom weights, if we're really lucky also wheels, oars and so on. In very rare cases, we might even find fishing nets or fabrics. If we map certain remains, like animal bones, we might see patterns that could indicate a hierarchy. Pigs are usually food for \"richer\" people because pigs aren't really good for anything else. A cow you can use for milk or labor and eat it when it's old. If we're lucky enough to find corresponding burials, we can find out even more. Bones can tell you what a person did for most of their lives. Did they carry heavy loads, were they mostly sitting (working on a loom), is there evidence for malnutrition, are there signs of past, non-fatal injury? Isotope analysis can tell us what they ate. The more \"carnivorous\" a human is, the higher a certain value of a stable carbon isotope. We can also compare different isotope ratios between bones and teeth to determine if a person might not have died in the same broad geographic region that they grew up in (migration). Finally, we can analyze pollen from lake sediments of the same age. With those, it's possible to reconstruct the landscape. For the Neolithic, for example, you will find loads of tree pollen and very few grass pollen, which tells us that there were no large, open pastures, so livestock was kept on wood pastures. For pre-agricultural societies, it gets more difficult. Large paleolithic find complexes are rare because there were no towns (not strictly true but let's keep it simple) and there are almost no areas where conditions were stable enough for long enough to allow for preservation of delicate organic material. But we can still find out details. We find stone tools made from flint, we can usually tell if they've been used and how, we find the cut marks the tools left on animal bones. Unfortunately, we basically never find any organic material, so we don't really know anything about paleolithic clothing, tool mountings and so on. What we do find are burials, and that fact alone tells us that whoever buried their dead there had some sort of abstract concept of an afterlife. Because if life just stops with death, there's little that's stopping you from just dumping the dead body into the next ditch. There are some buried skulls that clearly show that the person had lost their teeth long ago, which means the rest of the group had to care for them for months or even years, telling us something about social structures. In some very rare cases, you might make the find of the century which reveals details you couldn't possibly have discovered otherwise. For the Neolithic Europe, that find was \u00d6tzi, an ice mummy found in Italy in 1991. \u00d6tzi and the stuff he carried when he died helped us reconstruct Neolithic clothing, everyday accessories, general health and so on. Of course, the problem with such unique find is always that you can't be sure how representative they are of the general situation. In summary, archaeology is similar to detective work on a crime scene several thousand years old. You will never know what **exactly** happened but if you know what to look for, you can start to paint a general picture. There are facts you can rely on but some blanks you'll always have to fill in with your creativity and \"gut feeling\". The art then is to strike a good balance between seeing those ancient people as humans who functioned in similar way to you, and projecting too much of your worldview onto them. Some of your traits as a human are universal, some aren't. If you find a concentration of flower pollen in a paleolithic dwelling, it's not absurd to assume that maybe the inhabitants picked some flowers and put them in their hut because they looked pretty. But if you find a man and a woman buried in the same grave, don't claim they were \"husband and wive\" just because that seems to make sense in *your* culture. tldr: To find out what humans did before they could write down what they did, a bunch of lunatics will carefully sift through metric tons of mud and then make educated guesses based on what they found. I know this was a super long reply but I get kinda excited if someone is interested in what I do \\^\\^ Keep in mind, this reply is rather Euro-centric. The archaeological situation and methods are different in other parts of the world although the general idea is the same. If anyone wants to know more, just ask, I'd be happy to try and reply."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why is it that the more we can't get something, the more we want it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it that the more we can't get something, the more we want it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"This is a case of *confirmation bias* meaning you only notice the cases that fit your theory. Here are some things I can't get and don't want at all: - A rock from 10 miles below Kansas City - An original set of lyrics to all the McDonalds jingles - Ice cream made from lobster liver - A photo of me with your great grand grandfather"} {"category":"Technology","question":"How did interface(Sites, UI) designs get switched from non-flat to flat designs that we see in modern interfaces?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How did interface(Sites, UI) designs get switched from non-flat to flat designs that we see in modern interfaces?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I'm gonna assume you're asking \"why did we go from one art style to another\" So, computer graphics started very simple, because the computers didn't have enough memory to do much better. If you look at Windows 3.11 everything is just boxes, then when you get into Windows 95 you get stuff that looks a little more detailed, with some cute shadow effects on the bottoms of buttons to make them look 3d. Give it about ten more years and you're looking at Windows Vista's GPU-accelerated 3d floating transparent Windows. So \"why did we make a complex art style style?\" Because they could, and it made people go buy windows because pretty. But why'd we go back the other way again? It turns out once you introduce crazy 3d window and stuff...it looks cluttered. Simple boxes actually do a really good job communicating what is and isn't important if you have good design. Agruably, they do **better** at immediately highlighting what's important than lots of fancy details the viewer has to mentally crunch. So Win10 and so forth got simpler, because that's more functional to actually use, and people aren't as wowed by 3D graphis anymore."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why does the military use mostly propellar aircrafts for cargo instead of jets?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does the military use mostly propellar aircrafts for cargo instead of jets?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Prop-driven aircraft are generally cheaper to produce and maintain. Jets give obvious advantages for smoothness, speed, and altitude. But for a cargo plane, ability to land\/take off in a shorter distance, to fly slower and at a lower altitude efficiently, and ability to do all of this with heavy load is more important."} {"category":"Other","question":"why race and ethnicity are an important distinction, and why Latinos\/Hispanic people are White on most forms?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why race and ethnicity are an important distinction, and why Latinos\/Hispanic people are White on most forms?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I'll give it a try. Hope I can help. The U.S. Census Bureau defines race as a \u201cperson\u2019s self-identification with one or more social groups.\u201d The social groups include White, Black, African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders. So race is the social group you belong to based on shared physical characteristics. Ethnicity is how you identify based on nationality, language, culture and religion. It can also be based on your geography or your family's origin. It's a cultural definition of who you are. Latinx\/Hispanic people are not always white. Cubans, Dominicans, puerto ricans may identify as black because they are Afro-caribean. Argentinians and spaniards self identify as white\/european decent. Some latinx\/people identify as native american. I self identify as black because I have african decent but I'm latina,. My race is black, my ethnicity is Hispanic and my nationality is American. My friend from Peru is mostly native american so he he puts Hispanic\/Latino and then native american. So your race is who you are based on social group and shared physical traits. Ethnicity is who you are based culture and geography. You can multiracial and identify with one race more than another based on how you look or how you feel and you can be multi ethnic and be part of multiple cultural groups like kamala harris."} {"category":"Other","question":"How did the talks of war with Iran rise so quickly and what are the underlying causes?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How did the talks of war with Iran rise so quickly and what are the underlying causes?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Watch the movie [Wag the Dog]( URL_0 ). The idea is to distract the public from the Mueller report long enough that it's not in the news anymore. A really common tactic used in politics (on both sides) is to divert public attention on a minor crisis towards potentially a seemingly major crisis (albeit a completely invented one). Don't worry about war with Iran until there's an actual death count -- it's pretty easy to fake at-sea skirmishes ([it's happened before]( URL_1 )) but a lot harder to fake actual soldier deaths."} {"category":"Economics","question":"I'm one of 30 people on a plane capable of holding 150+ people. How does the airline justify the expense to fly us 30 an hour and a half?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n I'm one of 30 people on a plane capable of holding 150+ people. How does the airline justify the expense to fly us 30 an hour and a half?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Probably not Airlines do often charge more for less popular routes and they do have to spend less of fuel and wages (they don't need as many flight attendants) on a flight like that. But Airlines work on averages - they don't know beforehand how many tickets they are going to be able to sell on a flight So for that particular route maybe 8 out of 10 flights make a profit and 2 are like yours and don't. But they keep all 10 flights because they don't know which ones will make them money or not - but overall that route averages out to be profitable. But sometimes they will run flights at a loss just for the sake of being able to say that they cover that particular route They also may be making a lot of money on the connecting flights so can afford to have routes that lose a little bit of money because they make it up on other flights Sometimes they also need to shift planes to other locations so they are happy to only have a few passengers because it's still better than flying the plane there empty"} {"category":"Economics","question":"What, exactly, is Petro-Yuan and how will it affect the US dollar?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What, exactly, is Petro-Yuan and how will it affect the US dollar?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It creates an automatic demand for dollars that keeps the value of the currency high. We could produce no exports of any kind, and the money would stay valuable because everyone needs to buy oil, and oil only sells for dollars. It's pretty unlikely that China will make that move in the near future, since devaluing our currency would basically gut their economy...Yuan being cheap compared to dollars is what drives the trade gap between our countries, and they have worked hard to keep that state of affairs going."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why do cable companies still use all that gear when streaming services can offer live TV with just wifi?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do cable companies still use all that gear when streaming services can offer live TV with just wifi?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"First, WiFi is not internet. Its just a convenient way to send a wireless signal a very short distance. The WiFi has to be \"generated\" from a box with a wired connection to the internet. Most people get use WiFi generated by a router, which is physically connected to cable equipment, such as a modem, which is hardwired back into all the buried cable connecting everyone together. Youtube can only get a video to your phone or computer by taking advantage of all the physical hardware and wiring that companies already installed."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do pre packaged soft baked cookies (ex. Chips Ahoy Chewy, Pillsbury Minis, Mrs. Fields Individually Wrapped) all have a relatively similar distinct flavor & aftertaste that are different from freshed baked cookies?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do pre packaged soft baked cookies (ex. Chips Ahoy Chewy, Pillsbury Minis, Mrs. Fields Individually Wrapped) all have a relatively similar distinct flavor & aftertaste that are different from freshed baked cookies?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"One of the chief chemicals responsible for keeping baked goods \"soft\" as if they were fresh baked is L-Cysteine. This is a common Sulfur containing amino acid, and is responsible for all varieties of curly hair. Sulfur is going to have an effect on your gases. And L-Cysteine by itself doesn't have a pleasant flavor. Gross news though! Apparently the \"natural\" ingredient is sourced from [duck feathers, human hair, and hog hair] ( URL_0 ) Enjoy your soft baked hog hair cookies! edit: added words"} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why do they say not to use your phone while gas is being filled in the car?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do they say not to use your phone while gas is being filled in the car?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Static charge and electromagnetic radiation (radio waves) *can* cause fuel to ignite. But your phone is not putting out a very high amount of energy at all, and the fuel pump systems these days are very well protected, so the chances of that happening are probably worse than the chances of winning the lottery. This idea is much more serious at military bases where high-power radar poses a hazard to certain types of jet fuel."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How come water based liquids sting wounds but oil based liquids or ointments don\u2019t?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How come water based liquids sting wounds but oil based liquids or ointments don\u2019t?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Our bodies use water, in our blood, as the main fluid to move stuff around. So water is special to us in a way that oils are not, when water touches our wounds, it's sort of like the right plug fitting into the right outlet. Our nerves, which are exposed in a wound, use chemicals called \"ions\" to transmit signals up to our brain. When water touches an exposed nerve, if that water contains too many ions (like salty water) or too few ions (like distilled water) it can cause the nerves to misfire and transmit a signal to the brain that we perceive as \"stinging\". If the water has just the right ion balance, which we call \"saline water\", it wouldn't trigger that sensation."} {"category":"Other","question":"Where did magic originate from, and why is it associated with medieval times with knights and dragons?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Where did magic originate from, and why is it associated with medieval times with knights and dragons?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Are you asking about magic as in supernatural, or magic as in illusions performed by magicians? If it's the former, the idea of magic has been around as long as humans had the ability to think about complex ideas, so there's no way to know or say when it originated. It's certainly been written about since the first written languages came about. As for why it's associated with medieval times with knights and dragons, that's a product of you presumably growing up in western society. Every culture has it's own conception and history of magic. If you grew up in the Middle East or Asia or Africa, you'd have an entirely different concept of magic appropriate to your local history and traditions, although there are certainly common themes that you'll find in magic lore of many different societies."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why eating something sweet hurts the teeth more than eating something else?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why eating something sweet hurts the teeth more than eating something else?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Sugar will not make your teeth hurt in any way if you are healthy, and your teeth are sound and undamaged. If you are eating sweet foods and you feel pain, it\u2019s because of an open connection of your underlying tooth tissue and the free oral space in any given tooth. Mostly in the case of leaking fillings where food and saliva have access or come into contact with the sensitive underlying dentin, you will experience pain. Eroded teeth and enamel worn teeth will also show sensitivity and pain; think of sensitive tooth necks. Sometimes anatomical issues like deep and profound fissures in permanent molars may cause sensitivity(see photo). In this case, sealing is a treatment option also for the prevention of developing cavities. Saliva plays a role in the remineralization process of enamel. When having a dry mouth due to medication side effects, dental sensitivity problems may occur more frequently. Don\u2019t blame the sugar, check your cavities, fillings, and erosions instead."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why are wires generally preferred over ACH when transferring larger amounts of money?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are wires generally preferred over ACH when transferring larger amounts of money?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"ACH (actually EFTS specifically as wire can be done through an Automated Clearing House too) requires just routing and account number, and in a legal sense is recognized as similar to a personal check. Wire transfers require two numbers from the bank that aren't easily-accessed public knowledge that you can find on anyone's checkbook, and only a sender can authorize money moving unlike EFTS where the receiver can also make money move like with automatic bill payment. In this sense it's treated more like a cashier's check. If they use FedWire, that money can be moved in the same business day (or even instantly) also, which is pretty handy. Not sure if FedACH is set up the same way, but FedWire is served by a datacenter with on-site backup, with another \"hot\" backup a few hundred miles away with *its* own backup of the backup, and a third \"warm\" backup facility. Even though the process is very quick. This provides a lot of integrity and failsafe to those big amounts of money."} {"category":"Physics","question":"if the top speed in our universe is c what is the speed of a photon moving in the opposite direction of another photon?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n if the top speed in our universe is c what is the speed of a photon moving in the opposite direction of another photon?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"This is a nonsensical question. Two photons moving in opposite directions *do not have a relative speed at all* for the simple fact that there is no inertial coordinate system in which either photon is at rest. In order to measure the relative speed of 2 objects, you need a frame of reference in which at least one is at rest, but photons have no valid rest frame. & #x200B;"} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"when you see geological maps (the layered ones that show different periods of earth) why does earth stack layers? In theory because of erosion and whatnot shouldn\u2019t it actually get lower?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n when you see geological maps (the layered ones that show different periods of earth) why does earth stack layers? In theory because of erosion and whatnot shouldn\u2019t it actually get lower?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Exactly, some places get eroded, those partials get transported to other areas where they stack back up again. Great example is the grand canyon, you can see the layers all the way down. Aka, it was a spot were stuff used to stack up. Now it's being eroded away by the river. Those partials are being transported down stream to be deposited elsewhere to begin making new layers."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why does hormonal acne tend to pop up on your chin\/jawline, as apposed to elsewhere on the body?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does hormonal acne tend to pop up on your chin\/jawline, as apposed to elsewhere on the body?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"What else is happening during that time of your life, particularly for boys? Hair development. The main reason this area gets hit hard is that hormonal changes affecting hair follicles where the beard develops produce extra sebum, the oily substance that lubricates your skin and helps hair grow without impediment (ingrown hairs). The oily nature of sebum causes extra bacteria to build up in the opening follicles, causing an immune response that creates the pus associated with acne."} {"category":"Other","question":"How do actors\/actresses look so good in movies\/TV while in real life they are not as attractive and often give the impression they had too much makeup?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do actors\/actresses look so good in movies\/TV while in real life they are not as attractive and often give the impression they had too much makeup?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"That's the magic of having an entire crew of make-up, studio lighting, composition and other specialists working to make you look great. By the time you see them in a movie, there's been a host of people working on their looks from the person who does their makeup to the person who tells them how to pose in flattering ways and the person who does the final colour correction. Without all that, they're just people."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What might one inherit that would make them a naturally good endurance runner?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What might one inherit that would make them a naturally good endurance runner?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There is so much which can be inherited that it\u2019s hard to list them all down. I\u2019ll just give one example, mitochondria. Mitochondria is an organelle in human and plant cells, which converts Glucose into ATP. ATP is the main \u201cfuel\u201d that keeps your body energised. Your mitochondria have a different DNA than you, since they are inherited only from your Mother while you are a combination of your biological Mother and Father. This creates a genetic trail through your Mother, her Grandmother, etc etc all the way back to [Mitochondrial Eve] ( URL_0 ), the most recent common ancestor for the entire world\u2019s population. Anyway, small mutations throughout the ages in the mitochondria\u2019s DNA can improve ATP generation. These mutations are passed down the female line. So you can inherit your Mother\u2019s mitochondria and gain that advantage."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why does sticking your finger in foamy soda cause the foam to recede faster, but the same is not true of beer?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does sticking your finger in foamy soda cause the foam to recede faster, but the same is not true of beer?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It does work with beer to a certain extent but the foam on beer is much more structured and dense than with soda. It\u2019s the oil on your skin that breaks down the foam and your finger just doesn\u2019t usually have enough oil on it to break down beer foam. You can rub your finger on your nose to pick up a little more foam. That sometimes works."} {"category":"Other","question":"How do people learn to become skilled criminals?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do people learn to become skilled criminals?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Usually people start off as lousy criminals and get caught. They go to prison and learn from other criminals mistakes and when they're released from prison they implement better techniques. This is most likely where they meet other people getting out with similar interests or criminal skills and form a network on the outside."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why must we close our eyes in order to fall asleep?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why must we close our eyes in order to fall asleep?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"First off; *we don't*. Secondly; closing our eyes prevents them from drying out during the night. There isn't a whole lot of blinking taking place during sleep, but there is certainly a lot of movement, which would dry out our eyes and potentially damage them. Lastly; humans naturally sleep during the night due to the reduction in light, which makes it difficult and dangerous to hunt or gather food. Closing our eyes can help to simulate the darkness of night, so that we can sleep more easily and more comfortably."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How can you pinpoint your location with GPS on your phone without service on the ground, but can\u2019t do the same on an airplane?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can you pinpoint your location with GPS on your phone without service on the ground, but can\u2019t do the same on an airplane?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It works in plane too....if you have an unobstructed view of the sky with at least 4 satellites. Given cramped space and metal ceilinge of typical airliner body this is 50\/50 chance of working if you're in window seat. But if you do it on a private small plane with a big plastic window, it works just fine."} {"category":"Physics","question":"On a flat road, why is it that it looks like the road is made of reflective water really far ahead?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n On a flat road, why is it that it looks like the road is made of reflective water really far ahead?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"What you are seeing is a mirage. The heat coming off the road distorts the air in such a way that what you are seeing is actually a reflection of the sky. The mirror-like reflection looks like water compared to the relatively matte road surface. The mirages like you see in the cartoons are a little far-fetched, but a lot of real mirages were of boats that seemed to be floating in air. This was caused by the reflection of boats too far away or over the horizon to see. Lots of \"ghost ship\" stories sprang from this phenomenon."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why is COVID-19 so highly feared with 2,900 deaths, but not the flu which kills sometimes hundreds of thousands worldwide each year?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is COVID-19 so highly feared with 2,900 deaths, but not the flu which kills sometimes hundreds of thousands worldwide each year?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The flu kills about 1 in every 10,000 people that get it. COVID-19 kills 200 in every 10,000 it infects. People compare the general death tolls without putting it into context of how many got it. Also we are not done with this virus yet, it will spread and kill a lot more. There are strains of the flu that do kill at the rate that COVID-19 does and on rare occasions outbreaks of those do happen, but they are taken just as seriously as this years outbreak is, the last time this happened was in 2009 with the H1N1 influenza virus. Additionally since this is a highly contagious strain of a virus family that does not commonly infect humans, there is a fear that may potentially become a recurring event in human history like the flu. If it spreads enough, there is a possibility that it will become a disease that stays around in the centuries to come with enough infections to mutate a strain resistant to past vaccines like the flu is."} {"category":"Other","question":"How much of a song can be replicated before it is deemed a copy? and how can a musical style emulate artists, but not be copying them?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How much of a song can be replicated before it is deemed a copy? and how can a musical style emulate artists, but not be copying them?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"You change one note and you can say it\u2019s different, I believe vanilla ice said he didn\u2019t steal the heat to under pressure because the last note was different. Plus sampling is a huge thing in the music industry. Another good example is this is America by childish gambino almost completely ripped off the song from another rapper but it was just slightly different so there wasn\u2019t too big of an up roar. It\u2019s a hard thing to nail down honestly."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why do far away things appear small?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do far away things appear small?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Draw a line from each rod and cone in your eye, through your lens and out into the world. Your field of view is composed of anything that intercepts those lines. These lines expand outward in a cone shape (because your eye's lens is convex), so objects that are closer are \"hit\" by more of these view-lines than they would be if they were distant. The lines represent how light travels from objects they're reflected off of, through your lens, and onto your rods and cones. Ultimately, the number of rods and cones an object activates determines its \"size\" in your field of view. This is also why holding an object closer to your eye in low-light conditions makes it easier to see: you're activating more rods and cones with the limited amount of light being reflected from the object."} {"category":"Other","question":"What is the difference between a psychiatrist, a psychologist, and a therapist?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is the difference between a psychiatrist, a psychologist, and a therapist?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A psychiatrist is a medical doctor, who went to medical school, who prescribes medicine and practices therapy to treat psychological issues that require both. Things like bipolar disorder or narcolepsy require medication in order to heal. These patients need medicine to fix chemical problems in the brain before they can really begin to heal. A psychologist studies the mind and treats psychological disorders that don't require medication in order to heal. Some forms of depression, antisocial disorders, or stress disorders tend to fall under this category. These patients tend to just need a new way of handling their psychological issues; meditation exercises, talking therapies, changes to diet or exercise, etc. A therapist is any professional person who uses therapy to help people through difficult times in their lives. Most of your drug\/alcohol rehab places have plenty of therapists on hand, marriage\/relationship counselors typically fall under this category, and often after a person has undergone psychiatric care from a psychiatrist or psychologist, they'll end up at a therapist."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why does dust stay on moving cars? Shouldn't the air flow of the moving car be able to blow the dust off?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does dust stay on moving cars? Shouldn't the air flow of the moving car be able to blow the dust off?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because the electrostatic force between the particle and the car is larger than the force pulling the particles off. The force which tries to remove the particles is dependent on the cross sectional area of the particle, where the air is pushing against. As dust are very small particles, the force applied by the air moving around the car is not enough to counteract the electrostatic force."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How did game genie work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How did game genie work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Game Genie and Gameshark both worked by editing specific hexadecimal that transfers between the game and the system's RAM. Part of the input code is the location of the address that it will to edit, the other is the edited string that it will insert once the address has been found and intercepted. Actually quite simple, still very doable on PC with Cheat Engine."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How did we create non biodegradable things like plastic from what I'd assume is biodegradable materials?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How did we create non biodegradable things like plastic from what I'd assume is biodegradable materials?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Plastics have properties which make them resistant to biodegradation. Firstly, plastics are water resistant. Without moisture, bacteria\/fungi cannot grow on it. Also, any digestive enzymes released by these organisms will be repelled from the surface. Secondly, producing plastics is very energy-inefficient compared to biological cellulose or other biomaterials. So nature has never bothered to evolve plastics and the enzymes to digest plastics. Also, plastics are very similar to wood (cellulose). When wood was first evolved, there were very few organisms capable of digesting it. This led to dead trees piling up everywhere and filling the earth with wood, which all eventually became coal. This period of earth\u2019s history is the Carboniferous period, where almost all coal on earth came from this pile of dead trees. If plastics become as widespread as wood was, something will evolve to digest the abundant source of energy."} {"category":"Economics","question":"is there a real risk that any cryptocurrency breaks the economy?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n is there a real risk that any cryptocurrency breaks the economy?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Your question is too broad and too vague to give a good answer. To be clear: currency doesn't have much to do with how an economy works. A business provides a service, for which a customer pays X. The state takes Y percent from that price in taxes. Banks allow all three parties to exchange these amounts, as well as trade and share with other parties. How crypto currencies work, is that they do not allow the middleman to take a percentage, as a bank would, so the transaction fees can be eliminated. But the currency or exchange cannot provide *LOANS* which generate *debt, loss, interest, inflation, etc.* These are actually what drives the economy. So in short, not really, unless I misinterpreted your question."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do foot peeling masks (like the Baby Foot Peel) take several days to start working?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do foot peeling masks (like the Baby Foot Peel) take several days to start working?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The callouses on your feet are very thick (thicker than anywhere else on the body), and products like that only penetrate so far. Also, anything strong enough to peel away all that dead skin in one go would cause severe burns to any less calloused areas it came in contact with (like your fingertips as you're applying them), and likely require a prescription."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why is Mexico not as developed as the USA or Canada?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is Mexico not as developed as the USA or Canada?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Colonization by the Spanish was a very different thing that colonization by the British, and not just the language angle. British colonies in the 17^th and 18^th centuries were constructed and managed as \"British civilization\". They were run with the expectation that they would be very British-like. Spanish colonies were not managed, they were seen as a source of resources, not a source of \"more space to be Spanish\"."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why is it common for teachers and nurses to unionize, but not, e.g., architects or lawyers?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it common for teachers and nurses to unionize, but not, e.g., architects or lawyers?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When you have a lot of people working for a single employer there arises the possibility where the employer could impose unfair wages or bad working conditions. So the workers collectively bargain with the employer to have better working conditions and pay - they form a union. Architects are mostly self-employed or work in small studios, so there isn't a critical mass of workers that need to be organized. The same applies for lawyers in smaller law firms. Engineers (IT mostly) and Lawyers in bigger law firms are highly sought after and work in a competitive field. They have the luxury of going away and working for someone else (in contrast to nurses and doctors - there are only so many hospitals). Companies compete in providing the best perks to employees just to lure more of them in. So there is no need to form unions. At least not right now :)"} {"category":"Economics","question":"How can I set up a corporation to purchase my (and everyone else\u2019s) student loan debt and then dissolve the corporation via bankruptcy?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can I set up a corporation to purchase my (and everyone else\u2019s) student loan debt and then dissolve the corporation via bankruptcy?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Nice try, but that won't work. To buy up the debt, your corporation's going to need money. It doesn't have any, so it'll have to either take out a loan from a bank, or sell shares in the corporation to raise some. The bank and the investors are going to ask, \"what's your business plan to pay us back?\" When you as the CEO say you don't have one because you're planning on declaring bankruptcy and sticking them with the debt, they'll kick you out of their office."} {"category":"Biology","question":"why does a physical trauma (car crash,bad fall, etc) start the flare response in people with autoimmune diseases? What is the body responding to?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why does a physical trauma (car crash,bad fall, etc) start the flare response in people with autoimmune diseases? What is the body responding to?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The role of the immune system is not limited just to fighting off infectious pathogens, although that is a major aspect of the work that it does. The immune is also generally responsible for cleaning up around wounds and stimulating the repair of injuries. Anytime anything damages or kills cells in the body \u2014 be it a cut, a bruise, a broken bone, a cancerous growth, or an infection \u2014 it\u2019s the immune system\u2019s job to clear out any foreign material and remove any damaged, infected, or dead cells, so that new healthy cells can divide and replace them. In other words, the immune system is not *just* the body\u2019s police force, it\u2019s also the body\u2019s fire department and garbage collection. Traumatic physical injuries activate the immune system and stimulate immune cells to start killing and eating damaged cells. In people with autoimmune disorders, this process of killing and eating cells can run wild and off-target."} {"category":"Biology","question":"what happens if a child is never potty trained? Will they eventually learn on their own?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what happens if a child is never potty trained? Will they eventually learn on their own?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I would imagine, like anything else in life, they would learn from how other people react to what they are doing. If people act with disgust for example they probably will get the idea. If a person is isolated from any human contact I would imagine they will do what suits them best. They probably won't want to crap in their own bed because it smells, etc."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why can't a DSLR camera record in 4k if they can take pictures with a resolution higher than 4k?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why can't a DSLR camera record in 4k if they can take pictures with a resolution higher than 4k?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"To recorded video you need to capture a picture at the frame rate you film at. So for 30 fps video you need a sensor that can read out a 4k image from the sensor 30 times per second but to take a still image you do not need that. A optical senors capture light in small \"buckets\" that convert it to electrical charge that you need to count ie convert to a digitale values. This take time to converts. To do that faster require more complex electronics to be able to do that at the speed needed to capture a video. So to read out the image from the senor take time and for still images it might longer then time needed for video. There is also another limitation and that is the CPU and storage system of the camera. The need to be fast enough to handle the data from the senor. You need more performance t to capture video then still images at a lower rate so that can be the limiting factor."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How do astronauts communicate with the planet Earth?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do astronauts communicate with the planet Earth?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The main way is by radio, in the S-Band and the Ku-Band. These are bands of frequencies that can be used to communicate, the S Band is typically used for Radar and things, but also includes Wi-Fi and microwaves, and the Ku Band is used for satellites (like the ISS!). A few dozen ground stations around the earth can be used to communicate with the ISS. The internet can then be ran over this radio communication. But there is another way to communicate with the ISS - Amateur radio! Many Astronauts operate Amateur radios when they aren't working, like the weekends."} {"category":"Psychology","question":"why does good weather (sunny, warm) instantly seem to improve one\u2019s mood?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why does good weather (sunny, warm) instantly seem to improve one\u2019s mood?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are several biological functions that are aided with the addition of sunlight. Synthesis of vitamin D and several other things. Beyond this the immune system is getting a nice break due to decrease in viruses spreading. All of these have significant impacts on mood. I can gather appropriate articles to quote if you\u2019d like. Hope this helps!"} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why is it common for video game controllers to use abxy buttons instead of abcd or 1234? What's the origin of abxy?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it common for video game controllers to use abxy buttons instead of abcd or 1234? What's the origin of abxy?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"\"For the origins of the ABXY button scheme we must look back to the very beginning of additional buttons. When the Famicom (known as the Nintendo Entertainment System outside Japan) launched, it featured two primary buttons. While other companies labelled their (usually two) buttons with numbering such as 1 and 2 or I and II, Nintendo had instead used A and B. When the SNES was released in Japan in 1990 they added X and Y to the mix, and rotated it slightly. The format was now a diamond, with X, A, B, and Y all around, clockwise. This format became known as ABXY because of the obvious alphabetical order. But why X and Y? Why not C and D, the next most logical letters? The likely reason for this is future-proofing. Adding C and Z to the right of ABXY would not change the way games designed only for ABXY controlled, whereas if the controller had ABCD adding E and F and moving C up beside B would affect previous games, and having the buttons in ABECDF order would not make sense\" - URL_0"} {"category":"Physics","question":"How does a compound bow work, particularly the function of the cams and the \"let off\"?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does a compound bow work, particularly the function of the cams and the \"let off\"?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because a compound bow differs from a recurve bow in that it has shorter limbs (the part that extends past the grip), the power to drive the arrow forward into flight comes from a system of pulleys, or \"cams\" on the ends of the limbs. Essentially, a regular recurve bow works by putting force into the limbs by pulling back on a string. The force is transferred to the limbs so that they are drawn back, and when the string is released, the limbs snap forward, pulling the string and the arrow along with it. This produces the force that propels the arrow. Compound bows, on the other hand, instead of putting the force of the string at a perpendicular angle to the limbs, use their pulleys (cams) to essentially try to pull the limbs together instead of back during draw. There is the part of the string that the arrow rests on, but there is an additional length that is doing the actual \"pulling\", and it pulls straight up and down on the limbs, pulling them together. When the string is released, the limbs snap back both up and down, instead of forward, making it easier to control. This reduces the strain on the archer, and allows for higher accuracy in a more compact frame, since you're not fighting against the bow trying to fly forward out of your hand. this design comes with the trade-off of needing stronger materials to function properly, but that isn't much of an issue with modern materials. As for \"let-off\", the cams can be designed and positioned in such a way that the strain of holding the bow at full draw (all the way back) is reduced by a certain percentage, usually anywhere from 70-85%. If you look at a modern compound bow, the cams are not circular, but rather a strange ovoid shape; this is the design that allows for let-off. Let-off allows trophy hunters or casual archers to hold a drawn shot for longer while they sight the target or wait for their prey to come into range. If the let-off weren't there, you would have to hold a full 80 lbs or so of draw, which is difficult to do for any length of time; a let-off of 80 means that you're dropping 80% of full draw weight at the very end of your draw, so you only have to hold 20% of what you did to draw it back. An 80lb bow with a let-off of 80 only takes 16lbs to hold at full draw, which can be done relatively easily."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why is it damaging to battery life to charge up when it\u2019s not completely run out?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it damaging to battery life to charge up when it\u2019s not completely run out?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"In modern batteries, that's not true. Older batteries technologies had that \"memory effect\" that forced you to discharge it completely before recharging, or you'll lose capacity. The cause of this effect is related to the chemical processes that take place inside the battery when it discharging and recharging, and are quite complex to ELI5..."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why are jellyfish kept in a tank without any plantation or soil at all? They are always kept in a totally empty tank.","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are jellyfish kept in a tank without any plantation or soil at all? They are always kept in a totally empty tank.","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They are very delicate and extremely hard to keep in tanks for that reason. They are mostly water with very thin membranes as their body structure. Any sharp object can rip them apart fairly easily. Of course, there are lots of larger jellies that have evolved to be more durable, or can grow big enough to withstand damage (like the Stygiomedusa gigantea, or the larger fried egg jellyfish specimens). But the vast majority are small and mostly helpless, except for their unique stinging cells, but that doesn't affect their ability to survive in a tank. In their natural environment, they usually just float freely with the currents in the open ocean, so there's nothing for them to bump up against (except predators). They aren't strong swimmers either, so they can get stranded or trapped easily if the current washes them onto the shore or pushes them into a confined area. In order to most closely replicate their natural environment, jellies need tanks with rounded edges to keep from getting stuck in corners, a gentle current to propel them around the tank, and a small amount of food suspended in the water. They have very specific requirements for temperature and water pH, but I don't know those details, you could probably find them on an aquarist website, though. No gravel since they could scrape against the grains and tear up their membranes. No plants since they could get stuck in the leaves. I don't think the jellyfish stings would be good for the plant either, but maybe it would be fine. Anyway, there ya go! If you want to know more just look up a jellyfish keeping guide & they'll have a lot more info. I also totally recommend looking up Stygiomedusa gigantea and fried egg jellyfish if you've never seen them before!"} {"category":"Other","question":"Why is Golf the go to sports for rich and\/or powerful people like Presidents, CEOs? What is special about it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is Golf the go to sports for rich and\/or powerful people like Presidents, CEOs? What is special about it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It costs a lot of money to play, it's played in a space that is exclusive, which allows for privacy, and it is a slow paced game that allows for conversation and socializing. The slower pace also allows people to play into much older age than other sports. It's basically the perfect game for wealthy people who want to have something to do while having an informal conversation."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why is it that all our other muscles become stronger from tensing them for long periods of time but our bladder becomes weaker and causes incontinence if we hold our pee?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it that all our other muscles become stronger from tensing them for long periods of time but our bladder becomes weaker and causes incontinence if we hold our pee?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"If you'd only hold your hand in a certain position without moving it, even if the muscles are engaged, it would lead to atrophy. Because muscles aren't meant to stay engaged all the time. Also it isn't the bladder that is in charge of keeping urine in you, it is the sphincter muscle between it an urinary tract. All bladder does it push stuff out with sufficient pressure that it get through the tract. Bladder doesn't grow stronger with stress, it grows bigger. And here is the problem, since it can grow bigger but not really stronger. It can lead to situation where it isn't strong enough to push the urine out when peeing. Incontinence isn't just a problem where urine just floods out of you. It is a term for a set of complicated problems. Each of them having a specific cause. One of the causes can be the fact that you can't pee it all out when you do."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why isn\u2019t Braille just raised letters? Wouldn\u2019t it make more sense if it was?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why isn\u2019t Braille just raised letters? Wouldn\u2019t it make more sense if it was?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Not for reading it quickly. It's designed so that each letter is distinctive by touch - Braille readers don't have to feel each letter individually, they can just run their fingers over a row and read it all at once. Another thing is, for someone who's born blind, they might never have learned what \"normal\" letters looked like - and would not need to. Also, Braille is easy and cheap to produce. You just have a grid of 3x3 or whatever punches, and for each letter, you only activate part of the needles - actually a lot easier to \"type\" than a regular typewriter where you need dozens of buttons and individual arms."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How do google services like google maps, google translator, google photos, google classroom, gmail and others make money if there are no ads in them and they are 100% free?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do google services like google maps, google translator, google photos, google classroom, gmail and others make money if there are no ads in them and they are 100% free?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"there is a quote \"if it's free, then you are the product\". Nowadays, everything is linked, so they can provide you something free, then use the data you provide alongside the time you use it for other services. For e.g google photos is unlimited and free, and I bet they will use your photos for their AI learning, which they can then sell to other parties. The things you search in Google, they collect it and sell to manufacturers. Or, use it to run the ads of the products you are looking for etc.... Those people will pay Google to advertise for them, and with the data it knows exactly who it will run the ads..."} {"category":"Physics","question":"What is the constitution of antimatter and why is that antimatter gives off way more energy than normal matter?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is the constitution of antimatter and why is that antimatter gives off way more energy than normal matter?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When it contacts matter both are annihilated, which releases a huge amount of energy. This is not specific to antimatter, but rather a property of both matter and antimatter. All by itself, antimatter behaves normally. It requires a tremendous amount of energy to produce and cannot be stored, making it difficult to study. You need to blast particles down to their subatomic bits and then let them reassemble, with a 50\/50 shot of generating an antiparticle. Why the very early universe preferentially produced matter is a mystery."} {"category":"Psychology","question":"Why do humans find creative things more interesting than things in the real world?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do humans find creative things more interesting than things in the real world?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I think that humans find realistic representations of natural things interesting because of the amount of skill and attention to detail it takes to achieve high degrees of realism. To a monkey brain, a artistically talented individual is probably an excellent mate because they notice so much detail and they can communicate it so well. Observation and communication are keys to survival. There's probably something deep in the brain, some pathway, that rewards us for looking at these artistic creations. I am an artist who specializes in realistic dolls - model babies, if you will. I find my work in others fascinating to look at, but I know there are others that become uncomfortable but the realism. It's called The Uncanny Valley theory. I think that humans enjoy hyper-realistic art until it reaches the point where they can't discern art from reality easily and at that point the experience feels threatening\/ too much like psychosis. I no expert, I just like to think about these things and I would love to hear from somebody who actually knows what they're talking about"} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why did Lehman Brothers go bankrupt?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why did Lehman Brothers go bankrupt?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Lehman created and sold a lot of contracts based on pools of mortgages. The way these work is that you put together thousands of mortgages and then split them into tranches, with the top tranches getting paid first in the event of default on those mortgages. These contracts are, in general, a pretty standard thing - they are called collateralized debt obligations, and there are broadly good reasons why you may want the financial system to have them. However, the ones that Lehman made were particularly bad for two reasons: 1) the quality of the loans backing those contracts was very bad (you may have heard of subprime mortgages, given to people who essentially couldn\u2019t afford them) 2) the people who were supposed to assess the quality of these CDOs (rating agencies) thought that they were really good. Explaining why is pretty complicated, there is no ELI5 way imho, but if you\u2019re curious let me know and I\u2019ll elaborate So to recap Lehman makes a ton of these contracts that are very high quality in theory but very toxic in practice. Now, as the housing downturn hits, they want to keep selling these, but people are getting squeamish with what they\u2019re buying. So they will only buy the higher quality tranches of these obligations. Therefore, Lehman starts keeping the bottom tranches in their books. This is again, standard behavior for a bank: if you originate a crappy loan, part of what you get paid for as a bank is that if you cannot sell that loan, you will take the hit and keep it in your books. However, because rating agencies think these contracts are actually good, Lehman can keep a ton of them on their books. So by the time it\u2019s about to go bankrupt, its capital has a ton of these toxic assets. As they stop paying, its capital gets eroded, Lehman runs out of money, and bankruptcy happens"} {"category":"Technology","question":"How is it possible that we don't have a system set up that allows voting electronically in 2020?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How is it possible that we don't have a system set up that allows voting electronically in 2020?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Security. Such a online ballot system would be an extremely valuable target to anyone seeking to manipulate an election. Without some system to assign every eligible voter some form of unique online authentication that can't be easily stolen (which would be massively opposed for political reasons), it would be extremely difficult to reliably prove that each person who submitted a ballot is actually the person the ballot was intended to be sent for. Many states use electronic voting machines for convenience, but for example, in my state, a printed ballot is printed as a paper backup, and that paper record is scanned and stored securely as another backup. If the voting machine totals differ from the electronic ballot storage totals, the paper ballots can be manually counted."} {"category":"Other","question":"In the video, why does the game call checkmate after those two moves?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n In the video, why does the game call checkmate after those two moves?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Black queen D8 to H4 is a checkmate. The queen cannot be captured and there are no pieces that can move in between her and the white king who cannot move out of the way. This is called the fools mate or idiot mate, and is the fastest way black can win a game possible requiring only four moves, two per player."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What is happening in a person's eyes when they are seeing \"stars\"?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is happening in a person's eyes when they are seeing \"stars\"?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The \"stars\" or \"flashes\" you see are called phosphenes, which is basically a phenomenon that involves seeing light without any light hitting your eye. The most common phosphenes are pressure phosphenes. For example, when you see \"stars\" after rubbing your eyes it's due to these pressure phosphenes stimulating the cells of the retina. The optic nerve then translates these signals into flashes or various images. ELI5: when eyeball pressure changes, brain gets confused and shows what it thinks it sees"} {"category":"Other","question":"why does toilet water lower when it's a windy day?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why does toilet water lower when it's a windy day?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There's a vent system connected to your plumbing. Its purpose is to keep air pressure neutral in your plumbing, so that the bad stuff can go down freely, and to make sure it doesn't come back up into your fixtures (toilets refilling with waste or fumes). However, if it's a windy day, you can have air pressure changing across the vent, which in turn can travel down the stack. The pressure 'behind' the water can rise or lower in response, alternatively pushing or pulling the water, with a change in the visible water level accordingly. Enough pull, and it may even drain some of the water from the basin into the plumbing. For further information, this is a consequence of [Bernoulli's principle]( URL_0 )"} {"category":"Technology","question":"How Exactly Are Smartphones Designed For Planned Obsolescence? In Terms of Hardware.","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How Exactly Are Smartphones Designed For Planned Obsolescence? In Terms of Hardware.","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"\"Planned Obsolescence\" is a poorly misunderstood term. Many people seem to think it refers to evil corporations trying to milk the public by having their products self-destruct in some fashion. In reality, it's reflective of the fact that when you engineer *anything*, you need to make decisions about how long it needs to last. It makes no sense to spend money ensuring one part will last 100 years when another critical part only lasts 6 months. The reason the products you buy today are so cheap is largely a result of designing products with a more precise sense of how long they'll last - and calibrating that time against the standard use of the product. With your cellphone, the product lifetime is normally determined by the battery. Batteries only have so many recharge cycles and the cost of increasing the number of recharge cycles is prohibitive. If you know how long your battery is likely to last, then you can select components that last a similar amount of time."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why does the flame of a candle go up?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does the flame of a candle go up?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The flame of a candle is about 1200 F. Hot air rises because it is less dense so this pulls the flame upward. Fun Fact: There have been experiments conducted on the space station testing flames in microgravity. Since there isn't really an \"up\" without gravity, the candle flame spreads out in all directions and eventually starves itself of oxygen. [image]( URL_0 )"} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How are statistics calculated for events influenced by multiple variables\/parameters?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How are statistics calculated for events influenced by multiple variables\/parameters?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"By making a multi dimensional function, we can define some outcome by multiple inputs. For example, z = x + y, z is defined by two inputs, x and y. For probabilities involving multiple steps, or probabilities that involve previous conditions, we refer to Bayes theorem, which tells us the relationship between two statistical events."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why can we easily destroy things but it's impossible to put them back together?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why can we easily destroy things but it's impossible to put them back together?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Short answer: Entropy ELI5 answer: Everything is made up of energy. Light, air, dogs, cats: all different arrangements of energy. One of the rules of energy is that is naturally moves to the lowest form of energy possible, like how water rolls down a hill until it reaches the ocean. If you think about a piece of paper, so much energy had to go in to make that piece of paper. A seed had to be planted, then water and air and sunlight had to grow it into a massive tree. Saws had to cut it down and go through all the different processes to turn it into the perfect little piece of paper. Even it it might seem so simple, and piece of paper is a very \"high\" energy state. Crumbling it up or tearing reduces it down to a lower energy state and that energy is released in forms of some sound and heat. To make those pieces whole again, you'd have to revert the paper back into mulch and form a new piece of paper i.e. put a lot more energy back into the pieces to form the whole again. Lighting that paper on fire would release a whole lot of energy that it was storing and would reduce it to a much lower energy state (carbon ash)."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why is it common for someone to spend a long time debating with themself on what to do but then ultimately end up doing nothing?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it common for someone to spend a long time debating with themself on what to do but then ultimately end up doing nothing?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"For some people debating is doing. I mean they spend four hours thinking something through and they receive a hit of satisfaction equal to doing that thing they planned. So the feeling of completion and accomplishment that drives some people to completing a task, well they already got that, nothing further can be gained."} {"category":"Other","question":"How do people come to power?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do people come to power?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Took AP World (lol). Depends on the government. For example, Hitler was an excellent speaker and was able to convince his party to give their power all to him. On the hand, Trump won the presidency through the money he spent campaigning. Now that I think about it, you can come to power just by being a good speaker or having more resources. In slavery, whites were more powerful than the blacks because if the blacks fought back they would be killed. I don't really know. Take this answer with a grain of salt."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why are CCTV cameras such low quality when even the cheapest video cameras are a much higher quality?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are CCTV cameras such low quality when even the cheapest video cameras are a much higher quality?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Storage. The issue with security cameras isn't taking the video, but storing the footage. Yeah, you can film in 4k, but at 375MB for 30 fps for 1 minute x 60 minutes\/hour x 24 hours\/day = 270 GB\/day x number of cameras. If you need to retain video for 1 month, that's \\~8TB per camera. Drop the resolution, drop the framerate and you reduce your storage needs immensely."} {"category":"Other","question":"How does cancer actually kill you?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does cancer actually kill you?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells in an organ, and these cells have a mutation where they don't function (as in, they don't perform liver function or heart muscle job or neuron firing etc.) but just multiply and consume food and oxygen from the blood supply. So eventually the organ starts to shut down because more and more of it is not doing its job, because these non-functional cells take over. So you lose your liver or your heart or some brain function etc. Most of the organs inside your body are critical and you die if you lose their function."} {"category":"Biology","question":"why do we eat maple syrup but not pine syrup or elm syrup or oak syrup?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why do we eat maple syrup but not pine syrup or elm syrup or oak syrup?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"We can and do eat birch syrup, walnut syrup, and the syrups of a few other trees. The key isn't as much the sugar content, the key is that the sap needs to be relatively neutral tasting, because of how much it has to be reduced to thicken it. The saps of deciduous hardwoods (maple, birch, etc) seem to work especially well here. As far as why maple, I suspect it just tastes the most pleasant, although certainly it is to a large degree cultural as well - consider by analogy how almost any grain or fruit can be used to make alcohol, yet the large majority of world alcohol is made only using a few specific grains and fruits."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Why do circles tesselate hexagonally?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do circles tesselate hexagonally?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's all geometry. Assuming equal radii between all circles, if you place them in a way that they don't intersect but touch each other at exactly one point (tessellating) and you start with just 3 circles, those circles form a triangle shape. If you connect the centerpoints of those circles, it forms an equilateral triangle (equal length sides, each corner is 60\u00b0). So if you continue placing circles the same way around that center circle, you can do that a total of 6 times because 360\u00b0\/60\u00b0=6. A hexagon has 6 sides. Hope this helps."} {"category":"Technology","question":"how can a cellular tower receive many messages a second while still being able to differentiate the data coming from each device?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how can a cellular tower receive many messages a second while still being able to differentiate the data coming from each device?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They can do two things; either use different frequencies, or take turns. For a given second you can divide it into lets say 1,000 different sections and assign each phone a section during which it can talk to the tower. That way even if they are all using the same frequency to communicate they don't get in each other's way."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why does the same flavor of soda taste so different from a can, bottle, and fountain drink?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does the same flavor of soda taste so different from a can, bottle, and fountain drink?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Cans of Soda are usually colder because they're stored in aluminum, so that affects the taste. Also more often then not you immediately drink cans of soda. While large bottles of soda are stored in plastic and don't retain cold quite as easily, so it changes the taste. Also you usually don't consume an entire bottle at once, it loses gas (nitrogen I think? I don't drink soda) over time so that changes the taste. Finally, fountain sodas are stored as separate ingredients. Fountain soda is usually just soda syrup which is stored in a bag, which is then mixed with water and then poured out of the nozzle. Not all water is the same. On a summer day water can get hot, and sometimes it can get too cold, which when mixed with the syrup changes the taste. Also all drinks come out of the same nozzle, so your Mountain Dew gets mixed with small amounts of Orange Juice and Coca Cola which can affect the taste. Also, depending on small malfunctions or how the machine is programmed, the machine might put more syrup then water or vice versa, which changes the taste."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why is it so unlikely to represent yourself and win in court even if you are clearly in the right?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it so unlikely to represent yourself and win in court even if you are clearly in the right?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Lawyer here: Here's a real simple example. You come to court to sue a guy for smashing your car with a bat. Best part is, you've got him dead to rights--you have a video of him smashing your car with a bat. It was captured by your neighbour's surveillance camera. And you lose, because the court won't accept your video. Why? Well, in my area to admit a video you need to authenticate the video--ie, to show that it's accurate, that it hasn't been tampered with, to tell the court what it is (ie, that this is a surveillance camera that points to the street and not a staged film or whatever), and so on. Now, you can try to testify about those things, except that it'd be hearsay, because it wasn't your camera, and you just got it from your neighbour. A lawyer would spot this issue right away and solve it."} {"category":"Technology","question":"What\u2019s the deal about Roko\u2019s basilisk?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What\u2019s the deal about Roko\u2019s basilisk?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's a thought experiment: * Let's say that, at some point in the future, a super-powerful AI will be created. * Once it comes into existence, it will punish everyone who *didn't* help bring it into existence. * One way it could punish them is by creating a perfect simulation of those people and then torturing those simulations forever. Those simulations wouldn't know that they were simulations - they'd believe that they're real people, living in a real world, and they'd feel the torture as if it were real. * Therefore, you must start working right now to help bring that AI into existence, to prevent the future eternal torture of those simulations. If you think that that's a dumb idea for numerous reasons, then...yeah, I'm with you."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How is milk basic if it contains lactic acid?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How is milk basic if it contains lactic acid?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"\u201cIt's easy to get confused about whether milk is an acid or a base, especially when you consider that some people drink milk or take calcium to treat an acidic stomach. Actually, milk has a pH of around 6.5 to 6.7, which makes it slightly acidic. Some sources cite milk as being neutral since it is so close to the neutral pH of 7.0. However, milk contains lactic acid, which is a hydrogen donor or proton donor. If you test milk with litmus paper, you'll get a neutral to a slightly acidic response.\u201d URL_0"} {"category":"Psychology","question":"In stories, people trapped alone on a deserted isle tend to make a something to talk to. Would this be actually helpful, or would it cause more psychological problems?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n In stories, people trapped alone on a deserted isle tend to make a something to talk to. Would this be actually helpful, or would it cause more psychological problems?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"This is sometimes used as a way for a fictional story in third person to describe to the reader what the subject thinks when they are alone. It would be quite challenging to tell a story about someone stranded on a deserted island if they had nothing to talk to or share their emotions with. And while humans do like to tie emotional bonds with others and in a lack of people to bond with we do easily bond with animals or objects we rarely give them names and talk out loud with them. But it would be able to satify some of the psychological need for companionship."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What makes sensitive skin (that requires sensitive skin soap\/lotion) different from normal skin?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What makes sensitive skin (that requires sensitive skin soap\/lotion) different from normal skin?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Skin has different layers. On the top, there is one layer kind of like a tiled roof made of skin cells and some extra stuff. This top layer can be relatively sealed or have cracks like a bad roof. With a leaking outer layer, your skin can't hold on to moisture as well as with a tight layer, thus you lose moisture fast, causing the skin to be dry and, therefore, more irritable. Also stuff can get through more easily, so irritants (alcohol, fragrances) might have a bigger effect."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why aren't orbits thrown off when two planets get near each other?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why aren't orbits thrown off when two planets get near each other?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It absolutely does. The change is just small that over the course of human existence which is only a few hundred thousand years, let alone the few hundred years that we've been able to reliably measure, the difference is too small to matter. The orbits of the planets are stable over long periods of time, but dynamic over cosmic time-scales. We can only predict them with any confidence out to a few tens of millions of years."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How does the entire staff of a major motion picture get paid? Are they salaried or job-to-job?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does the entire staff of a major motion picture get paid? Are they salaried or job-to-job?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It depends. The movie itself will only have a set budget and pays for the 'wages' out of that. So there's only enough money to pay for that job. So technically everybody is getting paid job-to-job. But movie studios want to keep good workers available so may be prepared to offer people contracts for set periods of time to keep them around. A lot of work is also outsourced to other companies who will also have a mix of permanent staff, contract workers and short term\/day labourers. They will often have a set amount paid to these companies, who then decide how to split it amongst their workers. Often a lot of people\/companies (esp back of house stuff like editing, effects, etc) will be working on multiple projects at once. Then you have situations where production\/technical companies are also financial backers of the project and how much everybody gets paid will depend on how much the movie makes. In short - it's complicated and each studio, movie, company, and worker will have a different way of doing things. But the more technical your job is the more likely it is you have a favourable deal. The coffee guy for example probably gets paid daily (or works for free to get a foot in the door). The labourers like riggers, set builders, etc would probably be contracted for the length of the movie. The technical labourers like the camera crew, lighting, sound, etc are usually studio employees shifted around between projects. Ironically enough the top end workers like directors, producers, editors, casting agents, (and actors) are hired from job to job. But also paid enough to make it worthwhile. But none of this is set in stone and working in the 'entertainment industry' is one of the most unstable jobs you can have."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"When something has a 25% chance of success, how can it fail four consecutive times?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When something has a 25% chance of success, how can it fail four consecutive times?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Each individual occurrence isn't impacted by the previous or subsequent occurrence. If you flip a coin and it lands on heads 9\/10 times. What is the chance it lands on heads the next flip? 90%? Nope, still 50%. The coin doesn't give a shit about the results of the previous flips."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Octonions - what exactly are they?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Octonions - what exactly are they?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The complex numbers are a sort of two-dimensional extension of the real number line, with an imaginary axis (i, 2i, 3i, ...) along with the ordinary real axis (1, 2, 3, ...). It turns out that you can extend this idea even farther to have four distinct axes (\"quaternions\"), or eight (\"octonions\"), or sixteen (\"sedenions\"), and so on for any power of 2. While a real number might just look like 3, and a complex number might look like 3+2i, a quaternion could look like 3+2i+4j+6k, where i, j, and k are distinct values with the property that i^2 = j^2 = k^2 = -1. Octonions would then have eight distinct components, one \"real\" component and seven distinct \"imaginary\" components. The farther you go with this, the more nice properties about numbers you lose. When you go from the real numbers to the complex numbers, you lose the fact that numbers have a neat linear ordering. When you move from the complex numbers to the quaternions, you lose the fact that multiplication is commutative: for quaternions, it need not be the case that x\\*y = y\\*x. When you move from the quaternions to the octonions, you lose the fact that multiplication is associative: for octonions you aren't even guaranteed to have x\\*(y\\*z) = (x\\*y)\\*z. Despite the fact that the octonions are both rather abstract and lack many of the properties we expect number systems to have, they show up occasionally in theoretical physics."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How exactly do leap days work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How exactly do leap days work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Leap days are because of the earth\u2019s revolution, not rotation. A year is actually 365.25 days, so we just add an extra day every 4 years. So sure by the 4th year before we do the extra day our season will be off by about a day, but nobody is going to say \u201cit\u2019s November 3rd but it really feels cold enough to be November 4th\u201d"} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How do scientist prove the existent of atoms when we cant even see them with our naked eyes?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do scientist prove the existent of atoms when we cant even see them with our naked eyes?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"So you can see atoms with scanning electron microscopes. Second, the paper that proved molecules (and atoms) existed was written by Albert Einstein in 1905 (in the same week that he published his paper on what will become known as special relativity and when he provided an explanation for black body radiation, two very very groundbreaking papers). However, to understand how he proved molecules exist we need to jump back to 1827 when a botonist named Robert Brown observed, with a microscope, that pollen grains were moving in perfectly still water. Brown assumed that pollen itself was alive (being a biologist) but he disproved that by using sand grains and observing the exact same phenomenon occur. This motion that was seen was called Brownian motion (or it is now). Now Einstein did this same experiment, he put pollen into a sample of water that was perfectly still. Now, Einstein first calculated the force acting upon a pollen grain in order to move it at certain speeds and then he observed it and watched its motion and in doing so we was able to determine the mass of whatever was pushing on the pollon grain. The paper that he published his findings was titled: \"Movement of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid Demanded by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Heat.\" Now, ultimately what this did wasn't exactly prove the existence of atoms but it acted as evidence (very strong evidence) for the Atomic Theory that is considered to be fathered by John Dalton. Ultimately we credit Einstein's explanation of Brownian motion as being the final nail in the coffin for proving the atomic theory, however for those that don't believe it there are heaps of evidence from its predictive capabilities all the way to different atoms react with different forms of radiation allowing identification through means like xray scattering and infrared scattering and such. TL;DR we prove the existence of atoms via mathematics, physics, and chemistry along with its predictive power. However one of the biggest nails in the coffin to prove the existence of atoms comes from Einstein providing an explanation for Brownian motion. Edit: now how we know water is made of 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen, first if we apply an electrical current to it then the water dissociates into hydrogen and oxygen and it does so in a 2:1 proportion. We can prove it is hydrogen or oxygen via the absorption spectrum, and using basic math\/chemistry (redox chemistry) we can explain why it separates it. Beyond that we can use xray crystallography and mass spectroscopy to determine the structure of atoms (along with multiple other techniques that I don't know the name of off the top of my head) Edit 2: spelling"} {"category":"Physics","question":"why does fast moving air create low pressure?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why does fast moving air create low pressure?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Pressure is exerted spherically, in all directions. This is because the particles are bouncing around randomly in all 3 spacial dimensions. When a fluid is moving, particles are \"bouncing\" much much more in the direction of travel than in any other directions. Because of this, it exerts less pressure. The other perspective is that there is a conservation of energy. Pressure is 2 dimensional energy density. When fluid begins moving, some of that energy is converted into kinetic energy."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How does a country lend money to another country?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does a country lend money to another country?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Countries rarely set up specific loans at all. Most debt is that the country creates a treasury bond and says \"buy this for 100 dollars and in 5 years you can turn it in for 105 dollars\" type deal. Then one country just buys a bunch of those. Very rarely is it set up as a specific loan like you'd take from a bank."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why does only half of a wine cork expand when removed from the bottle?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does only half of a wine cork expand when removed from the bottle?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because the part that doesn\u2019t expand is the top which is dry, the bottom portion absorbs moisture from the wine and expands, or tries to but the bottle holds it tight. In fact this expansion helps the cork seal better. Once you pull the cork out the part with the moisture can now expand."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why is it recommended to have 8 hours of sleep when sleep cycles happen every 90 minutes, wouldn\u2019t waking up at 8 hours be in the middle of your cycle?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it recommended to have 8 hours of sleep when sleep cycles happen every 90 minutes, wouldn\u2019t waking up at 8 hours be in the middle of your cycle?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There's a natural variation in amount of time adult humans need to sleep, but 7-9 hours is now the recommended sleep length (but this varies by age). Even if we keep to the traditional 8 hours of sleep, your first sleep cycle (consisting of all sleep stages) is usually around 2 hours. The longer you are asleep, each cycle gets shorter, and the proportion of time spent in each sleep stage (N1, N2, N3, REM) changes, shifting to longer and longer time in REM\/dreaming sleep. How groggy you feel when you wake up depends on which stage of sleep you were in when you woke up. At 8 hours, it's often easier to wake up not groggy because even if you are in the middle of a cycle, you are more likely to be in REM\/dreaming sleep which looks a lot like your awake brain leading to less grogginess, generally."} {"category":"Technology","question":"We have two ears, so surely two decent headphone drivers and some good software on the part of the game or film can perfectly replicate surround sound? Why do headphones come out with \"virtual surround sound\"?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n We have two ears, so surely two decent headphone drivers and some good software on the part of the game or film can perfectly replicate surround sound? Why do headphones come out with \"virtual surround sound\"?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It is possible to have more or less \"perfect\" surround sound with headphones - it's called binaural recording. But it requires the recording to be made live and in a special way: two microphones are placed inside a dummy head complete with dummy ears to simulate exactly how the sound would reach our eardrums. Binaural recordings also have to be played back on headphones or earbuds - not speakers - for optimal effect. Music and movie soundtracks are engineered for optimal playback on home theater\/stereo systems, where some of the sound from each speaker always reaches both ears, but after reflecting around the room and getting \"filtered\" through your ear structure. Virtual surround sound on headphones simulates this effect to convey the illusion that the sound is actually coming from speakers all around you instead of the typical \"inside your head\" sound from headphones."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How does wireless transmission penetrate through walls?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does wireless transmission penetrate through walls?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The same way light passes through glass. Lots of things are transparent on different wave spectrums. In the wave of x-rays, the skin is transparent but the bones are not. Coke is actualy transparent in the UV spectrum but oil distorts uv rays. Radiation goes through most things but is blocked by lead and other dence materials Wireless transmission is just a part of the eletro magnetic spectrum and all things act differently there"} {"category":"Biology","question":"How is genetic memory encoded in DNA?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How is genetic memory encoded in DNA?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It isn\u2019t? Genetic memory is an idea that\u2019s been proposed to explain certain perceived phenomena in individuals\u2019 psyches. But really it\u2019s just a speculative term for what evolutionary biologists call \u201cbehavior.\u201d Behavior is clearly heritable, so there is a genetic aspect to behavior. (But the link between cognition and genes is... complicated, to say the least.) An inherited behavior might seem like a \u201cmemory\u201d encoded in one\u2019s genes. If your parent was alcoholic, it\u2019s possible that you would inherit, genetically, this behavioral trait. You don\u2019t \u201cremember\u201d the alcoholism, you\u2019re just expressing the same behavior as your parent."} {"category":"Physics","question":"What does non-ionising radiation mean?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What does non-ionising radiation mean?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are basically two classes of radiation. Ionizing radiation is the high energy stuff like UV Rays, X-Rays, and Gamma Rays. These particles have enough energy that they can basically knock electrons off of atoms they hit. Or in human body terms, they can basically punch holes in your DNA. That's why it can cause things like cancer, or, in the case of UV, give you a sunburn. Then there's non-ionizing radiation which is stuff like visible light, infrared, microwaves, wifi, etc. Which doesn't have enough energy to ionize particles it hits. So it either gets absorbed or reflects off of surfaces it contacts. It can transfer heat, but you'd need a lot of it to transfer a noticeable amount of heat, so, in spite of people who like to pretend anything with the word radiation in it is super dangerous, it's pretty much harmless so far as we can tell."} {"category":"Physics","question":"why aren't ovens white on the inside? Since black absorbs heat the best, wouldn't that be the worst color?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why aren't ovens white on the inside? Since black absorbs heat the best, wouldn't that be the worst color?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Black does not necessarily absorb heat the best. It absorbs light best. The color of different materials comes from what colors they absorb and what colors they reflect. White reflecting all visible colors and black absorbing all visible colors. The color spectrum extends in both ends. Heat at the temperatures you would typically set an oven to is in the infrared spectrum. So the ideal paint to use in an oven is black but white in infrared. The reason you want it black is because it hides all the dirty stains from the food. The heat will make it hard to remove and white paint will make it stick out more. So you want your cooking surfaces to be dark. There are also lots of other things to consider. The paint have to be able to withstand the heat and the different chemicals in the food and in the cleaning agents, it have to withstand hard mechanical cleaning so you can clean it with a scrub, it have to be safe to prepare food in and lastly it have to be cheap to coat the ovens in it."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"What makes permanent markers permanent?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What makes permanent markers permanent?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Washable markers use pigments that are soluble in water. When you draw something with the marker, the water evaporates and leaves the ink behind. If you want to wash it later, that ink will just dissolve into the water you scrub it with. Permanent markers use pigments that are soluble in alcohol, but not water. Once you have drawn something, washing it with water won't work because it can't dissolve the ink. You can scrub some of it away, but that only works because of the rubbing. The water doesn't really help. Alcohol markers are best cleaned off a surface using rubbing alcohol first to dissolve the ink, followed by a wipe with a damp cloth to wipe it away."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How did we end up with the Plank units and what do they mean?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How did we end up with the Plank units and what do they mean?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They're a system of units used for measurement, but unlike most other systems they were designed purely using physical principles. In the metric system and most other systems of units, a lot of physical constants have ugly-looking numeric values. The speed of light, for instance, is an awkward 299792458 meters per second. The Planck units come from taking several of the most commonly-appearing constants and asking \"what units of measurement would we have to use for all of these constants to just be 1?\" The five specific constants that were chosen were: * The speed of light in a vacuum * The gravitational constant, describing the strength of gravitational forces * The Coulomb constant, describing the strength of electrical forces * The reduced Planck constant, which relates the frequency of a photon to its energy * The Boltzmann constant, which relates kinetic energy to temperature in gases It turns out that the units you get are rather unwieldy for everyday use: the unit of length is about 1.6\\*10^-35 meters, the unit of time is about 5.4\\*10^-44 seconds, the unit of mass is about 2.2\\*10^-8 kilograms, the unit of electric charge is about 1.9\\*10^-18 coulombs, and the unit of temperature is about 1.4\\*10^32 kelvin. However, in theoretical physics where everyday use doesn't matter as much the fact that all of the 5 listed constants are just 1 can be quite mathematically convenient."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why does a high-resolution image have to load, but a high-resolution video can play thousands of frames without having to load each one?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does a high-resolution image have to load, but a high-resolution video can play thousands of frames without having to load each one?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"[This video explains quite well how it works online, specifically Youtube]( URL_0 ) TL;DW: Youtube only sends information about changes between frames of a video. Since there is usually very little difference between 2 frames the server can just say \"ehhh take what you had last time, shift this part a tiny bit that way, job done\". For example, if you are watching a black screen, it doesnt have to send any new information, simply instructions to repeat the frame over and over. With images, there is no way to predict the future content in advance so every single pixel is sent."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How is it possible that a washing machine can spin so quickly (1200 rpm)? That's 20 spins in a second..?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How is it possible that a washing machine can spin so quickly (1200 rpm)? That's 20 spins in a second..?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"> ELI5: How is it possible that a washing machine can spin so quickly (1200 rpm)? That's 20 spins in a second..? That's not even fast! A blender can spin at 18,000 RPM All you need is a properly built motor that's strong enough and good bearings. The motor just needs to be able to overcome the drag at that speed and should be built to spin at that speed either by design or with gears to get it there. If you've got good bearings then you don't lose much energy at all each revolution so the motor can keep adding more and more energy and spin it up further so the motor doesn't require too much energy to hit ludicrous speeds."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Do human corpses sun burn?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Do human corpses sun burn?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"No. The skin cells are dead so they can\u2019t react with the sun and damage your skin. Also, there is no active blood flow so the reddening effect of the skin can\u2019t occur. And what else is a sunburn? Heat sensation and pain. Can\u2019t feel either sensation when you are dead. However, Your skin would dry out in the sun faster than if it were not. This, and your body would be decaying and the gasses\/bloating would eventually create a totally different texture, look and colour to your skin and the heat of the sun would only accelerate this process. So does the sun change the dead bodys skin? Yes. Sunburn? No."} {"category":"Other","question":"What are the grammatical differences between parentheses \"( )\", square brackets \"[ ]\", and squiggly brackets \"{ }\"?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What are the grammatical differences between parentheses \"( )\", square brackets \"[ ]\", and squiggly brackets \"{ }\"?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Parentheses - these () - are standard for making parenthetical remarks. Square brackets are *less* standard, but are most commonly used for making *editorial* alterations, when quoting something. So I might quote \"He ran away\" as \"[Jim] ran away\", if context didn't make it clear who \"he\" was, or I might say \"Jim [...] ran away\" rather than \"Jim, that gutless coward, ran away\" if I didn't think the bit between the commas was important to my use of the quote. Slightly less commonly, they might be used for editorial remarks, but this is contested. One exception is \"sic\", meaning \"thus\" but generally used to mean \"this phrasing\/spelling is in the original thing I'm quoting, and my having preserved it is not a mistake on my part\", which normally appears in parentheses. Curly brackets do not have a standard use in English. Like square brackets, they have uses specific to some technical fields, especially mathematics, but these are not a part of normal English. For that matter, chevrons \u27e8 \u27e9 don't have a standard use in English, either. TL;DR: you almost always want parens(), but occasionally if you're quoting something and changing it, you want square brackets[]. Other things only really come up in specialist fields."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How does a refrigerator work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does a refrigerator work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A motor causes some liquid to get highly compressed. Then its shot through a nozzle into a larger area. The drop in pressure causes the liquid to evaporate which sucks in all the surrounding heat. This is the cold inside of your fridge. Meanwhile, the motor brings all that now hotter liquid around to the back of the fridge where all that heat radiates from the pipes and fins and stuff on the back of the fridge (hence why they're warm all the time... that heat is the heat being sucked out of your milk). So, essentially, all a fridge does is move heat from the inside of your fridge to the outside. So that's why opening the door to cool off your kitchen doesn't work."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How does developers input \"traps\" in their software for pirated copies? How do they distinguish between real and pirate, and why can't someone just upload new copies without it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does developers input \"traps\" in their software for pirated copies? How do they distinguish between real and pirate, and why can't someone just upload new copies without it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"This is called \"digital rights management\", or DRM. DRM comes in a variety of forms. When software came with printed manuals, sometimes there'd be information on the manual the program would force you to enter. Later, when software came on CD's, often extra DRM data on the CD was written in non-standard locations that can be read by most CD drives through low-level operating system calls, but cannot be written by most home CD burners. For game consoles, games use proprietary cartridges or discs that are different from normal forms of those media. The console manufacturer basically tightly controls the production of physical copies of games. So for the most part, you can't e.g. simply use a normal DVD burner to make copies of Wii games. These days, where most software is bought and sold on the internet, DRM has to take a different approach because there's no physical stuff you can put extra required information on. It often involves the software contacting a server being run by the publisher (or the contractor providing the DRM technology), and ensuring the usage of the software is authorized. For example it may check that the serial number is legitimate, or it may require the user to login to an account. It will also generally deny access to serial numbers or user accounts that are seen in multiple locations. > why can't someone just upload new copies without it? This is called \"cracking\", \"warez\" or \"software piracy.\" It takes some technical sophistication to figure out how to crack software, and it's illegal in the US. That doesn't stop people from doing it though. A lot of times the people who crack software also insert malware -- cracked versions of the Windows operating system are especially notorious for being crawling with malware. Many users regard DRM as evil. Some reasons for this: - If the company running the DRM server goes out of business or decides to shut down the server one day, software you've bought may stop working. - If the DRM requires an internet connection, you can't use it if you don't have an internet connection available. - It makes it difficult to create backup copies of software, in case the physical copy wears out or is accidentally destroyed (for example in a fire or flood). - If DRM locks the software to a particular machine, you have to purchase a new copy of the software if you buy a new machine or perform extensive hardware upgrades. - DRM fails of its objective of preventing piracy. Despite using the best available DRM technology, cracked versions of popular software tend to quickly appear after release. - DRM assumes users are criminals. This is very insulting."} {"category":"Other","question":"How do proper nouns translate into sign language?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do proper nouns translate into sign language?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"People who sign create shortcut or specific signs to represent names of people they know. So between friends and family you will have a sign to represent the names of your parents, siblings, close friends, pets, and people you interact with frequently. These shortcuts usually include a tongue-and-cheek reference to something they are known for or their appearance. For example a friend of mine is 'S' followed by the sign for 'Cat' because her names starts with S and she volunteers at a pet shelter. For unfamiliar people the name is finger spelled letter by letter until such a time as that person is assigned a sign language name. For famous people these shortcut signs become standardized throughout the community because their names are mentioned so often. President Obama for example is the sign for 'O' followed by 'flag' While President Trump the last time I checked was a sign representing his comb-over. My favorite persons name is sign is Shakespeare. Which is you make the sign for a 'spear' and shake it."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why do investors sue the companies when they lose their money?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do investors sue the companies when they lose their money?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Suits happen when the people running the business make bad decisions. There\u2019s a pretty high bar for what constitutes a \u201cbad decision,\u201d though. As long as the people running the business have a decent reason for their decisions, it falls under business judgment. Thee are other suits that are filed for fraud and other misconduct. As for Theranos, they managed to fool some of the smartest investors and scientists by coming up with fake data. Proprietary knowledge is closely-guarded, so it\u2019s pretty hard to tell sometimes if a company is actually making the technological advances it claims."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How do chance and probability correlate \/ work exactly?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do chance and probability correlate \/ work exactly?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Assuming that all of your trials are independent then the 1% chance stays 1% each time you re-do the event. The probability that you succeed on at least one of the 1000 trials is 1 - (0.99^1000 ) = 0.999957 so there is a very, very small possibility that you do not suceed. In fact, because the term 0.99^X can never equal 0 then the probability that you succeed never equals exactly 1 and therefore you can never be certain of success. In general, if you run more trials, the chance that you'll get at least one success increases with the number of trials. The key wording is \"at least one\" here. Nothing about the number of trials changes the fact that each trial has exactly the same probability of success as the previous one. Of course, if the trials are dependent upon each other then everything gets a bit more complicated."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How can a piece of colored plastic change the wavelength of light?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can a piece of colored plastic change the wavelength of light?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They don't - coloured plastic basically acts like a filter. Most light we interact with isnt one wavelength but a combination of various wavelengths, with white light being a relatively even distribution across the visible spectrum. If you shine white light through red cellophane all the non-red wavelengths are absorbed while the red passes unhindered, and you now have a red light."} {"category":"Economics","question":"What just happened in Venezuelan economy on Feb, 8th?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What just happened in Venezuelan economy on Feb, 8th?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The answer is pretty simple: The Venezuela Central Bank devalued the Venezuelan Bolivar Fuerte by 99.6% on February 5th, 2018. You can read more about that on the [wikipedia page.]( URL_0 ) They did this to account for rampant hyperinflation that the country was, and still is, experiencing. Venezuela has a socialist economy, so the government controls business and production in the country. Venezuela relied heavily on oil sales to the US, and when oil prices tanked, the entire Venezuelan economy did too. The government mishandled most of the businesses and industries in the country, making them extra susceptible to the lower oil prices. The Venezuelan government has been *terrible* at handling the economic crisis taking place in their country. If you read a list of things they've tried to stimulate or fix their economy, it reads like a list of things you **don't** want to do to fix an economy, like print huge amounts of money to pay your debts, or assert that your currency is worth some fixed amount to the USD."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why does gum lose it's taste after chewing it for a while?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does gum lose it's taste after chewing it for a while?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A big part of the flavour of gum is provided by sugar or some other sweetener, which gets absorbed by your saliva so it disapears from the gum. Also there is the brain. the brain is always looking for changes, in the input. Something that was tasted and deemed \"safe\" becomes less important so after a while the brain stops or decreases the amount of \"taste\" If you were to give a chewed gum to somebody else, they would experience more taste than you do at that moment."} {"category":"Other","question":"What is the purpose of the Joint Chiefs of Staff if they have no command authority?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is the purpose of the Joint Chiefs of Staff if they have no command authority?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They offer advice on how the President should take action. They are not part of the chain of command, but remember that the President is a civilian and not likely to be an expert on military operations or tactics. The Joint Chiefs are those experts who can provide a good course of action."} {"category":"Technology","question":"What do the specs on\/of a computer mean?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What do the specs on\/of a computer mean?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The big three specs on a computer are the CPU(the brain), the graphics card (what renders games and stuff), and how much ram you have (it is super high speed memory which can significantly impact how smoothly the computer runs). Other things might be what storage is in the computer or peripherals (like monitors, mice, keyboards or gaming keypads) Most of the \"numbers and letters\" are referring to specific products\/brands\/items. For example the GTX 1080 Ti is a graphics card designed by Nvidia but a number of other companies (like EVGA and Asus) have made their own versions so you might see their names in the title as well."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How does graphite stay on paper?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does graphite stay on paper?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Graphite is relatively soft, and as you scrape it along a surface, tiny bits of it crumble away and stay behind. These bits are insaaanely individually tiny and make up an extremely fine powder. Paper is not as smooth as you might think. It's covered in ridges and pores and little valleys. So as you are dragging the graphite along a piece of paper and leaving the trail of ultra fine powder behind it, you're also applying a bit of pressure between the pencil tip and the paper, effectively packing the graphite dust into all those grooves and pores and ridges in the paper. Erasers work because they're soft and also extremely porous, wich allows them to sink into the textures along the surface of the paper and collect that graphite dust up in it's own surface, taking it from the paper. As you can imagine this process doesn't work perfectly every swipe, which is why erasers sometimes leave smudges behind."} {"category":"Psychology","question":"Why does someone that you love smiling at you have a greater effect than a stranger smiling at you?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does someone that you love smiling at you have a greater effect than a stranger smiling at you?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Its Pavlovs experiment. He rang a bell every time he fed his dog. Dog started drooling even when he rang a bell but there was no food. You know you are loved when your girl smiles at you and all those previous positive experiences come flooding in because your brain knows you will have positive experiences when you get a smile. It a stranger smiles you know it's just a smile but has no specific positive experiences with that stranger in the past. So your brain is like yeah ok, it's just a smile, I'm not getting anything from that."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How are audio and video stored on CDs and tapes?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How are audio and video stored on CDs and tapes?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"On CDs and DVDs there are little bumps (burns) in the reflective surface in a spiral shape. When the laser from a disc reader \"reads\" the disk, it's capturing either a reflection (0) or a hole (1) which is binary for the machine reading it. The computer then converts the binary to a digital signal. On tapes, magnetic tape is passed through a series of magnets which record whatever you want onto the tape. When you put it through another magnetic reader, the change in fields on magnetic tape are converted to an analog signal. Edit: analog"} {"category":"Biology","question":"How can the human body give birth without actively pushing?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can the human body give birth without actively pushing?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There\u2019s actually a link to an article in the story that answers your question. Basically the woman wasn\u2019t brain dead so her body is fully capable of carrying a pregnancy. Since we don\u2019t know the type of diagnosis she has it\u2019s possible she felt everything, maybe was able to push. Also, strange shit happens and there is some autonomic muscle contraction that happens during birth."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How were the units of measurement for distance created? More specifically, how were they decided to be a specific length?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How were the units of measurement for distance created? More specifically, how were they decided to be a specific length?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Long before the metric system, measurement systems were based on some known distance. Some community said \"hey, from this rock to that big tree, we're gonna call that a Spoigle\". Then everyone knew how far a Spoigle was, and could use that to estimate longer or shorter distances \"Ukthar lives about 20 Spoigles away from me\" or \"man, that tree hahs to be like half a Spoigle tall\". Similarly, smaller units of measurement were generally agreed upon in the same manner, often based on some important thing. Maybe the King's Staff, passed down from king to king was a known length, and they'd say \"this room is 3 staves wide\". As such in ancient historical times many different civilizations had their own unique set of measurement systems, and through trade and sharing of information over time, some of them became more widely used, spread, and more popular. EVENTUALLY as society progressed, we developed a more consistent measurement system, commonly known as the metric system. The problem with those OTHER systems of measurement was usually in conversion. Even the Imperial system has this issue. 12 inches in a foot, 3 feet in a yard, 1800 yards in a mile? Really arbitrary numbers, hard to dice up into bite sized chunks and translate to other systems. With the Metric system, they defined distance with a known, measureable, and constant base. The meter, for example, is defined as 1\/10,000,000 of the distance from the equator to the North Pole. This is true forever (relatively), and not something that changes. (Like a foot is the length of the King's Foot. New king, new foot, bad unit.) Then larger and smaller units of measurement were just multiplied or divided by 10, since that makes the conversions and math easier. A Kilometer is just 1000 meters. A centimeter is 1\/100 of a meter, etc. The concrete definitions, and ease of conversion and use, led to the widespread adoption of the metric system (with only a couple holdout nations who still use the imperial system heavily). Someday maybe we'll ALL use the same system, but only time will tell."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How does Electricity (electrons) turn into light (photons)?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does Electricity (electrons) turn into light (photons)?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are several ways. The easiest is an incandescent light bulb. The electrons are forced through a thin wire. They bump into the electrons of the atoms in the wire, giving them energy. Add enough energy and the metal gets really hot. When it's hot enough, the electrons have to occupy orbitals that are farther from the nucleus of the atom. They don't like to be in those orbitals, and then fall back to their favorite places. When they fall back, they emit a photon because energy must be conserved."} {"category":"Economics","question":"how do corporations get away with \u201chouse brands\u201d such as Walmart having Equate products that are \u201cHead and Shoulders\u201d shampoo even comparing themselves to them on the bottle and are cheaper?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how do corporations get away with \u201chouse brands\u201d such as Walmart having Equate products that are \u201cHead and Shoulders\u201d shampoo even comparing themselves to them on the bottle and are cheaper?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Here's something to blow your mind, since you are already having a hard time understanding it: Many times, those Equate products are made in the same plant that the name brand products are. They just put it in different bottles. You are literally buying the name of the product if you don't want to buy the generic version."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why do objects feel lighter when they're lifted higher up?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do objects feel lighter when they're lifted higher up?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"If you are carrying the box by placing it *on* your head, then you are using more muscles and bones to support the object than if you are simply holding it with your hands. Furthermore, you are supporting the object closer to its center of mass, meaning there is less gravitational forces trying to twist it out of your grip. You pack large camping backpacks with heavy stuff on top for much the same reason. Leaning forward, those heavy objects become situated above your spine and hips, allowing your whole body to shoulder the weight. If you packed the heavy stuff low, then more weight would be behind you, pulling your shoulders back and unbalancing you. In short, it's not that the objects are lighter, it's that the weight is more evenly distributed."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do we wake up a minute or two before our alarm clock? Do humans have some sort of internal clock that makes us wake up at that time?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do we wake up a minute or two before our alarm clock? Do humans have some sort of internal clock that makes us wake up at that time?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Speak for yourself. Alarm clock goes off. I hear it for a few seconds, then am out like a light again for hours. I've been late many times to work. Can't seem to break the cycle of extreme blissful, tranquil sleep right about the time I'm supposed to get up. Edit: removed minor rant"} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do injuries tend to hurt more in winter than in summer?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do injuries tend to hurt more in winter than in summer?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Generally speaking, we feel more pain in the cold because there is a relationship between blood circulation and nerve pain. When its cold outside and you aren\u2019t dressed up for it, it\u2019s very difficult for your body to heat itself because your heart rate slows in the cold as a way to survive. Our nerves are a network that send signals to the brain -ouch- that hurt! As circulation and heat increase our nerves calm down. The cold is more painful because it increases pressure on our nerves and stiffens soft tissues- such as your muscles. This in itself can increase your likelihood of injury (which is why runners do warm ups and wear sweats!)"} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"why does it burn when rubbing alcohol\/other treatments are put on a wound?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why does it burn when rubbing alcohol\/other treatments are put on a wound?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Rubbing alcohol is poisonous and doesn't have much water in it. It's also made of very different stuff than you are. So when you put rubbing alcohol on a cut, the flesh around the cut panics because it's: * getting poisoned * having all its water stolen * touching something that definitely shouldn't be inside your body all at once. When your flesh panics, it sends a pain message to your brain and you feel it. Your body uses the same system to feel pain and extreme heat, so anything painful can also feel like \"burning.\" Further, part of the way rubbing alcohol poisons you is that it makes your pain\/heat system easier to activate, so it burns more than you'd expect."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"Why does a feather fall at the same speed as a hammer in a vacuum created on earth?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does a feather fall at the same speed as a hammer in a vacuum created on earth?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because acceleration due to gravity is the same for all objects. The only reason a feature falls slower outside of a vacuum is because it has much larger surface area compared to mass, which allows the air particles floating around in the atmosphere to get in the way of the falling feather and slow it down more than they do something like a hammer (which has a much *higher* mass compared to its surface area)."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Is 'Oxygenated' water a hoax? Water is H20, so doesn't that mean there is one Oxygen atom for every two Hydrogen atoms?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Is 'Oxygenated' water a hoax? Water is H20, so doesn't that mean there is one Oxygen atom for every two Hydrogen atoms?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Oxygenated water means that it has oxygen gas dissolved within the water in the same way that carbonated soda has CO2 gas dissolved within the liquid. Oxygenated water is important for fish and other aquatic animals as they pull the oxygen that they need out of the water, if there is no oxygen gas dissolved in the water then there is no oxygen they can use(they can't split the H2O, it takes too much energy) Oxygenated water is useless for people as we breath through our lungs and put water into our stomach. You don't breath through your water holder(stomach) so you aren't going to be oxygenating your blood with your oxygenated water. Your lungs get orders of magnitude more oxygen into your blood stream than your digestive tract could ever hope to so even if you did absorb all the oxygen they dissolved in that water, it would have a negligible effect on blood oxygen level"} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why do cigars smell completely different when you're the one smoking compared to when someone else is smoking?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do cigars smell completely different when you're the one smoking compared to when someone else is smoking?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I\u2019m not a cigar smoker but my father in law is and he explained that cigars are best enjoyed through your mucus membranes (mouth and nose, passive inhaling) and that you\u2019re really only supposed to smoke enough to keep it lit. This is a very different experience compared to smoking a cigarette or a joint where people try to inhale as much of the smoke directly into their lungs as they can, mostly to get the effects of the nicotine or THC."} {"category":"Economics","question":"When you sell a stock, who is actually giving you the money?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When you sell a stock, who is actually giving you the money?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Another shareholder. Just because you no longer perceive that share to have your desired value doesn't mean that someone else agrees with you. Remember a share valuation is based on any perceived chance of its price going up, which is a reflection of several things: the perceived value of all of its current assets net of obligations and debt, PLUS the current value of any future stock splits, dividends and revenues. Someone may see something in that company's future that you don't . To use your example of Sears, the company may be closing stores, but there is still _value_ there. They still have 400+ physical stores (which they might own outright so $$) and warehouses full of inventory to liquidate. Though at this point there isn't _much_ value. And it remains murky how an average shareholder would get anything out of their current liquidation course."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How do small mammals survive frigid winters?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do small mammals survive frigid winters?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"1.) Fattening themselves up beforehand 2.) Collecting and storing high-energy foods, like nuts, beforehand 3.) Entering a low-energy state (i.e. hibernating) for good portions of the day in a burrow\/hidden nest. Sounds like kind of a questionable survival strategy but realize that a good portion of woodland crearures never survive the winter. Nature is metal, baby..."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"How do we know what Dinosaurs sounded like even though we\u2019ve never heard one before?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do we know what Dinosaurs sounded like even though we\u2019ve never heard one before?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"we dont know what dinosaurs sounded like. All we have are some best guesses, or, alternatively some guesses that aren't as founded in science but more artistic\/cool (like the T-rex's roar from Jurassic park, where they combined the sound of a bunch of different animals, including the squeal of a baby elephant, into a roar that sounded cool\/satisfying.) But for actual scientific analysis, scientists will look at things like skull\/bone structures that are preserved to try to make a guess of what kind of sounds the animal might have made, sometimes comparing them to living descendants (ie birds). But again, those are just best guesses, we will likely never know for sure."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"why can't you refrigerate and eat meat that has already been reheated?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why can't you refrigerate and eat meat that has already been reheated?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"You can, it just depends on how long the food spends out of the fridge. All food develops bacteria between temperatures of about 40F and 140F. Reheating refrigerated food brings it back into this bacteria-growing range, but it takes a while for the food to become dangerous to eat, and this time is not easily predictable, so it's a good idea to limit the number of times you reheat. As a rule of thumb I generally only reheat leftovers once, but I've done it twice and have never given myself food poisoning, but that's just me. If you have a large amount of leftovers scoop out only what you are going to eat and reheat just that much."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why does film footage from the 60's often look much better than footage from the 80's given that technology should have advanced?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does film footage from the 60's often look much better than footage from the 80's given that technology should have advanced?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Home cameras didn't really exist in the 60s, so practically all the footage you see from before the late 70s was shot professionally or semi-professionally with fairly expensive equipment that used very high resolution film. By the 80s, home VHS recorders allowed any doofus to record low quality video to a low res tape relatively cheaply and quickly. There's a lot of sucky VHS footage still floating around, but that format didn't exist until the very late 70s."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why do European budget airlines not use jet bridges? Does it really cost more to use them?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do European budget airlines not use jet bridges? Does it really cost more to use them?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There is usually a rebate for not using a jet bridge. An aircraft stand is a place where an aircraft can be parked. A gate is a designated area inside the terminal building where passengers will assemble and wait prior to boarding. A remote stand is location where passengers have to walk or be bussed to the stand. All airports post their fees online. Heathrow's remote stand rebate is \u00a35.15 \/ passenger. Stansted's rebate is \u00a32.67 \/ passenger."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why are some grapes seedless and other seeded? How did they get the seeds out?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are some grapes seedless and other seeded? How did they get the seeds out?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"You can breed grapes and many other fruits to have no, or only vestigial, seeds. You have to propagate them by cuttings. It doesn't need GM. Bananas are a major example. The variety that most of the world eats have had seed production bred out of them. As such, all plants are clones and if a virus struck, it's going to be very difficult to produce another strain that the virus doesn't affect."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How can animals tolerate stepping on ice\/snow barefoot?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can animals tolerate stepping on ice\/snow barefoot?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Some of them have fur at the bottom on their feet, as many mammals like cats or bears do, besides having smaller paws than humans have feet. Some birds like ducks have a special blood circulation that kind of keeps cold blood flowing through their feet without cooling down the rest of the duck. This is how they don't freeze to death or to the ice they're standing on. I think most insects just don't really care since they have an exoskeleton, and just about all reptiles simply stop moving or hibernate."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How do our bodies know how to digest many types of meat from fish, chicken, beef, pork, etc., without digesting our own selves (our own meat)?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do our bodies know how to digest many types of meat from fish, chicken, beef, pork, etc., without digesting our own selves (our own meat)?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Our bodies don't \"know\" anything. It's an understandable bit of anthropomorphism, though. What keeps our stomach acids from digesting our bodies from the inside is a thin mucosal layer (not quite the same as snot, but it serves the same purpose) lining the inside of our digestive tract; this protects us from our own acid. In point of fact, our bodies do digest themselves all the time. if you ever hear someone complain of an ulcer, that means that the lining of their stomach has worn away, and their stomach acid is now eating away at the actual flesh beneath."} {"category":"Technology","question":"What is happening when a video lags and loses quality but continues to play?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is happening when a video lags and loses quality but continues to play?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"> What is happening when a video lags and loses quality but continues to play? The streaming service has detected that there isn't enough throughput of data necessary to maintain a full resolution video stream to your computer, but that a lower quality video stream which consumes less bandwidth can be supported. It lags for a moment as the stream is converted to the new resolution but it keeps going afterwards."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How do calculators find out the square root of a number?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do calculators find out the square root of a number?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Depends on the calculator, but here\u2019s one approach, illustrated for square root of 100 1. Make a first estimate (eg half it, your calculator might make a better guess though) = 50. 2. Add that guess to your target divided by that guess, and halve. So (50 + 100\/50) \/ 2 = 26. That\u2019s your next estimate. 3. Continue until the difference between succeeding estimates is small (again depends on your device). 50 - > 26 - > 14.9 - > 10.8 - > 10.03 so it\u2019s getting there very quickly. Edit: as the other poster said, the actual algorithm used by any given calculator may be a lot more sophisticated."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Who decided how much money each country is worth? Like, how come a country couldn't have just decided themselves that they have trillions of pounds and be really rich? How is it controlled?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Who decided how much money each country is worth? Like, how come a country couldn't have just decided themselves that they have trillions of pounds and be really rich? How is it controlled?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They do this exact thing sometimes, and it leads to hyper-inflation. In July 2008 it took 758,530,000,000 Zimbabwe dollars to equal ONE US Dollar. That's like me saying \"I'm the King of France!\". It's all well and good while I'm walking around the house in my royal underwear, but the minute I walk outside and interact with the real world, everyone ignores me or laughs at me. At some point you have to do business with the rest of the world, and to do that you have to agree what your currency is worth relative to the other parties. Nobody \"controls\" it, it's just the nature of commerce."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why does your \"vision\" go weird (see different patterns, etc...) when you apply pressure to your eyes when they're closed?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does your \"vision\" go weird (see different patterns, etc...) when you apply pressure to your eyes when they're closed?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When you press on or rub on your closed eyes the pressure is sensed by the ganglion cells in your retina and they react in the same way that they do to light only rather than a discernible pattern (looking at an image for example) the data from the pressure is random so you see patterns, rings representing the pressure radius, varying colours, etc"} {"category":"Other","question":"How do companies that plant trees for every order actually do that?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do companies that plant trees for every order actually do that?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I know that some businesses pay for carbon credits, which offset their own production. So they don\u2019t personally plant the trees, but donate a sizable chunk of money to organizations and initiatives that do. So if you make $amount, you donate a % of profits and that organization plants a million trees. And so, your company has planted x trees."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why is IV fluid made of sodium chloride and water, rather than just water?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is IV fluid made of sodium chloride and water, rather than just water?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Injecting pure water into your bloodstream is a bad idea. Water is absorbed from Low-salt to high-salt areas by osmosis, meaning the fresh water would go into the red blood cells, making them swell up and burst. It\u2019s a pretty common demonstration in biology classes, you can see the red blood cells explode in real time when put in pure water for ~6 mins. Edit: this video at 0:46 mark URL_0"} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why does it seem like you can run faster in hotel hallways?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does it seem like you can run faster in hotel hallways?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because the hallway is long and narrow, it gives the effect that you are going fast because the things that are going past are really close to you. Because you cannot see a horizon beyond the wall, it appears that you are going fast. Think of when you are driving and telephone polls are going by, they are close in comparison to things on the horizon. Despite the telephone poles going by fast the slow progression of the horizon makes you feel like you are not going fast."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Do loud noises travel slightly faster than very quiet noises or does loud noise just travel further at the same speed?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Do loud noises travel slightly faster than very quiet noises or does loud noise just travel further at the same speed?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Sound travels at a constant speed through a medium (eg air). This is because sound travels by moving the surrounding molecules (usually air) back and forth. This causes pressure differences which is what we experience as sound. Sounds that are louder cause a larger pressure difference (move the molecules further) but since the molecules don't actually have any net movement (remember they just vibrate back and forth), how loud they are doesnt affect how fast the sound actually moves through the medium."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Do cough suppressants actually help, or do they just suppress the germs coming out when you cough (Which is bad, right?)?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Do cough suppressants actually help, or do they just suppress the germs coming out when you cough (Which is bad, right?)?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Cough suppressants have nothing to do with the germs coming out of your mouth when you do cough. Coughing is typically an involuntary reaction to your body recognizing an irritant somewhere in your respiratory or digestive tract. Germs aren\u2019t the reason for this however, they\u2019re too small to be recognized as irritants. They may be the root cause, by contributing the irritation (dry throat due to cold, etc) What cough suppressants attempt to do is replicate the body\u2019s natural defense of these irritants by coating the throat with mucus. That\u2019s why cough drops typically last not much longer than you have them in your mouth. The ones with menthol may last slightly longer because they have a numbing\/cooling effect that helps kill the feeling of the irritant in the throat."} {"category":"Physics","question":"What is light made up of? Where does it come from inside a torch? Is light just un-containable luminous particles than can never be studied as a single unit inside a Microscope?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is light made up of? Where does it come from inside a torch? Is light just un-containable luminous particles than can never be studied as a single unit inside a Microscope?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Light is made up of photons, which in turn are small packages of energy moving at light speed. Light is created whenever small amounts of energy are released in subatomic processes. This usually happens when electrons around nuclei are infused with energy, then revert back to their \"natural\" state - they get rid of the excess energy by emitting a photon. This also happens during lightning strikes (infusing the air's electrons with massive energy, then releasing it as light) and inside light bulbs (infusing a gas' electrons with energy through electricity, which then releases the excess energy as photons). You can't study light particles in a microscope, not just because of their speed, but also because in order to see them you need them to be absorbed by your retina, i.e. destroying them. When you study a microbe in a microscope, you do that by bombarding it with photons (light), then capturing the light that gets bounced back from the microbe, concentrate a lot of that in the lenses and absorb it with your eyes' retinas. From that absorbed light you then infer the qualities of the microbe. If you were studying photons, you would basically bombard photons with other photons, which would combine their energy and possibly emit different photons; Either way you'd actually see the result of the merger, not the original photons."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How does URL_0 work? I find it is very accurate; the thunder projection is almost always spot on, but i don't get how they can detect lightning.","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does URL_0 work? I find it is very accurate; the thunder projection is almost always spot on, but i don't get how they can detect lightning.","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are lots of antennas that are registered with URL_0 Those antennas detect lightning by means of picking up their electromagnetic waves they create when lightning occurs. If you get an AM radio, you can do the same by tuning it to the lowest frequency and listen for the static that happens when lightning strikes. Each of these antennas have their location known by GPS, so each antenna that detects a strike reports the strike and the system knows the gos location of each antenna and triangulates the strike and displays it on the map."} {"category":"Biology","question":"5 Hour Energy drinks have 8333% of your daily value of vitamin B12. What affect does this have on your body?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n 5 Hour Energy drinks have 8333% of your daily value of vitamin B12. What affect does this have on your body?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Not much. B12 is useful to your body when you exert a lot of energy and if your body has issues absorbing B12 you'll tend to sleep a lot. However it's not fat soluble so you actually just urinate out the excess that your body doesn't need. Your urine maybe a darker yellow due to the excess B12 even if you are well hydrated."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do some cheeses have holes?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do some cheeses have holes?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"we let the cheese rot and it tastes good. We let bacteria or mold grow in cheese intentionally because we like how it tastes. Stuff like swiss cheese the holes are actually bubbles where the bacteria let off bubbles from converting one chemical in the cheese into a different chemical. On some cheeses the holes are literally places mold ate out a pit in the cheese."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why some manufacturers can offer devices with insane GPS precision? I thought this was reserved for military.","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why some manufacturers can offer devices with insane GPS precision? I thought this was reserved for military.","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"\"Military grade GPS precision\" was (the absence\/reversal of) an encryption algorithm being applied to the GPS signal to make it very slightly incorrect in a reversible manner. During one of the Bush administrations, don't quite remember which, the troops invading Iraq didn't have enough military GPS units to go around so their families started sending civilian ones in care packages. Since not knowing exactly where those troops were was a problem, the encryption algorithm was turned off. Since this proved to have significant economic benefits, it wasn't turned back on except around strategically important NATO locations such as powerplants and military bases. Precision has only improved since then, though I was under the impression centimetre precision wasn't available just yet so it may be those line marker robots combine GPS with some other positioning system. Visual recognition can give millimetre precision in real time in arbitrary surroundings while being powered by something that fits on a quadcopter, and is used by some vacuuming robots. Laser rangefinders and retroreflectors can give similar precision for measuring the distance between the Earth and the Moon. Source: hearsay."} {"category":"Economics","question":"how does the gas\/fuel industry work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how does the gas\/fuel industry work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Gas stations receive daily shipments of gasoline, an usually only hold a day or two's worth of fuel underground at any given time. I used to run a gas station, and during the summer months my gas station would almost run out several times a day. That fuel comes from a rack somewhere near by. Think of it like a warehouse for gas, where a lot of fuel can be safely stored onsite away from people. There are about 5 racks within an hour of my old station, and they supplied every gas station in the area, regardless of what company is on the gas station. If something happens at the closest rack, then the second closest has to pick up the slack and do double duty to supply its normal stations and the other stations that are running out now. If the problem goes on for long enough, or affects multiple racks, like a hurricane in the gulf shitting down refineries, then stations will run out while waiting for their next shipment."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How much does it really matter where I buy my gas? Are \u201cname brand\u201d gas stations any different?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How much does it really matter where I buy my gas? Are \u201cname brand\u201d gas stations any different?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Some \"name brand\" gas companies include fuel system cleaning additives, but you can buy an occasional bottle of fuel system cleaner at an auto parts store for pretty cheap, and it will do the same thing. Assuming that you use the correct octane level for your engine, fuel from just about any station should work similarly."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How do they remove caffeine from drinks like coffee or tea? Are they not naturally caffeinated?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do they remove caffeine from drinks like coffee or tea? Are they not naturally caffeinated?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"No they are naturally caffeinated. There are four different ways to decaffeinate a drink. Methylene chloride processing - the chemical is a solvent for caffeine Ethyl acetate - this is called 'naturally decaffeinated' because the chemical is found in many fruits, same as above it is a solvent. CO2 - at very high temps and pressure the co2 reaches a supercritical state where it acts as both a fluid and gas and the smaller non polar caffeine molecules bond with the co2, this leave most of the flavor molecules as such having more flavor. Water processing - this is basically steeping the drink (typically coffee) and then is passed through a carbon filter to remove the caffeine in the liquid."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why are older fathers more likely to have daughters rather than sons?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are older fathers more likely to have daughters rather than sons?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I won't get into the genetics of it because people still don't understand that very well, but it is basically evolution. Sons historically required parents to be present because their reproductive future is based on their inheritance of family wealth and status while daughters have depended of physical appearance and maturity, which can only be controlled by aging. This means that sons are at a disadvantage if their parent parents die before reaching sexual maturity ( this is more likely since the parents are old) but daughters continue to age and at are no evolutionary loss. The sons of older parents did not get as good a shot at reproduction and therefore the genes responsible for this trait declined in number, leaving the gene for producing females as older parents to skyrocket in comparison. It's not just older fathers though. Mothers and fathers are equally responsible. In contrast to this, young parent are slightly more likely to have sons for the opposite reason, and about 54%. Percentage of having sons for parents over 40 is around 35% by the way."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How do chemist do experiments with boiling water when there's no such thing as a \"real\" boiling point?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do chemist do experiments with boiling water when there's no such thing as a \"real\" boiling point?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"This is actually a really neat exploration of what we scientists call \"confounding factors\". These are details about the set-up of an experiment that can affect what our measurements say, but don't actually affect the underlying scientific principle. There is a \"real\" boiling point for water that depends only on the atmospheric pressure, but what a thermometer might say can depend on how well heat transfers into the water, where the thermometer is placed, or how well the water is stirred. A well-designed experiment has carefully considered these confounding factors, and controlled for them by either changing the apparatus (the actual device used in the experiment) or by the scientific model we use to interpret the results. On a more practical level, scientists account for these factors when discussing their experiments by specifying the conditions with great detail, so that if there are other scientists who must use other conditions, they can adjust their own experiments."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What's happening in your brain when you miss someone?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What's happening in your brain when you miss someone?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I always liked the explanation Data from Star Trek TNG gave: \"Even with humans, friendship is sometimes less an emotional response than more of a sense of familiarity. As I experienced certain sensory input patterns, my mental pathways have been accustomed to them. The input is eventually anticipated, and even missed when absent.\" ~ Lt. Commander Data on his friendship with Tasha Yar."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How are atoms\/molecules able to create a living organism?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How are atoms\/molecules able to create a living organism?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"My opinion but probably \"we don't really know\" is close to the truth. We don't have any issues talking about dead or alive when dealing with animals, insects, plants, bacteria etc. But as you get smaller and smaller and simpler and simpler, this transition from \"non living\" to \"living\" isn't as simple. Are viruses alive? Are prions alive? We know the constituent molecules that make up living organisms. We are also capable of synthesizing them in labs. We can also demonstrate that some of these molecules can be formed naturally in the environment. We even understand how these molecules function in living beings. But ultimately, we are not yet at a point where we can make a \"living\" organism from scratch. On another side of things, there is AI (and associated robotics). I believe there are some estimates that our best AI today is not equivalent to that of a cockroach (maybe we're close) At some point, we may have to answer the question of whether we can produce AI that is sentient. We might be closer to AI sentience compared to our ability to build a living organism out of atoms\/molecules."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How does Cholera force food and liquids through the body so quickly, and why can't nutrients be absorbed?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does Cholera force food and liquids through the body so quickly, and why can't nutrients be absorbed?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Cholera is caused by a bacteria that nestles itself in the small intestine, which is where the majority of our nutrients are absorbed. Once in place, the Cholera bacteria starts excreting a Toxin. This toxin gets inside the cells of your intestine and causes them to burst, which in turn releases the cell\u2019s innards into the intestine, of which a big part is salt (sodium). Water and sodium are ying and yang. Where sodium goes, water is sure to follow. So you\u2019ve got a bunch of extra sodium being leaked into your intestine, which is pulling water out of your digestive track lining. This water is then excreted in the form of (in copious amounts) watery diarrhea."} {"category":"Other","question":"How does the space station replenish O2 after space walks?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does the space station replenish O2 after space walks?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The airlock has an air pump which removes the majority of the air before the door is opened. Otherwise the sudden decompression wouldn\u2019t allow any emergency stop if something was leaking. When the sensors indicate a lower amount of air inside they send up pressurized tanks in the resupply missions to refill."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do doctors order blood tests before low risk surgeries?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do doctors order blood tests before low risk surgeries?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Blood tests tell a lot about your health and what could or is wrong with you, by having a blood test the doctor knows what could be wrong and it can help to know what drugs to give you if you need any while you are under. it can also help reveal any underlying conditions that would make the surgery dangerous. even a low-risk surgery has a risk so the more information a doctor has the better they can treat you if something goes wrong"} {"category":"Biology","question":"How can the way a prescription drug work be unknown?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can the way a prescription drug work be unknown?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's actually not all that surprising - in many cases it can be a lot easier to demonstrate that a drug works than it is to figure out exactly how it works. The former essentially involves giving the drug to a large enough number of people with condition X and seeing how this treatment group compares with a control group. The latter is...complicated. Most drugs function by binding to some biomolecule, which is often a protein (for anti-infective drugs this will be a biomolecule belonging to the bacteria\/virus\/whatever, whereas for other drugs it'll be a human biomolecule). This binding can do various things depending on the specific situation, like blocking the activity of an enzyme (which then increases the concentration of something that enzyme normally destroys, or prevents the formation of something that enzyme normally synthesizes) or serving as a substrate for the enzyme to synthesize another molecule that has some physiological effect. It can often be incredibly difficult to figure out which proteins\/biomolecules are involved here. The human body contains something like 20,000 proteins alone (unmodified, not accounting for the modifications that occur like the addition of sugar chains), which are present in slightly different forms in a very wide range of concentrations depending on numerous factors (e.g., age, sex, race, genetics, health, disease state, tissue type). It's very challenging to identify all these proteins, their relative concentrations over time under various states, and functional significance from biological samples (there are several subfields of science devoted to this, many ending in \"-omics\"). Nor is it always clear how these proteins interact to form the biological pathways that keep us alive, or how a particular drug fits in and exerts its various effects. This can be further complicated where the drug interacts with especially complex systems such as the brain, the detailed functioning of which is still very much unknown. Some information can be inferred from things like animal models, in vitro tests, or experimental observations of the binding between a drug and particular biomolecule target (e.g., by crystal structures, solution structures, or fluorescence imaging), but it can be very tough to determine the exact mechanism of action in some cases. Depending on the drug you're referring to, I suspect that there is some theory\/evidence existing about its mode of action, e.g., which biochemical pathway it's thought to interfere with. It might not yet have been comprehensively figured out...but there's probably some clues out there somewhere."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why does Oxygen displacement (via inert gas) knock people out in seconds but people can hold their breath much longer?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does Oxygen displacement (via inert gas) knock people out in seconds but people can hold their breath much longer?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Normally when you breath in air, the pressure of the oxygen in your lungs causes it to enter your blood stream and bond with the hemoglobin which carries it around and then when it gets back to your lungs it gives off its higher level of CO2 to the air in your lungs which has a lower level of CO2 When you breath in pure nitrogen it works like the high CO2 levels leaving your blood to join the low CO2 levels in the air, except that its all the oxygen in your blood leaving to join the low oxygen level air. The pure nitrogen in your lungs effectively sucks the oxygen out of your blood stream! Normally you burn through oxygen at some fixed rate and when the CO2 builds up high enough your lungs begin to burn and make you need to take another breath, but the nitrogen pulls the oxygen out of your blood **wayyyyy** quicker than you would normally use it. After 30 seconds you have basically no oxygen left in any of your blood because its all left to play with the nitrogen, and you don't realize because your CO2 levels never built up so your body never warned you you were about to die. You'd likely pass out after 15-20 seconds. After 60 seconds you have brain damage due to severe lack of oxygen(like wayyyyy less oxygen than drowning) And after a couple minutes you're dead and so is anyone who came in to retrieve you."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why is the formula for Coca-cola a secret? Can't they analyse a sample and determine the amounts of each ingredient?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is the formula for Coca-cola a secret? Can't they analyse a sample and determine the amounts of each ingredient?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"[ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) An interesting case related to this. A top Coca Cola exec tried to sell the formula to Pepsi for mad cash. Pepsi snitched em up to Coca Cola and the FBI immediately. The messaging around that which Pepsi put out was that they wanted to play fair. But what would Pepsi gain from producing a product identical to coca cola? Nothing. It would be tantamount to confessing that Coca Cola was making a superior product all along and demolish their product differentiation and their unique selling point that they were not coca cola. Honestly I think the whole secret recipe thing is just really good marketing. Makes this sugar water look like some kind of miracle elixir."} {"category":"Other","question":"Is there a specific psychological reason people don't like hearing their voice?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Is there a specific psychological reason people don't like hearing their voice?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"(I\u2019m not 100% sure this is the correct answer) It\u2019s not that we don\u2019t like to hear our own voice, but rather, we don\u2019t like to hear recordings of our own voice. Every time we speak, we hear our voice. But we also hear it through the vibration of our skull, which makes it sound deeper than it really is. But in our mind, this is how our voice really sounds. When we hear a recording, we hear our real voice. To everyone else, it sounds normal. But to us, it sounds really high pitched. This is because we are used to hearing ourself with a much deeper voice than we really have. Something similar happens with mirrors. We are used to seeing ourself with a mirror, which flips left and right. Now, I should point out, nobody has a completely symmetrical face. But for most people, you don\u2019t really notice the asymmetry. So, we are really used to seeing our own reflection. This means that any small change to our face would be really obvious to us. It also means that when we see our face how it really looks - and not flipped, like in a mirror - we immediately notice all the asymmetries and think we don\u2019t look good in the photo. This is why many phones use a flipped image for the selfie camera"} {"category":"Technology","question":"VPNs. Are they for people to do illegal stuff on? How do they work? Why would I want one or not?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n VPNs. Are they for people to do illegal stuff on? How do they work? Why would I want one or not?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A VPN can be used to form a private tunnel trough the internet for protecting the data you need to transfer. Imagine you are making a video game and your team is spread around the world in different countries. Your team members need access to the game source code, which is of course a tightly guarded secret so your competitors cannot steal your cool new groundbreaking video game. Making that source code available to the internet, even if it's protected by a password, is dangerous. There's a possibility of someone cracking your password or intercepting the data as someone on your team accesses it. What you want is that only people inside your private network can access the source code. You cannot have a physical private network because your team is not in the same location, so you create a Virtual Private Network or VPN for short. By having access to your virtual network, your team can safely access the source code trough the VPN tunnel without anyone being able to intercept it. Edit: Thanks u\/derpdederpmustang"} {"category":"Physics","question":"How would an interplanetary civilization measure time?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How would an interplanetary civilization measure time?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"If they have FTL travel without timey-wimey effects, they'd probably use the standard time on the home planet. If multi-racial, they would probably decide which species' system is used through war or diplomacy. If their FTL travel DOES come with time dilation, then they would probably not be traveling to and from frequently enough for them to use a standard system. Any communication would take years just to send a message and get a reply. Any dealings between colonies would probably work on an \"It'll get there when it gets there\" system."} {"category":"Other","question":"What is the difference between Auschwitz 1, 2, and 3?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is the difference between Auschwitz 1, 2, and 3?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"These three camps were part of the Auschwitz camp network but they were built at different times (Auschwitz 1 was built first, then 2, then 3). Auschwitz 2 was a combined concentration camp and \"extermination\" camp (where they committed mass murder), and Auschwitz 3 specifically provided labor to a chemical company called IG Farben."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why is cannibalism so bad for our health?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is cannibalism so bad for our health?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Diseases often have trouble jumping from one species to another. The closer related to you your food is (evolution wise) the smaller the gap the disease needs to jump. This is why eating bushmeat from apes is more risky than eating some less closely related animals. The above is true especially for viruses. Parasites are another problem. One thing that has been big in the news are prions. Prions aren't really living things at all. They are just certain types of proteins which cause the proteins inside of you to become like them by their mere presence. In particular the prions everyone is worried about are ones that are inside your brain and nerves. If you eat another humans brain who has such a prion disease you will become infected yourself. Normally this is not such a big deal as people aren't in the habit of eating each others brains. However in cultures where cannibalism was practiced, such disease can become a problem. One example is Kuru also called the laughing diseases which used to be found among cannibals in places like New Guinea. Another example is mad cow diseases which became a problem when stupid people got into the habit of feeding cows the ground down remains (including brains) of other cows. In fact mad cow became such a big problem that enough cows with it ended up in the food chain to possibly infect humans despite the species gap. Creutzfel-Jacobs is what the disease is called that many think is what happened if you eat cannibalistic cow brains. The TL;DR of all this is that if you plan to eat humans make sure to only pick healthy looking ones, stay away from their brains and avoid eating any known cannibalis who seem to have the shakes."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why are different people's \"attention span\"\/ the amount of time the commit to something different? And how can I improve mine?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are different people's \"attention span\"\/ the amount of time the commit to something different? And how can I improve mine?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Turn off your phone, and pick up a book. Read until you've finished the book. Turn your phone back on. If you choose to live in a world of constant interruption, you are teaching your brain to agilely jump from topic to topic every 15 seconds. This gives you a 15 second attention span. If that's not what you want, stop training your brain that way. It will be hard, because a lot of advertisers make a lot of money taking advantage of your short attention span. Who's the boss of you? You or them? That's a question you have to answer for yourself."} {"category":"Other","question":"How does music and copyright work on platforms such as Twitch, YouTube, and movies?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does music and copyright work on platforms such as Twitch, YouTube, and movies?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There is no such thing as plagiarism in real life. Whether you give credit or not is completely irrelevant as to whether your use of a copyrighted work is infringing. Either you have the right to use it, in which case you don't need to provide credit (unless that's part of your license agreement), or you don't and its infringing. Whether you make money from your use of the work is also irrelevant. Either you have the right to use the work, in which case you can make money with it, or you don't and its infringing. \"Fair use\" is a concept in copyright law that covers a handful of very specific situations. There is only one of these situations that a normal person could ever find themselves in and that's fair use to review a work. If you're making a video in which you review something else you can give a description of that thing and use very brief snippets of it in your video. What the internet thinks is \"parody\" is actually satire. Parody requires that your mockery of the work be for political purposes. Satire is any other form of mockery. Its very, very difficult to create a mockery of a commercial work in such a way that it would be considered a parody. Satire is explicitly not protected as fair use. People are able to upload videos to the big video hosting sites because those sites have agreements in place with the major content publishers concerning what can be uploaded and how that content can be monetized. Typically if you upload content that you don't have the right to use then the video gets to stay up, but any money it makes goes to the rights-holder. Twitch's agreements allow content producers to have music playing in the background of their livestreams so long as it is incidental to whatever they're streaming. However, the videos of those livestreams get muted. If you want to be able to monetize someone else's copyrighted work on youtube you can do so, but you need to get a license to use the work (which means paying the rights-holder). There are a couple of big rights clearing houses that handle licensing. ASCAP and BMI are the main two for music, but a lot of smaller ones have popped up recently. Things like movies and TV shows typically aren't licensed to individuals."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How were the values of constants such as e and pi historically determined, and why do these constants find themselves in so many formulae?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How were the values of constants such as e and pi historically determined, and why do these constants find themselves in so many formulae?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"As you probably know, pi is intimately connected with circles. Whether you regard pi as the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter or the ratio of its area to the square of its radius, etc., pi can be seen to be connected with circles. It should come as no surprise that you can find pi whenever you're working with circles. Circles come up all the time in math even if you have to squint pretty hard to find the circle. For example, many of the occurrences of pi have to do with trigonometric functions like sine, cosine, and tangent. These functions can be thought of as relating an angle (which is really part of a circle under a loose definition of \"part\" and \"circle\") to the ratio of sides of a right triangle having that angle. These functions come up in geometry and trigonometry, of course, but they also come up in waves. (For some motivation here, look at the graph of the sine function). Waves are very important in physics for a number of reasons, notably electromagnetic radiation. (Whether this is really a wave or a particle or both or neither is the topic of a whole other eli5, but suffice it to say that even in answering this question properly you come to things called wave functions.) f(x) = e^x is a unique function because the \"slope\" of the function (technically the derivative if you know a little calculus, if not imagine drawing a straight line that just touches the curve at one point, almost bouncing off, and taking the slope of that with rise over run) at a point is equal to the value of the function at that point. This is one of the reasons e crops up everywhere because it represents exponential growth. When the rate at which something is changing is related to the amount of something there is at a given time, look for an exponent. Of course lots of numbers could be used for an exponent, but because e^x's slope equals its value (rather than being proportional to the value like 2\\^x, for example) e is often how mathematicians will write the equation. Since a^x == e^(ln[a] x), for any positive a, any time you see an exponent you could rewrite it in terms of e. (For an explanation of this fact consider the rules of exponents and that ln(x) is the inverse function of e^x, so e^(ln x) == x and ln(e^x)== x). Another reason the two numbers come up so often is actually a deep connection between trigonometric functions and e^x. In order to understand this relationship properly you need to understand Taylor series. A Taylor series is an infinite sum. By that I mean the sum has an infinite number of terms, not that the value of it is infinite. It turns out that if the things you're adding shrink fast enough you can add an infinite number of things and still get a finite number. Anyway, what a Taylor series does is approximate a function by an infinite sum of polynomial terms. Intuitively, you can approximate a function around some value, a, by looking at the value of the function at a, f(a). This works for that point, but probably not for points near a like a+0.000001. To get a little better, you can approximate a function by a straight line passing through f(a) but having the same \"slope\" at that point. To get a little bit better still you could approximate the function by a parabola, g, which has the same value at a, the same slope at a, and the same slope of the slope at a. That is g(a) = f(a), g'(a) = f'(a), and g''(a) = f''(a). You can keep this process going forever and you do a better and better job of approximating the function. Ok, where does e come into this? Well, back before we mentioned that the slope of e^x at x is simply e^x. That means when we were taking the slope and the slope of the slope, etc., we kept getting things that look like e^x. I didn't mention it above but in order to use all of those slopes you have to scale by some constants that don't really matter for our purposes at the moment. In any case, e^x 's self similarity means that the Taylor series for it at x= 0 looks like this: x^0\/0! + x^1\/1! + x^2\/2! + x^3\/3!... which is one of the prettiest Taylor series you can have. All right, that's e, but what does that have to do with sine and cosine? Well, sine and cosine have similar properties to e^x. The slope function of sin(x) isn't sin(x), but it's cos(x). And the slope function of cos(x)? Well, that's just -sin(x). This means that the slope function of the slope function of sin(x) is -sin(x). It's not quite self-similarity, but it's pretty close to it. Because sin(0) = 0, the value at zero of the slope of the slope of sin(x) is also 0, and this holds true for any even number of \"slope function of\"s. You can make a similar argument for cos(x) but with odd numbers. Well, this means that the Taylor series for sin(x) around x=0 ends up being x\/1! -x^3\/3! + x^5\/5! -x^7\/7! + x^9\/9!... and cos(x)'s ends up as 1\/0! - x^2\/2! +x^4\/4!... Well, if you squint you might already be able to see a connection between sin(x), cos(x) and e^x, but we'll drive forwards a bit more. I'll assume you're familiar with i, the imaginary unit, the square root of -1. Some people struggle with imaginary numbers because they don't show up too obviously in ordinary life, but, believe it or not, they're there. You just have to look for them. If you don't like imaginary numbers you probably won't like what happens next, but it's pretty cool. It turns out we can make sense of something like e^(ix) even though that seems a little strange. How can we make sense of it? Taylor series! e^(ix) == (ix)^0\/0! + (ix)^1\/1! + (ix)^2\/2! + (ix)^3\/3!... A little bit of algebra will let us factor that series into something like (1\/0! - x^2\/2! +x^4\/4!...) + (ix\/1! -ix^3\/3! + ix^5\/5! -ix^7\/7! + ix^9\/9!... ) == cos(x) + i sin(x). Whoa, that was crazy! It is from this fact that we have e^(i pi) = -1 since e^(i pi) == cos(pi) + i sin(pi) = -1 + 0 = -1. One of my favourite surprising occurences of pi is in the probability distribution for the standard normal, or Gaussian, distribution. This distribution is the famous bell curve you may have heard about. The Central Limit Theorems in statistics tell us that the sum of lots of little distributions approximate a normal distribution if you sum enough things. It's this theorem that helps explain why things like height of males or height of females within a population tends to follow something that looks like a bell curve. When you try to get a formula for this magical distributions others converge to you end up working with infinite series again and for detailed reasons that probably can't be eli5'd e pops up again. Through this e, pi pops up too! Now we have the circle constant showing up for population structure statistics. That's pretty weird at first glance. Now for how they could be calculated. One way to calculate pi is to draw a circle, measure its diameter, measure is circumference, and divide the circumference by the diameter. This works well enough for getting an approximation like 3.14 but it's tough to get an approximation too much closer than that because you're relying on how well you can draw a perfect circle and how well you can measure. Another way pi was calculated, historically, is a method famously associated with Archimedes. Imagine drawing a triangle with all sides and angles equal. A polygon with all sides and angles equal is called a regular polygon. Now imagine that the triangle has its points lying on a circle. We'll call this a circle circumscribing the triangle. It may not be obvious that you can draw a circle like that, but you can. Now imagine the same circle, but we'll draw a triangle around the circle with the edges of the triangle just touching the circle. Now we'll say the circle is inscribing the triangle. If you think a little bit, it should be clear that the perimeter of the inner triangle is less than the perimeter (or circumference) of a circle. Similarly, the perimeter of the outer triangle is greater than the circumference. It turns out you can do the same thing for regular polygons with any number of sides. The more sides you have, the closer the shapes will look to a circle, and the closer their perimeters will be, but the circle that's inscribing one and circumscribing the other will always have a circumference in between their perimeters. There's a fairly nice way to calculate the perimeter of a regular polygon and the diameter of its inscribing\/circumscribing circle without doing any measuring. That means we can pick some really big number of sides and get two perimeters that are very close together. Once we've done that, we know that the circumference is somewhere in between. Now we just divide the estimated circumference by the calculated diameter and we have an estimate for pi. This method was popular for over 1000 years, but it was eventually beat out by methods involving infinite series (which probably have something to do with circles if you squint hard enough and look for trigonometric functions). Human knowledge of e is a lot younger than human knowledge of pi. We've only known about e since somewhere around the 1600s. Because of this, there's less history about how it was calculated. There are lots of ways to calculate it just like there are lots of ways to calculate pi. Almost all of them look at infinite series in some way. If you've been paying attention you might see that you could use a Taylor series for e^x (around 0) evaluated at x =1 to calculate e. This method works reasonably well and it's relatively simple so it's a good way to think about it. There are lots of other ways to calculate it, though, and I'm guessing this wasn't the first way it was done, but maybe."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How do we know what the structure of molecules look like? It's not like we can check everything under a microscope, can we?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do we know what the structure of molecules look like? It's not like we can check everything under a microscope, can we?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are quite a few methods! Mass spectroscopy helps to determine how molecules are broken up and their weight, which can be used to piece things together. X-ray crystallography determines the location of atoms directly. Model calculations can be used for structure prediction\/reactivity. Infrared spectroscopy tells you about bonds. NMR spectroscopy determines the environment of specific atoms in a molecule. There are more methods as well but those are a few of the main ones :)"} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"What is a Chaos Theory and how does it work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is a Chaos Theory and how does it work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"If you were to try and model how the planets move around the solar system, you would find that you could create a very accurate model despite not necessarily having perfect information about everything in the solar system. There's a bunch of asteroids floating around, the mass of the planets and the sun are close approximations, etc. But even if your info is off a little bit, all that really does is change the final result an equally tiny amount. This is how we tend to think things work - a small change to initial conditions results in a roughly equally small change to the end results. Not all systems behave this way however - take a [Double Pendulum]( URL_0 ) for example. In the gif, you see three double pendulums of identical construction, starting from nearly the same position - so close in fact that you really can't tell the difference. But very quickly that initial difference in position causes each double pendulum to take drastically different trajectories. This wild difference is the result of the starting position being off just a teeny tiny amount. A system like this is highly sensitive to initial conditions. This is a \"Chaotic\" system."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"how did water appear in Earth and how did we end up with such vast amount of it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how did water appear in Earth and how did we end up with such vast amount of it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Water is Hydrogen + Oxygen, two of the most abundant things on Earth. Much of the Earths crust is made up of Oxygen, bonded to other things like Iron to make minerals. Since a lot of Oxygen existed on the primeval Earth, and Hydrogen is the most abundant thing in the Universe, having water was inevitable. So where did it come from? Either the Earth was formed from material that contained a lot of Oxygen and Water, or the early Earth was bombarded with Comets and Asteroids that contained Oxygen and Water."} {"category":"Physics","question":"If the phases of the moon are due to the Earths shadow, why is the half moon a straight line\/perfect semi circle, instead of a rounded shadow?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If the phases of the moon are due to the Earths shadow, why is the half moon a straight line\/perfect semi circle, instead of a rounded shadow?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Unless you're looking at a lunar eclipse, the part of the moon that's not lit up is not in the Earth's shadow, it's in the moon's shadow. The bright portion is facing the sun, and is therefore illuminated, and the dark portion is facing away from the sun, and therefore not illuminated."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why is the meat of different animals so different in color? e.g. beef and chicken (or, taking it one step further, salmon)","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is the meat of different animals so different in color? e.g. beef and chicken (or, taking it one step further, salmon)","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"it's a mixture of factors. Redness is determined by a protein myoglobin; red meat animals like cows tend to have higher concentrations of myoglobin. These are animals that generally have a low of slow-twitch muscle because they utilize muscles for a long period of time but without any rapid bursts White meat animals like chicken have less myoglobin because they have fast-twitch muscles primarily. They tend to move and stand a lot less, and when they do, it's in quick bursts. Fat composition can also affect appearance of meat. You might have seen pictures of really expensive cuts of beef like wagyu or kobe, which are filled with white streaks everywhere, and might have a slightly more pink color. This is because they tend to have a higher fat content which is apparent in the meat. And diet, outside of providing fat and muscle sources, can be a big factor in the coloration of the meat. Wild salmon are pink because of their diet of shrimp and krill, which contributes Astaxanthin, a molecule which gives that pinkish color. In fact, farmed salmon, which may not be fed a shrimp\/krill rich diet, generally have some variety of greyish-white color, and are colored pink to look more natural."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why and how are crows so intelligent?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why and how are crows so intelligent?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Crows are not \"so intelligent\", compared to people or whales. However, when compared to other birds they are much smarter than the average bird. Birds have a small brain (to save weight) and much of their brain is taken up with hardware control of their wings (because flying is hard to do). A bird that's evolved a smarter brain is unusual, and that makes crows unusual for birds."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do some elderly people move their mouth a lot, as if they're chewing on something?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do some elderly people move their mouth a lot, as if they're chewing on something?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The chewing motion is found almost exclusively in people who have lost teeth. On rare occasions, certains tranquilisers or antidepressants may cause a side effect called tardive dyskinesia, an inability to control what are ordinarily voluntary movements. These movements are as likely to involve the nose as the mouth or jaws, though. In most cases, the chewing motion is a neuromuscular response to the lack of teeth: an attempt by the oral cavity to achieve some from equilibrium. In particular, sufferers can't position their upper and lower jaws properly. With a full set of ivories, the teeth act as a stop to keep the jaws in place."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How do investors\/traders profit from short selling? Ie. profit from the drop of value in public companies' share price.","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do investors\/traders profit from short selling? Ie. profit from the drop of value in public companies' share price.","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Someone short-selling with a brokerage usually shortcuts the process, but the basic transaction is this: The short seller borrows a share of stock, promising to return a share of stock at a later date. They then sell it. Eventually, they will have to re-acquire a share of the same stock and return it to the original owner, but if the price drops in the interim, they make money on the difference between the price they sold it for and the price they have to buy it back for."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why don\u2019t plants get dusty?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why don\u2019t plants get dusty?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I\u2019m pretty sure that even real indoor plants do accumulate some dust; at least mine do - although they don\u2019t accumulate it as much as other surfaces. The plastic or fabric leaves on fake plants may have a surface that attracts or retains dust, due to stickiness or static electricity. Also, real plants do move slightly on their own, to follow the sun - either daily or seasonally. This slight movement might be enough to reduce the amount of dust that accumulates."} {"category":"Economics","question":"What is the anti-trust paradox?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is the anti-trust paradox?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Once upon a time local retail stores dotted your town. You went to an electronics store for TV's, the grocery store for food, and the general store for toilet paper. Each individual store has it's own physical store, management, and supply chain adding overhead and cost to the customer. Then Wal-Mart happens. They buy one big building and stock it with food, toilet paper and electronics. In a single trip you can get buffalo wings, beer, a 60\" flat screen, shit paper AND the toilet for the ultimate SuperBowl Thunderbox. Because they're so big, they can negotiate lower prices with their manufacturers. Because their stores carry such variety, they can fill a single truck with that day's goods from their warehouses instead of partially unloading 6 different trucks from 6 different suppliers. This cuts labor and overhead expense. That means you can buy the exact same things at Wal-Mart a drastically lower price than you could from the local guys. Cheaper goods is good for society right? The problem is that their business model only works BECAUSE they're big. If you want to compete with them for the lowest price on shit paper, you would have to build an equivalent amount of warehouses and retail stores with a world-class logistics chain before you even make your first sale. It's such a large up-front investment that it would be virtually impossible to start a proper rival. Since the other guys can't compete, Wal-Mart puts them out of business. Now Walmart can double their prices on toilet paper, knowing there's no way someone could beat them in a proper competition. That's a monopoly, and that's bad. Benevolent monopolies are good, but they are also a fantasy. If someone owns 100% of a space, they're going to maximize their profits. Competition by definition breeds inefficiencies, but it also serves as a check against both businesses. They each have to provide an equivalent level of service for an equivalent level of price to keep justifying their value to the consumer. If left un-checked, monopolies like Amazon, Disney, or AT & T can make it impossible to compete against them making it possible to profit from hurting society."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"how was asbestos created, why is it dangerous?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how was asbestos created, why is it dangerous?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Asbestos is a natural material, it is mined from the earth. It is dangerous because when it breaks, it realeases extreamly fine fibres that get stuck in your lungs and your body can't remove them. When too much builds up in your lungs, it causes all kinds of trouble, most commun being mesothelioma, which is a type of cancer."} {"category":"Biology","question":"If you are you because you got half your DNA from each of your parents, why are older\/younger siblings not physical carbon copies of each other?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If you are you because you got half your DNA from each of your parents, why are older\/younger siblings not physical carbon copies of each other?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The half I get from one parent (say my mother), is not equal to the half my siblings got from my mother. Say my mother has {a,b,c,d} I could have gotten {a,b} from her, while my sister got {a,c}, and my brother got {b,d}. similarly for genes from my father, and you get completely different genomes for all of us."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do US politicians consider Russia such a huge threat?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do US politicians consider Russia such a huge threat?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"For decades, the Russian-led Soviet Union was a huge threat to the US and the Western World. This belief is still strong. Since Russia recovered from the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia is actively working against the US-led World Order. The US and its allies believe in a unipolar world. The US as the strongest nation to lead the others and make everybody adopt representative liberal democracy, capitalism and free markets. For this, the US created and supported several international organisations like the UN, the IMF, etc. Russia believes in a multi-polar world with several equal leaders. So they don't want the US to meddle in what Russia considers *her* corner of the world. Russia has little regard for Western rules like territorial integrity and has often acted militarily against its neighbours like Georgia or Ukraine. This is the general animosity between them. Now for some current issues: Some of Russia's neighbours are US allies (for example Estonia and Latvia), US politicians are concerned that Russia might act against them. This would either result in War with Russia, or the US abandoning its Allies which would seriously harm US influence in the World. Also, Russia and the US have mutually exclusive aims in the Syrian Civil War. The US wants to remove Assad, Russia wants to keep him in power. The US accuses Russia of specifically bombing non-Islamist rebels and civilians, thus committing war crimes. Lastly, there are current allegations and indications that Russia might have interfered in the last Presidential Election of the USA and might do the same in other Western elections. There is also the whole mess of the ties to Russia of President Trump and members of his administration. Some US politicians are scared that Russia might have blackmailing material against President Trump, or even that he might be conspiring with them. TL;DR: Russia is the main country defying the US right now and is alleged to have meddled in their elections. Edit: Guys, please don't downvote other comments because you disagree with them. \/u\/aescolanus wrote a clear comment without any personal attacks, or other reasons to downvote him. He didn't break any subreddit rule. If you disagree with him, do so via comment. If you think he states something wrong, ask for sources and\/or disagree. Disagreement on political topics without hate or personal attacks is rare enough on Reddit. Don't downvote it into oblivion! So please remove your downvotes for his comment, and leave him an upvote for a well-written, thematically relevant comment."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why is the national debt in Japan so high?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is the national debt in Japan so high?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The Japanese have been fighting a deflation-driven recession since the early 90s. What that means is that people spend less money, the economy shrinks, and people get laid off. This makes people fearful, so they spend even less money, and the economy shrinks more, and more people get laid off. It's a viscous circle. We know the best way to break out of that circle is for the government to step in and jump start the economy by: (1) spending lots and lots of money, and (2) loaning money out to anyone who wants it. The government keeps spending and spending until the economy gets health again. This takes some will power, because there's a strong temptation to take the foot off the gas too early. The problem is that the Japanese keep doing it wrong. They spend some money, not enough to jump start the economy. So they end up with the worst possible outcome - huge debts and an economy that won't get better. And then they try it again and fail for the same reason. And then again, and again, and again. To add to this, Japan has very stable debt as A. most of it is domestically owned by Japanese citizens and B. Japan, like the U.S has a good credit rating"} {"category":"Economics","question":"what is currency depreciation? Why does china do it and why will it help them undermine tariffs?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what is currency depreciation? Why does china do it and why will it help them undermine tariffs?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I'll try to answer this as best as I can. If anyone spots a mistake here and there, feel free to correct me! *deep breath* So here goes. There is a difference between currency depreciation and currency undervaluation. **Currency Depreciation** refers to the lowering of the price of a currency relative to another, through natural market variations (Example: More tourists from China wants to go to the US, and therefore need to buy USD. The value of USD goes up, and China's RMB goes down). **Currency Undervaluation** refers to the artificial act of either 1. purposefully controlling the exchange rate to be at a cheap\/low rate through Federal Reserves, or 2. the natural demand for the currency is at a lower level than what it should be, for whatever reason. I believe your question refers to currency undervaluation, as you mention the US trade deficit and China's position towards tariffs. In China's case, for the past 50 or so years, the RMB has been at a semi-fixed rate relative to the USD. This stems from the fact that China was a developing country during its initial \"opening up\". The artificially maintained low exchange rate was internationally approved as part of the policies that encourage developing economies to grow. The low currency value makes the goods that China makes cheaper relative to the US, encouraging demand in both US and China for Chinese goods. This allows the economy to develop and \"boost\" trade output. In the current era, China is arguably no longer a developing economy; their manufacturing scale surpasses the US, and we have been seeing them shift away from a manufacturing-based economy to a more tertiary (finance, IT, services) sector economy. However, this does not mean that China is producing less manufactured goods. The low price of Chinese goods has instead meant that the US cannot compete with China in terms of of sheer output and manufacturing cost+efficiency. Therefore, China has been accused of exploiting their low currency value to \"dump\" goods and making sure that their gross output in terms of trade has somewhere to go (the US market), when they are in fact no longer considered a developing economy. Tariffs, which are additional costs for manufacturers\/importers, will ensure that Chinese goods will become more expensive in the US. This increased price of Chinese goods will theoretically \"offset\" the low-value of the RMB, bringing the total price of a good back in line with what the US believes it is worth. The administration hopes that this will help US manufacturing regain their competitiveness, as the total price of Chinese goods will now be higher, or at least similar to, the price of US goods. Snap forward to 2018, we now see that China is actually trying to increase their currency value (Currency Valuation) in order to encourage the RMB to become an internationally supported and traded currency. However, the trade war with the US has put that temporarily on hold, as increasing the RMB's value right now would mean that Chinese goods are EVEN MORE expensive after the tariffs, which would be a major blow to China's manufacturing industry. The US has been calling for China to raise their RMB value for a long time, as that can better reflect the true value of Chinese products. Unfortunately, even if the Chinese government is willing, the current administration's tariffs mean that they cannot raise the RMB as that would destabilise their own economy too much."} {"category":"Other","question":"What are left\/right political views?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What are left\/right political views?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It started in the French Revolution in the late 1700s. During meetings, anti-monarchists sat on the left side of a room and monarchists sat on the right. That turned into a metaphor for all sorts of different viewpoints, not always consistently. Usually right-wing is associated with establishment, military, religion, inherited wealth, and conservatism, and left-wing with radicalism, diplomacy, secularism, working-class, and progressivism, but not always."} {"category":"Technology","question":"What technological advancements have occured for the 5G mobile network to be so much faster than it's predecessor?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What technological advancements have occured for the 5G mobile network to be so much faster than it's predecessor?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I used to be a patent lawyer for some of the companies doing this work (Ericsson, Qualcomm, etc.) so I feel pretty comfortable answering this. In my opinion, there haven\u2019t been any truly groundbreaking technologies in this field that have allowed for 5G. Rather, 5G is a mix of a number of now relatively standard technologies that work in sync with one another. To understand why things are working out this way, you should realize that the number of devices that use wireless signals have increased exponentially, and that different types of devices work better in different configurations (i.e., different frequencies, different distances, different battery lengths, different amounts of data to transmit, etc.). While this all might seem relatively obvious, it is the big motivating factor for 5G. For example, if autonomous vehicles are going to work at a large scale, then there needs to be a network capable of handling their needs. These needs include large data transmission, high reliability, high speed, and high continuity. To meet these needs, an eNodeB (i.e., a radio tower) can transmit a high frequency signal to the vehicle because more information can be included in a higher frequency signal. However, high frequency signals tend to be disrupted by their surrounding environment more easily than lower frequency signals. For example, millimeter wave signals (i.e., high frequency signals) can be blocked by trees, human bodies, some buildings, etc. To counteract this type of path interference, you need to have more antennas over the same area. So instead of having an eNodeB every .5 km^2, you might place them every .1 km^2 (by the way, this is where the term \"cell\" in cell phone comes from, because each of these areas are considered a \"cell\"). While all of the above might cover the autonomous vehicle use case, we have also seen a major boost in internet of things (IoT) devices, like small sensors that are remotely located, not hooked up to a connected power source, and do not need to transmit a lot of data. For example, there are sensors that are attached to various portions of a bridge that transmit vibration signals, amongst others, back to a central server to monitor the structural integrity and wear on that bridge. Since these devices only need to transmit a small amount of information every so often, they can be set up to send very intermittent signals at a low data rate to conserve energy and battery power. Since they are usually remotely located, they also may be better set for low frequency signals, as those types of signals don't experience the same path interference that higher frequency signals usually do. Therefore, you might want to send lower frequency signals at a lower rate to these devices, but they might occur at a much larger volume because there are more IoT devices than there are self-driving cars. Your standard smart phone falls in the middle of these two use cases, but it is slowly creeping toward requiring more and more data with more and more reliability. So what does 5G do to accommodate all of these needs? Well, they do a bunch of things, almost none of which are super groundbreaking. One thing they do is use antenna arrays. Antenna arrays are devices that include a bunch of antennas, and different antennas in each array can be configured to emit a signal of a different frequency. The antennas in each array can also be configured to change the direction and\/or intensity of its beam so that it can avoid potential interference along a path. 5G also uses something called MIMO (multi-in, multi-out) to increase bandwidth and\/or reliability. This technology has been known for a while now (you see it in multi antenna wifi routers for example), but they are now applying it at a larger scale and across multiple users (referred to as MU-MIMO (multi-user MIMO). 5G technologies also include using machine learning technologies to understand user preferences so as to predict behavior of a user and needs of a device. Many 5G technologies also include energy harvesting (e.g., solar power) technologies so as to increase operation time for IoT devices, for example. These technologies also use various forms of coding, such as trellis modulation, turbo coding, and a number of other mathematical techniques to increase data transmission and\/or reliability. In summary, 5G is really just adding a bunch of existing technologies together in a relatively new and complicated manner. If you get involved with this field, you find out pretty quickly that most of the researchers and engineers are throwing different combinations at the wall to see what sticks (i.e., what the 3GPP adopts to their standard). I really just grazed the surface here, so if you have any follow up questions I'd be happy to answer. **TL;DR:** There aren't many new technologies. 5G is just adding existing tech together in a complicated manner. **Edit**: I initially only posted the first paragraph, but I added the other four to provide some more detail."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How come you can have a good or bad sleep?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How come you can have a good or bad sleep?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Simplest answer: variance. Better answer: there are multiple factors involved. Light sources in the room or before you go to bed mess with melatonin production, which signals your body to sleep. If you wake up in certain parts of your REM cycle, you'll feel groggy instead of rested. Nightmares can make you tense during sleep, which makes some people less rested. Alcohol interferes with sleep quality. And I've heard that sleep you get before midnight is twice as restful as sleep you get after midnight. The effects of stimulants shouldn't be underestimated. The half-life of caffeine is about 6 hours. This means that if you have a cup of coffee at 2 or 3 in the afternoon and go to bed at 8 or 9, half the caffeine from your afternoon coffee is still in your system, interfering with your sleep. And the list goes on..."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why is it important to remove the bullet when someone\u2019s been shot?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it important to remove the bullet when someone\u2019s been shot?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"That\u2019s a movie thing. Removing the bullet may eventually be important if it has perforated and become lodged in an important organ or near a joint, but it\u2019s not immediately necessary and may even cause further harm. It\u2019s not uncommon for bullets\/fragments to be left alone rather than removed, it can be more trouble to extract them than it\u2019s worth. First aid is to apply pressure to stop the bleeding, not cause more damage fishing around in a gunshot wound."} {"category":"Physics","question":"The hottest temperature ever recorded was 5.5 trillion \u00b0C. How did scientists manage to measure it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n The hottest temperature ever recorded was 5.5 trillion \u00b0C. How did scientists manage to measure it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There is a correlation between temperature and intensity of light. Astrophysicists use the Hertzsprung-Russel diagram ( URL_0 ). Temperatures that high are measured using this correlation. It's also important to understand that those measurements come with a margin of error usually proportional to the scale. So it's more likely that the temperature was 5.5 trillion \u00b0C, give or take a few billion. Edit: I am not an expert. Kindly refer to mfb-'s top level comment for another explanation."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How did astrophysicists determine the planets we already know about?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How did astrophysicists determine the planets we already know about?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Back before electric lights, there wasn't much to do at night except look at the lights in the sky. People who looked at the stars noticed, thousands of years ago, that while most stars stay in the same place relative to each other (Orion's belt and the big dipper are there to see every night, always the same) a few of the lights wandered around around. Apparently the word planet comes from the Greek for \"wanderer.\" Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are bright enough to see easily without a telescope, and people just watched them night after night, having nothing better to do, and saw them wander around among the \"fixed\" stars. It took a while for a clever mathematician to make sense of the wandering, but Kepler and his colleagues figured out that the wanderers were moving in almost-circles (ellipses) around the Sun."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"Would scientists be able to predict if an asteroid is going to hit Earth?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Would scientists be able to predict if an asteroid is going to hit Earth?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's in a range. We are fairly confident that we know of most world-ending sized asteroids in the solar system, but there's still a lot of damage that can be done from asteroids smaller than that, and we don't know all of those are. It could happen \"at any minute\" but is still incredibly unlikely. There's plenty of other threats that we should worry about way more."} {"category":"Physics","question":"The sun's rays shouldn't lose energy whilst they are travelling in space (as vacuum), but still, planets get colder and colder away from the sun. Is it related to the number of photons reaching a planet?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n The sun's rays shouldn't lose energy whilst they are travelling in space (as vacuum), but still, planets get colder and colder away from the sun. Is it related to the number of photons reaching a planet?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Pretty much yeah. If you imagine the surface area of a sphere around the sun. As the radius of the sphere gets bigger, so the planets are further away, the total power from the sun will be spread over a much larger area, meaning that the intensity (power supplied to each unit area) will decrease following an inverse square law (as distance doubles intensity is divided by 4)."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why is Apple suing Qualcomm?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is Apple suing Qualcomm?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Qualcomm developed a lot of the technologies behind LTE, and have patents on them. When a company's technology gets incorporated into a standard like LTE, they have to promise to let other people use those patents under \"fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory\" terms (which makes sense, but isn't exactly well defined). Apple is claiming that the terms Qualcomm wants aren't fair- they're charging too much and making them pay extra for patents they don't want in order to get the ones that they need in order to make phones with LTE. They're also claiming this as an anti-trust issue: Qualcomm makes their own processors (if you're in the US, pretty much any flagship phone other than the iPhone uses Qualcomm chipsets), so Apple is claiming that they're doing this in order to make it more expensive to use their competitors."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why is Australia so overwhelmingly dry when nearby places like Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, Indonesia, and Tasmania are all so wet and lush?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is Australia so overwhelmingly dry when nearby places like Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, Indonesia, and Tasmania are all so wet and lush?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There's a variety of factors Australia's geographical position has a lot to do with it. Australia is south of the high-moisture tropical belt that Indonesia and New Guinea are in. It sits under the subtropical high-pressure belt, which prevents the lifting of air required for rain. Another factor is sheer size. The coastal areas of Australia actually get a lot of rain, but this drains the moisture out of the air so there isn't any left to get to core of the continent. Where-as New Zealand is much narrower so the clouds get a chance to rain on the whole sub-continent. The other part of this is mountains, or the lack there of. Australia doesn't have any significant mountain ranges so there is no geography to force moisture laden air upwards to seed mountains and glaciers with snow. This prevents river systems from forming like we get in North+South America. The Amazon in the South and Prairies in the North only exist because of the climate caused by the mountain ranges to their West."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How are we not wasting oxygen when we breathe out carbon dioxide?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How are we not wasting oxygen when we breathe out carbon dioxide?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"We take in oxygen because when it chemically joins with something, it releases energy. We then use that energy to live. Once it has done that, when it has joined with carbon to make carbon dioxide, its job is done, The energy available has been released. You see, it isn't the oxygen we need. It is the chemical energy available in having oxygen and carbon\/hydrogen as separate things - the carbon\/hydrogen loosely bound into carbohydrates like sugar. It is a bit like how a hydro-electric plant doesn't 'waste water' when the water that flows out of the tail race at the bottom of the dam. The plant didn't want water - it wanted the energy in that water being up there at the top. Now the generator has been spun, the energy caught from allowing the water to fall to the bottom, the job is done and the low energy water released."} {"category":"Other","question":"How is a multilevel marketing scheme not illegal\/not considered a pyramid scheme?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How is a multilevel marketing scheme not illegal\/not considered a pyramid scheme?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"> How is a multilevel marketing scheme not illegal\/not considered a pyramid scheme? The distinction is that in MLM there is a real product being sold (in theory) and it can bring in profits legitimately. There is no fraud or misrepresentation of what is happening, it is just typically a really shitty deal."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why are there more visible air bubbles in tap water when it is cold outside?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are there more visible air bubbles in tap water when it is cold outside?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Gasses are more soluble in a liquid like water when it is really cold, and its solubility goes down as temperature increases. In hot water, a lot of those dissolved gas bubbles have left the water, whereas in cold water, the gas bubbles stay dissolved in the water easily. Thats why you see more bubbles in cold water than in hot water."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Is there a maximum limit of how hot something can get before it just stops getting hotter?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Is there a maximum limit of how hot something can get before it just stops getting hotter?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"-0 K. No, that's not a typo. So every answer that you've gotten here concerning the Planck Temperature or the motion of atoms is, bluntly, dead wrong. This is because temperature **does not** correlate directly with motion; that approximation only works on the lower end of the temperature scale, and is a result of the way in which we typically measure temperature. Bear with me cause this gets **weird**, but is the correct answer (inb4 muh 5 year olds). The *actual* way in which temperature is defined is through the interrelationship between a piece of matters' entropy (a measure of how \"disordered\" or \"useless\" it is, for lack of a better word), and its energy (which would include its motion). Don't worry about precisely what entropy is (that is honestly and ELI5 in-and-of-itself, and involves one of the more sorcerous scientific fields that confuses the hell out of everyone who studies it), just take it on faith that it's just a measurable thermodynamic quantity. If you're familiar with calculus, the actual definition is; T=dU\/dS ~ \u0394U\/\u0394S where U and S are the energy and entropy, respectively, and \u0394U and \u0394S are the *changes* in those quantities as you increase the temperature (or, more accurately, temperature is caused by how those two changes occur alongside one another). Starting at the low end of the temperature scale, as you increase an objects temperature, you gradually increase its entropy *and* its energy, but the entropy increase actually starts to diminish as you get to higher and higher temperatures. This is why temperature increases, mathematically; for constant steps of dU, the dS gets smaller, and so you're dividing a given number (say, 1) by another number that's getting smaller and smaller with each step you take. Thus, there is a given state where you add some finite amount of energy, and the entropy change is near zero. At this point, you're approaching a temperature of infinite, as the dU is basically not changing, while the dS is getting smaller and smaller, approaching zero. [Now lets get weird]( URL_0 ); give it more energy, and the entropy will **decrease**. Thus, you'll have the same dU, divided by a *negative* and very small dS, giving you a temperature approaching *negative infinite K*. Give it even more energy, and the dS term (while still negative) continues to get smaller and smaller in magnitude; thus, as you heat the object more and more, the temperature decreases in magnitude. Eventually, you reach a state where the entropy decrease becomes arbitrarily large, thus you get a finite dU divided by a really big dS, which will approach -0. As a result, the hottest possible temperature is -0 K, and the ordering from coldest to hottest is as follows; 0 K < 300 K < \u221e K < -\u221e K < -300 K < -0 K This has shown up in both advanced thermodynamics and quantum mechanics, and has also been [experimentally verified.]( URL_1 ) It's important to note that this is a screwy scale that makes a lot of the math we use fall apart, but this is largely due to the fact that our entire concept of temperature, and how we measure it, is actually hilariously complicated and flawed (although still very useful, because you don't see those negative temperatures in your day-to-day existence)."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What does depth perception look like?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What does depth perception look like?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"If you have an iPhone X or know someone who does, there's an app called The Parallax View that simulates depth perception by tracking your head and eyes. Super easy to use\u2014change the settings to track one eye, open that eye only, and move the phone and\/or your head. It creates the illusion of 3d stereoscopic vision."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How can multiple gas stations right next to each other, with wildly different gas prices, all stay in business?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can multiple gas stations right next to each other, with wildly different gas prices, all stay in business?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When approaching a cluster of fuel stations, as described, can you lawfully enter all of them from your position? Likely not. Maybe there\u2019s two you can turn into safely and legally, but one has no exit going in your desired direction. So there\u2019s four stations but only one option. That\u2019s how it works here."} {"category":"Biology","question":"how do insects survive long cold winters, specially the ones with a lifespan of less than a week?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how do insects survive long cold winters, specially the ones with a lifespan of less than a week?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"If I had to use one word to describe insects, it would be \"adaptive\". Our resident insects are very well adapted to survive winter. In order to survive winter, insects push the pause button. During this pause an insect's metabolic rate drops to one tenth or less, so it can use stored body fat to survive winter. Also many insects produce alcohols for antifreeze. Their bodies can supercool (reach temperatures below freezing) without forming cell-damaging ice. Insects spend the winter in various life stages: egg, nymph, larvae, pupae or adult. Many overwinter as eggs. Aphid eggs can be found in the bud scales of woody plants [Sauce]( URL_0 )"} {"category":"Other","question":"Why is it predators are reluctant to attack us?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it predators are reluctant to attack us?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"We're large enough that even a bear might get injured before it kills us, especially since it doesn't know what nasty tricks we may have up our sleeve. Since any injury can get infected and be fatal, the predator will not take that risk unless it is very hungry and has no other, more familiar prey available. And that's not even taking into account the fact that we usually come in groups, which multiplies the threat we represent."} {"category":"Other","question":"How do you grow thick skin mentally? How does a brain not care about someone's opinion?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do you grow thick skin mentally? How does a brain not care about someone's opinion?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"One thing that helps is experience, the first time someone expresses a negative opinion of someone, they have no idea what's going to result, and they're bound to wonder about all the potential results. When it's happened many times before with either nothing occurring or something positive happening (like bonding with anyone else who had the negative opinion expressed about them), the event isn't going to be as stressful. Another thing that helps is feeling secure in your position. If someone knows that they are highly valued by others, they're not going to risk losing that relationship over a external complaints or opinions. Finally, making the realization that when you do something embarrassing, many of the people you think noticed probably didn't actually notice, or only care for a short period of time."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How come spent nuclear fuel is constantly being cooled for about 2 decades? Why can't we just use the spent fuel to boil water to spin turbines?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How come spent nuclear fuel is constantly being cooled for about 2 decades? Why can't we just use the spent fuel to boil water to spin turbines?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Spent nuclear fuel just doesn't produce enough heat to make it useful for producing steam. The amount of power you'd get out of it that way simply would never pay for the cost of building and running the system. It can be recycled however. Spent fuel still contains a lot of useful radioisotopes and there are types of reactors designed to recycle the spent fuel back into usable nuclear fuel. The problem is, that on top of the normal political concerns with nuclear reactors, recycling can produce plutonium, which is used in nuclear weapons. Because it is very difficult to tell the difference between a fuel recycling plant and a weapon-making plant from outside, many countries have decided to not recycle to avoid political and diplomatic troubles."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Does the probability of a certain outcome change after several consecutive rolls of two dices?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Does the probability of a certain outcome change after several consecutive rolls of two dices?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Dice rolls are independent of each other, and thus the probabilty of rolling snake eyes is exactly the same regardless of whether your previous 100000 throws were snake eyes or 12 or any number in between. However if you ask a question differently - what is my probabilty to get at least one snake eyes after 100000 throws - then the answer is different too. But if the question is \"If i roll dice now, what is the chance\" then the answer is same every time. Your chance of rolling 10 snake eyes in a row is very low - but your chance of rolling snake eyes in any given roll, even if your previous 9 rolls were snake eyes, is still 1\/36."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"How do trees decide where new branches grow and when they sperate from the main trunk?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do trees decide where new branches grow and when they sperate from the main trunk?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The plant generates growth hormone within the stalk. When there's enough of it, a new bud is created at the center, and then migrates out toward the boundary of the stalk where it becomes a new branch. As it migrates, it consumes growth hormone. The next bud that forms will head out in a different direction where the growth hormone hasn't been depleted. That's why the first two leaves\/branches\/petals are almost always 180\u00b0 away from each other. Subsequent buds will head out at different angles. Vi Hart does an excellent 3-part video series on the nature of plants, spiral growth and the Fibonacci sequence. [Part 3]( URL_0 ) explains the part about growth hormones and such."} {"category":"Other","question":"What's the difference between anthropology and social psychology?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What's the difference between anthropology and social psychology?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I'm a social psychologist, so I mostly can speak about what we do. I can only give my impression of anthropology, which may be wrong. I think the biggest distinction is method and purpose. We both want to \"understand people and how they relate to each other.\" But I'd say anthropology is broader, like broadly about human culture, traditions and ways of living and ways of thinking. Social psychology is about the individual involved in those things (e.g., can I predict with Person A will do in situation X?\" Where the situation is social in some way. An anthropologist may go live in the society they want to study, make observations, interview people, participate in customs, etc. The goal is to document and understand the context of human life. A psychologist interested in culture would consider what fundamental aspect of culture can be measured and how those measures correlate\/cause specific behaviors, emotions or thoughts. And instead of taking a deep dive to live in the culture, we would run an experiment (in this case, usually a \"quasi-experiment\" because we can't actually randomly give you a culture) or collect quantitative data somehow (survey, video, picture etc) to test our theories."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How come lightning strikes in the ocean but doesn't spread indefinitely? How is the radius of the electrically charged zone calculated?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How come lightning strikes in the ocean but doesn't spread indefinitely? How is the radius of the electrically charged zone calculated?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Imagine that you have a big glob of peanut butter on a knife. When that peanut butter is confined to the tip of the knife its bunched up into a small area and so it looks like there is a lot of peanut butter. If you spread that peanut butter onto a small piece of bread then the peanut butter gets spread out over a larger area, so there isn't as much peanut butter at any given point as there is when its on the knife. Now say you spread that peanut butter over the entire planet. Now the peanut butter is spread so thin that you can't even see it - at any given point all that's there is maybe a molecule or two of peanut butter. Lightning works the same way. Lightning appears to be very energetic because all of the energy in that lightning is concentrated into an area the width of a piece of pencil lead. Because the energy contained in the lightning is confined to such a small area, it vaporizes anything within. But as soon as the lightning hits the ground it begins to spread out. Once you expand that pencil lead sized area to, say, 100 cubic feet (which is maybe the size of 3 or 4 bathroom stalls in a public restroom), the energy in the lightning has been spread out so much that there just isn't enough enough energy at any given point to be dangerous anymore. That's what happens when lightning hits anything connected to the ground - the energy contained in the lightning spreads out over the entire planet. If you happen to be right at the point where the lightning hit, the energy hasn't had enough time to spread out and so the lightning is dangerous. But once you've gotten any amount of distance away from that point, the energy disperses. So when lightning hits somewhere in the Pacific Ocean that causes the ground underneath you to heat up a bit, regardless of where on the planet you are. Its just that there is so little energy that makes it to you that the temperature increase is so small that you can't measure it."} {"category":"Technology","question":"If programs\/app are made from codes, then if the codes are still there or still the same; why would programs\/app get lagging and crashed sometimes?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If programs\/app are made from codes, then if the codes are still there or still the same; why would programs\/app get lagging and crashed sometimes?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Writing code is like building a maze for water to flow through. The maze will have little gates that will redirect the flow of water depending on the circumstance. When the maze is operating under normal circumstances, the water will go where it is supposed to and the app will perform fine. However testing every combination of gate opening can be very difficult, and over time some obscure combinations of gates opened and closed is bound to occur. In those cases the water may get blocked and overflow, or form unwanted reservoirs that impede the performance of the app. Usually it can be fixed by resetting all the gates to a known good position and flushing out the water (restarting the app). The more complex the maze the harder it is to make it error-free."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why can't web browsers block lightbox-style popups?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why can't web browsers block lightbox-style popups?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Popups, popunders, and autoplay videos are all very specific actions. The site's code has to ask the browser to make a new window or start playing the video, and the browser can easily respond to that. Lightboxes are different, they're just another element on the page. The actions that create a lightbox are no different than creating a colored box or button. In addition, there are many different ways this can be done that end up creating the same effect. It's certainly possible to detect some or all of these cases, but it's nowhere near as straightforward as popups or videos."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What\u2019s the difference between the degrees of burns and how would you tell them apart?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What\u2019s the difference between the degrees of burns and how would you tell them apart?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Burns are categorized into 3 degrees 1st degree: red + hot + painful + usually heals with no scar -think superficial epidermis layer 2nd degree: white + painful + USUALLY blisters + longterm scar (hyperpigmentation) -think slightly deeper dermis layer 3rd degree: white + NOT painful -think all the way down to the nerve level and you basically fry your sensory nerves -Need medical intervention because you are likely to get a really bad bacterial infection in the skin or blood (sepsis)"} {"category":"Physics","question":"In a few billion years when the sun expands and grows into a red giant, how fast will it expand and \"swallow\" the inner planets?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n In a few billion years when the sun expands and grows into a red giant, how fast will it expand and \"swallow\" the inner planets?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The sun is expected to last another 5.4 billion years before the hydrogen in the core runs out. When that happens, the core will start to collapse in on itself due to its own gravity, and will increase in temperature. This allows for hydrogen fusion outside the core to happen (the strong temperature gradient doesn\u2019t allow the layers outside the core to mix with the core and supply more hydrogen to maintain it; the core needs to grow in size for the next step) This is when the sun enters the subgiant phase. In the subgiant phase, the core is having a battle with itself. On one hand, it\u2019s so dense and heavy that it wants to collapse in on itself. But at the same time, it\u2019s way too hot to make that possible (heat makes atoms move faster, so it\u2019s harder to get them to collect at a single point). At this point, the core gets so hot, that even outside the core it gets hot enough for hydrogen to fuse. Hydrogen that fuses turns into heavier helium which then grows the core a little again (the boundary of the core isn\u2019t very exact). The energy that\u2019s produced in this process pushes the outer shells of the sun farther out. The sun grows to roughly three times it size, becomes a little dimmer as the same amount of energy is spread out over a larger outer surface to radiate off. This is called the subgiant state and this state lasts for about 2 billion years for our sun. After the sun has been a subgiant for a good long while, suddenly an event happens: the core does no longer contract. This is called core degeneracy. At this point, the repulsive force of the electrons around the helium nuclei give enough backpressure that gravity can no longer collapse the core any further. So now all the energy being fused around the edge of the core can\u2019t go anywhere, what now? The sun starts to grow in size tremendously, growing to 100x it\u2019s current size. Lots of hydrogen is fused into helium at the edge of the core and a lot of energy is convected to the outer layers of the sun. The sun becomes a lot more luminous, too. This is the first red giant phase, and lasts about 100 million years. As the core continues to gain more mass, slowly but surely it eventually reaches a point where the core reaches 100 million Kelvin, at which the core finally can start back up again, fusing helium into carbon. This happens in an impressive explosive called the helium flash. In a matter of minutes, most helium in the core is converted into carbon, releasing a tremendous amount of energy. Because of this energy, gravity is overcome and the core expands again. The star decreases in size to around 10 times the size it is today in a very short period and it stays this way for about 50 million more years, while it fuses helium into carbon in the core. When the helium is all used up and the entire core is made of carbon, the core once again goes into hibernation and something like the earlier red giant phase happens again. The core starts to collapse again and becomes hotter. Now there are two layers around the core, the inner layer is so hot that helium is fused into carbon, and the outer layer is fusing hydrogen into helium again. As this happens, a lot of energy is produced that\u2019s not going in the core, but is used to expand the sun again. The sun now finally enters the real red giant phase, in which it grows to about 250x it\u2019s size today. This is the point where the Earth may very well be taken up by our sun. This phase lasts about 20 million more years, in which the instability of the sun will make the sun pulsate, throwing off enormous amounts of its outer shell material until finally, the hot carbon core becomes visible, at which point we consider the sun to no longer be a red giant, but a white dwarf. The white dwarf is still tremendously hot and it radiates a lot of high energy UV light. This UV light pushes and illuminates the old outer shell that\u2019s veered off into space, and that creates a planetary nebula. So, when and how fast will the planets be consumed? Mercury should be seriously concerned in the first growth. That\u2019s in about 7.4 billion years. We have another 150 million years roughly until we\u2019re finally taken into the outer edges of our sun. Which is really no time at all in astronomic terms. Better enjoy the sun the way it is today while it lasts."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why are some apples crunchy and some sandy?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are some apples crunchy and some sandy?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Apples are like sand castles. Sand castles stay up because they are built with wet sand. The water helps the sand particles stick together. If it dries out, the sand castle becomes crumbly and can easily fall apart. Once you pick an apple from the tree, the apple will start drying out. As the flesh of the apple loses water, the cells won't be able to stick to each other, becoming sandy or mealy when you bite into it. How crisp or crunchy the apple depends on the type of apple. Certain apples get mealy faster than others."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How exactly is a stock price decided?How do we see a particular price on the screen?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How exactly is a stock price decided?How do we see a particular price on the screen?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"What we usually see on the screen is the price the last share was sold\/bought for. So if someone decide to sell a share for less, than the value shown on the screen, the value goes down. If someone sells at a higher price than on screen, price goes up. So basically, the price is decided by how much the 1st person is willing to pay for it, then change over time with how much people are willing to buy afterward."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why, when cooling foods in water, do we have to bring it to boil first, then lower to a simmer before putting the ingredients into the water?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why, when cooling foods in water, do we have to bring it to boil first, then lower to a simmer before putting the ingredients into the water?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Do you mean when *cooking* foods in water? Some recipes require this method, others don't. The idea is to ensure that the water is hot before using it, so your food doesn't sit in not-hot water a long time, getting soggy and gross. (Or just throwing off the calculation for correct cooking time.)"} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why are explosions more dangerous underwater?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are explosions more dangerous underwater?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"In an explosion surrounded by air, the atmosphere will compress and absorb some of the explosive energy. This decreases the lethal range of the explosion. Water, however, is often described as incompressible. Technically, it can compress, but it takes a massive amount of pressure to apply a small amount of compression. This means that in an underwater explosion, the surrounding water doesn't absorb the pressure like air does, but moves with it. An underwater explosion doesn't propel objects through the water nearly as far as a surface explosion throws shrapnel because of the drag water exerts on objects. However, an underwater explosion transmits pressure with greater intensity over a longer distance."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why do liquids get even colder when shaken with ice? It seems even colder than the ice itself.","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do liquids get even colder when shaken with ice? It seems even colder than the ice itself.","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Shaking the mixture will pretty quickly bring it all into thermal equilibrium (bring the liquid down to ice temperature), since heat is exchanged by contact and circulation of the liquid and the ice. Shaking speeds that up. That's why the liquid is *as cold as* the ice. Why does it *feel* even colder? Well since it circulates, it can can also exchange heat with your body faster than a solid can. Your body doesn't really sense the temperature of things you touch, what it really senses is how fast heat is being transferred from you into them. A block of styrofoam that's been cooled in the freezer, doesn't feel as cold as a metal signpost that's just been outside in the shade on a cool day. The styrofoam might have a much lower temperature, but its very low thermal conductivity keeps it from feeling all that cold."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How is the body heated exactly?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How is the body heated exactly?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When your cells process glucose into energy (simplified), they generate some heat as well. Multiply that by how many times it happens in each cell and then by how many cells are in your body to get an idea of how you produce heat. When you're exercising, your cells are going into overdrive, so they're making much more heat than normal."} {"category":"Biology","question":"after a nights sleep, why do we wake up with random songs stuck in our head that we possibly haven't heard in a while?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n after a nights sleep, why do we wake up with random songs stuck in our head that we possibly haven't heard in a while?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"First, note that sleep itself is a curious thing that isn't understood that much. It seems to be a simple thing where you simply aren't awake, but even accepting that as true we know that the brain is still operating and doing complex neurological functions such as keeping our hearts beating. I mean, hell, the human brain can \"solve\" problems in seconds that computers thousands of times faster than the human mind designed specifically to solve the problems can take hours or even days to arrive at any sort of coherent answer let alone a \"solution\". What I'm trying to get at is that how the brain works isn't simple even when it's doing its most primitive and basic things. ----- Luckily with the comparison of a computer, we can kind of somewhat use an understandable example. When a computer goes into \"standby mode\", there are still background things running. The internet browser or files that you open keep the pages and work you are on, programs that are updating continue to update, and such. The human mind typically starts its \"updates\" before going to sleep, where it effectively enters \"standby mode\" while the updating process happens. When you wake up, the updates should be done. But as with normal computers, sometimes this pushes the internet into the background. To get back to the tab you want, you have to close the notifications that the updates happen and bring the internet back into the foreground. However, few \"webpages\" that the human mind opens are ever actually closed; and those which are, can be accessed by looking in the \"Browser History\". So you try to look at the \"what to do when you wake up\" page...and accidentally click on your brain's webpage that has, in this case, a song. Which plays the song."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why does fat melt when it is heated ( eg. fat cheese ) and does it act the same in our bodies ?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does fat melt when it is heated ( eg. fat cheese ) and does it act the same in our bodies ?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Within the human body, fat is contained inside cells. As long as those cells remain intact, the fats within cannot melt. Or rather, they're already liquid. Cheese is not made of cells, it's just a block of solid fat, so is free to melt and solidify as it wishes. Theoretically, you could solidify the fats inside human cells if you wanted to, for example, by putting a human in a freezer for an extended period of time."} {"category":"Economics","question":"why and when does a bank collapse?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why and when does a bank collapse?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A typical bank collapse works like this: Banks lend out more money than they keep on reserve. For example, in the US, if you deposit $100 in a bank, $10 must be kept on reserve, while the other $90 can be loaned out. Once the loan is paid, the bank has effectively created the $90 that it loaned out, because it didn't actually exist before that (you could have withdrawn your full $100 in the meantime because the bank has enough on reserve to do this before the loan is fully paid). This system works well as long as most people just leave their money in their account most of the time. Usually this is the case. A bank run happens when for whatever reason, too many people try to withdraw money at the same time and it overwhelms what the bank keeps on reserve. News that the bank may be failing tends to further scare people into thinking their money isn't safe, and even more people try to get their money out. If something isn't done to bail out the bank, it collapses."} {"category":"Other","question":"How does the WWE determine who will win and who will lose, and do the wrestlers ever break from script?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does the WWE determine who will win and who will lose, and do the wrestlers ever break from script?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"WWE has a creative department full of storyline writers who plans the scripts in advance. They are heavily influenced by the top levels of management specifically Vince McMahon and Triple H however other people will also have some sway. The lesser wrestlers pretty much have to do what their told but top level talent like John Cena, Brock Lesner and the Undertaker have a bit more pull. Who wins and how a storyline plays out is generally decided based on how they want to tell a story and more importantly who can they use to sell merchandise. This in particular is why John Cena has the top spot, hundreds of thousands of kids around the world buy his merchandise and make the WWE money. As you can imagine this is a bit self fulfilling, you sell more gear, you get better story lines, you sell more gear, you get a belt, you sell more gear etc. It's also why the internet community can get very upset as they see actual good talent go to waste as the kids aren't buying their stuff and\/or WWE isn't pushing them like they feel they should. Case in point Roman Reigns shifts a lot of merch but the vast majority of the internet wrestling community(ICW) dislike him. Talent can and do go off script. Generally this is dealt with very harshly backstage and can result in wrestlers being cut or given terrible terrible story lines as a punishment. Young stars are always told \"pay your dues\" ie accept the shit, show that you deserve better, don't try to stand on top of people who have worked hard to be in the industry and kiss ass to the boss(sometimes literally)."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Why is a negative times a negative positive?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is a negative times a negative positive?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When you multiply by a negative number you are removing a number that many times whereas when you multiply by a positive number you are adding it that many times. If you multiply -2 by -2 you removed two debts of 2 which means you are owed 4 (a positive number)"} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"How do sinkholes happen and not get noticed before building stuff like houses or streets on top of it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do sinkholes happen and not get noticed before building stuff like houses or streets on top of it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"If a hole is near the surface, you could do a test that is similar to sonar to find it, but this rarely happens because they cannot penetrate very far down. Another option is to bring a geotechnical company out and drill a bunch of test Boeing\u2019s to see what the Stone is like (which happens anyways with most major construction) but even these will miss things because the Boeing\u2019s are spaced out by dozens of meters, leaving plenty of space for stuff to hide. In generals sinkholes are only predicable by region. ie if you build in an area that has bedrock that is known to commonly get sinkholes (or just smaller holes in general which can wreck foundations even if the surface doesn\u2019t cave in, the building can start to sink). You have a better chance of encounter a sinkhole. These areas typically have bedrocks with stones like limestone, that can dissolve from rain\/acidic rain over decades. That\u2019s the real problem with sink holes, even if you did do major testing a verified that there were no sinkholes or issues with the bedrock you\u2019re building on. In 10-20 years there could be a sinkhole forming without anyone knowing, and 25-50 years, which is a common life span of a building\/road\/parking lot, you can have a sinkhole many feet across that is bout to collapse. The bedrock can just slowly dissolve out from underneath you. Edit: source, I work for a Foundation Engineering company that deals with sinkhole affected areas in the Northeast USA."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do women need to be awake during childbirth?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do women need to be awake during childbirth?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Anesthesiologist here. 1) The pushing for a vaginal delivery, as mentioned previously. 2) Any systemic sedation or anesthetic that the mom gets, the baby gets too. A sedated baby has a higher risk of respiratory complications. 3) It's safer. Less women die in childbirth (vaginal or cesarean section) receiving spinal or epidural anesthetic, than a general anesthetic."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do we get put off from doing things when someone tells us to do something?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do we get put off from doing things when someone tells us to do something?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"People, especially in a culture where high levels individualism is valued\/seen as a virtue, like believing that they have control. If you do something because you want to do it or you decide to do it, you are exercising your control over the environment. So, if you decide to do the dishes, some part of your brain is like \"Cool, I get to decide when the dishes are done. This makes me feel in control and powerful.\". So, you get up and walk to the kitchen to do the dishes, and on the way someone says \"Hey, can you do the dishes?\". That part of your brain now has a conflict - are you doing it because YOU decided to do it, or because someone else told you to do it? It doesn't make you feel as in control or powerful."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"; why does the presence of air in food change its taste so much? Whether it\u2019s scrambled eggs, bread, cake, chocolate, beverages, why is the difference in taste so dramatic with air\/gas bubbles in the food?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n ; why does the presence of air in food change its taste so much? Whether it\u2019s scrambled eggs, bread, cake, chocolate, beverages, why is the difference in taste so dramatic with air\/gas bubbles in the food?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A large part of the taste sensation is the smell of the food. Trapped air in the food ensures that the aromas become part of the eating process. Have you ever seen the experiment where you are blindfolded and have your nose sealed, and try to distinguish between pieces of apple and onion?"} {"category":"Economics","question":"how is more wealth created?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how is more wealth created?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Whenever you engage in a consensual trade of goods and services you are giving something you value less for something you value more - and so is the other party. Once the trade is complete, both parties have more 'wealth' than they had previously because they both have something they value more. Wealth can't be created by AI (at least any AI we know) because value is a subjective human concept. What Branson is probably getting at is that human capabilities exist along a bell curve. While almost anyone can mow lawns for a living, relatively few people can perform brain surgery. As you create better and better tools, you start reducing the need for low end jobs. For example, in ancient China, Emperors used to keep their lawns tidy by having peasants with miniature scythes cut the lawn. This was enormously labor-intensive. In modern-day China, the political elite instead hire a much smaller number of laborers who use lawn mowers. In future China, they'll probably just buy an automated lawn mower and perhaps a single technician to supervise dozens of those devices. If you're a person whose capabilities are limited to 'mow a lawn with a hand scythe', then you're out of a job and unlikely to find another. Likewise, if all you're capable of doing is operating a simple lawnmower, the elimination of your labor category is a big problem. This is also why people get upset about 'outsourcing' - the jobs outsourced are the sort of low-skill jobs that are at the limit of many people's capabilities. Basic income is intended as a way to deal with this problem. People whose jobs are displaced by technology (or outsourcing) are instead simply given money by the government so they can live. Unfortunately, the value of labor is not only in the money received but also the social and psychology value of earning that money. When you take away earning the money and replace it with a check, you tend to end up with a disruptive underclass that is inimical to a free, democratic society. Perhaps the best example of this process at work would be a place that has had basic income for years: Saudi Arabia. It is a hotbed of terrorism not because the elites want terrorism but because they have a vast underclass of bored, unemployed people who are deprived of the social and psychological rewards of work."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why is boiling water so painful to touch whilst a 200\u00b0c oven is comparably only quite warm?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is boiling water so painful to touch whilst a 200\u00b0c oven is comparably only quite warm?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"it's the thermal density of the water as opposed to air. it's the same reason you get hypothermia so much faster in water than air, though they be the same temperature. water is much denser than air, so the hot water molecules hit your skin many, many times more often than the same temperature air molecules, and therefore transfer more heat (which is at it's most basic level, just movement) to your skin."} {"category":"Economics","question":"What is equity and how is it different from equality?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is equity and how is it different from equality?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Equality is everybody gets the same, whether it's the right amount, too much, or not enough. Equality might be something like everybody gets fined $100 for speeding. But for the unemployed person racing to get to an interview on time, $100 is a HUGE financial burden. For a middle class person, it's not fun to lose $100 but not life changing. And for a millionaire, it's not even pocket change so they'll drive fast for fun and view tickets as an expense like filling up with gas is. So a system looking for equity might charge people a % of income, ie. an unemployed person getting unemployment might pay $10, a middle class person pays $100, and a wealthy person pays $10,000. Then their financial burden is more consistent relative to wealth."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why does our voice sound so different when hearing it from a recording?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does our voice sound so different when hearing it from a recording?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because we used to hearing a lot of what we say through sound that travels from your vocal cord through your body up to your ears, where when recorded we hear what it sounds like when only heard through air. It makes our own voices seem deeper and a bit more muffled."} {"category":"Biology","question":"what causes the blue spots in your field of vision that result from looking at a particularly bright light?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what causes the blue spots in your field of vision that result from looking at a particularly bright light?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The cells in your eyes that capture yellow light get numbed due to overexposure. When the overexposure goes away it leaves blue-purple dots cause that is the complementary color of yellow-orange light. The dots disappear with time as the numbing effect wears off. Some of the numbing has a protective value, but too much can exhaust and damage the cells for good."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How are traffic light timings decided? Is there a kind of formula for determining timings?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How are traffic light timings decided? Is there a kind of formula for determining timings?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The short answer is yes. For individual signals or small networks, the timing can be figured by hand, but for larger networks, civil\/traffic engineers use models and even purpose built computer software to link every light in a massive network together to try to prevent jams and keep traffic flowing. Contrary to what feels right, the longer a \"cycle\" (green yellow red green) is, the more efficient an intersection tends to be."} {"category":"Economics","question":"can the US replace destroyed money if it was destroyed during a bank robbery?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n can the US replace destroyed money if it was destroyed during a bank robbery?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Yes. In fact this is what the vast majority of newly printed money is for anyway. Paper money has a short lifespan and gets beat up, so the banks mail it in get it replaced with freshly minted bills. No inflation occurs as they are removing the same amount from circulation."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How does super glue work and how is it different from a regular glue stick?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does super glue work and how is it different from a regular glue stick?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Most regular types of glue just harden as water or solvent in them evaporates. If you want to glue something really well, you have to stick it really tight together with a clamp and let it cure for a bit. Superglue however doesn't need to dry out. Instead, it \"polymerizes\" - that means the individual liquid molecules start attaching to each other until they become a solid. This reaction is triggered by moisture in the air, and happens so quickly that you don't need to hold it clamped for hours."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do classical songs always have \u201cin D minor, in E minor, in G major\u201d what do those mean?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do classical songs always have \u201cin D minor, in E minor, in G major\u201d what do those mean?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It\u2019s because much of classical music is purely instrumental and has no lyrics and even, in a related way, no titles. After all, the titles of songs almost invariably come from the lyrics, directly or indirectly. So the names we use for many classical pieces are not really titles at all, only descriptions, and the musical key (e.g., \u201cC major\u201d), form (e.g., \u201csonata\u201d) and tempo (e.g., \u201callegro\u201d) are useful differentiators. There are even numbering systems used, e.g., \u201cK331\u201d to address this same problem."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Nothing is ever truly gone on the internet. Why is that?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Nothing is ever truly gone on the internet. Why is that?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Contrary to that saying, lots and lots \"goes\" from the internet all of the time, it's actually a huge problem for people who care about preserving information and history. Fortunately there are more and more archival sites, but they still struggle for funding and manpower. The saying though just reflects that you should never assume (or expect) that something you say or do online will be forgotten or lost. Odds are it will be preserved in some form, but this isn't actually a guarantee."} {"category":"Biology","question":"why does your voice break when you cry?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why does your voice break when you cry?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When you cry you strain your throat, you breathe harder, your nasal passages swell, sometimes you produce extra mucus and muscle tension, and you release endorphins. All of this together makes it harder to talk normally, as well as hear normally, see normally, feel normally, or focus normally. Crying isn't just tears, it is a full body experience."} {"category":"Technology","question":"What is fracking? Why is it so dangerous?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is fracking? Why is it so dangerous?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Drilling for oil and natural gas is mostly vertical. You poke a hole straight down into an oil or gas pocket and bring it to the surface. Because the stuff at the bottom is under pressure from all the stuff above it, it flows upward. You can think of fracking as drilling horizontally. Instead of straight line down, you drill down a small distance and then make an L-turn and drill off to the side. This lets you access oil and gas close to the surface... the stuff that gets lost as a \u201cleftover\u201d in a vertical drilling operation. The trouble is, the oil and gas doesn\u2019t want to come out right away. In order to get it out, you actively pump in a fluid that displaces the oil and gas as well as breaks up the rocks that might be trapping it in place. This pushes it toward the surface, where you collect it. The fluid is called \u201chydraulic fracturing fluid,\u201d which is where the term fracking comes from. The big problem with fracking is almost always accidents. Sometimes a company spills a lot of the fluid by accident. It\u2019s almost entirely water, but the small amounts of other stuff can be pretty nasty. They don\u2019t want to do that because it\u2019s expensive stuff, they have to pay to clean it up, and it means that fluid can\u2019t go to getting the oil and gas. A big, big problem, is when there are undocumented water wells in an area. Imagine you\u2019re drilling sideways and your path hits a water well. Not only are you now just spilling oil and gas into that well (rather than collecting it), you\u2019re also introducing it and the fracking fluid into the groundwater system. This is a real headache in areas that were farmland for a few hundred years and undocumented wells are more common. There is also a problem of induced seismicity... man-made earthquakes. They tend to be small, but they happen. The idea is, you\u2019re disrupting the rock structures underground, and sometimes you do it in such a way that the area has to settle in again. I am not familiar with this being a major cause of actual damage, but it is an indication of how seriously fracking can disrupt a geological system."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How does my cracker contain more wheat flour than it weighs? \"Made with 107g Wheat flour per 100g of product. Ingredients: Wheat Flour, Rapeseed Oil, Salt, Sugar, Sugar Beet Fibre.\"","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does my cracker contain more wheat flour than it weighs? \"Made with 107g Wheat flour per 100g of product. Ingredients: Wheat Flour, Rapeseed Oil, Salt, Sugar, Sugar Beet Fibre.\"","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Wheat is a bit hygroscopic. That means that it draws moisture from the air, and therefore will stop drying at around 14% water content. Now if you bake a cracker, the moisture is driven out by the heat - reducing its weight accordingly. When you open the package of the cracker, it'll slowly start absorbing moisture again, becoming soft in the process."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How does the body decide where to add or take away fat when gaining\/losing weight?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does the body decide where to add or take away fat when gaining\/losing weight?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It doesn't 'decide' per-se. Fat is distributed in a rough order that varies with your sex. Males for example are more likely to store fat in their upper-body and abdomen (hence the Beer Belly phenomenon) whereas Females are more prone to store it around their hips and thighs. This is what largely contributes to the 'pear' shape we associate with women. Males are also more likely to store 'visceral' (around the organs) fat which is what results in the skinny-fat phenomenon where people can be overweight, but not look it. Females are more likely to store fat subcutaneously (under the skin) where it's more noticeable. This combined with our bodies preference for storing fat in certain places is what contributes to the difference of appearance as a result of our weight. Places like your face, neck and arms are lower down the list. Which is why when someone gains\/loses a lot of weight this is where you notice it. It's one of the last places for fat to get stored, but when you start losing weight that means it's one of the first places to go. When you lose weight, it comes off in the reverse order that it went on. So if you've noticed that you've recently started accumulating mass in a certain place, then with improved diet and exercise that is the exact place it'll start coming off first. Edit: The order I've given is more of a broad trend rather than something you can usefully apply to individuals, various generic and environmental factors will affect the order from person-to-person. Your personal order may be different, but regardless of the order it's a last-on\/first-off system. Edit2: There's some back and forth in medical journals about whether there is *any* consistency to the order or if it's purely an individual\/genetic thing. I'm not qualified to really judge that and deep dive into them so please take that particular claim with a few pinches of salt. But while the notion of a consistent order seems contentious, there is nevertheless an order for you. TL;DR - Fat goes on in a particular order on different parts of your body that varies between people, and it comes off in the reverse order that it went on. Areas like our belly\/hips are often the first place it goes on (but not for everyone!), so it's the last place it comes off and you have to do everything else first."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why is it that we generally find food that's bad for us more delicious than food that's good for us?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it that we generally find food that's bad for us more delicious than food that's good for us?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"That food isn\u2019t *inherently* bad for us, we just eat too much of it. This leads to problems like obesity, because these \u201cunhealthy\u201d foods contain a lot of energy and nutrients. Before modern farming and food processing, it was hard to get salt, fat, and other nutrients in the diet. It was also hard to *get enough food at all*. People used to starve to death unless they were quite well-adapted and lucky... wild animals still experience this today... So when a human came across something salty, fatty, or sweet, it was best to eat it\u2014 this was a good way to get some energy-dense food into their bodies with minimum effort and time. Now that salt, fat, and sugar are abundant, this natural urge to eat lots of it is counterproductive."} {"category":"Technology","question":"why are catalytic converters so valuable and worth stealing?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why are catalytic converters so valuable and worth stealing?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They have a small amount of various precious metals. This makes them expensive. Factory cats can cost a few grand so thieves steal them and sell them for less than oem but at quite a good price. Scrap recyclers will usually pay 100 or so for each one because they can refine the metal if needed. Most of the scrap places, around me atleast, don't bother refining them and instead sell them to junkyards or various places online."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How do CEOs trade stock from their company without it being insider trading?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do CEOs trade stock from their company without it being insider trading?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There's a few different ways to avoid any issues, and this isn't all inclusive. The first, is that often senior executives make a \"schedule\" for buying and selling shares of their own company about a quarter ahead of time and follow that plan. Thats enough time that they can't really mess with too much and the plan is in place. Another is that there are embargo periods where they can't do anything, then the embargo is temporarily lifted, generally right after an earnings report, where they can trade. Since the earnings report came out, and is public you can assume everyone has basically the same info as the company, thats the whole point of the report. Often times, this can be combined with the schedule Lastly, in some cases, their investment properties (stock) can be held in a blind trust... basically they own it, but don't manage it in any way and its managed by a trusted third party and they have no influence on it. At the end of the day, there has to be some exceptions to allow people working at the company to trade stock, be it the CEO or the person working there with 1 share."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Do objects on Earth always have kinetic energy since they are on an orbiting planet?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Do objects on Earth always have kinetic energy since they are on an orbiting planet?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Yes and no. An object's velocity (and therefore kinetic energy) has to be measured relative to something. In everyday usage, we measure speeds relative to the surface of the Earth, so your cup would have a kinetic energy of zero. But if you measure relative to the sun then, yes the kinetic energy of your cup is rather large, since it's currently moving about 100,000 km\/hr."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Where does deleted data go?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Where does deleted data go?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Imagine the device you are saving your data to as a library with a special place for each book and an index list that tells you in which book you have to look for a specific information (piece of data). Now when you delete data, usually only the entry on the index list is removed, the book is still in place. If, in the future, a new book is brought into the library (new piece of data, e.g. installing a new game) a new book might be placed where the old book is, overwriting it. Then the old data is actually gone. Now you have to know that there are special librarians who can go into the library without an index list, look at all the books that are there and build a new index list, including books (pieces of data) that you thought to be deleted. (Which means if you accidentally delete something and empty your trash bin, you may still be able to recover it!) If on the other hand you want to make sure that it is unrecoverable, you will need to hire another special librarian (another program) to go into the library and explicitly place a new book full of nonsense where the old book used to be. (just search for true delete software or something similar to find something). Still, even the deletion librarian can leave traces that can be interpreted by special forces librarians. If you want to truely make sure that no data can be read ever again, you will have to go full library of alexandria on your harddrive and destroy it (strong magnets for HDDS, physical force and shredding for SSDs)"} {"category":"Physics","question":"What stops a rocket in space from accelerating to a really high speed when there is no air in space which could lead to drag?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What stops a rocket in space from accelerating to a really high speed when there is no air in space which could lead to drag?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"You can only accelerate if you have some thrust for normal rockets that men that you need to burn the fuel and eject it out the back. So you are limited by the amount of fuel you can carry. But if you have more fuel you need to accelerate it before you burn it. So a rocket with more fuel is heavier initially and you accelerate slower then before. The result is what is called the [ideal rocket equation]( URL_0 ) and if you do the calculation with rocket that is 100 tonnes fuel and 1 tonnes engine, tanks, payload etc to a rocket that is 200 tonne fuel and 1 tonne other the final speed will only increase by 15% because most of the energy is used to accelerate the fuel before you use it. You need to have 10 200 tonnes of fuel to get to twice the speed. Getting to 4x the initial speed require over 100 million tonnes of fuel. This is called the tyranny of the rocket equation"} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why are there different currencies for different countries? Why can't we all have the same one?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are there different currencies for different countries? Why can't we all have the same one?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Every country has different economic needs. Sometimes you need to remove currency from the economy to fight inflation, sometime you need to encourage inflation and add a lot of currency, and there are many other controls that countries use. If everyone had the same currency then most of those controls would be impossible. That is a major part of the problems that Spain and Greece have had recently. They had major economic problems but none of the mechanism necessary to address them because they were on the Euro and had no control over their money. This also means that any country on the currency having economic problems can drag every other economy on the planet down the drain because they tank the value of the currency."} {"category":"Other","question":"What makes grass smell after it's been freshly cut?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What makes grass smell after it's been freshly cut?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When you cut grass it releases a chemical called cis-3-Hexenal. This chemical is known to attract bugs that eat other bugs. Usually when grass is damaged it's because of bugs eating it, so it releases a chemical to attract things that eat the bugs before they eat more of the grass. So basically the smell is grass trying to call for help."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How does a toxicology test work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does a toxicology test work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Using analytic equipment. There are machines called Mass Spectrometers that take a sample, and can display the mass, and rough percentage of how much of the sample is comprised of the given compound. So if I run a blood sample through a typical gas chromatography mass Spectrometer (or GCMS for short) for a drug test or something, all I have to do is look through the printout to find stuff with the same mass as common drugs (or their metabolites) to determine whether or not you ingested drugs. Mass spec doesn't give names or anything on an analysis, you need to know the mass of what you're looking for to pick it out of the list, and even then, there's lots of funny reasons you will see head scratching data."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What is the difference between ATP and NAD?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is the difference between ATP and NAD?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"ATP is the energy molecule, which you're aware of. I don't know the full role of NAD, but it is part of the production of ATP. NAD becomes NADH when it accepts an electron, as glucose is broken down in multiple steps. Anyway, that accepted electron eventually gets placed in the Electron Transport Chain in the mitochondrial membrane which ultimately culminates with the production of ATP. Hopefully someone will come along with a better answer than mine,"} {"category":"Biology","question":"Is rabies naturally occurring? Or if every organism that had rabies died at once, would it be wiped out?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Is rabies naturally occurring? Or if every organism that had rabies died at once, would it be wiped out?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Rabies is a natural virus has been around for a very long time. An animal (mostly bats, sometimes raccoons or other mammals, only occasionally dogs) that has the disease caries rabies virus particles in and on its body, and their saliva or claws transmits it when they bite or scratch someone. Those particles reproduce in the bitten creature's brain and basically drive it mad so it drools everywhere and attacks other creatures that it normally wouldn't, and this carries on the cycle. Even if you cremate them all, if you kill every single animal that's carrying the rabies virus, you're still going to have some of it around. Those creatures would have left particles in their environment that have a chance of being picked up by other animals, at least for a while. But this isn't the normal way it's transmitted so it would be a small chance."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why does water sometimes make things slipperier (e.g. hydroplaning) and other times make things \"stickier\" (e.g. putting socks on wet feet)?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does water sometimes make things slipperier (e.g. hydroplaning) and other times make things \"stickier\" (e.g. putting socks on wet feet)?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's a battle between the properties of fluids. If you have lots of water, then the more influential property is the friction reduction *(Such as rain on roads)*, however, if you only have a few droplets as you mentioned with the sock, then the more influential properties are the cohesion between the water molecules. This means that the droplets on your sock and skin are trying to stick together. Fun fact: Water is the most cohesive non-metallic liquid!"} {"category":"Technology","question":"How does a thermal camera detect the temperature of different things?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does a thermal camera detect the temperature of different things?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Everything that is warm, emits light, in a spectrum that we can\u2019t see. However we can definitely make cameras that can see it, and turn the light into wavelengths that we can see. All a thermal camera does, is look at light that we can\u2019t see, and turn it into light we can see. Infrared exists on that spectrum."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What happens in our brain that makes it seem like time is slowing down during intense situations?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What happens in our brain that makes it seem like time is slowing down during intense situations?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Adrenaline. Your brain is overclocked and responds faster to stimuli. Time isn't slowed down. But it SEEMS to slow down. Because you're, essentially, experiencing time at a faster rate. Consequently, it's believed that flies experience time faster. Their response time is really small. I think that's due to the physical size of their brain\/whatnot leading to small lag-time. The signal just doesn't have as far to travel. I think that also means elephants would then experience time going by slower. But it's a hard thing to study as it's pretty subjective. Maybe they've tested elephants response time? Which is probably about as close you're going to get to measuring how fast time seems to be going for someone. I have no idea how adrenaline does what it does as I suck at chemistry."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why is it children\u2019s shampoo is \u201ctear free\u201d while regular shampoo burns like all hell in the eyes?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it children\u2019s shampoo is \u201ctear free\u201d while regular shampoo burns like all hell in the eyes?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Soap is a chemical with a long, and kind of clever, molecule. One end of the molecule attracts water. The other end attracts dirt, particularly oily dirt. So when you wash stuff, the oily-liking end sticks in the oily dirt and the other end gets stuck in water... and so the oily dirt gets pulled away from what you are cleaning when the water-liking end gets pulled away through scrubbing or swirling water around. So put some soap on your greasy hands, and scrub a bit, and all the greasy stuff gets lifted away. Now there are different levels of soap out there. The CLEANING 100 soap doesn't care about gentle, it just sucks dirt up like crazy at the expense of wimpy stuff like moisture and balance. The weaker soap works, but not quite so well, but at least it doesn't damage your skin or eyes, or dry out stuff in the process. So stronger soap chemicals are great for super greasy dirt, but the trade-off is they cause your eyes to sting when it hits them because your eyes are sensitive to super-effective soaps. But other soap chemicals don't cause your eyes to sting because they're not QUITE so good at sticking to oily dirt at one end, so they're not quite so good at cleaning or wrecking the careful balance of chemistry that keeps your eyes moist and in good shape. So we have a trade-off: oily dirt removal? Or no irritation to the eyes? Which one you want goes to which \"soap\" you use in your shampoo. And baby shampoo uses the second one even if it doesn't clean as good as the first, because babies generally don't stand underneath leaky car oilpans or go swimming in cold deep fryers unless you're a really bad parent. \\*\\*EDIT: Thank you all for the mega-gilding. I shall hammer them together into a scrub brush handle so I can finally get that out-of-reach spot on my back whilst I pamper myself in long hot gentle-and-not-irritating-soapy showers. You all rock."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How do sound - cancelling headphones work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do sound - cancelling headphones work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They have a microphone that picks up sounds external to the headphones. They then calculate the inverse waveform and play it as close to the same timeframe as they can manage. The two waveforms cancel each other out, resulting in silence. The \u2018pressure\u2019 sensation is due to the minute differences in time between the real and calculated waveforms."} {"category":"Economics","question":"The global debt is 277 trillion dollars. To whom do we owe this money, exactly?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n The global debt is 277 trillion dollars. To whom do we owe this money, exactly?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Alice owes Bob $5. Bob owes Charlie $5. Charlie owes Alice $5. The total debt of these three people is $15. They owe it to each other. David shows up and just gives Bob $5. Bob pays Charlie the $5, cancelling his debt. Charlie pays Alice $5, canceling his debt. Alice pays Bob $5, cancelling her debt. Bob decides to give David the $5 back. Literally nothing is different from the original situation, but now the total debt is $0. This is why money is weird, and why some people don't trust banks."} {"category":"Other","question":"When staring at a phone flashlight (or maybe other lights too), why do we see a rainbow colored circle around the light?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When staring at a phone flashlight (or maybe other lights too), why do we see a rainbow colored circle around the light?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's the lens and moisture of our eye separating the light like a prism or raindrop would. It's in a halo around the light because the rays in the center are going straight through, but as your eye curves the light is being bent (aka refracted) by the lens or cornea of your eye. At the right angle of bending, that light is separated out like a raindrop separates out light into a rainbow."} {"category":"Physics","question":"If matter can't be created or destroy where did it come from?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If matter can't be created or destroy where did it come from?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"OP is essentially asking \"how can something come from nothing?\" But the big bang is not something coming from nothing. The theory of the big bang says that near the beginning of time, everything (as in, all the things in the universe. In fact, the universe itself) was at a single point. There weren't less things. There was the exact same amount of things. There was just less space. More specifically, there was zero space. The big bang is just that space very rapidly expanding, giving more room for the stuff to spread around. Edit: I had assumed that OP was ultimately asking about the big bang theory, but I had no right to make such an assumption. So I will come out and say that I have not at all explained the origin of matter or energy or information, and have thus technically failed to answer the question."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why does playing video games make people feel motion sick sometimes?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does playing video games make people feel motion sick sometimes?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Anytime your eyes and senses are experiencing simulated motion that is out of your control or doesnt match up with what motion your body is actually feeling it causes your equilibrium to got off balance. Your ears and eyes work together pretty well if you are in control and experiencing actual motion but if its simulated and your eyes convince your brain you're moving and your ears give your brain a signal that you are not moving - your brain has an evolutionary response *(sickness) simular to what you would feel if you ate poison. The more you experience it\/the more severe it is - the more messed up your brain will be. If it gets bad enough you will feel queasy and maybe even vomit to expel the poison *(your brain thinks it has ingested since your ears and eyes are all messed up and not functioning together you brain feels the same symptoms it would get from eating poisonous food.)"} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How can one explain the Pigeonhole Principle?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can one explain the Pigeonhole Principle?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"If you have 10 hat boxes and 11 hats, and you MUST store the hats in the boxes, there is a 100% chance that one box will contain two hats. Same goes for hairs on your head. In a city of a million people ther will be people with the exact same number of hairs on their head. Explanation: humans have approximately 100,000 to 250,000 hairs on their head, some might have more or less, but no one has more than a million for sure. Thus even if distributed evenly over every possible number of hairs, in a city of 1,000,001 people there will be at least two people having the same number of hairs on their head."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Nonpolar molecules with polar bonds?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Nonpolar molecules with polar bonds?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"ELI20: It comes down to geometry. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is such an example, with the C=O bonds each having a dipole moment, but because of the linear geometry of the molecule, the dipole moments cancel each other out and you\u2019re left with a net zero dipole moment \u2014 i.e. a nonpolar molecule. A slightly more complex example is methane (CH4). Each C\u2013H bond has its own dipole moment, but the symmetric geometry of the molecule (tetrahedral) makes the dipole moments cancel. ELI5: Think of it like a seesaw. If you and your (identically-sized) friend are sitting at equivalent positions on your own ends of the seesaw (molecule), you balance each other! This situation is \u201cnonpolar\u201d. But if one of you moves forward or backwards, it becomes unbalanced and there is now a \u201cpolarity\u201d. Ditto for a four-way seesaw (is that a thing?). As long as you and your friends are sitting in equivalent spots with each other, you can balance the 4saw (molecule) and keep it nonpolar. But if even one of you moves out of the right spot, that creates an imbalance, and the 4saw is now polar."} {"category":"Biology","question":"what exactly is happening when your stomach growls?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what exactly is happening when your stomach growls?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"So a couple of hours after you\u2019ve eaten your stomach sends a signal to the brain to restart digestion to clear out any remaining food left in the stomach. If the stomach is empty it rattles instead causing the growling since you only have an empty cavity. This rattling causes a signal which travels to the brain which manifests as an impulse to go eat and fill that stomach."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why do we have inflation? Is it necessary?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do we have inflation? Is it necessary?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There is a natural inflation. Every ton of ore taken from a mine was further away than the one before. We exploit the best parts first so there is additional cost from then on. A mining company would like to raise the price of the ore as fast as the cost of extracting it increases whether the market would allow it or not. When it becomes more difficult to do something the price should rise. Oil prices are beginning to rise again. When fuel costs rise the cost of everything rises. The cost of going to work rises. If we assign the true cost of burning coal to the generating companies then the price of electricity will rise. When basic costs rise then it dries up the cost of almost everything. If wages also rise then there is another factor raising costs of goods and services. This raises income taxes which means there is more income for the government. The national debt remains the same. So there is more money available to pay off the national debt."} {"category":"Other","question":"How do lost pets, identified through microchip, end up hundreds or thousands of miles away from where they were lost?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do lost pets, identified through microchip, end up hundreds or thousands of miles away from where they were lost?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Most animals don't really have any drive (Haha, motivation) to travel that far so it's mostly by ending up in a vehicle. Either by; 1) stowing away- for example kitten climbs into a truck heading cross country while the driver leaves door open to load trailer or inspect cargo. 2) An animal strays to a nearby home, familly that finds it thinks it's homeless, that familly moves accross the country a month later and takes their new dog with it. 3) Someone steals a pet because it is a rare or expensive breed and moves it a long way to avoid it being recognised. In all these cases, if the animal is taken to a vetenary clinic after the move it will often get scanned for a microchip which can be looked up on a national database that will show the animal reported as missing along with the last recorded owners contact details."} {"category":"Other","question":"How can Robin Williams' will prevents Disney from using his name, taped performances or voice performances or voice recordings for 25 years after his death? Doesn't Disney own the rights to them?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can Robin Williams' will prevents Disney from using his name, taped performances or voice performances or voice recordings for 25 years after his death? Doesn't Disney own the rights to them?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"In the contract with Disney for his work on Aladdin, Robin Williams obtained to include a clause giving him power to veto the use of his voice work in other production. It seems his goal then was to avoid being associated with lower quality spin-offs that might have come after the first film. In his will, Robin Williams stated that his work shall not be used for 25 years after his death. The purpose of this is to decrease the value of his estate in terms of projected income after his death in order to ease the estate tax burden on his family. Disney is still bound by the original Aladdin contract, needing approval from the Williams' estate before using his work. Disney is not directly bound by the will, but Williams' estate is, thus transferring the conditions of the will onto Disney."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How was the music video for \"Virtual Insanity\" by Jamiroquai made?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How was the music video for \"Virtual Insanity\" by Jamiroquai made?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It was surprisingly low tech \\- basically they built the floor on wheels and would move the floor around with Jamiroquai dancing on it This video: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) shows the technique they used but for a different project \\(a beer ad\\) Edit: Turns out they moved the walls around instead of the floor"} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why is diet soda and other sugar free drinks with artificial sweetener bad for you?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is diet soda and other sugar free drinks with artificial sweetener bad for you?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Ultimately it's not. There's a lot of bunk science out there around it, but bottom line, some people have allergic reactions, and some people are more sensitive to it like they would be any other additive, but the sweetener itself is not harmful. A lot of people who drink diet sodas fail to notice that there's still a lot of sodium in those diet sodas, which causes weight gain just as sugar would. And a lot of people who replace diet soda for regular soda do not cut back on the amount they drink, so they're consuming far more sodium. There are no studies showing that it will cause cancer. There's a lot of rumor and speculation, but no actual factual data."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do a lot of out of tune people singing together sound not out of tune? Or at least not as out of tune as compared to if they all sang as individuals.","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do a lot of out of tune people singing together sound not out of tune? Or at least not as out of tune as compared to if they all sang as individuals.","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Your brain is good at understanding patterns, and what things are \"supposed to be.\" If one person does something wrong, your brain says \"that's wrong!\" but if multiple people are doing different things wrong then your brain can pick out the \"right\" parts of the singing and focus on that. If everyone sang something completely wrong then it would be equally difficult to listen to."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How are films used for money laundering?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How are films used for money laundering?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Another name for this is \"Hollywood Accounting,\" and I knew some film people who practiced it liberally. You see you start a production company, then you start a camera rental company, and a light rental company, and a makeup company, and a... And then you as a production company rent your cameras and lighting and all your other equipment, which you already own, from yourself, and you pay yourself from yourself to do all the work and hire yourself out. Then all these companies write off all sorts of expenses off as losses so that no one makes money and all the money funnels right back into your own pocket so you get rich anyway. And so when the movie goes to the box office and makes millions of dollars, all these companies get first cut to pay off their debts to themselves which means to yourself, but the debt is higher than the profits so it's all a loss, you're rich, and all these companies fold. It also means that the wording in an actor's contract is tricky, because if you're supposed to get a cut of the profits, that's not the same thing as a cut of the revenue. And where you stand in line, who gets paid first, is also important. If worded correctly, a movie can make millions, see no profit, no one gets paid, not even the actors, and you walk away rich. That's the gist. And frankly, it's terribly easy. It's easy as fuck. And you fold all these companies and their records disappear into the ether - you have on record you got paid by your employer, totally legit, but there's no business entity left around to question."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why do two transits of Venus occur every hundred or so years, but the transits of Mercury occur more frequently than Venus?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do two transits of Venus occur every hundred or so years, but the transits of Mercury occur more frequently than Venus?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Mercury orbits the sun much quicker than Venus. And Venus and Earth's orbit time are closer. That means Mercury is going to \"lap\" the earth far more often which gives opportunity for a transit. (Imagine a track race where you're on the outer track and the person next track in is running only slightly faster. They'd lap you every 10 laps or so. That's Venus. Mercury is on the inner most track on a motorbike and laps you both far more frequently)"} {"category":"Other","question":"Why does some planes leave long trails but other don't?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does some planes leave long trails but other don't?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The trail is called a \"contrail\" because it is made of the water vapor in the jet exhaust CONdensing in the cold air after it leaves the engine. If the air is cold enough, it might even freeze. If the air is warm and dry, you might never even see it. The trail disappears as the water in it dissolves into the air or just gets spread out too far to see. But if the air is not windy or dry, then it can take a long time for either of those things to happen. Edit: bigger planes with more engines will leave bigger\/more trails."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why does hot water feel cold for a split second before feeling hot again?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does hot water feel cold for a split second before feeling hot again?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"'Hot 'and 'cold' are skin sensations. The other skin sensations are 'touch', 'pain', and 'itch'. Each of these can be broken into more areas -- e.g. light touch, deep pressure, etc -- but those are the basics. When you touch an extremely hot or cold object, this also triggers your pain receptors. Your skin and brain respond more quickly to pain, so the first thing you know is, \"Argh! That hurts!\" From there, the brain has to guess what has caused the pain, so it can take appropriate action quickly. This depends on what you have been primed to believe by experience. If you touched a pan, the answer is probably \"it's too hot\", but if you touch water then \"it's too cold\" is more likely. Your brain fills in the gap until the \"hot\" \/ \"cold\" signal arrives. This is one of many ways in which *expectation shapes sensation*. If a freezing cold knife was pressed against you, you might feel momentarily cut; a small electrical shock from a pointy object might feel like you'd been pricked; and, more abstractly, riding in a car is more likely to induce travel sickness than driving the same car. Some portion of these expectations are also subconscious and shaped by evolution: the historic human is much more likely to experience cold water than boiling; more likely to be stabbed than electrocuted; and more likely to be experiencing disorientation due to food poisoning than due to travelling in a vehicle."} {"category":"Technology","question":"there was a video I saw that showed a robot using sweeping sonar to navigate, it moved in a zig zag motion. How does that zig zag movement help it compares to it moving in a straight line?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n there was a video I saw that showed a robot using sweeping sonar to navigate, it moved in a zig zag motion. How does that zig zag movement help it compares to it moving in a straight line?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I'll try my best to explain it to you. For example, you are trying to cross a small road without a pedestrian lane. If you see a car approaching you, you might move in a more diagonal direction rather than in a straight line, in order to avoid the car. You'd also want to watch both sides of the road in order so that you could choose whether you'd like to run in circles or not. Similarly, this device zigzags in order to watch two directions that it could possibly go to; like watching both sides of the road. You are right. It really measures the distance of the echoes that it gets, and if it gets too close (by it's standards), it goes another way. (I made one just like this using EV3 years ago btw)."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"In areas where the tap water is not drinkable but can be used for washing or even cooking, what is usually the contaminant\/issue with it that makes it okay to put on our skin etc. but not okay to drink?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n In areas where the tap water is not drinkable but can be used for washing or even cooking, what is usually the contaminant\/issue with it that makes it okay to put on our skin etc. but not okay to drink?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Water-borne bacteria. Direct consumption could make you ill. However things like bathing and washing your clothes don't involve direct consumption of water. For cooking you're boiling the water, which kills the bacteria and allows you to safely consume. In other instances it may be problems such as high iron or high lead concentrations in the water. In those cases the water should not be consumed for any purpose as boiling will not make the water safer like it does for bacteria."} {"category":"Physics","question":"If a lot of stars are colored and we also can see some planets with the naked eye, why do we only see them as white?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If a lot of stars are colored and we also can see some planets with the naked eye, why do we only see them as white?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Im our eyes there are different types of cells that react to light. There are cone cells which allow you to see color, but are less sensitive to light. And there are rod cells, which are way more sensitive, but can't preceive color. If the light is not bright enough, only your rod cells trigger and things appear black and white or grey-ish. That is also the reason why, as the saying goes, all cats are grey in the dark."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Can the unemployment rate of a country go to 0%, if not, why?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Can the unemployment rate of a country go to 0%, if not, why?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"One unemployment only counts people looking for work, so if no one had a job, but on one worked it would still be 0%. Equally hypothetically if everyone who had a job who wanted one, regardless of how many jobs openings there are, unemployment would be 0%. Now in practical terms you will neither see nor should you want 0% unemployment. First on the employee side there are people who quit or are forced out of their old job who are looking for new ones and haven't found them yet, this is called frictional unemployment. There will always be some of this sine the economy changes over time. Second if there is 0% unemployment that means any business looking to expand will need to draw workers away from other companies, which will mean their ability to grow is severely limited. Even the increased wages you would expect for workers wouldn't help the situation much because there would not be a sufficiently expanding number of goods for them to spend it on."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why is silicon used extensively in electronics and aerospace if it's a naturally bad conductor?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is silicon used extensively in electronics and aerospace if it's a naturally bad conductor?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"As far as electronics goes, it's because it's a semiconductor and that's the desirable feature of it. It doesn't always conduct like gold or copper does. But it's not completely insulating either. You can usually control its conductivity to some degree with certain processes. Also worth noting is that unlike metals, where conductivity decreases with increases in temperature, conductivity in silicon actually increases as temperatures increase. I assume this is the specific desirable property in this scenario, though to be fair I can't factually claim that's the case."} {"category":"Physics","question":"If the universe is full of stars, why is space completely black and not bright?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If the universe is full of stars, why is space completely black and not bright?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"This is an age-old question known as [Olber's paradox]( URL_0 ). In short: the stars have not been around forever, and light takes time to travel. Any star that is far enough away will be invisible to us, since none of its light has yet reached us. The space that we can see and the stars within it are both finite, and most lines of sight within that space do not intersect with a star."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What is the Calthrate Gun hypothesis and how does it relate to the \u201cmethane fountain\u201d recently discovered in the East Siberian Sea?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is the Calthrate Gun hypothesis and how does it relate to the \u201cmethane fountain\u201d recently discovered in the East Siberian Sea?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The clathrate gun hypothesis is the idea that warming oceans, which can lead to undersea ice melting, will exponentially amplify greenhouse gas emissionsby freeing pockets of methane trapped in that ice. This methane has been hanging out deep undersea for many thousands of years, where it could not contribute to greenhouse effects. Melting the ice realeases it into the ocean, from which it can make its way into the atmosphere (direct effects on the ocean notwithstanding). Basically, enough ocean warming = lots of extra methane we did not previously account for in modeing climate change = shit gets worse faster = more warming = more methane and so on in a positive feedback loop. The East Siberian sea methane discovery is the largest such undersea methane release to date, as far as I am aware."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do we hallucinate? What's happening during it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do we hallucinate? What's happening during it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The portions of our brains responsible for interpreting our senses are generating their own signals or interpreting signals incorrectly. Sight, for example, is just the interpretation of light radiation sent as a chemical\/electrical signal from our optic nerves to our occipital lobe. If, for some reason, our occipital lobe generates it's own chemical\/electrical signal, we'll \"see\" things that aren't actually there. You can perform a quick \"pseudo hallucination\" by closing your eyes and pressing gently on your eyelids. A bunch of lights will appear. Other common pseudo hallucinations are thoughts and dreams."} {"category":"Other","question":"Honey Smacks \/ Golden Crisp cereals once were the only cereals that came in a foil bag, but that's no longer the case. What was the purpose of the foil bag and why isn't it used anymore?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Honey Smacks \/ Golden Crisp cereals once were the only cereals that came in a foil bag, but that's no longer the case. What was the purpose of the foil bag and why isn't it used anymore?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Foods with a sweet semi-syrupy coating are hygroscopic: they have a strong desire to absorb more water. If you leave the box of Corn Pops (the cereal I remember that came in a foil bag) open, it goes from crunchy to annoyingly chewy in a day or so because it will absorb moisture from the air. However, water vapor can also pass through the bag itself, albeit much more slowly. Manufacturers really want their food to still be \"fresh\" for the consumer for as long as possible so they will perceive it as being a quality product and not have to throw away \"expired\" stock. A very effective moisture barrier is metal foil, so that's why it was used in the past, but more advanced plastics and manufacturing techniques have allowed non-foil bags to be just as good or better at repelling water vapor at a reduced cost. \"Barrier films\" is the term of industry if you want to know more."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why is the big bang seen as a singular event, and not a continuous event among most scientists?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is the big bang seen as a singular event, and not a continuous event among most scientists?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It was originally though that yes the expansion would slow down and then reverse because of gravity. But it's not the case. When you look at far away star we see a redshift of the light, meaning that those star are going away from us. And even more importantly, the further a star is from us, the more redshift we see. Meaning that the further a star is the faster it's going away from us. So the expansion isn't slowing down, it's accelerating. This mean that there is a repulsive force (the inverse of gravity), accelerating the expansion of the universe. This force is called Dark Energy because we don't know much about it. But it basically expand the fabric of space, carrying stars and galaxy with it. This force is really small, but it's in every volume of space. So when stars and galaxies are close enough, gravity is stronger. But as distance increase between matter, gravity become weaker and weaker, while the Dark Energy become stronger (since there is more space that expand between these object). So galaxies close to each other merge over time, but those further expand further away from each other. So gravity won't create a big crunch like we used to think before."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Die randomness affected by number placement?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Die randomness affected by number placement?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Technically speaking it's still 'random', but the real reason you want to use an evenly distributed d20 is that it becomes easy to manipulate rolls with careful rolling of a spindown d20. With a bit of practice you can roll a spindown d20 to, if not get a 20, consistently get a high number, since all the high numbers are concentrated in the same area on the dice. It's not a matter of randomness, it's a matter of dice sharking."} {"category":"Economics","question":"To whom did the shares bought by the public during an IPO originally belong to?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n To whom did the shares bought by the public during an IPO originally belong to?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They didn't exist. What happens is you take the value of the company and break it into chunks. It might have been owned previously by a single person, a family, a consortium of financiers, or some other type of group. But 100% of the company was once 'owned' by named people or groups, and there were no shares at all, just some sort of legal company definition. Now you create a whole bunch of little bits of the company that are each worth something, called \"shares\". These are then sold in an Initial Public Offering to anyone that wants those bits, and the company gets their purchase price. So you sell 100,000 shares at an average price of $10 each, say. That's up to 100,000 additional owners of your company now (although the original owners will probably keep a bunch of those shares for themselves) each having a $10 stake in it, but you've created $1M in cash for your company to use in return for losing some control over what the company does. On ownership: The previous owners CAN cash out and transfer all control to the Board of Directors, sure. But they often get some shares in return for surrendering part of their ownership, and that they will want to (or in some cases must, for a period of time) hold onto. If a company was successful enough to IPO, stakeholders are usually going to want to keep the people responsible for that success from leaving, so they incent them to stay with extra shares and stuff."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why is it so easy to rip scotch tape once a tear has been started?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it so easy to rip scotch tape once a tear has been started?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's something called crack propagation. The pulling forces concentrate on this weak point. Imagine the atoms connected on a bigger scale: let's imagine them as a bunch of octopuses holding tentacles\/hands with their neighboring octopuses. You will find that if you try to pull on two sides of this bunch of octopuses at some point (both spacially and in time as you increase pulling force) they can't hold onto their tentacles anymore. The weakest point (where there are the least tentacle bonds to other octopuses) will fail first and the more tentacle bonds break the weaker the connection is and more bonds will break as the force is concentrated at even fewer tentacles."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How does a cryptocurrency design itself to be ASIC resistant?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does a cryptocurrency design itself to be ASIC resistant?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"> What special programming needs to be done so that it can 'detect' that it's being mined by an ASIC or other specialised device, rather than a general compute device? A cryptocurrency that's been designed to be hard to mine on an ASIC doesn't have a specification that says \"if running on an ASIC, go slower\", such a thing isn't really possible because a computing device can always pretend to be something else. The idea is to make the underlying algorithm hard to do. For example scrypt (used by litecoin) is hard because it requires a lot of memory to store values required for computations. On an ASIC, this means that memory will take up space instead of computational elements, making it slower. On the other hand, it is possible instead to compute these values on the fly, but if you have more computational elements instead of memory, they get used up to compute the values that would be stored in memory so you aren't gaining anything. Either way you go, what you gain is cancelled out by what you lose."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How come we can see red and violet blend together, when in reality they represent two ends of the visible spectrum of light? Red should continue to the infrared, violet to the ultraviolet; but somehow our brain represents them using two colours which can seamlessly mix together?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How come we can see red and violet blend together, when in reality they represent two ends of the visible spectrum of light? Red should continue to the infrared, violet to the ultraviolet; but somehow our brain represents them using two colours which can seamlessly mix together?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"We perceive color by the relative excitement of the 3 color cones in our eyes. Our eyes have no way or reason to know that \"red+violet\" is different than a single color directly between them. We just know that our red and blue cones are excited but not out green cones, and we perceive it as what we call magenta."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why do ads on paid subscriptions play better than the shows themselves?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do ads on paid subscriptions play better than the shows themselves?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Everyone in a given area gets the same set of ads so they are kept handy by the servers. Not everyone watches the same shows so they might be stored in a more distant, slower location. An analogy is a hardware store with rows and rows of different parts you can order, with a stack of flyers at the front counter. The flyers are always faster to get than any arbitrary part because everyone gets a flyer."} {"category":"Technology","question":"What is the practical difference between png and jpg\/jpeg files?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is the practical difference between png and jpg\/jpeg files?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are two significant differences between PNG and JPG for the common user: compression, and transparency. PNG uses a lossless compression algorithm, meaning that no data in the original image is lost or discarded. BMP is another lossless image format, but BMP images aren't compressed. If you save an image in both PNG and BMP format, the PNG will be significantly smaller. The compression used in PNG is best at compressing images with a lot of repeating data, so an image consisting of one solid color saved as both PNG and JPG will result in a small PNG file and a large JPG file. JPG uses a lossy compression algorithm, meaning that some data from the original image is discarded. JPG compression was designed with photographs of real life objects in mind. When you take a picture of a tree, or a ball, or the sea, there are a lot of colors in the resulting image that look identical but aren't quite the same. Think of the thousands of shades of blue that might appear in a picture of the sea, JPG summarizes that by discarding some data that may not be perceivable by the human eye. Because of this lossy compression, a photograph saved in both JPG and PNG will result in a smaller JPG file and a larger PNG file. The downside of using a lossy compression is sometimes important data is lost, this can result in a fuzziness or distortion known as JPG artifacts. If you do a web search for \"JPG artifacts\" you will see some practical examples of this. Images of things like typeface or web art are particularly susceptible to artifacts. The final important distinction between the two is transparency. PNG has support for an \"alpha channel,\" which allows certain regions of the image to be partially or totally transparent. You can think of the alpha channel like the blue screen or green screen used by film producers, an image with transparency can be overlayed on top of another image at a later date. JPG does not support transparency."} {"category":"Other","question":"In the United States, why are positions like Attorney General, Secretary of State, etc. appointed by the president at the federal level but elected by the people at the state level? Had it ever been proposed to do this differently?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n In the United States, why are positions like Attorney General, Secretary of State, etc. appointed by the president at the federal level but elected by the people at the state level? Had it ever been proposed to do this differently?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The federal government was designed to primarily be a representative of the States, while the States would represent the People. This is apparent in how the Federal Senate was initially chosen by the state legislatures (prior to a constitutional ammendment), and the Electoral College was initially also selected independent of the popular vote (that's screwy ATM because of state-level laws). Indeed, the House of Representatives still gets 0 say in federal nominations, appointments, or treaties. As the State governments were viewed to be much closer and more relevant to the People, their state constitutions generally reflected this in directly voting in many more positions."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How do we make the letters \"B\" and \"P\" sound different when annunciating the letter even though we move our mouth the same way?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do we make the letters \"B\" and \"P\" sound different when annunciating the letter even though we move our mouth the same way?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Several answers already, and between them they've arrived at the answer. It's basically two things: \"voicing\" and \"aspiration\". \"Voicing\" is whether or not you use your vocal cords when pronouncing the sound. If you rest your fingertips on your throat, just below the Adam's apple, and say \"zzzzzz\" (the sound of the letter \"z\", not the sound of snoring), you should feel the vocal cords vibrating: we say that [z] is a voiced consonant -- the square brackets show that this is what's called a \"phonetic transcription\", but don't let that worry you. If instead you say \"ssssss\", the vocal cords won't vibrate -- we say that [s] is an unvoiced or voiceless consonant. That's one difference between [b] -- voiced -- and [p] -- unvoiced. The other difference is aspiration. Both [b] and [p] are \"stops\", meaning that when we say them, we actually stop the air coming out of the mouth for a split second. If the consonant is followed by a vowel, we have to release the air again. When we say [p], we do this in a very sudden puff of air. You can detect this by putting your hand right in front of your mouth and saying \"bar\" and \"par\". When you say \"bar\", you'll not feel much of a puff of air at all; when you say \"par\", you'll feel it quite strongly. So we say that [b] is unaspirated, and [p] is aspirated. In the notation I am using, you can indicate aspiration with a superscript \"h\", so you can indicate the sound of the \"p\" with [p\u02b0]. (Anyone who says that if I am writing a phonetic transcription I must always indicate aspiration has badly misunderstood what it is that makes a phonetic transcription distinct from a phonemic transcription. It's not what you apparently think.) So, basically, the two consonants sound different because of the different voicing and aspiration: * [b] is *voiced* and *unaspirated* * [p] is *unvoiced* and, if it comes before a vowel, *aspirated*. There are some languages that have, for example, an unaspirated \"p\" -- an unvoiced bilabial (meaning \"with both lips\") stop, but not aspirated like our \"p\" (this sound can be written [p\u02ed] in a phonetic transcription, but it's usually just [p]). This is the case with some languages on the Indian subcontinent, such as Punjabi and Gujarati, which is the origin of the stereotype of Indians and Pakistanis pronouncing their Ps like Bs. Also, you may have noticed that in the recording studio, professional singers often have a round filter in front of the mic. This is called a \"pop\" filter, and it prevents that puff of air from aspirated consonants making a loud \"popping\" noise as it hits the mic."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do deep-water fish need eyes and what do they use them for?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do deep-water fish need eyes and what do they use them for?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Mostly those eyes are vestigial (without function) however for many species they allow for bio luminescent communication or other tricks, such as anglers who can use their lure light to detect the motion of prey as it comes close. For many species however, including cave dwellers, the eyes remain but become functionless. Like our human appendix, it doesn't hurt your survival chances to have functionless eyes in the pitch dark, even if it is a tad wasteful on calorie intake"} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"Why does the moon show colors in some high resolution photos but looks solely grey in others?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does the moon show colors in some high resolution photos but looks solely grey in others?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are three reasons: 1. Camera filter 2. Photoshop 3. Changes in the atmosphere, which leads to a color shift in the moonlight. If, for example, red desert sand gets high into the atmosphere, then from certain angles it can look like the moon is red. Or when the moon is still partially in the shadow of the earth, then the moon also can become \"red\" - > [Blood moon]( URL_0 ). The same applies to fire or smoke, the particles in the air change the way light is represented and suddenly the moon appears darker, brighter, red or pink or even green."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"How is quicksand naturally formed and is it really that dangerous?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How is quicksand naturally formed and is it really that dangerous?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Quicksand is basically really wet sandy soil. But there needs to be the right mixture of water and sand. If there's too much water it's just sandy water. And if there's too much sand it's just wet sand. It usually forms when there is an underground water spring pumping water into a sandy area but it also forms during earthquakes. And those two things contibute the other element required which is some kind of movement to mix the sand and water just right so that the sand particles are fully coated by the water and sliding or slipping across and around each other. It's that mixture and movement that makes quicksand dangerous. It's always changing between almost liquid and actually liquid. And when a person or animal falls into it they can push against it one second and fall further into it the next second. But it's not like what you see in cartoons. It's not impossible to escape from it. Like the other comment says, struggling makes things worse and that's because you're allowing more water to coat the sand and make it more liquid. Less movement is better and more surface area (by laying on your back) is best."} {"category":"Biology","question":"When is someone officialy considered dead and how do we know he is dead ?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When is someone officialy considered dead and how do we know he is dead ?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"We don't \"know.\" We assign clinical death based upon the person meeting certain criteria, be it circulation, or brain activity, or a combination of factors. If the person turns out to be \"not dead\" (they wake up, for instance),then the medical practitioner was wrong and that person was never actually dead. Even when pronounced dead, and we aren't wrong, parts of the body remain alive for some time (Well, assuming they weren't incinerated or something). So there's not necessarily a sharp line between \"Alive person\" and \"dead person\""} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why cant we copy the text from an image file through notepad then paste and save as image file and not get the original image?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why cant we copy the text from an image file through notepad then paste and save as image file and not get the original image?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Notepad is a text editor. When you open a file that isn't text Notepad does its best to try to display it but it doesn't always work; there are many bytes that don't code to anything as far as Notepad is concerned. When you paste\/save, Notepad doesn't know how to deal with all the non-text stuff and you don't get a perfect copy. If you opened the file in a binary editor that directly reads the binary code (typically as hexadecimal, 0-9\/A-F), then you can do exactly what you're describing."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why do vehicles make those pinging and popping sounds when you turn them off after driving for a while?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do vehicles make those pinging and popping sounds when you turn them off after driving for a while?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Vehicles have lots of moving and tight-fitting parts, those parts heat up (expand) due to friction as you drive. When you stop and turn the car off, parts cool (at different rates due to differing materials and such). As they cool they shrink again, the popping happens when two parts snug against each other cool and reach a point where the static friction points (the specific points where the parts touch) slide past each other, creating sound."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why does medicines taste bitter and why can't they just add sugar to make them taste better?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does medicines taste bitter and why can't they just add sugar to make them taste better?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Pharmacist here. A lot of drugs are alkaline, and alkaline compounds taste bitter. And believe me, we *do* add sugar, but there's only so much sugar can dissolve. Metronidazole is going to be bitter as hell no matter what you do, for example. And for things in tablet form, we don't care- you're not expected to taste them much."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How does 'fuel efficiency' work with electric cars? I keep seeing Wh\/Mi, but what does that mean? Is a high wh\/mi better than a low, or is it the other way around?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does 'fuel efficiency' work with electric cars? I keep seeing Wh\/Mi, but what does that mean? Is a high wh\/mi better than a low, or is it the other way around?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Watt hours are like gas. If you had a battery with 100Wh then you could hook a 100 Watt light bulb to it and the bulb would run for 1 hour. 200 Wh battery would last 2 hours in the same setup. 100Wh\/mi means that you can drive 1 mile on that 100Wh battery. 200Wh\/mi means that you can only drive half a mile on that same battery. (Or 1 mile on a 200Wh battery) Lower Wh\/mi is better."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why is it considered treacherous for the US to restore relations with Russia?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it considered treacherous for the US to restore relations with Russia?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's because the best word to describe Russia's attitude towards neighboring countries is \"Predatory.\" The US has obligations to protect some of those states, and as long as the US continues to do so Russia will not be on good terms with the US. If Russia does become friendlier with the US, then that means that USA is taking a more relaxed approach with guarding the countries it has to guard and a lot of people see this as stabbing them in the back. Russia also has a oppressive attitude towards civil rights for minority groups, but with current US leadership that is probably not a point of conflict between the two countries."} {"category":"Other","question":"What do the parenthesis in historical quotes represent?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What do the parenthesis in historical quotes represent?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Usually, it means that the person quoting has added or changed words to make the quote more clear. You commonly see it in newspapers, where the person being quoted may make a generic reference in the quote (like he or she) but the reported adds the name of the person being referenced for clarity. For example: The direct quote is, \"He will be at the office on Monday\" but the reporter changes it to, \"[Mr. Davis] will be at the office on Monday\". The added clarity is necessary to understand the context of the quote, but the reporter wants to make it clear that this is **not** exactly what was originally said. You can also use it to substitute a word or phrase in place of another word or phrase to increase clarity, such a replacing a non-English word in favor of its English translation. It is also worth nothing that while some people use parenthesis (), you are supposed to use brackets []."} {"category":"Physics","question":"What was the benefit of the US landing on the moon first?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What was the benefit of the US landing on the moon first?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The Apollo missions returned samples of the lunar soil and several tons of moon rocks. This has allowed scientists to study both their composition and age. The missions also placed scientific experiments such as extremely precise mirrors which, along with lasers on the earth, can be used to measure the distance from the earth to the moon (this has proved that the moon is slowly moving away from the earth, possibly strengthening theories that the moon was created when a large object hit the earth many billions of years ago). Other experiments included seismographs and machines which can detect solar particles EDIT: Your question asks what the US gained, so maybe it's important to note that all scientific data from the Apollo program was shared with the rest of the world"} {"category":"Technology","question":"What is a CPU core and thread? Why do they matter?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is a CPU core and thread? Why do they matter?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Modern CPUs basically are several small CPUs in one package. These are called cores. A CPU with more cores can do more things at the same time. Threads can refer to two distinct but related things: * Software threads: these are instruction sequences that can execute on the CPU. Programs can have one or more threads. * Hardware threads: these are instruction sequences that a CPU core can execute *at the same time*. Some cores only have one hardware thread and thus can only run one instruction sequence (ie: software thread) at a given time. Some core have 2 (and sometimes 4) hardware threads and thus can run 2 (or 4) software threads at a time. More hardware threads usually means better performance in highly multi-threaded workloads. Consumer CPUs usually have in the order of 4 cores and 8 threads. ************** All hardware threads running on a core actually share most of the core's resources and will sometimes have to compete with each others to run. This means that in a CPU with 4c\/8t will be outperformed with a 8c\/8t at full load (but will be cheaper)."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why does our skin prickle when we start to sweat?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does our skin prickle when we start to sweat?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Judging from the other comments, this must be far from a universal thing, but I know what you're talking about, OP. I have psoriasis, and I frequently get a terrible feeling of itchiness when I am in humid conditions and sweaty. I also get it after taking a shower. Why? No idea. My cause may be different from your cause, as I noted, I think mine is related to psoriasis somehow."} {"category":"Biology","question":"why does it feel like we see clearer when we look at an HD picture?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why does it feel like we see clearer when we look at an HD picture?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When you look at an HD photo, vs a non HD photo (assuming they're on the same scale on the same display) the HD photo is actually clearer, because it has a higher pixel density. If you compare an HD photo to real life, it may appear clearer to you if the camera used to snap the photo preforms better under those conditions then your eye."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How would a particle collision at CERN be experienced by our senses; would it have feeling, smell, sounds, looks, etc, or would you die from the explosion, or is it so small you'd not notice anything?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How would a particle collision at CERN be experienced by our senses; would it have feeling, smell, sounds, looks, etc, or would you die from the explosion, or is it so small you'd not notice anything?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"You mean if you were in the path of a collision? We have a rough idea because something similar happened to someone in the past. In 1978, a Russian scientist named Anatoli Bugorski was accidentally hit in the head with a proton beam moving at close to the speed of light from a particle accelerator. He saw a flash \"brighter than a thousand suns\" but didn't feel any pain. Afterwards, his face swelled up and began to peel along the path the particles took. His intellectual capacity is intact but he as a result he has deafness in his left ear, paralysis of left half of his face, occasional seizures, and he gets tired easily. Despite this, he was able to complete his PhD and continued to work. He's still alive today. He received more than enough radiation to kill him, but because the beam was so tiny, it simply passed right through him. The catch is that the LHC at CERN is 200 times more powerful than the accelerator he was working on. Also, he was lucky enough that the beam passed through non-vital areas of his brain. If it had passed through a vital area or some other part of his body, he might have been killed."} {"category":"Other","question":"Where do meteors come from?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Where do meteors come from?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Once upon a time, instead of a solar system, there was just a big chunk of space full of gas and dust. Really, the part that became our solar system was just a small part of an even bigger chunk of space full of gas and dust. And inside that chunk, the little bits of gas and dust wandered around pretty randomly, occasionally bumping into each other and swaying with rare collisions with particles from distant stars, or swinging around magnetic particles in the dust, and very very occasionally, they'd stick together. After a very long time, all this random bumping and swinging and sticking led to one part of the cloud being more dense: having more *stuff* in it. As the dense part got bigger, it gathered more gravity, and that gravity started pulling in more of the stuff around them. Because all of the stuff was already moving around, a lot of it didn't hit the center directly, but it got close and started to circle around, like water going down a drain. So, the center of our stuff-cloud began to spin, and as it spun, the it started dragging the entire cloud around in circles, too. After a very *very* long time, the stuff falling into the very center built up so much weight that the smallest parts got crushed into each other by gravity, which caused a huge explosion, which set off even more explosions, which continue to this day: our sun. But not all of the stuff made it into the sun. Even at the edges of the cloud, the stuff was still clumping together the same way the sun did. The biggest clumps are now known as planets. Most of them have a few small clumps nearby we call moons. And there are many, many very tiny clumps we call asteroids or comets. Comets are clumps with a lot of ice on them, and are usually found at the farthest edges of the cloud (if they were closer, they'd melt and fall apart!). Asteroids are mostly rocks or balls of dust or gravel, and a lot of them are in a ring between Mars and Jupiter. Sometimes, comets and asteroids fall in towards the sun from where they were. Maybe one got bumped by another, or a bigger object got too close and gave it a tiiiny tug of gravity that pulled it out of its comfortable orbit. But once it starts falling, it gets stuck making speedy oval laps around the sun, swooping between planets instead of staying in a safe circle(ish) orbit. Eventually, those comets or asteroids will run into something. Like the sun. Or a planet. And when they strike Earth, they usually burn into dust as they fall through our atmosphere, and we call that burst of light a **meteor.** (And when they don't burn up, things get hurt (or killed, RIP dinosaurs) because that rock was moving pretty dang fast.)"} {"category":"Economics","question":"\u201c: what is the difference between tax avoidance and tax evasion?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n \u201c: what is the difference between tax avoidance and tax evasion?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Tax avoidance is using the legal means within the tax codes to pay less money in taxes. As a simple example, if I took $2,000 and donated it to charity today, I would not have to pay taxes on that $2,000 on next year's taxes. I'm paying less in taxes than I would have if I'd kept that money, or if I'd spent it on a nice shiny TV. There's nothing wrong with this sort of thing in normal circumstances, because the system is set up to encourage stuff like that. Though of course because of the enormity of the tax codes and all of the ways that it's possible to reduce a person or company's tax burden, it's possible for enormous companies with huge incomes to pay very little in taxes - which isn't always what's intended. Tax evasion is finding other, illegal ways to hide money or otherwise evade paying taxes on it. If I took $2,000 for doing a contract job and then didn't report it on my insurance forms at the end of the year, I'm committing tax evasion, because there's no fair reason I shouldn't be paying taxes on that, I'm just cheating and hiding my income. That's actually a crime, and if the IRS finds out, I'll be in trouble."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Considering that bent CPU\/socket pins are a major problem, why do CPUs\/sockets still have pins instead of them being two surfaces with only very short pins or completely flat with contact pads?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Considering that bent CPU\/socket pins are a major problem, why do CPUs\/sockets still have pins instead of them being two surfaces with only very short pins or completely flat with contact pads?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's nearly impossible to make good contact between two surfaces with hundreds of connection points if every mating connection is rigidly fixed. This means you need to use some sort of spring-loaded mating system for each individual connection. In case of LGA (Land Grid Array, flat CPU package and pins in socket), the socket pins are basically small springy levers that the CPU is pushed against by the socket retention frame. For PGA (Pin Grid Array, pins on CPU, holes on socket), the pins sink into the socket holes where they are captured between metal \"pincers\" that are held against the pin with force."} {"category":"Psychology","question":"Why are the elderly more vulnerable to scams?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are the elderly more vulnerable to scams?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Much of it is the technological aspect. The leaps and bounds we\u2019ve made in tech and how involved it is in our day-to-day lives over the last two decades or so is staggering compared to any other time in history. The lack of familiarity the elderly have with these technologies, which are to them very new and complicated, means it\u2019s easy for someone to take advantage of their naivety. This is where most scams on the elderly happen; in the electronic realm. And yes, some of it is also linked to cognitive decline."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why do Tsunamis pull back the water when they start getting closer to land?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do Tsunamis pull back the water when they start getting closer to land?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A sea wave is an upward and downward movement of water. To illustrate, go pinch the middle of your bedsheet and pull it upward. Watch what happens to the edge of the sheet. Edit: As suggested by u\/lightupsketchers the key thing I left out is that water molecules pull on their neighboring molecules, which makes them act like a sheet, for the purposes of this model."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why Does it seem like every single country sells arms to Saudi Arabia, and why does Saudi Arabia need so many in the first place?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why Does it seem like every single country sells arms to Saudi Arabia, and why does Saudi Arabia need so many in the first place?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Most advanced western nations, particularly and overwhelmingly the US, sell weapons to just about everyone willing to pay, and if they are even willing to sell you weapons, you get all the money together to buy them because they are so wildly good that you will never be able to produce them yourself even in 50 years. It\u2019s that wild. These weapons are worth far more than their weight in gold. We sure rename \u201cWeight in gold\u201d to \u201cweight in US weapons\u201d, it\u2019s better than gold, silver, diamonds, anything. It jumps your military up decades in an instant. Saudi Arabia has tons and tons of money. They also have minimal domestic military production. But they want to field a modern military. So they use that money to buy weapons (they can\u2019t make their own) from everyone who is selling them, and as much as they are willing to sell."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How does opening your eyes under water affect your eyes?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does opening your eyes under water affect your eyes?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It depends, on the water. Water in a swimming pool is purified, so there are \"anti-life\" chemicals in it that can irritate your eyes. Most swimmers get used to it, because the benefits of seeing outweigh the sting, or they wear goggles. The ocean is full of salt, so the sting there tells you something different. There is more salt in the ocean that your body prefers. Polluted water can have very serious consequences for your eyes."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How does an Organic-Matter Pollution Filtering bench, like the one most recently installed near Picadilly Circus in London, work to reduce Carbon-Dioxide as much as a small forest?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does an Organic-Matter Pollution Filtering bench, like the one most recently installed near Picadilly Circus in London, work to reduce Carbon-Dioxide as much as a small forest?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"sounds very questionable. this line: > Although only small, this device claims to have the same benefit of up to 275 real trees by filtering the air of up to 240 tonnes (265 tons) of carbon dioxide per year Note that it isn't saying it removes 265 tons of CO2. That would require 265 tons of matter to be removed from the site. It says it *filters* 265 tons, saying nothing about the efficiency of removal of any particulate. There's no way this moss would be as efficient at certain processes as a small forest. For one, the forest is simply going to produce more biomass, which means more CO2 is removed. The amount of CO2 removed from the air is directly proportional to the mass of the tree or moss added. As for other pollutants, that would require a ton of testing that has not been done."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"What the fuck causes the wind to keep changing direction every 30 seconds?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What the fuck causes the wind to keep changing direction every 30 seconds?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"You appear to be describing turbulence. That is, the chaotic nature of a fluid (the wind in this case) passing through and around obstructions. My guess is that you're in an area with buildings or natural obstructions that will cause the smooth flow of the wind to be broken up into turbulent flows. On a flat plain or the ocean there is a lot less turbulence because there are less obstructions to deflect the wind."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why does pills (eg. painkillers) have an expiration date? Aren\u2019t they usable after that date?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does pills (eg. painkillers) have an expiration date? Aren\u2019t they usable after that date?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The FDA requires that all medications have an expiration date of no more than 2 years following the date of manufacture. Medications are guaranteed to remain effective until that date, assuming that you properly stored them. Medications do lose potency over time, eventually they will stop working altogether. The US military did a study on this and found that, properly stored, most medications retained their effectiveness for at least 5 years. You can safely use painkillers after their expiration date but you shouldn't try to guess at how much of the effectiveness has been lost - getting your guess wrong could cause you to OD on some medications. But if the painkiller is working then there's no reason not to continue to take it. Antibiotics shouldn't be taken past the expiration date because you don't know how much of the effectiveness has been lost and the loss of even a small amount may render them ineffective. Medications *cannot* become unsafe to use over time. If you take a medication 10, 20, of infinity years after its expiration date it will not harm you. If the medication would harm you after a certain period of time then the FDA will not approve it. The worst thing that will happen is it just won't work or may have turned to vinegar if its suspended in alcohol (such as something like Nyquil)."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why can't person A hear themselves during a phone call when person B has them on speaker phone?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why can't person A hear themselves during a phone call when person B has them on speaker phone?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Most phones have sound processing functions. One function is where they turn off the microphone during times when sound is coming from the speaker during calls. You can notice this when you are talking to someone and there is wind on the other end - sometimes the sound will cut in and you can hear the wind on their end. But the system is dynamic, meaning that it attempts to figure out what sounds it should be allowing to pass while blocking others. There is a lot of programming that goes into this process, so there is a lot to go wrong with it as well. There is also a function that processes the sounds it is amplifying. This function recognizes sounds that it recently amplified through the speaker and attempts to ignore them by filtering them out of the microphone input. This is based on my knowledge of electronics (Electrical Engineer) and observation of how the phones act when in certain situations."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do long car rides make us sleepy?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do long car rides make us sleepy?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Depending on the position your in will effect how sleepy you get. The driver's body is in a position of rest, while the brain is concentrated on the road in front. This leads to mental fatigue, and with the body at a state of rest, normally causes drovers to become sleepy. Add to thay the rythmic hum and movement of the car (if on a highway or a straight road) and it basically makes for a hodgepodge of tiredness"} {"category":"Biology","question":"How do we get 'zoned' when we are focused and immersed in a really good book?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do we get 'zoned' when we are focused and immersed in a really good book?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When you are bored your mind wanders to other subjects. \"Zoned\" is the opposite- the book is so interesting that your mind tunes out everything else, like turning down the volume on the rest of the world. When you \"snap out of\" a focused state, you realize things have been happening (like someone asking you a question) that you didn't even notice. That's because your brain filtered them out as unimportant while it focused on whatever held your attention. So your brain knows a good book is more important than anything!"} {"category":"Economics","question":"How does the US tax system work? Why is it so complicated? Why aren't they simplifying it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does the US tax system work? Why is it so complicated? Why aren't they simplifying it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Over time, just about any system will get more and more complicated because things are added to it for various reasons, some because of necessity, some for good reasons, some for not so noble reasons. A tax can be used to disincentivize undesired behaviors and tax deductions used to incentivize desired ones. Tobacco for example is heavily taxed to disincentivize its use because of the negative health consequences and the costs associated with it, while work expenses can be deducted. But different people believe different things to be taxed or not taxed and there's a lot of negotiations to get things into the tax code which is what complicates it. What exactly counts as a work expense? What behaviors should be disincentivized? Neither is inherently good or bad. Encouraging the development of a new industry in an emerging technology could be extremely beneficial in the long run as can discouraging behavior with very costly side effects. But the same tools can be used to prop up a dying industry while sending emerging ones elsewhere or encourage behavior that causes a lot of harm. And of course some are simply put in for greed, but they'll always give the reason as trying to incentivize or disincentivize something. There have been rounds of simplification in the past. In the 1950s there were a *lot* of tax brackets but that part was greatly simplified in the 1980s. But additional complications just keep being added so it ends up being cyclical."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why does tobacco contain harmful chemicals like arsenic and tar and marijuana doesn't, when both are natural plants?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does tobacco contain harmful chemicals like arsenic and tar and marijuana doesn't, when both are natural plants?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Marijuana smoke has just as much, if not more, harmful stuff than tobacco smoke - URL_0 The difference is *how* people smoke. The \"average\" for cigarette smokers is a pack a day - 20 cigarettes. For some people it's less, for some people it's much more, but whenever you see statistics about smoking, it's usually based on that pack a day number. People are *not* smoking 20 joints a day. So, they're still getting harmful chemicals in their lungs, just a *lot* less of 'em."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do we tend to get angry when we are hungry?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do we tend to get angry when we are hungry?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When you haven't eaten for a while, the level of sugar (glucose) in your blood decreases, When your blood sugar gets too low, it triggers a cascade of hormones, including cortisol (a stress hormone) and adrenaline (the fight-or-flight hormone). These hormones are released into your bloodstream to raise and rebalance your blood sugar and the release of cortisol can cause aggression in some people!"} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why are heartbreaks so damn painful ?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are heartbreaks so damn painful ?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because you are grieving a loss. Some say that \"grief is the price we pay for love\". If you have loved, and lost, you will grieve that loss. The more you loved that person, the more painful the breakup will feel to you. And just like grieving a death, you can never return to your previous state. You must create a \"new normal\"; one where eventually you can move forward with your life. But it takes time, effort, and courage. This is why some people just avoiding love and connection altogether; so they'll never have to experience heartbreak. But that's a hollow existence. Love is worth the risk of heartbreak."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"if I bet a fiver on black in roulette, and just kept doubling my bet if I lost, and take my winnings if I win, will I make money every time unless I literally call wrong so many times in a row I have no money?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n if I bet a fiver on black in roulette, and just kept doubling my bet if I lost, and take my winnings if I win, will I make money every time unless I literally call wrong so many times in a row I have no money?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"This system does work, but you can potentially lose a lot of money for very little gain if you get unlucky many times in a row. Your bets would be 5, 10, 20, 40, 80... $155 for the chance to win $5? Also the odds are slightly worse than 50\/50 as 0 and 00 are neither red nor black."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do pots sometimes fall in the middle of the night, even if you put them away just fine?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do pots sometimes fall in the middle of the night, even if you put them away just fine?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Fall in what way? Are you hanging them up, or putting them away in a cupboard? Heavy vehicles (especially the kind that typically are used at night) can cause vibrations in the ground, which could disturb them. The ground and your house itself will contract a little bit as well due to the lowering temperature at night, which can cause small shudders that could jostle things. This is from what most of the old creaky house noises originate, alongside the wind and combined with the relative silence of the time it occurs compared to the noisier daytime where similar noises would simply go unnoticed. Or you could have rats."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"what determines whether a #2 will be a sinker or a floater?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what determines whether a #2 will be a sinker or a floater?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"According google. \u201cPoop Should Sink. Listen for the sound of your stool as it hits the water in the toilet. Floating stools are often an indication of high fat content, which can be a sign of malabsorption, a condition in which you can't absorb enough fat and other nutrients from the food you're ingesting.\u201d"} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"On foggy days why are we able to see a short distance in front of us but decreasingly so the farther ahead you look?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n On foggy days why are we able to see a short distance in front of us but decreasingly so the farther ahead you look?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Imagine a screen window. You can see through it, because the screen only blocks a little bit of light. Most of the light still gets through. Now, imagine a hundred screens all on top of each other. Now, you probably can't see through that, because each screen blocks a little bit more and all of the screens put together block most of the light. It's the same with fog. The water particles are small and spread apart, so light can still pass through, but a little bit gets blocked. The more space there is between you and what you're looking at, the more fog there is and the more light gets blocked."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why is it that the constant orbit of electrons around the nucleus of an atom is not classed as an example of perpetual motion?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it that the constant orbit of electrons around the nucleus of an atom is not classed as an example of perpetual motion?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When people talk about \"perpetual motion machines\" they don't mean the literal \"moving forever\" they mean a system that runs forever but you can keep extracting energy from, or generates more energy than was put in without any other loss. a rock could orbit another rock and both could hurtle through a vacuum forever. No work is being done no energy is being taken from the system. So it's happy to just keep moving forever. but if you want to make those rocks do some work or touch them in any way they will stop moving or slow down. same with an Atom, while there might be \"movement\" of sorts inside that motion does not perpetually generate energy."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Why is the concept of infinite incomprehensible to the human brain?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is the concept of infinite incomprehensible to the human brain?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"We don't experience any infinities in the real world, so there has never been any evolutionary advantage to having an understanding of infinities. It's a bit like how we can do maths in four or more dimensions, but the real world that we interact with has three spatial dimensions, so we can't visualise any more than that. Even mathematicians treat many infinities as not being real, though some are such as the number of integers (whole numbers) starting from 0."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How do they justify using government money to help build new sports stadiums?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do they justify using government money to help build new sports stadiums?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"decisions about money are often determined by whether or not the people making the decision think that decision will make other people spend more money on things they profit from. if enough people in city planning \/ government think a new stadium will bring more people to the city to spend money there, then they do it in the hopes that eventually the city will have a profit overall."} {"category":"Other","question":"How does someone become a stunt-person?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does someone become a stunt-person?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Stunt Performers have a union, called [SAMP]( URL_0 ). On their website they discuss the skill areas identified for their members, and other aspects of their industry. It's a high-fitness and high-knowledge profession, planning stunts to maintain safety is much more of the work than actually shooting takes in front of the camera. When a producer is looking for a stunt performer, they might work with the union or it might be a task assigned to the casting director."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What causes the brain fog and dizziness often experienced while ill, and what is its purpose?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What causes the brain fog and dizziness often experienced while ill, and what is its purpose?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"So the easiest way to answer this question is to first very quickly talk about a process called homeostasis. Very broadly speaking homeostasis is when all conditions are optimal for a certain function to occur. Homeostasis in the body is incredibly important. All organs function best when they are around 37 degrees Celsius. Whenever you are ill, the body attempts to generate an immune response via your lymph nodes. The lymph nodes, and generally the immune response, function better when the temperature is higher than 37 degrees. As the body prioritizes getting rid of the infectious element rather than how you feel about it your body temperature rises. Unfortunately the hemoglobin in your blood that carries around oxygen throughout your body does not necessary like this increase in temperature and is slightly less efficient in binding and depositing oxygen to where it needs to go. Add to this an increased oxygen demand from your lymph nodes. This results in your brain getting less oxygen\/glucose (And ketone bodies but lets skip this for now) to function. This ever so slightly causes the brain to function less optimally, resulting in dizziness and what you describe as brain fog. Although this is not the only reason behind this phenomenon it is by far the most prevalent factor in causing this dizziness. As such the dizziness does not have a purpose but is an effect of the body to get rid of the invading pathogen."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How can online games like first person shooters be so in sync across all users without hardly any delay?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can online games like first person shooters be so in sync across all users without hardly any delay?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Fast internet and faster servers. Human reaction times are on the order of 100ms or so. Ping time, which is round-trip packet flight time is often on the order of half that or so. Round trip is therefore on the order of human reaction if you give the server a little time to do stuff. Also, the server only sends back just enough to run the game. For example it may just send back Headshot and some points, and your client has to take care of the headshot animation, credit, sound and then tell the server when it's done because it's not really sync-critical."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How does call tracking work and how different is it from tracking calls in movies?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does call tracking work and how different is it from tracking calls in movies?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Call tracking works by determining the distance between the phone and nearby cell towers. The tower sends a message to the phone, and the phone sends one back. By measuring the time between sending and receiving a circle can be drawn around the cell tower. So the phone can be anywhere on (or near) the circle. If the phone does this with multiple towers, the most likely position is where the different circles meet. If they do this with 2 towers, there are two points where they meet and two possible locations. If they do this with 3 towers then the location can be pinpointed and we know where the phone is. This interaction between phone and tower usually happens once someone calls 911 or if the phone is bugged. In the movies they show fancy live tracking, but this is only really possible if the connection is perfect and the person has done nothing to hide the phone from such connections. The secret service has ways to track phones a bit more movie-like but I keep in mind the fact that they don\u2019t need to track the phone if they have eyes on, so they usually track the phone until they find the person or can follow the car, at which point they don\u2019t need to know the location anymore."} {"category":"Physics","question":"0K (Kelvin) is supposed to be the lowest temperature reachable but it's only theoretical. In definition it means there is absolute zero motion. But why is that, that some elements are still not \"solid\" in this temperature?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n 0K (Kelvin) is supposed to be the lowest temperature reachable but it's only theoretical. In definition it means there is absolute zero motion. But why is that, that some elements are still not \"solid\" in this temperature?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The protons and neutrons in atoms are made up of particles called quarks. Quarks have a very low mass and what is ultimately giving a proton\/neutron most of its mass is that fact that the quarks inside of them are spinning at close to the speed of light. There are three quarks in a proton. Two of those quarks have a charge of +2\/3. One of them has a charge of -1\/3. The quarks themselves are arranged in a sort of triangular shape. At large distances these charges cancel out so that a proton appears to have a net charge of about 1, and for nearly all applications we can consider that charge to be 1. But its not *exactly* 1 - it varies depending on the position of the quarks relative to you. When the negatively charged quark is on the opposite side of the proton you experience a charge that is very, very slightly stronger than 1. When it is on the side of the proton facing you, the charge is very, very slightly less than 1. Neutrons work the same way, except the one of the quarks in a neutron has a charge of 2\/3 while the other two have charges of -1\/3. So depending on the position of the quarks in a neutron, you will experience a charge either slightly higher or lower than 0. This extremely slight net charge is sufficient for a proton or neutron with \"0\" energy to, nonetheless, cause other nearby protons and neutrons to wobble a bit, resulting in them having some very minimal amount of energy. This, in turn, causes atoms to have a constant, slight wobble (which will also result in the wobbling atoms very slightly \"bumping\" into nearby atoms). We can't stop this wobble because on a very fundamental level we don't have any mechanism to influence the quarks inside of proton\/neutron, so we can't slow them down. Also, because the speed of the quarks is, itself, responsible for most of the mass of the proton\/neutron, if you did somehow manage to slow those quarks down they would stop being a proton\/neutron and start being something else, which doesn't necessarily solve the problem if what they turn into can't be measured, like dark matter - or if the energy in the quarks ends up getting liberated, such as through the transformation of a quark into high energy electrons or positrons."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do drugs speed up or slow down your heart rate?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do drugs speed up or slow down your heart rate?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Simple explanation: The heart has numerous receptors to which different drugs bind and cause a response. Some drugs bind to the receptors that cause slowing of heart rate which decreases the workload on the heart. Muscarinic receptors in the heart work in this manner. Drugs like epinephrine bind to the receptors which cause an increased heart rate. There are also drugs which block certain receptors and have an opposing effect. Beta-blockers, for example, block the beta receptors which are normally responsive to adrenal stimulation, which, in turn, causes slowing of the heart rate. [Cardiac receptor physiology]( URL_0 ) is as complex as the many drug classes which act on them."} {"category":"Physics","question":"If light rays are independent, why lights from the city blocks our view of stars at night?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If light rays are independent, why lights from the city blocks our view of stars at night?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Lights from the city doesn't block the light from the stars, they just make them less noticeable for our eyes. The lights of the city are just too bright compare to the stats. If our eyes receive 100,000 photons from the light of the city, you won't notice the 5 photons from a particular star. P.S. the number of photons here are just for scale, they are made up numbers."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How come people in comas don\u2019t get blood clots but you hear stories of people playing their gaming consoles for too long and dying from a blood clot?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How come people in comas don\u2019t get blood clots but you hear stories of people playing their gaming consoles for too long and dying from a blood clot?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"People in comas are rotated (well, supposed to be anyway) every 2 hours minimum so that helps relieve pressure points\/promotes circulation\/decreases risks of bed sores, also someone in a coma might be put on a blood thinner to prevent such an occurrence, depending on the situation. Basically a hospital is a controlled environment where, if procedure is properly followed, little can go wrong (unless it's a natural occurrence)."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why does Europe have some better laws regarding health, education, social welfare than America?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does Europe have some better laws regarding health, education, social welfare than America?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Europe has multiple, small nations with a handful of political parties all forming coalitions and blocs to help things go their way. This leads to more compromises, and more \"what works for the most folks?\" types of thinking. Since no one political entity can steer the entire EU \"their\" way, good ideas rise to the top. In the US, we have a very large, powerful economic engine coupled with 2 political factions in power and a couple mosquito parties that crop up now and then. This means that usa politicians can be less collaborative and more \"us VS them\" than Europeans folks. Couple this lack of need to collaboration with the resources for corporations and business to give and make lots of things, and it's a lot harder for government to control and regulate industry. It's sort of like the USA is a sports team where we rely too much on one or two star players, and have forgotten how to work well as a bigger team."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do Sharpies stain so much?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do Sharpies stain so much?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"[Capilary Action]( URL_0 ) means that porous things (thin tubes, paper, cloth towels, etc.) will actually suck water in, with quite a bit of suction. You can see this if you have a puddle of water on the floor, and you suspend a towel over it, with only a corner touching the water; the water will be sucked UP into the towel, against gravity. It's because water molecules like to stick to things, and porous surfaces like paper and towels have A LOT of surface for water to stick to, so the water kinda climbs up and can overcome gravity a little. In any case, the tip of the Sharpie is made of a porous sponge, and the point is that it will suck the ink out of the reservoir inside the Sharpie and remain wet for a long time, and thus able to smear the ink over whatever you're writing. If you touch the Sharpie to paper or your clothes, those are porous materials too, and will suck the ink out of the tip. You're basically creating a flow of ink into the porous paper or clothing that you're touching the Sharpie to. The ink will be sucked in, creating a rather large stain. Crayola crayons don't have ink, they have a gelatin that's more like dry soap. You can smear it over surfaces to write, but it doesn't get sucked in like liquid ink does."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why do different alcohols make people act differently?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do different alcohols make people act differently?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There's no science behind this, or at least, there's no inherent difference in the chemistry or biology that should cause this effect. What is happening however is to some degree a placebo effect around what you expect that alcohol to do. There's also your current mood and what you want out of an evening. If you think that tequila makes you a party animal, you're probably going to drink that when you want to party, not when you're having a chilled evening in. So in a nutshell, your intentions and expectations impact the effect an alcohol has on you a lot more than the type of alcohol."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why did it take so long to start making cars that turned off their lights when the car turned off?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why did it take so long to start making cars that turned off their lights when the car turned off?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Without the electronics being computer-controlled it becomes difficult to essentially turn off the light with a timer that starts when the car is turned off. It'd be easy to just turn the lights off automatically when the car is off but there's cases where you might want to keep the lights on without the keys in the ignition."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why is cockroach shown in fiction to survive major apocalypse? What's so special about it that other insects do not have to survive?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is cockroach shown in fiction to survive major apocalypse? What's so special about it that other insects do not have to survive?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The premise is that cockroaches are relatively hardy with regards to toxins and ionizing radiation. Moreover, they are an easily identified pest that people understand is hard to get rid of. In reality, cockroaches would be casualties of any apocalypse that killed human beings for the simple reason that they're adapted to surviving off human civilization. Without human garbage, cockroaches wouldn't have anything to eat and would mostly die off."} {"category":"Biology","question":"why does our eyeballs move upwards when we close our eyes?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why does our eyeballs move upwards when we close our eyes?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's an awesome protective feature. As your lids go down, your eyes go up. That means as something like a chemical comes toward your eyes, there's a good chance the center part of your cornea (line of sight) will be protected. Your brain really depends on your eyes a lot so it developed many protective measures. We are amazing creatures !!"} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How do people find digits of graham's number?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do people find digits of graham's number?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The exact method depends on what kind of number you're trying to calculate, but here's an easy to follow example. Suppose I want to compute the last digit of the number 3^(3723139463824547766) (the exponent is just your username, interpreted as a number in base-36, so it's effectively random). This number is absolutely enormous: the *number of digits* in this number *itself* has 18 digits. But if we think about powers of 3, it's actually relatively easy to figure out. If you write out the powers: 3^1 = 3 3^2 = 9 3^3 = 27 3^4 = 81 3^5 = 243 If we continue this for a while, we notice a pattern: the last digits go **3, 9, 7, 1**, *3, 9, 7, 1*, 3, 9, 7, 1... If we think about this a bit, it's easy to tell why: if you write out multiplication by hand the way you did in elementary school, you'll see that only the units digit of the things you're multiplying ever affects the units digit of the output. So in effect, by multiplying by 3 at each step, we're really computing ...3\\*3 = ends in a 9, and then ...9\\*3 = ends in a 7, and then ...7\\*3 = ends in a 1, and then ...1\\*3 = ends in a 3 again. In other words, if the power is a multiple of 4, the last digit will be a 1. If it's not a multiple of 4, we just figure out how far off it is. As it happens, the exponent we actually have, 3723139463824547766, is 2 more than a ~~power~~ (EDIT: multiple, sorry) of 4. So the pattern around it goes ...1, 3, **9**, 7, 1, 3, 9, 7... In other words, 3^3723139463824547766 ends in a 9. ---- Graham's number is computed through a similar sort of repeated process, so this kind of logic can be applied there too."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why does it start to feel like you\u2019re looking at someone else when you stare at yourself in a mirror for too long?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does it start to feel like you\u2019re looking at someone else when you stare at yourself in a mirror for too long?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Urban legend says it's because you are seeing the faces of yourself in past lives. Most likely it is really because you are focusing on your eyes so intensely that your brain puts the rest of your face in your peripheral vision from what you remember it to be and not necessarily what it is."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why are some USB cables better at charging than others?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are some USB cables better at charging than others?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"USB cables contain power lines and signal lines. Some very cheap cables don't contain signal lines, so the charger and device can't talk to each other and negotiate the supply power. In addition to this, for higher power levels the cables contain a chip, this signals to the attached devices how much current and voltage can safely flow through the cable. Without this chip, charging will default to 5v 1.5A (or lower)."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Is there any difference from iron in your body and foods to iron in the ground? Could you theoretically make an ingot of spinach iron? Could you dilute and absorb raw iron?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Is there any difference from iron in your body and foods to iron in the ground? Could you theoretically make an ingot of spinach iron? Could you dilute and absorb raw iron?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Iron is iron, but it makes lots of compounds. Your body contains about 4g of it, mostly in hemoglobin but also ferritin and a few other compounds. You can metabolize many compounds (like ferrous sulfate or iron fumarate) into those things. The measure of how easily\/if an organism can use an element or compound is called bioavailability. Spinach does not have massive amounts of iron in it. The myth that it does is usually thought to be because of a misprint in the assays done by von Wolfe in 1870. It's really attributable to bad methods, as the containers and the charcoal used in the assays (by SEVERAL scientists) returned the same high results at the time. Iron from spinach is also not as bioavailable as iron from animals. You're going to poop out more iron from spinach than you would from a steak, because our bodies aren't very good at absorbing iron oxalate, and other compounds in the plant inhibit absorption. And yes, you can absolutely dilute and absorb raw iron. In lots of impoverished areas, getting enough dietary iron into people is a public health challenge. One solution is the [lucky iron fish]( URL_0 ), a chunk of iron you toss into your food as you cook it to fortify your meals. If you want to make an ingot of spinach iron, you'll need to decompose the iron oxalate into iron oxides, then reduce them to get iron metal. And you'll need a LOT of spinach, since a literal TON of spinach will yield less than an ounce of metallic iron."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How do companies such as LaCroix, Bubly, Perrier etc... Have flavors, but contain no fruit juice, no sweeteners and no calories?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do companies such as LaCroix, Bubly, Perrier etc... Have flavors, but contain no fruit juice, no sweeteners and no calories?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They typically contain something called \u201cnatural flavors\u201d which La Croix states is \u201cfrom the natural essence oils from the named fruit used in each of the flavors\u201d which is created by heating the fruit at very high temperature to create a vapor that is then captured. Basically, they heat the fruit so it releases the oils\/water into the air, and that is condensed into a scented (and arguably flavored) liquid. It creates just enough of something that you can taste and smell it, but since it isn\u2019t really from the fruit directly, it has no calories."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"What\u2019s so hard about solving a rubik\u2019s cube if there\u2019s a certain way\/formula to solve it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What\u2019s so hard about solving a rubik\u2019s cube if there\u2019s a certain way\/formula to solve it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Solving a Rubik's Cube isn't hard once you've memorized the formulas. If you don't know the formulas at all, the difficulty comes from your brain trying to figure them out, despite not realizing that you're figuring them out, if that makes sense. For Rubik's Cube experts, the difficulty is associated with doing it *quickly*. You know all the formulas, but have to analyze every side of the cube in seconds, and decide which formulas you'll need in which order, without stopping to check your progress, while not making mistakes due to your speed."} {"category":"Physics","question":"If friction causes heat, why does moving air create a cooling sensation against skin?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If friction causes heat, why does moving air create a cooling sensation against skin?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Normal wind doesn't move fast enough to cause significant skin friction. The cooling sensation is caused by something called convection. Basically, since air doesn't conduct heat very well, the heat from your body stays in the air pretty close to your body, and the best way to carry the heat from your body is to take the warmer air near your body away, and replace it with cooler air, which is what wind does."} {"category":"Physics","question":"The observable universe..how did they know that it is there?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n The observable universe..how did they know that it is there?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"We can see our observational universe because it is billions of years old, and the light has had time to travel to us. Radio waves from us have only traveled some 100 years. As for outside our observational universe, it is our best guesses among many different fields. But we never will know for sure."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why does an 'off' lightbulb seem to glow more when I'm not looking directly at it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does an 'off' lightbulb seem to glow more when I'm not looking directly at it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"You have two kinds of vision. The retina at the back of your eyeball has to kinds of light receptors: cones that see color in bright light, and rods that see black-gray-white in dark conditions. The very center of your vision is almost entirely cones to give you very good image quality for whatever you're looking at. However, your cones only work for bright light. When it's dark, you have a sort of \"blind spot\" right in the middle of your vision because you have very few rods there. Airplane pilots are taught specifically to use \"averted vision\" at night. Whatever they want to see, they look off to the side so that they can see it with their rods. You've just discovered this technique. :)"} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How are sudokus created and how do the creators know how many numbers can be removed so that its solvable?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How are sudokus created and how do the creators know how many numbers can be removed so that its solvable?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Having done this for a programming assignment, my solution was to vary the solving algorithms I used. To create my puzzles, I would randomly fill in boxes until the solving algorithms said it was a solvable valid puzzle, and then I'd store the solution. From there I would randomly erase boxes until my algorithms started having trouble solving it. If only easy\/straightforward algorithms were needed to solve it, it was an easy puzzle. If complicated\/advanced algorithms were necessary it was hard. One more thing: technically, a Sudoku is only valid if there is exactly one solution. One must be careful when removing numbers not to leave the puzzle in a multi-solution state. If that happens, you put one number back in and remove a different one until the puzzle is valid."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Considering the huge profits to be had from cannabis, how does it \"hurt big pharma\"?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Considering the huge profits to be had from cannabis, how does it \"hurt big pharma\"?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because right now they have pretty much zero infrastructure to get into the pot game; they don't have the facilities to grow, harvest, process or package it. When pot came out of the shadows, a whole school of cladestinely developed technique and art came with it, and as a result their competition isn't starting from zero, and is locking itself into a dramatically unexploited niche with a product that the big companies can't directly match without significant work and investment. In other words, someone other than them has an advantage in one particular field, and it's pissing them off."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why does very hot water feel cold when you first touch it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does very hot water feel cold when you first touch it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I learned way back when that there were different nerves responsible for different sensations from the skin. Heat and cold each have different receptors. You feel heat when that particular receptor is activated, however extreme heat actually triggers both the hot and cold nerves simultaneously. That means your brain is getting the combination of both hot and cold and has to sort it out. From experience you eventually learn that when you feel this hot\/cold mix that it\u2019s an extreme hot. [Experiment that uses the cold\/hot mix to simulate pain. ]( URL_0 )"} {"category":"Other","question":"What exactly does the Queen of England do?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What exactly does the Queen of England do?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Theoretically, the Queen has the power to dissolve government aka fire everyone; however the day would most likely never come to where the power is used. More than anything, she\u2019s a diplomatic head of state who owns a lot of property and is the focus of a ton of international tourism"} {"category":"Technology","question":"When a sunset makes the sky purple and pink, why do photos you take of this with your smartphone always end up in reds and yellows?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When a sunset makes the sky purple and pink, why do photos you take of this with your smartphone always end up in reds and yellows?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"For the same reason why an old turn of the 20th century photograph doesn't look right. It's a crude representation of what we actually see. Don't fool yourself into thinking your phone is different, it's still a crude representation. Just a better one, much better. No photo your phone takes, nor an image it displays is correct, it's a crude attempt at it. A few reasons why it is still crude though. To start with, you're viewing this on an screen. The screen can't show all the colours you can see, nor all the contrasts you can see. [See here for various red-green-blue (RBG) colour gamuts]( URL_0 ). That funny shape is all the colours your eyes can see. The colors are obviously on the screen so are washed out from what they really could be, but gives an idea. As you can see, RGB three primary colours only draws a triangle that captures part of the colours we can see. That whole thing you were taught in school about three very fundamental and fixed primary colours? A total lie. It's good enough, most of the colours we name are on there. But not all their shades, not all their hues. Some RGBs are better. Different and more pure blue, green, and red pixels can get more covered, but never all. A four primary colour based display and image would be better, but would also make displays much more expensive and files much larger. You'll note the one RGB triangle actually goes outside of the visible gamut, and its triangle tries to cover more of it. It relies on an impossibly red red, but that's fine for the mathematical storage of the image, just means you need to select values that are possible to actually display, and this imaginary extension allows for more of those. Assuming you have a display that can do it, which you probably don't. A very high quality printer, with a lot more than three primary colour inks, might be able to. The rainbow pure colours are actually the curved edge of that shape, not a single true rainbow can be show on a RGB screen. They all look wrong, faded out. The red, green and blue colours a screen can make aren't as pure as a rainbow, and anything they make through combination won't be as pure either. That means a small triangle within that fill possiblity of colours. Why do some displays look better? Because they use high quality pixels that push more to the limits of a very pure red, green, or blue on the edge, a larger triangle. And that's assuming an analog view of just colours. Digital information is stored as bits, there's jumps in it. Not only can you only go within that triangle, you can only go within a grid on it. More missed colours. Then there's brightness and contrast. Again, it's digital so there's fixed brightness steps too, not any brightness is possible. As well, a screen is limited in contrast. Blacks are a dark grey, and whites are not as bright as they could be. A high dynamic range, HDR, display can improve this, both with more bits (so more fine steps) and more brightness on the actual display output. And that's just the display and the file being shown on it, this would all apply to only a computer generated image. Next is the camera. Again, same issues doubled up now. It's digital, it has RGB based sensors. It has all the same limitations. On a phone, your display is probably better than your camera, photos taken with real cameras (or 'shopped) will look better than what it takes. Additionally, the RGB sensors are just best approximation of human cone cells. They don't have the same sensitivity to each colour, and they don't even pick up the same spectrum. Go aim your TV remote at your phone camera and hit a button, you'll see a purple glow that your eyes can definitely not see. There's IR light out there, especially from a sunset, and your camera is going to pick this up and it's going to distort the colours. Then there's more photography related tricks. There's things like white balance, focal length, field of view, saturation. Adjusting all of these makes for better photos. You with your phone are a bad photographer. A professional photographer could get a better photo by playing with these, even without better equipment."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Ive looked it up but i still don\u2019t get it, what exactly is an NFT? Why do people pay so much for some? What does it have to do with crypto?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Ive looked it up but i still don\u2019t get it, what exactly is an NFT? Why do people pay so much for some? What does it have to do with crypto?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It\u2019s a non fungible token. Fungibility is when things are exchangeable and nothing is different. For example my one dollar bill is the same as all other dollar bills. Non fungible means this token is not the same as another token. People pay so much for some because either they are super rare or the buyers are stupid. Cryptography is used to make non fungible tokens exist."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why is Hydrogen bomb way more powerful than classical nuclear fission type bombs ?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is Hydrogen bomb way more powerful than classical nuclear fission type bombs ?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Per mass of reacting material, nuclear fusion fuel releases more energy than nuclear fission fuel. And because nuclear fusion fuel will not spontaneously explode if you put too much of it in the same place (unlike fission fuel, where you have to avoid creating a critical mass until you are ready for it to blow up), you can put as much as you want in there. For every kilogram of uranium\/plutonium that fissions completely, you get about 18 kilotons of TNT worth of energy. For every kilogram of deuterium-tritium that fusions completely, you get about 50 kilotons of TNT worth of energy. So that by itself translates into a quite a lot additional energy! Additionally, the fusion reactions release high-energy neutrons that you can use to do even more fissioning, even in otherwise inert U-238, which you can add quite a lot of to the bomb. So at least half of the energy of a hydrogen bomb comes from a final fission stage."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"What is bleach made from and how does it kill germs?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is bleach made from and how does it kill germs?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Household bleach is actually a mixture of chemicals, Its main constituent is a solution of ~3-6% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), which is mixed with small amounts of sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, and calcium hypochlorite. Sodium hypochlorite is used on a huge scale in agriculture, and industries such as chemical, paint, lime, food, glass, paper, pharmaceuticals, synthetics and waste disposal. hypochlorous acid, the active ingredient in bleach, causes the unfolding of proteins in bacteria in much the same was that heat stress or fever does. Those denatured proteins then clump together irreversibly into a mass in living cells, similar to what happens to proteins when you boil an egg"} {"category":"Physics","question":"If the moon were closer to Earth, would the shadow it casts during an eclipse be bigger or smaller?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If the moon were closer to Earth, would the shadow it casts during an eclipse be bigger or smaller?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"In a way it depends on what you mean by shadow, it can be Smaller and Bigger at the same time. The moon is at just the right distance to block the entire sun in an area called the Umbra. And to partially occlude it in a large torus around it called the penumbra. If the moon were closer the Umbra (where there is a total eclipse would grow even as the penumbra shrinks. Farther away, the penumbra grows and the umbra shrinks (until it is gone and there is no total eclipse anywhere. The shadow of the penumbra would get lighter and lighter the closer the moon got to the sun, until it could not be distinguished with the unaided human eye. But this is not to say the penumbra ever fades entirely. When they search for exoplanets using the transition method, they are actually searching for the planet's penumbra. So it would not be correct to day the shadow disappears. The shadow is a really small dip in energy, that takes sensitive specialized equipment to detect, but is enough to allow exoplanets to be detected from light years away."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Ibuprofen - why is it recommended to take 2 x tablets every 4 hours but not allowed 1 x tablet every 2 hours. Surely it would make the pain relief longer lasting?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Ibuprofen - why is it recommended to take 2 x tablets every 4 hours but not allowed 1 x tablet every 2 hours. Surely it would make the pain relief longer lasting?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There's a few reasons. First, there's the convenience. It's much easier to remember every four hours to take two tablets than it is to take one every two, plus it gets it over with. Most people don't want to set an alarm every two hours to keep the dosage proper, they just wait for the signal to take more pills if after four hours the pain starts coming back. Then there's the dosage level. If you take one, and then take another two hours later, you're only getting 50% of best possible pain relief for the first two hours. When you're hurting enough for two tablets as the \"full dose\", you're going to want that pain relief NOW, so you take the full dose at the start. Next, a lot of reasons to take Tylenol are completely solved by the first dose. A lot of headaches or other aches go away completely on a single two-tablet dose, so you don't have to come back two hours later to dose up again. And you should really only take pain meds when you actually need them, not take them sequentially over a period of hours if the pain has already been taken care of."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why do vacuum insulated containers insulate cold beverages longer than hot beverages?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do vacuum insulated containers insulate cold beverages longer than hot beverages?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They don't. It's a difference in your perception of what constitutes \"hot\" and \"cold\", and the way thermal transfer works. Room temperature is ~70F; a hot beverage might be ~170F. A 100F difference. A cold beverage isn't going to be any colder than ~32F, about a 40F difference. So you need to heat your beverage up a lot for you to think of it as truly hot...much more so than making a beverage cold. Then there's heat transfer. Heat transfer happens the fastest when the temperature difference is the greatest. So your \"hot\" beverage initially loses heat faster than your \"cold\" beverage gains it. So there are two factors working against the hot beverage. It cools faster due to the greater temperature difference, and you don't think of it as \"hot\" when it cools down just a bit. If you were to take 2 beverages and cool one 20 degrees below room temperature and heat another 20 degrees above room temperature, you'd find that they both approach room temp at the same rate. EDIT: Note that to do this correctly, I should have represented all temperatures in Kelvin. The conclusions are still correct, but the numbers are not quite right as I wrote it."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do spirits stop burning (as much) after you get used to drinking them?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do spirits stop burning (as much) after you get used to drinking them?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"ELI5: You got \"used to it\" and changed the way you drink. ELI21: As a whiskey, especially bourbon, fan I would conjecture it's a combination of the following: * You have become accustomed to the \"burning\" sensation. Knowing what to expect has a huge impact on how we taste things. Imagine drinking what you think is a glass of water only to find out it's beer or milk or diet sprite. Now that you've had many liquors, your mouth and mind are ready for it. * You have changed the specific whiskeys you drink to ones that less \"burny\". While no one is going to confuse water with 80 proof whiskey there is a significant difference between two alcohols with the same proof. Often times people will describe this as \"smooth finish\" or inversely a \"strong bite\". People with much more sophisticated palates than I will also talk about how different whiskeys impact various parts of the tongue as well. (Seems like a little bit of pompousness to me, but what do I know?) * You've manipulated your memory. First\/early experiences are much more memorable than the dozens or hundreds that follow. That surprise the first time you took a shot of whiskey, that time a friend got you your first \"cask strength\" bottle, the first time you ordered a whiskey neat at a bar. Everything seems brighter and and more poignant. * You do drink differently. You breathe out slightly when the glass nears your mouth (or more likely your nose). When it's in your mouth you taste it on the top of your tongue, but you rarely let it flow under your tongue and never outside your teeth. (Between the gums and cheek) When you first started drinking it's likely you drank it much like a soda, beer, wine, coffee or whatever your choice was. Now you've adopted your own whiskey drinking style. I'd recommend playing with that. When you find a drink you like and you want to savor it, experiment with different ways of taking a sip. * Finally, you just \"want\" it to burn less. Perhaps you think it looks cool, maybe you've got a good friend who's an aficionado, or who knows...maybe you just have a nice tumbler glass that you're dying to use. The mind is particularly good at convincing oneself of things. \"If I go jog a half mile today, I can totally eat an extra cheeseburger.\" \"No, I actually \\_like\\_ salad.\" \"Oh, I know he cheated on me...but he's totally changed now.\" We can convince ourselves of quite a lot if we want to. & #x200B; In the end, it probably doesn't matter. Just keep enjoying it, sharing it, and be safe. :)"} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why can fully cooked (crisp) bacon be safely left out at room temperature all day in restaurants?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why can fully cooked (crisp) bacon be safely left out at room temperature all day in restaurants?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Bacon is a cured food. It was designed to be preserved via salt curing. This salt content kills most bacteria and fungi and means that proper bacon is safe to store uncooked at room temperature for a significant period of time. (not safe to consume raw though). Cooked bacon has almost no water content left it it. Particularly if it is properly crisp. Any harmful things in it have been killed so we are looking at harmful things that can fall onto it. As such it can last for days at room temp without posing any real issue and does not have \"the window\" other cooked foods have."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"What exactly is essence for flavoring? And how does it work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What exactly is essence for flavoring? And how does it work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Flavor and aroma compounds can be extracted from plants in a few different ways. Steam distillation is a common one used for many flowers and herbs. Water is heated until it boils and the steam is passed through plant matter, picking up some of its oils on its way through. Then it is passed through some cooled tubing where it condenses (turns back into liquid) and is collected at the end into a vessel. Most of the fragrant and flavorful oils float at the top of the water. They are separated to yield scented\/favored water and essential oil. Because of the heat and the use of water as a solvent, steam distillation isn't always appropriate as the chemicals of interest may be destroyed or just not be released through this process. Another method is cold-pressing to physically force the oils out of the plant material. This method is commonly used to get citrus oils from citrus rind and pith. Finally, there is solvent extraction. A solvent, usually hexane, alcohol, or supercritical CO2, is used to \"wash\" the chemical essence out of the material and into the solvent. The solution is then distilled to recover the solvent and the result is a very complete and faithful extract called a concrete. Technically there is another method called enfleurage but because it is so labor-intensive, it is usually reserved for materials that can fetch a high price, typically for perfumery. This involves laying up the material in fat which then collects the aroma chemicals. The fat can then be washed in alcohol to collect and separate the fragrance."} {"category":"Technology","question":"how do they get a photo or image transferd to a printing press?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how do they get a photo or image transferd to a printing press?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"modern day full color printing presses are basically flow thru laser printers. your image is split into 4 colors, cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. or sometimes 8 colors, cmyk and light cyan, light magenta, light yellow and light black. each of those single color shade images are electrostatically imprinted on a drum by a laser. the static charge picks up the ink or liquid toner and is transferred onto the print media (whatever kind of paper product). each color is layered on top of the others to create other shades of colors. then a heat drum if toner or just hot\/dry air if ink to sets the image. URL_0"} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do horse hoofs need so much care, and why do they need horseshoes?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do horse hoofs need so much care, and why do they need horseshoes?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Wild horses are constantly wearing down their hooves on rough plains, rocks, gravel. Just like our own finger nails, if you let them get too long they split, can lead to infection etc. Trained horses on the other hand have relatively soft stables and paddocks so their hooves don't wear the same way and periodically need to be trimmed. Working horses on the other hand (like mounted police and draft\/carriage horses) spend a good chunk of their day on pavement which would wear down their hooves too fast, hence the shoes."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How does whiskey get better with age?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does whiskey get better with age?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Whiskey is aged in wood barrels. The wood absorbs some of the harsher chemicals & there's some chemical reactions that give you some new flavor compounds. For American whiskies, like bourbon, the inside of the barrels is charred, giving you charcoal - which gives you another layer of new organic molecules to work with. Once you take the whiskey out of the barrel & put it in a bottle, this aging stops. A 10 year old bottle of 7-year-aged whiskey is not a bottle of 17-year-aged whiskey, it should be the same as a brand new bottle of 7-year-aged whiskey."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do coughs happen during sleep and not sneezes?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do coughs happen during sleep and not sneezes?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"You're on the right track. You sneeze when an *external* irritant enters your nose. However, the neurotransmitters that send signals to the brain in order to initiate a sneeze are shut down during REM sleep. Also, because of reduced movement, you don't encounter as many particulates in the air. You can sneeze if the irritant is significant enough, but you will wake up to do it (you can test this on your roomy with some cinnamon). On the other hand, coughing during a cold is to expel *internal* mucus from your airway, and is instigated by internal stimuli and those nerves are not suppressed the same way while sleeping."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Why does encryption require prime numbers? A why is it so hard to find massive prime numbers?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does encryption require prime numbers? A why is it so hard to find massive prime numbers?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The \"why\" is very unfriendly to ELI5. The short version is that when you limit yourself to counting in a number space between 0 and a prime number (minus 1) with a loop-around rule, a bunch of things become true that are useful for inventing encryption. Without going into too much detail, Diffie-Hellman and RSA encryption both make use of prime numbers because only those can be used to build secret keys that reliably encrypt and decrypt. As for the size, they're only hard to find when you need millions and millions of digits in length. Encryption today doesn't do that. 2048 bit encryption (which is considered the minimum norm today for RSA) only needs primes that are in the 300-600 digit long area. That only takes a few seconds. Then you keep the primes you find and use them to set up a web site for the next 1-2 years before you do it again when you need to renew the SSL certificate (because that's what you use the primes for)"} {"category":"Technology","question":"How do long term space projects (i.e. James Webb Telescope) that take decades, deal with technological advancement implementation within the time-frame of their deployment?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do long term space projects (i.e. James Webb Telescope) that take decades, deal with technological advancement implementation within the time-frame of their deployment?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A bit of both. The key component of some things, like the lenses themselves, are pretty much \"locked in\" at some point. We know we can build them today, and we know we'll find a better way to build them when we actually start manufacturing them. So, how they will actually be made is up in the air but we know the size and precision needed. The next thing is that no one wants to send the newest tech into orbit - first generation things tend to break, and so when scientists discover some lighter than air nanomaterial, it's not about to make it into a satellite a week later. But in 20 years, they've definitely improved a lot. Plans would have been generally drawn up, knowing that computers would change over time, and individual components would be tested and swapped out if they can work. Each time, someone would make sure that the weight, format, reliability, and everything else will keep working as planned."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why can't we stimulate human body part growth yet?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why can't we stimulate human body part growth yet?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The body is ridiculously complex and is programmed by DNA to grow to certain proportions before stopping. There's a name for excessive cell growth past these points: Cancer. Breast size in particular is controlled by DNA, fat levels and hormones, one we can't control, one that fluctuates constantly, and one that has nasty, unavoidable side effects if you mess with willy nilly."} {"category":"Biology","question":"If physical exercise\/working out releases endorphins, why isn\u2019t it more addicting?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If physical exercise\/working out releases endorphins, why isn\u2019t it more addicting?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"[For some people, it is]( URL_2 ). They exercise themselves sick and push their bodies beyond what it can take. They exercise when they shouldn't, and allow it to interfere with their lives. Why one person gets addicted to something and another person doesn't isn't something that can be explained here. Different people are different: genetics, life experiences, psychology, biology, class, race, etc. And there's a fine line between \"I like doing this a lot and do it a lot\" and \"I am addicted to this.\" However, there are some *very broad* factors that you can apply to this specific kind of addiction. The first thing to note is that it's probably an addiction that is under-reported. When you're addicted to, say, meth it shows. It very obviously damages your body, and there are few, if any positive effects that meth has (except for very rare cases like when methamphetamines are prescribed for ADHD). In other words, no reasonable, rational person thinks that an addiction to meth can be anything but bad, including most meth users themselves. Addiction to exercising *feels* like not a terrible thing, superficially. Exercise has a lot of benefits. In moderation, it's good for you. Even more than moderate amounts is still mostly good for you. The negative effects usually don't show up until you're much older, and they're mostly fairly benign like joint problems. Nobody can look at someone else with a straight face and say, \"It's just meth, it's good for you, why are you worried?\" But it's pretty easy to say, \"I'm exercising, it's good for you!\" And then when they die of a heart attack, you just say, well they had a weak heart! It's hard to pin the blame on over exercising. And the other problems associated with addiction, like isolation and missing work are usually blamed on something else. There are a lot of addictive behaviors like that, that seem good and so they go unreported. But that doesn't mean people are just as likely to get addicted to running as they are to heroin and just don't talk about it. Exercise does release endorphins, but it also can hurt, a lot. It's painful and uncomfortable, sometimes, and hot and sweaty. The endorphin high that you get from it has to be better than the suffering you also get. For some people, exercising is very easy, and it doesn't hurt and it's not uncomfortable; but also, the high they get isn't super awesome, either. So it's good, they do it sometimes or often, and that's enough for them. It takes the right combination of endorphin high in spite of, or even *because of* the pain of exercise to make it addicting. And some people are just genetically predisposed for reasons scientists don't fully understand to being susceptible to addiction in general - could be cocaine, could be gambling, could be cigarettes, could be running. Or they don't get addicted to anything for whatever reason. Everything and anything that feels good can be addicting: gaming, gambling, sex, masturbation, porn, food, shopping. All of those things also tend to have drawbacks that mitigate that good feeling, and different people have different levels of self-control that says, no matter how good the good, and no matter how minor the bad, I can't just do this one thing without controlling myself. Some people, for a variety of reasons, find that they can't say no anymore, and it becomes an addiction. Drugs are usually addicting because they completely bypass the obvious drawbacks and punch you so hard in the feel-good part of your brain that the negative effects are nothing in comparison to the high that you get. There's no \"work hard for this and get a reward for your effort,\" it's just straight to the reward and all the downsides usually require some long-term thinking that you're not prepared to do when you're high, or coming down off of a high. They can also be chemically addictive, meaning they alter your brain chemistry artificially in ways that your normal internal chemistry can't, or can't easily. If you're chemically addicted, it means that your brain and\/or body have adjusted so much to the presence of that chemical that, regardless of your behavior or your emotions, you are biologically no longer capable of functioning properly without it. Addictive behaviors can't do that, really. It's also important to recognize that addiction isn't just about one behavior being awesome. If you get a good endorphin high from enough other (hopefully healthy) things, you won't focus so hard on getting it from that one thing. Some people just don't make enough endorphins normally so they *have* to aggressively seek out behaviors that give them a boost, whatever that behavior is. And addiction has social factors, too. Isolation isn't just a symptom, it's a risk factor for addiction. Some people seek out behaviors because of the people around them. For instance, many people aren't addicted to exercise itself, but they are addicted to how they look, usually because of social pressure. They have [body dysmorphia]( URL_1 ) and work out obsessively to achieve the body they think is better than the one they have, even if their goals are unrealistic or downright dangerous. Bulimia and anorexia are perhaps the most well-known disorders associated with body dysmorphia, but people can obsess about gaining muscle as much as others obsess about losing fat. But again, different people are different. EDIT: Some comments seem to think I'm saying any compulsion to exercise at all makes it an addiction. That's not at all what I'm trying to say! It's an addiction when you want to stop, but don't. Not like, \"I'm really tired *right now* but I'll push through the pain to reach the end.\" Rather, when you're sitting at home thinking \"I've been to the gym for hours every day this week, I've reached my weight goal, I've achieved what I set out to do, I *need* to rest...\" and then you go exercise again anyway. It's an addiction when you start losing friends or lose your girlfriend or your family stops reaching out to you because you always blow them off to go exercise, even when you don't need to be doing it. It's an addiction when you start calling in sick from work and you're worried you'll get fired, but you still go exercise. It's an addiction when it literally does make you sick, your joints start degrading and your heart hurts and you *still* keep going to the gym or the track or getting on your bike. Just exercising a lot, even when you *probably* shouldn't isn't an addiction. EDIT: Added some stuff. **EDIT: Thank you for silver[s and gold]! However, in lieu of Reddit awards, please consider donating to a charity dedicated to helping people fighting addiction. Addiction is a health problem, not a criminal one, and those suffering from addiction need treatment, not incarceration. [This list of non-profits seems reputable if you aren't sure where to donate.]( URL_0 )**"} {"category":"Biology","question":"How did wolves become domesticated? Wolves like being dominant so how would humans go about having a \u201cpet\u201d one? And wolves are in packs, it\u2019s not like a singular wolf they train it\u2019s loads of them.","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How did wolves become domesticated? Wolves like being dominant so how would humans go about having a \u201cpet\u201d one? And wolves are in packs, it\u2019s not like a singular wolf they train it\u2019s loads of them.","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"> Wolves like being dominant I think this statement is a bit misleading. There is a certain faction of people who like to emphasize \"alpha dogs\" and stuff like that, depicting wolves and dogs as strictly hierarchical animals with a clear pecking order. But wolf behaviorists reject this. Wolves in their natural state live in small family packs of parents and offspring. Wolves have ways of settling disputes but there isn't typically a strict hierarchy beyond parents and offspring. The \"alpha\" depictions arose from watching wolves and dogs in groups that they aren't typically found in nature--like a bunch of random animals put together due to human intervention in a zoo or sanctuary or neighborhood. In such cases, sure, they compete for resources, but it's exaggerated. Animals in groups have evolved ways of resolving conflicts--it's in their genes. This means animals know when to assert themselves and when to not assert themselves and when to be submissive. So looking at them as wanting to always be dominant is only providing a fraction of the picture. Animals can and will be submissive, given the right circumstances, and that same animal will refuse to submit in other circumstances. They like being *social*, not just being dominant. They might look upon humans as part of their pack and will submit to them, and they'll like it sometimes, and other times want to be dominant. But wolves are extremely socialized and will be able to tell when dominance and when submission are called for."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"We drink filtered water from the fridge. If you leave a cup of it sitting for a few days, it starts to turn yellow. Why is this happening?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n We drink filtered water from the fridge. If you leave a cup of it sitting for a few days, it starts to turn yellow. Why is this happening?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There's a high concentration of Iron and Manganese in your water, it's harmless. What's likely happening is you have an old house and iron pipes whose coating has worn off so it's leaching into your water. If it's ONLY happening to your fridge then the good news is it's probably a pipe that's just connected to that one so if you can gain access to your pipes you can search for the one that's rusting and replace it."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why would it take 6-10 weeks to receive the first issue of a new magazine subscription?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why would it take 6-10 weeks to receive the first issue of a new magazine subscription?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"6-10 weeks has been the traditional waiting period on magazine subscriptions for as long as I can remember, and it doesn't seem to have changed. One reason is that it gives the provider an extra monthly magazine cycle to get you into the delivery schedule. Before computerized and automated delivery scheduling, this would have actually been important. Reason two is that its always nice as a business to get your customer to pay for something weeks or months before delivery."} {"category":"Technology","question":"difference between udp vs tcp ????","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n difference between udp vs tcp ????","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"TCP checks everything. It's slower, but more reliable: * A: I'm sending you a thing! * B: Acknowledged! * A: Here's the thing! * B: I got it! * A: I'm done sending things now! * B: Acknowledged! UDP checks nothing. It's faster, but less reliable: * A: Here's the thing! * (That's it) UDP is better when speed is crucial (e.g. gaming). TCP is better otherwise, whenever a slight delay doesn't matter (e.g. most anything you do online)."} {"category":"Technology","question":". How are vinyls made and how does sound project off them?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n . How are vinyls made and how does sound project off them?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Sound waves are vibrations. Those vibrations are etched into tracks in the vinyl record. Then when you put a needle into that track and spin the record, the vibrations are transferred into the needle. Just amplify that needle with even a piece of printer paper rolled into a cone and you've got sound!"} {"category":"Physics","question":"why do laser dots shimmer\/sparkle ?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why do laser dots shimmer\/sparkle ?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Lasers shine a light of parallel rays of the same frequency. Light can behave as both a particle and as a wave. When waves interact, they can cancel each other out (eg. noise cancelling headphones) or amplify them (eg. ocean waves colliding). When the laser light bounces off an object, the object's surface is not perfectly flat. As a result, the reflected light bounces back a bit randomly. As the rays of light interact, they will either start cancelling or amplifying other rays since they're all the same frequency. This interaction causes the light to change and since you have time vibrations in your hand when holding the laser like from your blood flowing, there will always be slight changes and wobbles in the light. These vibrations change the reflection of the light which causes the interactions of cancellations and amplifications to change. These changes cause the shimmering sparkles you're seeing. Another way a laser might scatter a bit is from a dirty lens on the laser itself or dust in the air which will cause the sparkles of mounted lasers."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why does ice help reduce swelling?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does ice help reduce swelling?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Yo ho ho! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5 : How and why does ice help swelling? ]( URL_1 ) ^(_11 comments_) 1. [Eli5: Why do people ice injuries to reduce swelling when swelling is your bodies natural defense against sprains and what not? ]( URL_3 ) ^(_5 comments_) 1. [ELI5:Why is icing helpful for reducing swelling & why is swelling bad for your injury? ]( URL_4 ) ^(_4 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why does ice help swelling? ]( URL_0 ) ^(_2 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why does ice reduce swelling? ]( URL_2 ) ^(_4 comments_)"} {"category":"Other","question":"why do busses not require seatbelts, but other vehicles do?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why do busses not require seatbelts, but other vehicles do?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because busses are so much larger. The reason seat belts are needed to prevent people becoming projectiles is because cars stop so much faster. But if a bus hits a car, it just flattens it. If it's hit from the side, then seatbelts actually INCREASE the risk of injury substantially. Studies have repeatedly failed to find any real benefit to adding seatbelts to larger vehicles. According to the NHSTA, in the majority of fatal accidents, seatbelts provided no benefit anyway. They're only really useful in minimizing injuries in minor accident, which aren't really a concern for busses. Any accident powerful enough to kill someone on a bus is powerful enough to overcome a piece of fabric."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How can someone physically consume 74 hot dogs and what is the \"aftermath\" like?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can someone physically consume 74 hot dogs and what is the \"aftermath\" like?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It\u2019s a process of gradually eating more and more food to help expand your stomach. Also being able to chew and break up the food is important as well. Smaller pieces of food will pack inside a stomach a lot more efficiently. Having strong monster jaws helps a lot. All competitive eaters purge after these competitions. That\u2019s the aftermath, lots of puke. Edit: most competitions don\u2019t let you puke or make you hold it in for a certain amount of time. During training they will puke a lot."} {"category":"Economics","question":"If the majority of money being moved around nowadays is digital, what keeps banks from making up massive amounts of money to give themselves?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If the majority of money being moved around nowadays is digital, what keeps banks from making up massive amounts of money to give themselves?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Everything still has to be accounted for, they can be audited by regulators and they have to file reports on how much money they have, file taxes, etc. There have actually been a couple of really high profile companies recently - Luckin Coffee and Wirecard - that got slammed really hard for trying to cook their books (in Wirecard's case they claimed to have two billion Euro that seems to never have existed - no one could track it down)."} {"category":"Economics","question":"- WeWork - How can the CEO walk away w\/ a $1.7B payout when the company has never turned a profit?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n - WeWork - How can the CEO walk away w\/ a $1.7B payout when the company has never turned a profit?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Adam Neumann isn't just the CEO of WeWork, he's also the majority owner. Or *was* the majority owner. The reason he's getting paid is because SoftBank is buying the company from him. That's what he's being paid for - his ownership in the company. His role as CEO has nothing to do with it. Think about it like this, you both drive and own your car. If you sell the car then you're no longer it's driver. But you're not being paid to stop being the car's driver, you're being paid to stop being the car's owner. It just so happens that the new owner of the car also doesn't want you driving it. Adam Neumann's situation is the same - he used to be the driver (CEO) and owner of WeWork. Now he's selling WeWork and the new owner doesn't want him to be the driver (CEO) anymore."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why does a US Dollar (for example) buy more in some places?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does a US Dollar (for example) buy more in some places?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's because the cost of labor is cheaper. This impacts the price of everything. Imagine that every job in the entire country is done for 1\/5 of the pay. You can see how this would make a hotel cheaper to build, cheaper to stock with food and drink, and cheaper to manage and run."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why is the Android\/iOS version of an app updated so much more frequently than the desktop versions?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is the Android\/iOS version of an app updated so much more frequently than the desktop versions?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Assuming you're talking about desktop programs, it's probably because it's easier to update through an app store than a standalone program. Google Chrome is an exception though, as it updates itself without any user intervention. The actual Windows OS itself does seem to update much more than Android and iOS though."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"What happens during a chemical change in matter?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What happens during a chemical change in matter?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"All matter that exists is made of atoms at a very basic level; those atoms are held together by bonds. In a chemical reaction, some of those bonds can be either broken, new bonds are formed, or both, or even just slightly altered in position of the chemical structure of the matter. How the bonds of the atoms in matter are affected in those ways is what causes chemical level changes."} {"category":"Physics","question":"When you bend something for long enough, why does it retain the shape\/bend that you created?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When you bend something for long enough, why does it retain the shape\/bend that you created?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Everything has something known as a \"degree of elasticity\" which is a measure of how much it flexes or bends. Now once that amount is surpassed it starts to permanently warp until it reaches its fracture point. Now the weird thing is that EVERYTHING will do that, the question is how much you can move it before it reaches the fracture point."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why do Lithium Ion batteries take time to charge? Why can't things like phones and other chargeable devices charge almost instantly?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do Lithium Ion batteries take time to charge? Why can't things like phones and other chargeable devices charge almost instantly?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Imagine the battery is waterfall. All of the water is at the top then it is drained to the bottom. A charger moves the water back to the top, but it takes work. So that limits how much water it can carry up each trip. It takes time to move all the water back up. Now bigger devices can have more water moved but you don\u2019t want to move too much because then it damages the actual waterfall to climb back up."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How do movies and TV shows stitch together multiple shots\/takes so seamlessly?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do movies and TV shows stitch together multiple shots\/takes so seamlessly?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It all comes down to the cuts. The cut refers to when you end one shot and start another. A well-timed and well-placed cut feels natural. In the case of Birdman, if you watch closely there are planning shots that show the same thing on screen, be it a floor or a wall or a piece of cloth. Even for a fraction of a second, and that is enough to cut one shot and start the next. If the last frame of one shot is the same as the first frame of the next shot, the whole thing flows and you don't even notice. Editing is its own artform with conventions that we as viewers have grown trained to expect, so we notice these conventions even less and just accept them as part of the experience. Edit: Shot means a sequence of film recorded in one take. You can shoot the same thing a hundred times and have a hundred shots to work with. By Panning I mean the camera is moving in one direction, and they use that as a way to manufacture the feeling that many shots are one."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why are there different versions of Windows? (ie Windows 10 Home, Pro etc)","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are there different versions of Windows? (ie Windows 10 Home, Pro etc)","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Basically Microsoft could just sell the same product to everyone, but they want to make as much money as possible. They can't ask home users to pay the same high prices as business as many wouldn't want to pay that much and they can't just lower the price for windows for everyone to the same low price that every home user can pay. In order to maximize profits they want to sell the same product at different prices to different people They want to sell it cheaply to those who wouldn't buy it if it was more expensive and they want to sell it for a higher price to those who can afford it. So far so good. But how do you do that, you can't ask all customers to tell you how much they are able to spend before you tell them the price. If you offer it cheaply everyone will buy it at the cheapest price. To make sure that the customers with money (mostly businesses) buy windows at the more expensive price they split the product up into multiple versions (called editions or **SKU**s). They took the cheapest version and removed all sorts of features that you normally wouldn't need as a home user. Normal home users don't really need to domain join feature of windows so that gets excluded from the cheapest version. It is no loss for home users but businesses who need it will need to buy the more expensive version. Other functionality that you may not see in the cheaper editions of windows are stuff like drive encryption (Bitlocker) and similar stuff that are mostly needed or wanted by businesses. They also introduced all sorts of arbitrary limits that won't matter to normal users. Windows 10 Home edition for example only allows a maximum of 128 GB of memory, which is far more than any normal user would ever need. If you want more you need a more expensive version of windows. This was actually much more noticeable with windows 7 where \"Windows 7 Starter\" only allowed 2GB of RAM, \"Windows 7 Home Basic\" 8GB, \"Windows 7 Home Premium\" 16GB and \"Windows 7 Ultimate\", \"Pro\" and \"Enterprise\" allowed 192 GB of RAM. So they removed features and included artificial limits to ensure that people spend as much as possible for them on what is actually the same product. With Windows 10 at least Microsoft has limited the number of different editions quite a bit, there used to be far more in previous versions."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why is it necessary for refs to stand in the path of a javelin throw. Can\u2019t they just stand on the sidelines and jog over after it lands?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it necessary for refs to stand in the path of a javelin throw. Can\u2019t they just stand on the sidelines and jog over after it lands?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The javelin doesn't always land point-first and stick in the ground. When it doesn't, it kind of slides along the ground, but the meet official needs to mark it where it first touched the ground. To complicate matters, if it lands flat they're supposed to measure from where the grip hits the ground. If it lands tail-first, they measure from the tail. All of that is difficult to do when you're far away. disclaimer: This hasn't always been the rule and may not be at some levels\/in some regions."} {"category":"Other","question":"How do we know this is the most peaceful time across the world? What is this claim based on (evidence of war? Genocide? Interpersonal violence?)?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do we know this is the most peaceful time across the world? What is this claim based on (evidence of war? Genocide? Interpersonal violence?)?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Thanks to the Red Cross we have reasonably good statistics on the number of people, military and civilian, who have died due to armed conflict. Those numbers have been trending down. URL_0 ...of course, overall the 20th century was bloody as fuck because of two major instances of industrial war. Some of the optimism about peacefulness comes from the formation of groups like the EU, which (maybe! possibly! we hope!) make it less likely for historical conflicts to flare up again."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How can two ISPs in the same city start with the same prefix?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can two ISPs in the same city start with the same prefix?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's not really correct to think of the 174.x.x.x as a prefix - it just happens to be the first part of the number, but doesn't really mean anything. An IP address is a 32 digit binary number, but for the sake of making it a bit more human friendly we chunk it up in four three digit numbers separated by dots. The range you've mentioned, in binary, looks like 10101110000000000000000000000000 through 10101110111111111111111111111111 - you can have any combination between those two. How many combinations is that? 16,777,216 that's how many. (OK, there's actually a few in there that we can't use for technical reasons, but it's still quite a big number) If you were to allocate a single block to a single ISP, then you'd be giving them nearly 17 million IP addresses, all to themselves. Once you've allocated that block, it makes it unavailable for everyone else. Instead, we chunk the block up a bit more finely. Even if we give you ISP 174.1.x.x then that's 65,536 IPs. Maybe they'd start with that one block when they were a young fledgling ISP with not many subscribers, but as they expanded they'd request some other blocks and end up with something completely different - they might get give the 214.6.x.x block instead - it would make things marginally trickier from their side, but by no means impossible. In terms of the internet as a whole though, it's far better to only give people the IP addresses they actually need instead of doling out massive ranges that most ISPs could never fill."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why does sugar make things sticky?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does sugar make things sticky?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"So, firstly, Sugar alone doesn't make things sticky. If it did we couldn't have powdered or granulated sugars, they would all stick together in a solid block as soon as you put them in a bag. What makes things sticky is a mixture of sugar and water. The water is the key part and i'll try and explain why that is by working through a few steps. 1. Water interacts with sugar through hydrogen bonding(more below) and by absorbing hydrogens from the hydroxyl groups that are part of sugar molecules. Hydroxyl groups are a hydrogen and an oxygen, attached to carbon atoms in sugar. Getting them wet can actually create more of those hydroxyl groups. 2. Both of the above interactions serve to modify the [nuclear charge]( URL_0 ) of the sugar molecules. It makes it more negatively charged than it was before. Nuclear charges and dipoles are VERY complicated, but it essentially allows for something called [hydrogen bonding]( URL_1 ) to occur more easily. Don't let the name fool you, it isn't strictly related to hydrogen all the time, it just refers to attraction caused by nuclear charges attracting their opposite charge. Dw too much about it, but also it holds your body together and is involved in every type of chemistry that allows life to exist. 3. We feel that hydrogen bonding as stickiness because it literally is sticky. Those nuclear attractive\/hydrogen bonding forces are sticky on a molecular level. edit: sorry it's not more ELI5, i just wanted to make sure people could go read up more if they wanted to."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why should I care that Google and other tech giants have my data?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why should I care that Google and other tech giants have my data?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because you have almost no say in what Google does with it. Sure, it might might OK if they sell it to a company who uses it to show you ads for things you actually like or want. But what if Google were to sell your website browsing info to your health insurance company? Say you were looking up a place to go skydiving, and your insurance company saw that and decided you were a high-risk individual to justify raising your premiums? Or what if your mortgage company obtained data that showed you were looking for a new job, and similarly decided you were a risk and raised your rates? The controversy about data harvesting is that we *don't know* what's being done with our sensitive personal data- the process is immensely opaque- and the potential harm from having your personal data out there for the highest bidder can't really be estimated yet."} {"category":"Other","question":"What's the difference between minority and majority government?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What's the difference between minority and majority government?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The Canadian House of Parliament has 338 seats. If a party claims 170 or more seats, they control more than half the seats in the House. This is Majority government: they control the majority of the seats in the House. This means that on any given vote, even if all the other members vote against something the majority party puts forward they can't outvote them. The Liberals have had a Majority government for the last four years. If a party claims less than 170 seats, but they get more seats than any other party, they control a plurality of the seats. This is Minority government. It means that if enough members band together, they can defeat a motion put forth by the minority government. If the party currently forming government is defeated in a vote, this is known as a \"no confidence\" vote and it automatically triggers an election. The Liberals are predicted to form a minority government after tonight's election."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"What is the significance of classifying numbers as even, odd, prime, non-prime etc.?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is the significance of classifying numbers as even, odd, prime, non-prime etc.?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"These numbers have certain properties which force them into these categories. Even numbers can be divided in half to get another whole number; odd numbers cannot. Primes are divisible only by themselves and one; non-primes are divisible by further numbers. The categorisation of these numbers is shorthand for stating these properties."} {"category":"Physics","question":". When laser pointers are pointed onto a far away building, why does the diameter of the light grow?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n . When laser pointers are pointed onto a far away building, why does the diameter of the light grow?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Laser pointers are not perfect lasers, an excellent laser is beyond the budget you have for a cat toy. The laser diode is very small, and some photons that leak out are slightly off axis. By the time you get far away, these tiny angular errors have accumulated into something visible."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why do things behind a bright light appear dark?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do things behind a bright light appear dark?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Your eyes make adjustments based on the amount of light present. Have you ever noticed that when you first walk into a dark room you can't see anything, but after a little while you begin to see better? Your eyes were adjusted to a lot of light before walking into the room and then slowly adjusted to very little light. Your eyes can't adjust to both a lot of light and very little light at the same time, so it adjusts to the intense light. The objects that are dark will not be very visible, just like when you walk into a dark room."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why do microwaves make my fish sticks mushy?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do microwaves make my fish sticks mushy?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Microwaves heat food mostly by exciting the water molecules in it. Water can only be heated to 100C before it becomes water vapor. So, microwaves generally don't heat your food beyond that temperature. But, ovens get much hotter and so can really create a crisp texture by evaporating the water out of the food."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How do game \/ software developers decide what to call each version update? e.x. v1.1 vs v1.01","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do game \/ software developers decide what to call each version update? e.x. v1.1 vs v1.01","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Often (but not always) the versions are numbered by the [MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH scheme]( URL_0 ), which is widely used. MAJOR means some significant changes in the software, like architecture or development approach changes, often making it incompatible with the previous versions. MINOR mostly adds some features, but without any drastic overhaul. PATCH usually marks bug fixes or any minor corrections, without any changes to functionality."} {"category":"Economics","question":"If the petroleum industry receives over $4 billion in annual government subsidies (on average), why is there a tax on fossil fuels? Wouldn't these cash flows 'cancel out?'","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If the petroleum industry receives over $4 billion in annual government subsidies (on average), why is there a tax on fossil fuels? Wouldn't these cash flows 'cancel out?'","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Most of the subsidies for the fossil fuels industry in the US comes in the form of tax breaks. Some economists would be upset at using the term subsidy to mean tax break, but common usage of the word includes them. Petroleum companies get tax breaks for doing specific things that the government wants to incentivize (or avoid punishing). For example, they get a foreign tax credit which allows them to deduct taxes paid in foreign countries from their profits that are returned to the US. The government allows that because it wants US companies to do business abroad while bringing money back into the US. Companies either wouldn't do business abroad or would keep their earnings outside of the US if they got double taxed on them. It's also worth noting that this tax break is available to pretty much all US businesses, not just the petroleum industry. There are also subsidies promoting domestic manufacturing, exploration for new wells, etc. There are a couple reasons you can't just trade these out for a tax on petroluem. First, the tax on gasoline is collected by both the stats and the federal government, which means the states also rely on the tax for money. However, the federal government is the one who gives the subsidies. So the people doing the taxing aren't always the same ones providing the subsidies. Additionally, people are the ones paying the tax and it's on gasoline. Petroleum companies are the ones getting the subsidies and it's on their businesses in general and drilling for oil; not just gasoline. Second, if you remove the subsidies you lose your ability to influence the behavior of the subsidized industries. Without the subsidies companies could get the same savings without having to undertake specific tasks to claim the subsidy."} {"category":"Economics","question":"why do the prices of some products on Amazon change frequently, sometimes even a few cents more or less?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why do the prices of some products on Amazon change frequently, sometimes even a few cents more or less?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Conventional stores have relatively static prices simply because of the amount of work to update the price on something. You have to update the price on the shelf, possibly re-sticker the items, and update the cash register database. You would also have to worry about the people who have an item in their cart still walking around the store. These aren't really concerns for a digital platform. As for why you update prices, it basically comes down to algorithms to maximize profit over time. It's about balancing the amount of profit per item with the expected rate of sale at that price point. Why is your shampoo $3 a bottle? At that price, over a given period of time, it will maximize profit (Let's say 1 million units at $1 per unit). If you decrease the price by a small amount, you will make less profit per item, but theoretically sell more. Do you sell enough to make up the difference? If you make $0.95 per unit, you would need to sell an extra 52,632 thanks to the price change to make more money. You can also turn that the other way around, and at $1.05 per unit profit, you will make the same total profit given 47,619 less sales, but if it drops by more than that, you have lost profit. So Amazon is basically constantly running these numbers of small adjustments and rate of sales for these things. Also keep in mind that the suppliers may be adjusting their price too, so Amazon's profit per unit changes depending on where they are in the stock level (they may have 100 pallets of a product that came in at 5 different price points, meaning the profit per unit is changing as they sell it)."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What is happening in a child\u2019s brain when they are in the phase of \u201csounding out\u201d words, but there is a disconnect between the the sounding out and the final word? They\u2019ll sound the word out correctly, yet they will spew a seemingly random word when told to say the whole word.","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is happening in a child\u2019s brain when they are in the phase of \u201csounding out\u201d words, but there is a disconnect between the the sounding out and the final word? They\u2019ll sound the word out correctly, yet they will spew a seemingly random word when told to say the whole word.","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There is a disconnect between the forming of muscle structures and the understanding of a word. I see the opposite a lot when teaching someone a new accent. They can picture the word clearly in their mind but can't make the shape with their mouths until I spell the word to the phonetic of the accent."} {"category":"Physics","question":"the implications of successfully mastering cold fusion. What could we do with it and are we close?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n the implications of successfully mastering cold fusion. What could we do with it and are we close?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Successfully mastering nuclear fusion- of any sort- has immense consequences. Mainly it allows us to produce immense amounts of energy from abundant resources, with basically no environmental consequence. But it also puts incredible destructive power in our hands. As of 2018, most of the world's power generation comes from coal, then natural gas, hydroelectric power (dams), nuclear, then wind, oil, and then other renewables. URL_0 All of these have their own consequences. Fossil fuels cause air pollution and global warming. Nuclear fission leads to concerns with nuclear waste, disaster management (natural and man-made- see Fukushima and Chernobyl), and weapons proliferation. Dams cause environmental destruction, and even wind turbines will kill birds. Renewables are also generally more expensive than other sources of electricity. Here's where fusion energy comes in. Unlike the other sources, nuclear fusion produces energy by bringing two atoms together, usually atoms with small nuclei like hydrogen or lithium (and isotopes thereof). The great thing about hydrogen fusion is that we can get hydrogen extremely easily- by electrolyzing water. The amount of energy needed to split water into hydrogen and oxygen is much less than what we get from nuclear fusion, so as long as we have water, we will have an immense amount of power. So let's talk about **hot** fusion. The first thing to note is that we've achieved hot fusion. First in the centers of thermonuclear bombs, in 1952, and in the laboratory... since 1958. The crucial problem is that nuclear fusion is a tricky thing to get going. Atoms do *not* want to get too close to each other, let alone close enough to start a fusion reaction. So an incredible amount of energy has to be put into the reactor to get a fusion reaction going, and so far the biggest challenge has been to design a reactor that produces more energy than it uses. Even if we make one, it may have to be so large, and produce such a small surplus of power, that it would hardly be worth building for power generation. URL_1 And finally we can come to **cold** fusion. Imagine all the above- without the need to spend all that energy to start the fusion reaction. Suddenly we have a cheap, plentiful source of clean power. Pretty much the entire modern world runs on electricity; achieving cold fusion would open the door to massive upheavals in society as electricity becomes even more cheap and plentiful than it already is. But there's a dark side to this. That same titanic release of energy can be used as a weapon, and in fact the first large-scale nuclear fusion was carried out in a thermonuclear bomb test. If cold fusion were easy at all to achieve, it would open the door to weapons of incredible power in the hands of basically any nation with the infrastructure to produce them. That would be an interesting future for humanity."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why mist can contain salt (salt mist) but water vapor does not (desalination via distillation)?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why mist can contain salt (salt mist) but water vapor does not (desalination via distillation)?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Salt mist as in sea mist is literally tiny drops of sea water splashing into the air, so it contains everything from the sea, including the salts. Water vapour is evaporated, the water boils into a gas and then condenses onto a cooler surface or in the cooler air, so it is chemically pure h2o."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How does a SAM distinguish different targets?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does a SAM distinguish different targets?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"As others have mentioned IFF exists to identify aircraft. But it's also worth pointing out the launcher isnt operating alone, it's linked to a detector, usually radar. This is the eyes, it has a computer brain and the iff coming off the contact is part of the information set that makes decisions. Some missiles then themselves have smaller detector\/decision setups and can change their minds after launch All these things together make them pick legitimate threats out and stop them whacking flocks of birds etc etc"} {"category":"Technology","question":"how are VFX added to movies shot on film?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how are VFX added to movies shot on film?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"You scan the film, so that you have an image of each frame. Then you compute your VFX to line up with the pixels in the frames. Then you print your VFX onto film. Then you can use multi-frame printing to get film for the scene. Or you do the composition digitally and print new frames."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How do different video formats change the size of a video, even at the same resolution and frame rate? Isn\u2019t it the same video you\u2019re watching?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do different video formats change the size of a video, even at the same resolution and frame rate? Isn\u2019t it the same video you\u2019re watching?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are two things that you can tweak. The first is the compression algorithm. This will be things like MPEG versus h.264 or h.265 algorithms. They describe how to strip down the video file to as few elements as possible to reproduce it later. Essentially, you trade storage time for CPU time to compress\/decompress it. The second is the lossy factor. Most video compression formats do not attempt to serve back the exact same set of pixels. Instead, you get something that is good enough to be recognizable on the other end. Of course, the amount of detail you want to keep is an adjustable factor in the compression algorithm. You can take the same source video and throw it into the same algorithm with two different settings and get different quality video out the other end."} {"category":"Economics","question":"When a bank is robbed, do the people\/companies get reimbursed by an insurance company or the bank for all of their money that has been lost?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When a bank is robbed, do the people\/companies get reimbursed by an insurance company or the bank for all of their money that has been lost?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's not their money in the bank. When you give your money to the bank, it's just that: you're giving it to them. What the bank does in return is give you a slip of paper otherwise known as a \"balance\" of how much money you have with them, that they need to be able to pay you should you request it back. As an added bonus: think about how a bank makes money, and incentivizes you, the customer to have them hold your money instead of another rival bank. The interest rate the bank advertises is the major selling point that most people would care about. How can they provide interest if your money just sits there? It certainly doesn't multiply on its own, otherwise under the mattress would be the ideal place to store it. Where the real money comes in is from loans. The bank uses all the money that people have given it, and attempt to make good investments on people applying for loans and earn additional income through interest they charge on top of those loans. A sound loan applicant with a well thought out business stratagem will most likely generate a return on the initial investment that the bank gave out, thus turning a profit and having more money than it had with everyone's deposits. A lot of these happen every day and it's why bankers look at \"risk\" which is between 'none' (a sound investment with no chance of losing money like an arbitrage) and 'high' (an unwise investment unlikely to get any money back from, such as fedoras for dolphins) The bank gives out this Return On Investment in very small amounts as a reward for using them across all the customers. And because you don't own the money you gave them, just a balance that's good for that much money from them they give you a little extra to incentivize your continued patronage."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"It is stated that the moon's near side features were created by lava flows and the far side features are craters made by impacts, but how did lava flow in the extremely cold environment of space?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n It is stated that the moon's near side features were created by lava flows and the far side features are craters made by impacts, but how did lava flow in the extremely cold environment of space?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are a few things 1. The moon isnt generally that cold.+100\u00b0 during day, down to -130\u00b0 at night. 2. How quick something cools, depends on how much hotter it is than its surrroundings. Rocks melt at different temps, but its usually somewhere > 600\u00b0. Even at night, 600\u00b0 lava will cool only a little bit faster in -100\u00b0 rock than on 0\u00b0 rock. The difference is 600\u00b0 vs 700\u00b0, or just below 15% - meaning it would cool down less than 15% faster. 3. Rock is not a good heat conductor - on earth lava looses most of its heat to the air (which isnt a good conductor either, but it carries heat away by blowing wind). Wont happen on the moon, since there is practically no air. 4. The events that caused the formation of lava tubes - mostly impacts and tectonic events according to a quick google search - dont only heat the portion of rock that ends up melting. They also heat up its surroundings. So, at that place and time, the moon is actually a pretty hot place (even at night)."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"What is Euler's Number supposed to mean\/represent in math?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is Euler's Number supposed to mean\/represent in math?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Imagine you go to a bank that has 100% interest on your savings account. They double your money deposited every year. That's great! You start with $1, and at the end of the year have $2. But then another bank has a better deal. They give you the same 100% interest, but they give it to you in two chunks. So at the 6 month mark, they give you 50% interest ($1.50 total), and then at the one year mark, they give you 50% interest on your new total, so you end up with $2.25. Not to be outdone, the first bank now divides their interest monthly. Each month you get (100\/12)% interest. At the end of the year, you end up with $2.61. Now another bank comes back and offers interest daily. Each day you get 1\/365th of your interest, so you end the year with $2.71. Now let's take it to the extreme and compound it every minute. 525,600 minutes in a year (Thanks Rent). We find that at the end of the year this way, we end up with... $2.71. There's some changes in the decimal value after the fact, but we've pretty much reached our peak. The equation we would use for calculating our interest was (1 + 1\/N)^(N), where N is the compounding period. As we make N bigger, the exponential value gets larger, but the fraction gets smaller. If we make N infinite, that's when we get Euler's Number (e) out of this equation."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do certain store-bought, counter-ripened fruits (peaches, pears, nectarines, etc.) often acquire that gross, mealy texture without ever becoming properly ripe?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do certain store-bought, counter-ripened fruits (peaches, pears, nectarines, etc.) often acquire that gross, mealy texture without ever becoming properly ripe?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Some (scammy) sellers will freeze them for storage, then thaw them before they go on the shelves. Freezing destroys the texture of the fruit due to ice expanding and bursting the cells, and makes them tasteless, but they look the same on the outside. This results in tasteless, mushy textured fruit that leaks juice."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do the bubbles in fizzy drinks seem to come from specific points at the bottom of the glass?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do the bubbles in fizzy drinks seem to come from specific points at the bottom of the glass?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The dissolved gases need the right conditions in order to coalesce. Usually this means they need a micro cavitation to begin forming bubbles. At a microscopic level, the bottom of a glass has enough little pits to begin forming bubbles. The dissolved gases want to get free of the drink, but usually can't due to the pressure of the liquid keeping it dissolved. Once it finds an outlet to create bubbles, it tends to keep forming in that same location."} {"category":"Economics","question":"What exactly is a non-profit and why are they viewed more favorably by society?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What exactly is a non-profit and why are they viewed more favorably by society?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Profit has a very specific meaning. It's not just \"money a company makes\" it's money a company makes that is *then* paid out to its owners *after* covering costs. And one of two things happens: A) owners pocket the money B) owners reinvest that money into the company. The biggest difference between a for-profit and non-profit company is that option A is *not allowed* with a non-profit company. There's a lot of other legal crap going on. But that's the big difference."} {"category":"Biology","question":"what happens to the body of a person who chooses to donate their body to science?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what happens to the body of a person who chooses to donate their body to science?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It actually all depends on you. There are so many different programs that you can choose from, and with many you can stipulate what can and can't happen to your body (obviously the place can refuse to accept if you have too many, or too demanding of stipulations). Now, there are many different uses for cadavers. Medical students use them to practice, and that includes plastic surgery. The weird part there is they just get the piece that matters, as cadavers are a limited resource. Take for instance, when a school or medical establishment holds a plastic surgery seminar for doctors to practice on say a face lift, well, they don't need the rest of the body. So, it's just a room full of heads sliced off at the base of the skull, not even the neck, just along the jaw and skull. The rest of the cadaver can be utilized, so just the piece that is needed for that training is removed and used. Now there are places that are light heartily referred to as body farms. They are very important to forensics and helping solve crimes. They put the cadavers in many different situations and let them decompose. As in, put them in a car and let them decompose while in the driver's seat or trunk. Dig a shallow grave, leave them just open on top of the ground, submerge them in a pond, anything you can think of really. Then they study decomposition and the timing of it, so that detectives and doctors have solid information to see if the body was moved, how long since death, how long it's been there, etc. You can help solve crimes! There are even uses for cadavers in crash testing, designing boots to help mitigate land mines, and much more. If you are interested in this, I would highly recommend 'Stiff: The Curious Lives Of Human Cadavers' by Mary Roach. It details many uses, and in much more detail, of bodies donated to science. Also, she covers beating heart cadavers used for organ donation, and the many ways to take care of your body after death (burial, cremate, etc.) Very engaging author, and great conversational tone that makes the book a fun read, even though it is quite gruesome."} {"category":"Biology","question":"what is that sensation you feel when you watch someone fall and you feel it in the area that it happens to them?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what is that sensation you feel when you watch someone fall and you feel it in the area that it happens to them?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"You get input from something called [\"mirror neurons\"]( URL_0 ). To quote the link i sent you: \"A **mirror neuron** is a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another. Thus, the neuron \"mirrors\" the behavior of the other, as though the observer were itself acting. Such neurons have been directly observed in primate species. Birds have been shown to have imitative resonance behaviors and neurological evidence suggests the presence of some form of mirroring system. In humans, brain activity consistent with that of mirror neurons has been found in the premotor cortex, the supplementary motor area, the primary somatosensory cortex and the inferior parietal cortex.\" So, in a way, it is a chemical release of neuroreceptors in the brain."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How is video manipulation done?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How is video manipulation done?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"One way is to track motion in the video and add the effect\/object to that \"stationary\" (relative to the in-footage object) point. We did a post effects project in my uni where we replaced a wound on the actor with a 3D model because the makeup wasn't deemed good enough. We had to track the camera movement and rotation (semi-automatic), replicate the skin stretching as the actor moved (semi-automatic), and manually mask out the original wound for each frame (half our team did this for two weeks). There was also the sculpting, texturing and lighting the replacement wound and matching the colour grading and film grain\/noise to that of the original footage. In the end I couldn't tell the charred flesh and jacket wasn't real."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why do gas prices fluctuate so much depending on what region of the United States you\u2019re in?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do gas prices fluctuate so much depending on what region of the United States you\u2019re in?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Gas is expensive to transport and needs to be transported in large volume relative to other potentially dangerous chemicals. You need lots of people with lots of relatively uncommon and valuable certifications to facilitate the transport. Some places are close to refineries, some aren't. Some places have lots of people certified to transport gas around, some don't."} {"category":"Economics","question":"What happens to a country if they go bankrupt \/ default on their debt?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What happens to a country if they go bankrupt \/ default on their debt?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It rarely actually happens, because most of the times the richer countries of the world will step in and help out. The US has helped out many countries about to default on debt. However, Greece experienced this situation before being bailed out a few years ago, and essentially here is what happened. \\- All their banks closed. No cash was available. Nobody could access their money. Nobody could buy food, gas, etc. \\- No more imports. So food, gas, whatever that was suppose to come into the country to keep things going, stopped. \\- Work stoppages - if companies can't access their money, they can't pay employees \\- Tourism almost stops, because most people pay with credit cards, and they can't process those cards any more. Had a friend who was actually on his honeymoon in Greece when this happened. They had to rent a car (luckily he had some cash) and drive over the border into another country that had Euros to get a stack of cash, then drive back to Greece to finish their honeymoon. Because cash was still accepted, but you couldn't get it in Greece. Luckily the crisis only lasted a short time. The EU stepped in and bailed them out. If it didn't happen, Greece would have had serious serious issues."} {"category":"Economics","question":"What does a good economy mean for an average person?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What does a good economy mean for an average person?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Good economy means more tax income, more tax income means better infrastructure, better government services like education, healthcare or welfare programs. Better infrastrucutre and services leads in turn to even better economy. More taxes also means than tax rate can be lowered without hurting infrastructure and services. Good economy means less poverty, less poverty means less diseases, less crime. Vast majority of crime is committed for economic reasons. Less diseases and crime in turn leads to even better economy. Good economy means more jobs. More jobs means that your value is now higher since there are more job opening and less candidates for those jobs. Good economy means that your property is valued more, since there are more people who can afford property. It's quite mind boggling to me that average adult middle class American cannot understand such basic concepts and says that he hasn't noticed any differences."} {"category":"Psychology","question":"- Why do we use \"baby talk\" when we speak to animals and other things that we perceive as \"cute\"?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n - Why do we use \"baby talk\" when we speak to animals and other things that we perceive as \"cute\"?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Some researchers believe that \u201cbaby talk\u201d actually is good way to talk to real babies - the higher pitch, simplified language, and exaggerated tones and facial expressions make it easier for them to pay attention and learn. As far as why we also use this when talking to animals, it\u2019s probably because cute animals remind us of babies (due to things like comparatively large head for body size, large eyes for head size, etc.), so we unconsciously revert to baby talk when talking to them. P.S. I don\u2019t know about everyone, but with my cats I only use baby talk sometimes. Most of the time I just speak to them normally. They ignore me either way."} {"category":"Biology","question":"When a person has scoliosis why is it so risky to re-arange each bone to it's proper direction via surgery?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When a person has scoliosis why is it so risky to re-arange each bone to it's proper direction via surgery?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The bones are not made of dough, you can't just bend them all back into shape. You can't take apart the spine and put it back together because the spinal cord runs down the middle, not to mention all of the muscles and ligaments that hold your back together so you can stand and bend and move and breath. If you push them into a normal position, now there's nothing holding them there because all of the attached structures are also bent out of shape, so you need things like screws and rods and other mechanical fixtures."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do most foods taste terrible while going through chemo, but others have no change at all?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do most foods taste terrible while going through chemo, but others have no change at all?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"\"Everything changed for me\" \"I'll never forget the day that everything tadted like tofu. Everything tasted like nothing.\" Source, wife who went through chemo last year. Tastebuds are fast turnover cells that regenerate and die quickly. Chemo kills the tastebuds before they can develop and mature. What taste you lose is specific to you individually. Source, same wife who is also a doctor."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How did house zoning laws allow \"legal discrimination?\"","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How did house zoning laws allow \"legal discrimination?\"","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They have [14 goals]( URL_0 ) pretty clearly laid out on their website. They want to achieve things like reduced racial economic disparities, improved access to affordable housing, and reduced risk from climate change while preserving historic heritage and culture. Their approach is to examine past zoning decisions to see if they should be revised to advance these goals."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How does eating well actually burns fat?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does eating well actually burns fat?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Fat is simply stored energy that you ate in excess of what you actually used. Eating well means that you balance your intake with your output, and if you eat less than you expend, your body will make up for the deficit by burning your fat. If you only eat 90% of what you need, that last 10% has to come from *somewhere,* or else you're going to die, and fat is where your body draws from when needed."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How money is stored by banks and brokers?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How money is stored by banks and brokers?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Lloyd's of London broker here. Brokers don't really do anything. We come up with a product, like an insurance for cat paw injury. We then convince an \"underwriter\" who works for some variety of bank that there is a market for them, and then if they agree then they \"underwrite the risk\" which means they will reserve an amount of money to be used for claims. Then we, the broker, sell the products to consumers like show cat owners in this case. We manage the claims, payments and so forth but we don't keep the money. We make our money from the bank, who give us a percentage. So basically us brokers don't store our own money."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How many planes, vertices, edges and faces does a sphere have?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How many planes, vertices, edges and faces does a sphere have?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A perfect sphere? Infinite. Every point on its surface is all of those things. 1 dimensional points have no area, so it has infinite of each on a perfect mathematical sphere. Imperfect (i.e. Real) spheres have about as many as they do imperfections. A cube is a really really imperfect sphere and it has 6, 8, and 12."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why\/how does 5G offer much lower latency than 4G?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why\/how does 5G offer much lower latency than 4G?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"the latency reduction is mainly from advances in mobile technology, ie the radio towers that transmit\/receive the data as well as the SOC's on the phones. 5G uses much higher frequency (and requires more power) compared to 4G which allows a \"tighter beam\" that directs the data better and is less susceptible to noise\/interference. as with most things in technology. we probably could have implemented a global 5G network 10-20 years ago, as the baseline technology is really nothing new. but it wouldn't have been cost effective. frankly speaking a lot of current technology isn't \"groundbreaking\" they are just iterative processes that was possible many years ago, but it wouldn't make sense financially until other supporting technologies caught up to make it cheaper. so to answer your specific question. if we implemented the 5G network 10-20 years ago instead of now. here's what it might look like. from the radio tower side, we would need a much more massive radio transmitter\/receiver and might look something like [this]( URL_1 ) and from the phone side, we would need a more powerful SOC and radio antenna inside the phone as well as a much larger battery. so it might look something like [this]( URL_0 )."} {"category":"Physics","question":"If atoms are mostly empty space, how can things be solid?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If atoms are mostly empty space, how can things be solid?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Think of a propellers blades spinning around but only way way way way way way way faster, a fan spinning looks like a solid and kind of acts like barrier nothing can pass though, small enough, tight enough together, enough of them, spinning fast enough, and in all directions, solid surface."} {"category":"Biology","question":"I watch things move all day, why is it bad for my eyes when it happens on a screen?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n I watch things move all day, why is it bad for my eyes when it happens on a screen?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The movie doesn\u2019t happen on the screen, it happens in your eyes and brain. You are forcing your visual apparatus to stay focused on the same point more or less, which is not what it was meant to do - humans have flexible eyes that can focus both near and far, and the muscles inside the eye are developed to do that, not stay constricted in one position. So they get tired."} {"category":"Physics","question":"how does adding a third polarizing filter allow more light to pass through, not less?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how does adding a third polarizing filter allow more light to pass through, not less?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The polarizing filter doesn't only block the wrong-polarized light, but it also forces all the light that passes through it to now be polarized in the direction of the filter. Also as you've noticed, polarizing filters will let through some differently-polarized light depending on *how* different the polarization is. 0 degree light will partially get through a 45 degree filter, but not at all through a 90 degree filter. So when you have two filters at right angles (90 degrees) no light gets through because after the first filter, the polarization is totally wrong for the second filter. When you have three filters at 45 degree angles, all of the light after the first filter is polarized at 0 degrees. Then some of the 0 degree light gets through the 45 degree filter, which resets it to 45 degrees, then some of the 45 degree light gets through the 90 degree filter (which also resets it to 90 degrees)."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do parents need to force their children to eat?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do parents need to force their children to eat?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's not about forcing them to eat. It about forcing them to ready right. Left up to children they will eat only candy and snacks. That's why parents want their kids to eat all their actual food on their plate (veggies and grains) before letting them go and eating dessert. The fact that some parents over proportion is unrelated."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How do printers work? How do they know how to print different fonts, pictures etc.","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do printers work? How do they know how to print different fonts, pictures etc.","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The printer prints a grid of very small dots, perhaps of 4 colors if it's a color printer. Software inside the printer, including mathematical formulas that describe the shape of every letter in every font, converts information from your computer into the right pattern of dots. Then the dots are printed on a sheet of paper. That's what causes the pause between pages, the printer is \"thinking\" to calculate the dot pattern for the next page."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why do food manufactures use cylindrical cans so often?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do food manufactures use cylindrical cans so often?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Packaging stuff adds cost. The material costs something, and it's added weight that makes shipping more expensive. It may not be much per can, but for millions of cans it adds up. So, you want to minimize the amount of material needed for packaging. A sphere is the shape with the least surface area per volume. It's also the strongest, since any stresses are evenly distributed across the entire surface. A sphere takes the least amount of material. However, spheres are bad for packing and stacking. Whenever you stack spheres there's a lot of space between them. That's bad for shipping, obviously. You want to maximize the packing space so you can fit the most units per shipping container. A cube (or cuboid) maximizes the packing because there is no space at all between them. But cubes take a lot of material. Those corners become points where stress gathers, which means you need even more extra material to keep them strong. So, you need a compromise. A shape that's almost as strong as a sphere and uses as little material as possible, but also packs and stacks almost as well as cubes. It also needs to be easy to make. Which shape is both sort of round and sort of square? Cylinders. Edit: [Engineer Guy]( URL_0 ) for an explanation from a real engineer, and also additional information about how cans are designed."} {"category":"Technology","question":"how does hydroponics work if overwatering plants kills them?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how does hydroponics work if overwatering plants kills them?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's all about the oxygen. In wet soil, the roots become oxygen starved and rotten. Same thing happens in stagnant water. Hydroponic systems use air blowers to fill the intake water with bubbles and oxygenate it. If you stop the blowers, then the root zone gets stagnant and rotten just like in over watered soil."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why are there so many prescription drug ads on TV? Doesn't the doctor usually prescribe what they believe will work best? (American)","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are there so many prescription drug ads on TV? Doesn't the doctor usually prescribe what they believe will work best? (American)","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Yep! Which is why in most other places (I think Australia is the exception), this type of advertising is illegal. Unfortunately, people see these ads on TV and are convinced it's what they need, sometimes without even knowing what the medication is actually for. Sometimes they will even fib on symptoms and try to persuade their doctor to prescribe them the incorrect medicine. Some doctors are dumb, and give in, which means the people with the ads make more money. It's pretty messed up. My dad's an eye doctor, and he complains about it all the time. For him, it's usually less severe because he's not dealing with antidepressants, diabetic medicine, or other really serious stuff."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why is glass transparent \/ clear?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is glass transparent \/ clear?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"If you took a pane of glass and tried looking through the end of it to the other end, you'll likely see a lot of green or some other color. It isn't *perfectly* transparent, it just happens to have *really low* opacity until you get to an appreciable thickness. As for *why* it is very transparent, there's just not a lot in the glass that absorbs photons in the visible frequencies, which makes it handy for use as a window. Meanwhile, infrared and some ultraviolet *can* be blocked by glass. A similar idea is an experiment with a glass of water. The water is transparent (unless we're talking dirty water or deep as a pond or something), right? It doesn't absorb those photons in the visible EM spectrum. But if you put some red food coloring in there, the food coloring *does* reflect the photons in the red range, making it look red."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"how are we certain about the age of planet Earth?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how are we certain about the age of planet Earth?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Not going to try and fully answer this, but let\u2019s for a moment pretend that all the lead on Earth came from outer space and the Earth is 4,000 years old. 1) all the issues discussed in the other post about the age of the lead still apply. The lead is way older than the Earth. Apparently the rest of the universe is significantly older than 4000 years. 2) all this lead has been dropped on the Earth in the last 4000 years. If we accept that we are removing around 10 million metric tonnes from the Earth every year (source: URL_1 ) from the Earth then is the last ten years, we\u2019ve removed around 100 billion kg of lead from Earth. 3) if we accept this value as an absolute minimum for mass of lead on Earth and divide it by the number of years we are pretending Earth has existed for, we find that an average of 2,500,000 kg of lead has fallen on Earth every year since it was created. If it has not fallen as pure lead metal then obviously the mass of lead with other elements falling to Earth must be bigger than 2,500,000 kg. 4) currently we think less than 10,000 kg of rock from outer space hit the Earth annually. (Source which I haven\u2019t dug further into: URL_0 ). If this is true and it is also true that the Earth is 4000 years old then there must have been a huge amount of extra rock falling on Earth from space in the past. 5) there is no record of this having happened in the last 4000 years. You\u2019d expect catastrophic change to life on Earth if that much rock hit it in a short time. The sort of changes that would have killed the dinosaurs if they really existed, but we have chosen to believe they didn\u2019t as the Earth is only 4000 years old. So we either have to make up more stuff to make the argument that the Earth is that old somehow continue, or we must reject at least one of our assumptions....."} {"category":"Other","question":"Ignoring the difficulties of getting it up there, would launching a rocket from the top of a mountain really save that much fuel and delta V overall?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Ignoring the difficulties of getting it up there, would launching a rocket from the top of a mountain really save that much fuel and delta V overall?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"No, most of the energy in a rocket is getting it moving *sideways* very fast, not getting it further up. That's why space programs always launch as close to the equator as is practical (the earth orbits at a constant angular velocity so the widest part of the earth is moving the fastest)."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"When people \"smoke\" alcohol, what actually happens with the booze? Does the smoke from the alcohol contain only alcohol and make the liquid acohol free?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When people \"smoke\" alcohol, what actually happens with the booze? Does the smoke from the alcohol contain only alcohol and make the liquid acohol free?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's actually very dangerous and I would NOT recommend this at all. By vaporizing and inhaling alcohol, you are bypassing the liver, which its primary job in this case is to filter a majority of the alcohol you consume before it gets to your blood stream. The vapor itself will not only be a more purified form of the alcohol (you'll mainly have ethanol and water vapors, maybe some random stuff that was in the coloring or flavoring), so not only is it more pure, but you're taking the filtration part out of the equation. & #x200B; Sorry for the mini rant, just seen people die on this shit, but to answer your question, mainly it's going to be ethanol and water vapors, plus a few random things from added ingredients."} {"category":"Physics","question":"as stars get older, they produce less energy and heavier elements, why do they expand to form red giants if the forces pushing them apart are weakened and the density of the elements is increased?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n as stars get older, they produce less energy and heavier elements, why do they expand to form red giants if the forces pushing them apart are weakened and the density of the elements is increased?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Using our star as an example. Currently, it is burning (not burning in the classical sense but fusion) hydrogen in its core. This creates an outward pressure that prevents it from contracting further. Eventually, the hydrogen in the core will be largely exhausted. This will reduce the outward pressure from the interior, and the star will begin to contract, with a core of helium ash. This contraction will increase the heat within the star. This will cause hydrogen in the outer layers, which previously was not burning as vigorously, to begin to burn energetically. This will cause those outer layers to expand, making the sun grow into a red giant. At this point, the process is still hydrogen burning, although the primary location has moved to the outer layers of the star. Helium burning will begin ultimately, at which point the star will actually shrink. Then a similar process will repeat, with the interior exhausting its fuel and the outer layers beginning to burn, with the sun shedding much of its exterior at the conclusion."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do teeth not grow back or heal?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do teeth not grow back or heal?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The outside part of your teeth, the enamel, is not alive and doesn't have any blood vessels or any way for living cells to get to it. That's because, as you can imagine, squishy blood vessels would compromise the strength of the enamel. It's built to be *super* hard and durable - strong enough that most of the time you wouldn't *need* to rebuild it. And in the cases that teeth do get damaged, well, you have a mouth full of them so losing a single tooth won't kill you. In order to rebuild broken enamel, the tooth has to be encased in living tissue that has the cellular machinery to do it. That only happens inside the gums. That's why we have baby teeth - once our teeth have left our gums, they can't get bigger. If we waited until our teeth were the size we need them to be as adults, we would have to go *years* without being able to eat solid food. On the other hand, teeth that fit in a child's mouth are way too small for our needs. So we have one set of teeth that do the job while our adult teeth are still being built inside of our jaw."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why is cancer such a difficult disease to cure?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is cancer such a difficult disease to cure?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because cancer isn't really a single independent entity, which would be easy to target and fix. Cancer is a malfunction of the cell, causing the cell to replicate and spread in ways it's not supposed to. Since these are \"normal\" cells, just acting improperly, that makes them hard to stop in a way that doesn't hurt other non-malfunctioning cells. If cancer was some sort of completely unique and isolated type of organism, then it would be easier to formulate treatments and drugs to fight that specific entity. But since they originate from normal everyday cells it's hard to differentiate amongst all the normal ones. It's like trying to find the bad guys in a group of people when they are all wearing the same clothes."} {"category":"Other","question":"How do pictures like the Mona Lisa and Uncle Sam work so that they are always looking at you no matter the angle?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do pictures like the Mona Lisa and Uncle Sam work so that they are always looking at you no matter the angle?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Great minds think alike. Ahoy, matey! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5 - how the eyes of a portrait can follow you around, always staring at you regardless of where you're standing ]( URL_0 ) ^(_52 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why do the eyes on paintings\/photographs appear to follow your movements? ]( URL_5 ) ^(_3 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why do eyes in pictures\/paintings appear to \"follow\" you around the room? ]( URL_4 ) ^(_2 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why do eyes in pictures follow you? ]( URL_2 ) ^(_7 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why do eyes in photos seem to follow you? ]( URL_1 ) ^(_2 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why do paintings of people eyes follow you around? ]( URL_3 ) ^(_1 comment_)"} {"category":"Other","question":"In the show Ninja Warrior, how do the people who built the obstacle course decide that getting through the course is actually possible?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n In the show Ninja Warrior, how do the people who built the obstacle course decide that getting through the course is actually possible?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"In the original Japanese show, the show would run once every 6 months or so. There were times that NO ONE made it past the first round, and other times, no one made it past the second round. The philosophical basis of the show in the US is different. In Japan losing and showing good grace is important - so a show with no winners is ok - at least at that time. That is why when someone does win, and make it all the win to the top, some of them have a total cathartic meltdown - it literally is a life altering moment."} {"category":"Biology","question":"how can DNA tests be used to show what your ancestry is?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how can DNA tests be used to show what your ancestry is?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"We don't have exactly the same DNA -- everyone has some mutations in various parts of the genome. Say you measure the DNA of 10 people from Thailand and their genome looks like this: ACGTGCCCATCGCGATCG Then you measure the DNA of 10 people from Italy and their genome looks like this: AGGTCCCCATCGCGTTCG (three mutations in that string, which is a lot in such a short space, but bear with me). Then obviously if you get another sequence that looks like the one above you're more likely to have someone who's Italian than Thai. On the other hand you might measure someone with a sequence that looks like this: AGGTCCCCATCACGATCG (one variant that differs from either, one Thai variant, two Italian variants). This person might be from a totally different place (maybe somewhere closer to Italy since there are two Italian variants and only one Thai), or might be a mixture of Italian and Thai, or might be a mixture of Italian and something else, and so on. Most of the time you don't usually say a single mutation corresponds to a single group, but different groups have different allele frequencies. Properly determining one's ancestry requires considering the clustering of these alleles and taking allele frequencies into account in the different populations. It you have enough reference sequences from enough locations you'll become able to map a person's genome to their genetic ancestry."} {"category":"Biology","question":"When we whistle, how do we immediately match the pitch that we hear?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When we whistle, how do we immediately match the pitch that we hear?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Part of the reason we can match the pitch is because the sound we make when whistling is the sound we actually hear. Have you ever noticed that recordings of yourself don't seem to sound like you to you, even though everyone else says it does? When you speak or sing, a good portion of the sound we hear is actually going *through* our head, not around it."} {"category":"Technology","question":"in space movies, how do they make it look like the actors are moving around in zero gravity?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n in space movies, how do they make it look like the actors are moving around in zero gravity?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are a couple of ways you can do it, but I'll share what Gravity did (because they did it really well). First, every object is computer generated. This is going to take a lot of time, and it means things aren't going to be able to be changed very easily. It also means that actors can't improvise or make little changes to the script or blocking, because then the computer guys would have had to spend hundreds or thousands of extra hours fiddling with things to make them work again. Second, they put the actors into suits and had them dive underwater while on suspension wires. The wires keep them held under, but they can still move about a bit to simulate movement in zero G. They had puppeteers working the strings to make them look natural. This is the more expensive and time consuming method of simulating zero G, most movies with any kind of budget will instead use parabolic airplane flights. Third, a very complicated lighting rig that they called \"The Light Box\". It was a 20-foot-high box enclosure with over 4,000 computer programmed LED bulbs. They had robotic cameras capture the close-ups, and the scenes where actors were \"spinning out of control\" or moving very rapidly were actually very rapid still frames while those 4,000 bulbs blinked in such a way that it created the illusion of movement. This is actually a very important and ingenious invention that Emmanuel Lubezki and Tim Webber created for the movie that will probably be seen in a LOT of movies to come. It allows the actors to see what their characters are supposed to be seeing because the computer guys can project images out of the bulbs, and it allows for the exciting footage that you see in the film. Finally, the post-production team blends it all together after the fact, removing the wires, rigs, harnesses, adding the computer graphics and the other special effects so seamlessly that you can suspend your disbelief enough to think the actors actually are doing what they're doing on screen. So much so that you don't actually notice that Sandra Bullock's helmet and visor are actually just computer graphics while you're looking at her face."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why are horizontal and vertical speeds independent of each other?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are horizontal and vertical speeds independent of each other?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Think of it like this: Say we have two balls, A and B. For every second that goes by, ball A moves one inch down, and two inches to the left. Also for every second that goes by, ball B moves down once inch only. Now say balls A and B both start 5 inches off the ground. Because they each move down one inch per second (so we can say they both have a constant velocity of one inch per second in the downward direction), it will take them both 5 seconds to reach the ground. Take note, however, that they both reach the ground at the same time even though ball A is also moving horizontally. This tells us that we can think of an objects horizontal and vertical components of velocity as independent."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How do those sunglasses that let people with monochromatic or colorless vision see colors?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do those sunglasses that let people with monochromatic or colorless vision see colors?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Some persons colour vision problem is that the colours that the different types of light-sensing cone cells detect overlap too much. For these people, glasses that absorb much of the overlapping colours can allow the two different types of cone cells detect different amounts of light, allowing the brain to better determine colours."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why isn't there just one international currency?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why isn't there just one international currency?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The only way for a common international currency to work is if the whole world also has one common international economic policy. Probably would also require a common worldwide government to be able to set that economic policy. Until that point, you are not going to see one because different countries will require different economic strategies which requires handling their currency differently. A country that depends on being a cheap trading partner \/ source for labour does best with a weak coin because then they are even cheaper to international partners. A country that does a lot of important, would do best with a strong coin because then they can import more for the same amount. These countries will be pursuing very different economic plans and that cannot be done with a common coin. One country (or even both) will lose out. And as of right now, the differences between different countries, wealth and way of economic thinking are just too big. Just look at the Eurozone. That is a group of countries that switched to a common coin. It is a group of countries that is relatively similar in terms of wealth, economic policy and culture. (at least, relatively similar if you consider some of the differences out there in the world). And they still ran into issues with the effects of having a common coin. If that had been on a world wide scale, it just couldn't have lasted."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"How does \"conserving\" water, turning off my lights, ect, help? I know how it helps my bills but how does my tiny act of not leaving the water running actually help the \"World\"?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does \"conserving\" water, turning off my lights, ect, help? I know how it helps my bills but how does my tiny act of not leaving the water running actually help the \"World\"?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Well... YOU individually? not much, admittedly. Your individual water and energy footprint is negligible in the grand scheme of things. But the reason why YOU are important is because if enough YOUs do things together.... doing things as US... THEN your impact becomes noticeable and significant. You laugh, but even a few hundred customers making conscious decisions can produce a trend noticeable to the data people at a public utility. \"Hey, I just noticed this whole neighborhood switched to water their gardens at night\" (yes, they can tell things like this). Just a few hundred customers writing into a fast food chain and suggesting switching to bamboo utensils or cardboard straws might be enough to trigger a change. Just a few dozen customers switching from plastic bags to paper at the grocery might be enough to tip the numbers such that it no longer makes sense to carry both paper and plastic, so they switch entirely to paper. Its seldom that any individual is in a position to change the World. But all you can do is act as though you can, and if enough of us do that, we will."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"why is it that when you get paint at the hardware store, they mix so many colors to get the desired color rather than say yellow and blue for green?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why is it that when you get paint at the hardware store, they mix so many colors to get the desired color rather than say yellow and blue for green?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Mixing pure yellow and pure blue in equal amounts will give you exactly one shade of green. If you use less yellow\/more blue, you get a bluer looking green. If you use less blue\/more yellow, you get a yellow looking green. And that's it. Your range of greens runs from yellow-green to blue-green. But there are more kinds of green than that, meaning you'd have to use other colors than blue or yellow."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why do most instructions say to leave a device unplugged for \u201cx\u201d minutes to reboot?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do most instructions say to leave a device unplugged for \u201cx\u201d minutes to reboot?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Most power supplies have capacitors. Capacitors build up charge and then dissipate it. Think like tiny batteries that lose charge in seconds. So you leave devices unplugged so that the capacitor is fully discharged and therefore not feeding even a minute amount of power back into the device. Completely rebooting the device."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Energy transfers from the hand to pluck a guitar string. This energy is then transferred into vibration which travels through the air to our ears. Energy doesn't die, so where does the energy go once it's hit our ears?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Energy transfers from the hand to pluck a guitar string. This energy is then transferred into vibration which travels through the air to our ears. Energy doesn't die, so where does the energy go once it's hit our ears?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I'm not an expert in acoustics or physics by any means, but I would think most of the energy dissipates exponentially in the soundwaves, as they are going out in a complete sphere from where the sound originates, so the energy hitting your eardrum is just a tiny fraction of what was put into the guitar string. But then the eardrum vibrates and the bones connected to the eardrum move and the electrical impulses go into your brain and the cochlea absorbs some and your skull absorbs some."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Does avoiding germs too much hurt your immune system?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Does avoiding germs too much hurt your immune system?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"You wont hurt your immune system, as in it wont get weaker. Not over a few months or years. But you will prevent it getting stronger, which is similar but not the same. In the end, avoiding disease like, well, the plague will result in you getting sick easier when the time comes that you cant avoid it. That\u2019s why vaccinations work. Once your body learns how to fight something, it\u2019s unlikely to ever make you sick again. If you never let it learn, it will fail you when it matters."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How are artificial flavors made and how do they get them to taste like other items? (Example: cotton candy ice cream.)","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How are artificial flavors made and how do they get them to taste like other items? (Example: cotton candy ice cream.)","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Esters! [ URL_1 ]( URL_0 ) Many of the artificial scents and flavors we use (e.g., pineapple, banana, strawberry) are from compounds called esters. These are what you get when you react an organic acid (like vinegar) with an alcohol. It's mainly trial and error how we find which ones make which scents and flavors."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How do they continuously discover more decimal points to pi?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do they continuously discover more decimal points to pi?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are formulae for pi that invole adding an infinite number terms can an inifinite series, such as the leibniz formula which is 4-4\/3+4\/5-4\/7+4\/9+... which converges quite slowly. There are also thing you can add which converge much more quickly such as the Ramanujan formula. Pi is calculate by getting a computer to run one of these formulae many time. There are a few things we can do to get more precise values for pi. 1. We can optimize our formula and find a formula that converges faster 2. We can get better computers that can run the programs faster. 3. We can run the computers for longer or get lots of computers running in parallel."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Basic color mixing shows blue and yellow make green but why not the same with a sunrise with the blue sky?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Basic color mixing shows blue and yellow make green but why not the same with a sunrise with the blue sky?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"mostly it has to do with how the origin of the color\/light works, as well as how it gets to your eyes. Paint **absorbs** light. The color of a paint you see is the basically the color it does not absorb. the sun **emits** light (rainbow spectrum), colour of the sky results from light that has bounced around on the way form the sun to our eyes. [Rayleigh scattering]( URL_0 ) the lower angle at sunrise\/sunset changes the \"bounce\" behaviour and because of that, the sunshine is not seen as white or yellowish, more as red, and so is the sky (more like \"skyshine\". the light of the sun must pass through much more air and atmosphere to get to our eyes than in broad daylight when it's right above you. hope that helped a bit."} {"category":"Other","question":"What makes an employer decide whether they want to do 4\/10 hour days vs 5\/8 hour days (for 40 hour work weeks). Are there pros and cons to both?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What makes an employer decide whether they want to do 4\/10 hour days vs 5\/8 hour days (for 40 hour work weeks). Are there pros and cons to both?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"For me it's a matter of \"cuz everyone else is doing it\". I'd love to operate my business 4 10 hour days. If I did, and my competitors didn't, I would be losing customers that want my product on my extra day off. I would lose not only that sale but potentially lose a customer to future sales who finds a competitor that is more convenient, cheaper, etc. If my competitors did it so would I and so here we are stuck with 5 day work weeks."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why is sugar bad for you and should you cut it out?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is sugar bad for you and should you cut it out?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Ok I'll try snd explain what I know. Sugar is a carbohydrate and is so tasty because our brain uses mostly it for its energy and so it rewards you by eating it, however when you eat excess carbs combined with lipids , aka fat, you're body decides it doesnt need all those lipids so it stores it and that leads to weight gain. So carbs (including sugar) isnt bad itself but eating too much will lead to weight gain. If you're looking for weight loss in the firm of fat, I suggest looking at the keto diet. And anybody feel free to correct me if I'm wrong Edit: Misspelled keto"} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why is inflation important for a healthy economy?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is inflation important for a healthy economy?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A small amount of inflation encourages people to spend or invest money, rather than saving it (because it will slowly lose value if saved). This effectively increases the amount of money moving around an economy, which helps businesses get started. Too much inflation becomes bad because if there's enough of it, you don't want that kind of money at all, because it might be worth much less tomorrow. So you invest somewhere else instead."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why can some animals like horses learn to walk immediately after birth but for babies it takes up to a year or more for them to walk?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why can some animals like horses learn to walk immediately after birth but for babies it takes up to a year or more for them to walk?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When wild animals are born, they are born much more developed, as they would not survive very long without being able to walk, escape danger, etc. Human babies are born very immaturely compared to other mammals. Because of the size of a babies head and the size of the average woman's hips, a baby cannot be born any later. Our evolution has favoured larger, more intelligent brains over independence after birth."} {"category":"Technology","question":"- How do robots dance?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n - How do robots dance?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I would think you'd create a library of moves for each chassis, which start and end in a kind of neutral position so you can chain them together in any order. Then the robot can just execute those moves in a random, or scripted, sequence for as long as you want. You could measure the tempo of a song, and then just tell the robot to \"dance at 152 beats per minute\" (so it knows how fast to execute moves) or if you wanted to get complicated you could have an on-board microphone that analyzes the music in real time to determine the dance tempo."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why is it that warm\/hot tap water often appears foggy and cloudy at first, but becomes clear after resting for a while?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it that warm\/hot tap water often appears foggy and cloudy at first, but becomes clear after resting for a while?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When water is in the pipes below your house, etc, it can be under a decent amount of pressure (this is why it comes out of your tap at a good rate, it is being pushed on by all of the water behind it, all the way up to the reservoir). This pressure forces more air than normal to dissolve into it (literally pushing the air into the water). When it comes out of your tap, it returns to normal pressure, and all the extra air starts to escape. The fog\/cloudiness is just a whole lot of tiny air bubbles coming out of solution. Look really closely and you can actually see them! Edit: I see you said hot water. It\u2019s essentially the same reason, but the pressure is created by the hot water trying to expand in your geyser and hot water pipes. The geyser and pipes can\u2019t expand, so all the air\/steam in there gets forced into the water under pressure. Water under high pressure also makes its boiling point increase, so some of the cloudiness will be steam suddenly forming because the pressure is suddenly released."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"How are deserts growing? Where is the new excess sand coming from?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How are deserts growing? Where is the new excess sand coming from?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There\u2019s a well known process called *desertification* in response to climate drying, overgrazing and\/or too intense agriculture \u2026 possibly with migrating sand dunes (did measurements on the latter for a major US Army base). Richer soil has a fungi component giving it a structure based on hyphae \u2026 and fungi need water. The hyphae act as molecular \u201ccages\u201d to trap more nutrients that plants love. Even in richer soils, sometimes it needs to be replenished. Debris (plant and animal) falling on the surface gets attacked by hyphae and incorporated into the soil in wetter environments. In drier ones it may be unavailable however or blow away in the wind. What were agricultural fields in Northern Africa during the Roman Empire are now part of the northern Sahara, so there\u2019s been a bit of \u201cterraforming\u201d (in a negative sense) already."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Whats happening to our body when we get physically tired?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Whats happening to our body when we get physically tired?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Broadly speaking, its the lack of fully optimal body function. Lack of proper sleep or vitamins may cause the body to function sub-optimally. Blood flow and general nutrients being provided to the muscles in our body is reduced. Depression and medications may also alter the way our bodies function, leading to these feelings of physical fatigue. Not enough oxygen may be making it to different parts of the body, and if you just ran, dehydration may cause you to feel lethargic. Think of it as the low power mode on your phone, still able to function, but limits the amount of energy usage."} {"category":"Biology","question":"When the taste (or scent) of a food \u201cturns your stomach\u201d what is the physical (or psychological) process that\u2019s happening? And could it be connected to food allergies?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When the taste (or scent) of a food \u201cturns your stomach\u201d what is the physical (or psychological) process that\u2019s happening? And could it be connected to food allergies?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Interesting question, reasonable premise! Poking around recent literature, that doesn't seem to be the case. Rather, there doesn't seem to be a non-psychological link between just smelling\/tasting food and a stomach reaction. There is such a thing as fragrance contact allergies but those seem to cause skin issues, not stomach. Additionally, asthma patients that experience allergic coughing to capsaicin (the thing in peppers that causes the burning sensation) demonstrate a greater sensitivity to capsaicin during pollen season (so affected by allergies). But, no, doesn't seem that the scent\/taste of food causes a direct stomach-churning effect ala chemistry. Closest I know of is peanut allergy (at more severe levels, known to cause palpable swelling in the throat at the mere scent of peanut butter, but, again, not stomach). As a fun add-on to \/u\/MoosesMom7 's theme of \"smell associated with stuff that will make you ill if consumed\", which also happens to extend to other dangers*: There is mounting evidence that pregnancy-induced food aversion is a survival tactic to support the baby's development. Researchers are noticing that the subject and timing of aversion (by smell\/taste\/sound) of pregnant women corresponds to foods believed to pose dangers if consumed. Most noticeably, food aversion is at its strongest when the baby is at greatest vulnerability during brain development. (The opposite also seems to be true: pregnancy carvings tend to reflect \"safer\" foods with nutritional\/micronutrional value) *like the smell of feces, which you probably haven't eaten before but are likely repulsed by; or decaying flesh, as a danger signal for \"get out of here, something killed this animal and it could kill you too\" and the pathogenic microbes that grow in it. Some of the same receptors in your nose that detect odors are in your lungs; instead of stimulating a \"scent\", they make you cough so the offending particles are removed from the easy-access-to-your-blood membranes in your lungs."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How do we know how well animals can hear\/see things?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do we know how well animals can hear\/see things?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"We examine the eyes of dead animals and learn about things like their focal length, their concentration of optical nerve fibers, what *kinds* of nerve fibers. We see the rods and cones and we use what we know of our own experience with cameras and optics (and our own eyes) to create a mathematical model of how *their* eye works. Sometimes we're able to test our guess and sometimes not. Sometimes we just see evidence of their vision, like when we see a hawk stoop and snatch a field mouse when it was on the horizon only moments ago. Sometimes our model is complete conjecture. We're kind of guessing how some prehistoric animals eyes worked because we haven't got one to dissect."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How was the automobile invented before gasoline? And how did gasoline become the standard fuel for automobiles?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How was the automobile invented before gasoline? And how did gasoline become the standard fuel for automobiles?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When \"oil guys\" first started refining oil, they knew it produced many different types of substances as you increased the boiling temperature. We've found a use for almost every substance that crude oil can make nowadays, but back then gasoline was considered a waste by-product of the manufacture of kerosene for lamps. After about 30 years they found a use for it, powering the new automobiles."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why does Root Beer foam so much when poured onto ice cream?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does Root Beer foam so much when poured onto ice cream?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's a combination of two major factors: - Ice cream has a lot of surface area, which means more nucleation points. More nucleation points mean more bubbles. - Milk and cream have a higher surface tension than water. This means the bubbles are stronger. ----- The reason why Mentos in soda makes it fizz is because all the pits and holes means the surface area is ***huge*** compared to the volume. You could get similar effects from a spoonful of sugar or sand. Easy experiment: Get a bottle of seltzer or clear soda. Get it nice and cold before opening and pour it into a glass. Pour slow so it doesn't fizz too much. Wait for the bubbles to stop and drop in a few grains of sugar or salt. You will see that the bubbles will form around the granules until they dissolve. Use a few grains of sand and it the bubbles will keep forming until there is none left, which will probably be longer than you are willing to sit around. ----- \/u\/GaidinBDJ has the dissolved gases issue backwards. Hot liquids will hold more solids (salt, sugar, minerals, etc.) while cold liquids will hold more gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.) One of the worries with global warming is the amount of methane dissolved in the ocean. Warm up the ocean and the methane comes out. Methane is a much more effective greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. If enough methane gets into the upper atmosphere, the global temperature will skyrocket in a runaway reaction and life as we know it is ***fucked***."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why is every doctor's office I've (33M) ever been to behind schedule, and usually 20+ minutes behind?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is every doctor's office I've (33M) ever been to behind schedule, and usually 20+ minutes behind?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because people all take different amounts of time in the doctors office with different ailments and situations. It\u2019s impossible to actually stick to a schedule when you\u2019re dealing with peoples Heath. It\u2019s not like a car where when something goes wrong there\u2019s a specific routine for fixing it, in healthcare there are all sorts of variables involved that take time"} {"category":"Technology","question":"What happens if you don't turn airplane mode on?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What happens if you don't turn airplane mode on?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Cellphones get their connectivity through their access to cell phone towers. Like all forms of technology, connecting requires power. When you\u2019re relatively close to a cellphone tower, your device uses relatively less power, than being far away from a cell phone tower. So if you\u2019re on an airplane, you\u2019re going to be miles and miles away from the nearest cell phone tower, and if your device is trying to connect to them, it is going to consume more power. This can interfere with the radio transmission from the pilot to air traffic controllers. Now, a few people not turning airplane mode on will not cause much of a disturbance to the pilots, because aircrafts are designed to block interference, to a certain degree. However, I imagine if every single device on the plane is attempting to connect to a cellphone tower, there will be noticeable and significant interference to the pilots. It will not cause the plane to crash or make the aircraft malfunction, but you obviously wouldn\u2019t want to distract your pilot; the same way you wouldn\u2019t want to distract your driver."} {"category":"Other","question":"How do you know when someone is gaslighting Vs. When the person is just stupid\/has a selective memory?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do you know when someone is gaslighting Vs. When the person is just stupid\/has a selective memory?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"This is basically asking how you know when someone is doing something wrong maliciously and purposefully vs. accidentally and innocently. The truth of the matter exists only within their own mind, which no one else can ever really know. For such actions, we can only go off of their actions and responses. Look at the consistency of the errors, how they respond when faced with evidence of their mistakes. Look for things not dependent on simply their memory. Look for deliberate actions they may be taking to maintain the deception or illusion."} {"category":"Other","question":"When writing, how am I able to think of a word that would be good in a sentence even if I\u2019m not exactly sure of its meaning until I look it up?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When writing, how am I able to think of a word that would be good in a sentence even if I\u2019m not exactly sure of its meaning until I look it up?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"You gain an intuition of what a word means and how it is often used by hearing or reading it multiple times. This is a subconscious process, and can often lead you to use the word in a reasonable way in the future. That doesn't always work perfectly though: [link]( URL_0 )."} {"category":"Biology","question":"If all human cells replace themselves every 7 years, why can scars remain on you body your entire life?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If all human cells replace themselves every 7 years, why can scars remain on you body your entire life?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Human cells can replace themselves, this is correct. But they need a scaffold to replace themselves ON for them to be in the right place. And the nature of that scaffold is why scars stick around forever. Let's compare our bodies to a multi-floor brick building that King Kong or Cloverfield or Godzilla or something punches a big chunk out of. You have a couple choices to do something about that building before the weather gets in and wrecks it worse. But a feasible one of them isn't a complete tear-down and rebuild using scaffolding and heavy construction to recreate the building properly. People have got to go on living in there and there's not enough free spending money around to do it. So you patch that hole as best you can and maybe brick up the opening, and that's good enough for people to keep living in it. But it leaves a not-very-pretty gap in your building. It's functional even if some of the electrical stuff or elevators don't work due to the still missing area, and it looks ugly because you couldn't quite get everything perfect without bringing in super-expensive heavy machinery and shutting everything down, and the bricks don't match. So you're left with a serviceable building with ugly spots that you can't ever afford to make perfect-looking again. Scarring's the same. The body doesn't have the ability to regenerate huge missing areas because it can't create scaffolding once you're out of the womb. All of the 'heavy equipment' necessary for it is no longer available. This wasn't critical enough of a skill for us to evolve as a species because enough of us survived and had kids even without it to take over the world. So the body goes with a \"walling off\" strategy without coming with a bunch of perfectly set-up scaffolding to build new clean supporting structures for the new cells to grow back into their perfect original shape. And those wall-offs are dead 'hard' tissue that is permanently set into their walled-off shape and can't be replaced. Again, perfect-looking repairs weren't necessary to the survival of our species so we didn't evolve them."} {"category":"Other","question":"In California, why is there a palm tree planted at the end of every fourth row in a grove of orange trees?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n In California, why is there a palm tree planted at the end of every fourth row in a grove of orange trees?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"In Redlands, California there are many orange groves and there is a powerful wind that blows in the winter time (Santa Ana winds). These winds cause a lot of damage to limbs and can knock fruit off the trees and causing them to rot in the direct sunlight. There are two forms of protection from the winds that are common in southern California: a wall of eucalyptus trees that circle the grove, or palm trees that are in the groves. Both of these protections cause turbulent air flow across the groves lowering the wind speed."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why are dubbed movies\/shows and their subtitles so off from each other?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are dubbed movies\/shows and their subtitles so off from each other?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"This bothers me too. I always find myself wishing that they'd do the subs based on the dubs, or if the subs are already done first, just read the subs as the dub \"script.\" You're correct that they're done separately, and they're also done with slightly different objectives: The subs are trying to explain what the actors are trying to express. Suppose emphasis is given at the end of a sentence, but the foreign language follows subject-object-verb order (instead of subject-verb-object, like what English uses). This means the emphasis is actually on the \\*verb\\* and the translator has to move the sentence around in some way to get the verb to the end, or otherwise rephrase it to make it clear it's the verb that's being emphasized. The dubs are replacing the voices altogether, trying both to match **both** the natural mannerisms of an English speaker and the lip movements and body language of the character as best as possible. This means the translation often has to move words within sentences (and even entire sentences) around to match that as best as they can. In practice this difference doesn't turn out too badly. Most audiences prefer either subs or dubs, but not both. I'm somewhat hard-of-hearing with spoken conversations so I have subs turned on, even when I'm watching a dub, and I really wish the subs would just be redone to the dub. But I also realize I'm in the minority. :)"} {"category":"Biology","question":"How is it that now matter how full a person gets, there are some foods like French fries where a person can always seem to have room for one more?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How is it that now matter how full a person gets, there are some foods like French fries where a person can always seem to have room for one more?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Generalising, but it's because the body has two broad drivers of feeding: * direct nutrient deficit (ie, you need energy - or at least, your body thinks you need energy!) * pleasurable food consumption - also known as [hedonic hunger]( URL_1 ). Hedonic hunger probably primarily evolved to promote the consumption of high-energy foods even if you are 'full', to put on more fat and increase resistance to famine. French fries are high in fat, salt and easily digestible carbohydrates - a perfect food to put on that survival weight! [This review]( URL_0 ) goes over the evolution of hedonic hunger in quite an easy to understand fashion."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Don't Open Source Softwares Basically Opens its Gate for Hackers?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Don't Open Source Softwares Basically Opens its Gate for Hackers?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"If your security is because no one can look at your code and understan how it work it is called [Security through obscurity]( URL_0 ) The problem is that id do not work. It has been rejected since the mid 19th century in the context of how locks could be picked. A real secure system should still be secure if someone know your code. If the code is secret you might find a but that is hard to fix and just assume that no one will find it without the code and leave it in. If it is open source you assume that any attacker have the code and you will write it with that in mind and do not leave holes. In some cases it might be a idea. If there is limited access to the system and not a software that you can purchase on the open market where a attacker can purchase it and examine the code and decompile it and examine it. So for military system or any that is tightly controlled keeping the source and design of the system secret make it harder to crack it. So it can be something to add ontop of other good security practice but you should never trust that it is enough. If anyone can get the software you should assume that it is the same as if they had the source code."} {"category":"Economics","question":"- Where are education funds spent?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n - Where are education funds spent?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Average class size is in the low 20s, so it's closer to 250k per year. Subtract the average teacher's salary, then add a prorated amount for everyone who isn't a classroom teacher: administrators, librarians, gym teachers, custodians, nurses, counselors, teaching aides. And a healthy amount on top of that for non-salary benefits (health insurance, retirement pay). Add building maintenance costs, new construction, etc. It adds up quick."} {"category":"Other","question":"What is gerrymandering and why is it still a thing?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is gerrymandering and why is it still a thing?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"From time to time the districts in a state have to be redrawn to reflect changing populations. (Usually every decade following the census.) Typically that redrawing is done by the state legislature or a committee created by the legislature. In Gerrymandering, they are drawn with a political aim - using voting records, demographics, etc. they draw district lines in a way to give their party the best possible chance of winning as many districts as possible. There are some possible alternatives - bipartisan committees, algorithm-designed districts, etc. - but to make those law, you would need the party in power (who stands to gain the most from Gerrymandering) to voluntarily give up that power, which is difficult."} {"category":"Psychology","question":"Why does everything gets creepier at night?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does everything gets creepier at night?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Many people have a fear of the dark because they can\u2019t see where they are going or if someone is standing in front of them. In the dark it is easy for your mind to play tricks on you however in the day you are usually not alone and there are people with you so you aren\u2019t so scared if you have to deal with something on your own. This fear is not always developed by oneself but passed down from family members. Many people think that this fear in the dark is about be alone but it\u2019s actually that they are scared that they\u2019re not alone."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"When metalsmith's make swords, when we did we begin to fully understand what was happening with the metal from a scientific perspective?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When metalsmith's make swords, when we did we begin to fully understand what was happening with the metal from a scientific perspective?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"For a long time, metallurgy was a refined trade that was held by master craftsmen, who did not trust their knowledge to anyone except their apprentices, because if 'just anyone' knew what they knew, the local smith might quickly be out of a job. With the invention of chemical sciences, people began to understand that metallurgy was basically just like any other practical craft of mixing ingredients together and making shapes out of them, like baking and pottery. The temperatures and forces involved were just larger. *De re metallica* by Gregorius Agricola was probably the first dedicated text about metallurgical sciences and ores in modern history, published in 1556. The exact compounds that were historically important in blade-making are compounds around iron and steel (iron-carbon mixtures): ferrite, martensite, pearlite and cementite. Knowledge, experience and understanding of these compounds expanded rapidly with the invention of the Blast Furnace, around the beginning of the 16th century in France."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How do salary caps and computing for future salary and cap space work in team sports like basketball?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do salary caps and computing for future salary and cap space work in team sports like basketball?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Team A has a $50m budget because they have a rich donor. Team B has a $10m budget. Team A can afford to lure multiple top tier players and therefore always walk all over Team B. Salary caps help to stop teams buying their way to the top of the ladder and even up the playing field."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why are trees programmed such that they drop their fat reserves i.e. fruits when they become ripe?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are trees programmed such that they drop their fat reserves i.e. fruits when they become ripe?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Fruits are not 'fat reserves' for trees - they don't use them for energy. Fruits contain seeds which allow the tree to reproduce. In short, fruit gets dropped onto the ground, some animal comes and eats it and then wanders off. The animal then shits out the seeds (which are protected by a tough coat against the stomach of the animal) somewhere else and the seeds grow again. This allows the tree to spread its offspring far and wide."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do babies like it so much when we speak in silly voices?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do babies like it so much when we speak in silly voices?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because infants aren't able to understand language, they process communication with people similarly to dogs. They rely very heavily on body language and intonation to figure out what people say. Those silly voices are a clear indicator to the baby that whoever's talking is happy and things are good. You can actually see a similar result when you talk to dogs the same way."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why does coin currency continue to be used and produced globally?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does coin currency continue to be used and produced globally?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A new dollar bill has a life expectancy of around 18 months. The oldest coin in my pocket right now is a quarter from 1967. Coins cost a bit more to make but they're massively more durable, which makes them ideal for small units of currency that get passed around a lot."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Brand name products VS Generic. If both are the same, why are there both versions?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Brand name products VS Generic. If both are the same, why are there both versions?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"In the pharmaceutical industry, it has to do with patents. When a big research and development company puts millions or billions of dollars into producing a new medication they get the right to distribute it exclusively for a period of years in order to recoup the cost. After several years (7 I believe?), generic companies can reproduce the brand name drug at a lower cost because they did not need to pay for the years of research, development, testing, FDA approval etc. A generic medicine has the same active ingredients as the original but the inactive ingredients are probably different."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How do rockets \"fly\"in space?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do rockets \"fly\"in space?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Newton's Third Law. Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. The rocket burns fuel, which changes it from a solid or a liquid into a gas. This greatly increases its pressure, and then it releases that gas out of the exhaust as high speed. This pushes the rocket in the opposite direction."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Submariners, from the point of view of the crew aboard. Once submerged, do subs ever experience \"rough seas\"?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Submariners, from the point of view of the crew aboard. Once submerged, do subs ever experience \"rough seas\"?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I was on an Ohio class sub ssbn from 2007 to 2011. The sub rarely rocked, even in crazy bad storms, below 400 ft. We steamed under a typhoon in the Pacific with no ill effects. Being on a sub underwater feels a lot like a big jetliner. However, very near or on the surface the boat rocks like a damned pendulum. Imagine a steel pipe with some weight on the bottom. Thats a submarine on the surface. It starts to roll like a round pipe and the only thing that keeps it up right is additional ballast near the bottom. But that also creates a weight that acts like a pendulum swinging the boat back and forth. Many sailors got sick a few times coming up to periscope depth. As for other stuff causing the boat to move, I could feel when the speed was changed by more than a bell turn (I.e. going from 1\/3 go 2\/3 ahead or more). I could also feel large rudder changes because they'd make the boat roll a little. The officer of the deck might sometimes order light angles on the boat, like a few degrees up or down, for various training purposes or to be a dick. I did it once to my captain. He told me he was going to go use the treadmill for an hour, I ordered a 3 degree up angle to make him work harder because I was passive aggressive. After 45 minutes he walked into Control and asked why there had been an up angle for 45 minutes. He didn't need to look, he could tell it by how much harder to run it was. I had to explain it was for \"training purposes\" so the helm, lee helm, and diving officer of the watch could learn as a team (it takes some coordination between those three to effectively keep the boat at an angle without changing depth). Anyway, we all laughed after the captain walked out. I'm sure the captain did the same thing when he was a junior officer. Edit: I got the idea from a more senior officer on the boat. We were not undermining the CO as someone said below. Submarines are different in that my CO was more like an older brother to me than a boss. I'm sure the CO laughed a little and months later after it happened with a different officer on watch he announced he'd no longer be telling us when he was running on the treadmill because, \"Sometimes I like to feel good about myself after a run.\""} {"category":"Physics","question":"How does a bullet maintain stabilization when shooting a gun perpendicularly from a moving vehicle?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does a bullet maintain stabilization when shooting a gun perpendicularly from a moving vehicle?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The plane moves somewhat quickly, a B-17 might be doing 300 kph, but the bullet moves a lot faster. The .50 Cal machine guns on the B-17 shot bullets out at 3200 kph. The result of this is that the wind is mostly focused on the nose of the bullet throughout it's flight and this is the same configuration it is normally stable in. The body of the bullet will tilt a little bit so it is pointed along the combined wind direction and is again stable. If you were to put a waist gunner on a B-1 supersonic bomber you'll get some weird bullet physics, but on subsonic bombers the bullets move significantly faster so they fly similar to how you'd expect."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How do salted roads help prevent slipping?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do salted roads help prevent slipping?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Salt melts ice by mixing with the water on the ice surface, which creates a brine. This slightly lowers the freezing point of the water, which causes the ice below to melt (as long as the ambient air temperature is above about -10C\/15F). It can also provide traction on icy surfaces by increasing friction."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why is it that 75% of the world has lactose intolerance but it seems like everyone i know drinks milk without drawbacks?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it that 75% of the world has lactose intolerance but it seems like everyone i know drinks milk without drawbacks?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Also, there are ranges of lactose intolerance and maybe you can train yourself to be less so. I'm East Asian and most of us are lactose intolerant. My father grew up in a country & at a time when young people did not regularly have dairy products. He can't drink any milk without having some problems. I can tolerate up to a pint of milk I think. I never thought I was lactose intolerant until I chugged a quart of chocolate milk after a hard workout. That was a shitty night."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What is the difference between deep sleep and light sleep?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is the difference between deep sleep and light sleep?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"People normally achieve deep sleep after several hours of light sleep. This is why it is recommended you get a full night of sleep instead of taking naps throughout the day. I\u2019m not certain how it is measured but it is characterized by REM (rapid eye movement) where most people have their vivid dreams and get the best sleep. If you\u2019ve ever taken a nap and woken up to an alarm more tired then when you fell asleep it\u2019s because your REM sleep was disrupted. If you wake up naturally you feel better because your REM cycle (usually 90 minutes at a time) completes."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"How did they know how many days were a year in the past?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How did they know how many days were a year in the past?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"So actually **not** by measuring the sun. The Egyptians were the first to figure out that there were 365 days in a year. Before that calendars usually had 360 days because it more or less lined up with everything and the Babylonians used a base 60 number system that this fit well in. It\u2019s also part of the reason we have 360 degrees in a circle. This was more based on observing the moon too. You\u2019d have a new moon cycle roughly every 30 days, and 12 moon cycles would more or less line up with the sun being in sorta the same place and the seasons coming back around. Eventually this would fall out of sync since the moons cycle isn\u2019t actually 30 days, and there\u2019s not 360 days in a year. So sometimes they\u2019d add an extra month here or there and it worked well enough. But the Egyptians looked at the stars instead. They saw that the star Sirius appeared just above the horizon at dawn at the same time every 365 days. That lined up closely with the flooding of the Nile too, so it was significant beyond just being interesting. It gave them greater predictive power over important events. So they made a calendar with 12 lunar months, and then 5 extra days on top of that for 365 days total. They did know it came a day later every 4 years, but they just let that slide. The calendar fell behind a little bit every four years, but they could see by looking at Sirius when it had been a year and the Nile would flood again. They put a lot of emphasis on observing the stars for largely religious reasons. So they could see pretty clearly when an important star appeared to rise in the same location. It\u2019s more of a discrete event to them that they could see happened every 365 days than a measurement they had to try and get right with tools from 5000 years ago."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How and why does heat create a mirage?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How and why does heat create a mirage?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Different temperatures of air change the angle at which light passes through them. This means that you will see a 'shimmer' or a 'wobble' in the air as light takes a bent path to your eyes, because the 'straight line path' from your eyes to some object has distortion along it. In strong cases, the light may be so bent that you could, for instance, see light from the sky in the direction of the ground, as it takes a sort of bent, u-shaped path from the air, towards the ground, to your eyes. We often interpret this as a watery reflection on the ground based on the *apparent* position of that bit of 'sky light.'"} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why is heart stoppage the indicator for death? If the brain is the root of conciousness, shouldn't it be when that stops working instead?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is heart stoppage the indicator for death? If the brain is the root of conciousness, shouldn't it be when that stops working instead?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Doctor here. There are two \"types\" (or criteria) of death, cardiac and brain, that need to be present and confirmed for a person to be l classed as clinically dead. If somebodies heart stops beating effectively, you attempt CPR because the brain is still alive, at least for a few minutes. Alternatively, if somebody is \"brain dead\", you can still keep their heart beating and lungs breathing artificially and their organs will continue to function in the absence of brain activity. They go hand in hand though, so an absence of one will generally lead to the death of the other without intervention. Absent of cardiac activity and blood supply will lead to irreversible brain damage and death, and absence of brain activity will cause you to stop breathing, which will lead to cardiac death through lack of oxygen. For this reason, when you verify death you have to check for cardiorespiratory death and brain stem death. You approach the body and check for a response to voice and pain, and other signs of life. You then check for pupil response, which is a brain stem reflex. If their pupils are fixed and dilated, with no response to light, then you can confirm brainstem death. You then feel for a pulse and listen to their chest for a heartbeat and breathing sounds to confirm they have cardiac\/respiratory death. This should be done for a few minutes. If you can confirm both brain and cardiac activity are absent, then you can clinically verify them as dead. They could have died minutes or even hours before, but the time of death is recorded as when a doctor (or somebody else who is qualified to do so) verifies they are dead, at least this is what happens in a hospital. Edit: as stated by others, there are other criteria for deciding brain death in certain situations, such as organ donation. A full diagnosis of brain death or brainstem death is also more complex, pupil response is just one reflex and one way to indicate it and is usually enough in most circumstances if you have also confirmed absence of breathing or cardiac activity. And the difference between clinical death and legal death can be different. But as an ELI5 answer addressing a complex concept, I think this post covers the basics alright. There are some further posts in the replies if people want more details. I should also note that my medical experience and training was in the UK, mostly on general medical wards. Different circumstances and different countries may require a different approach. And yes I realise that somebodies should be somebody's."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How does dust stick to my fan's blades while spinning?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does dust stick to my fan's blades while spinning?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The airflow draws the dust in, and the fan accelerates the dust towards itself, causing the dust to stick to the fan blades better than if it just naturally fell on it. So, two fold. The dust hits the fan way faster than elsewhere in the house, but more importantly, your fan sees infinitely more airflow, and therefore dustflow, than anywhere else in your home (save for furnace air returns or bathroom fan covers). As you also have moisture and stuff being drawn across the fan blades, it gets stuck a lot better than dust naturally floating onto a baseboard or side table, but really it's just a game of numbers. Aim the same fan directly against a wall and run it for a week, that spot of the wall would be just as dusty. Feel free to ignore the guy who said fans have more gravity than earth. Please."} {"category":"Other","question":"how do countries perform airlift of their citizens from other countries?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how do countries perform airlift of their citizens from other countries?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They get the host nation to agree that all the foreign nationals can\/should leave, including a waiver to any movement restrictions. The outside nation then sends or charters aircraft to operate a special flight out of the host nation. Usually the host nation supports any reasonable plan to get foreign nationals out of the country during a crisis. It helps lower the resource demand (security, food, hospital beds, etc) and it makes other countries easier to ignore when none of their citizens are trapped inside in the host nation. Occasionally the host nation will not support evacuations. The most common reasons are either the host nation doesn\u2019t have the resources to locate and move the foreign nationals or the host nation hopes to use their presence as a bargaining chip for outside aid for their own citizens."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"While blowing soap bubbles,why do some soap bubbles burst earlier than the others?And some bubbles take a lot of time to burst?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n While blowing soap bubbles,why do some soap bubbles burst earlier than the others?And some bubbles take a lot of time to burst?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"First we need to understand how bubbles work. A bubble occurs when a gas becomes enclosed by another material. Bubbles can occur between liquids, gases, and solids, but for simplicities sake we\u2019ll say that our bubbles occur when air becomes trapped in a soapy membrane. Any amount of gas has a pressure that it exerts on its surroundings so the walls of the bubble will expand outward, however, the atmosphere outside of the bubble also experts its pressure on the bubble inward. When these pressures equalize, the bubble stabilizes into a roughly spherical structure, as spheres have the smallest surface area to volume ratio, which is favorable in nature. Unfortunately, our ideal models rarely mimic reality. Even if your soapy mixture is distributed evenly and there are no defects in the bubbles structure, the environment around the bubble introduces too many forces on the bubble for it to hold together forever. A simple air current or even the energy from the heat of the sun or a light bulb is enough to upset the delicate structure of the bubble. Any bubbles that last longer than others most likely have a thicker membrane which would be more likely to absorb and distribute any energy it absorbs before breaking"} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why does inbreeding cause the offspring to have a significantly lower IQ than average? What is the science behind it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does inbreeding cause the offspring to have a significantly lower IQ than average? What is the science behind it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"take it that a human body has 2 sets of genes. When a baby is made, half the genes are from the mother and other half is from the father. These genes make proteins which help our body work. However, there are occasionally some errors in the genes which ends up making defective\/too much\/too little proteins which give rise to diseases. Some of these diseases require 2 faulty set of genes in order to manifest. So if daddy has a defective gene but mommy contributes a normal set, the disease does not manifest clinically (or is milder). If there are many generations of inbreeding, the set of defective genes are kept within the same family tree; there is no new genetic input from a different family and thus the probability of having a child with 2 sets of defective genes increase. This increases the risk of diseases, out of which some may feature a lower IQ\/brain malformations."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How could the universe not be infinite?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How could the universe not be infinite?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"If the Universe has positive curvature then it will be finite. Having positive curvature basically means that giant triangles will have the three angles summing to more than 180 degrees. (Negative curvature means the three angles of giant triangles will sum to less than 180 degrees, and a flat universe has zero curvature and the sum of the three angles of giant triangles is 180). You can see an example of positive curvature by drawing a triangle on a globe with one corner at a pole and the other two corners on the equator. The sum of the three angles will be greater than 180 degrees... spheres have positive curvature and if the universe was like that it would be finite."} {"category":"Economics","question":"why would office businesses want to send their employees back into the office when it would seemingly be more efficient to keep employees working at home?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why would office businesses want to send their employees back into the office when it would seemingly be more efficient to keep employees working at home?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"You can't track what employees are doing every second of they are out of your full control and it's a better idea if you control information that is sensitive. Hacking a personal computer is a lot easier than hacking a corporation. Not to mention there are people that can't work from home because they can't concentrate or are easily distracted."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"why can bitumen laid on a road be driven on almost instantly , however in carparks etc must not be driven on for up to 2 weeks?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why can bitumen laid on a road be driven on almost instantly , however in carparks etc must not be driven on for up to 2 weeks?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Was the product hot when applied? Asphalt paving is usually applied hot and then rolled to compact it. As soon as it is cool to the touch it is OK to drive on it with light traffic. However, there is a similar product often called cold patch, normally used to fix potholes. This is not heated and typically not compacted as firmly and as a result can be displaced by the weight of traffic or parked cars. Then there is the possibility that the existing asphalt was simply sealed with a petroleum based sealant which takes time to cure and is virtually never used on public infrastructure."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What is diabetes? What is the difference between diabetes I and diabetes II?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is diabetes? What is the difference between diabetes I and diabetes II?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Type 1 diabetes is insulin deficient. It means your body just stops making insulin altogether and can happen at any age, though usually happens younger. People with this condition usually have to have insulin shots and monitor their blood sugar very strictly or they may die. Type 2 diabetes is insulin resistant. This means your body still makes the insulin, but it cannot absorb it very effectively. This is usually less strictly managed except in more extreme cases. Watching carbohydrate intake, taking metformin or similar medications, or in worst cases, insulin shots are how that is managed."} {"category":"Other","question":"If folks don't work for the US government anymore, what do they still need the security clearance for anyway?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If folks don't work for the US government anymore, what do they still need the security clearance for anyway?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Security clearances are issued to individuals for a period of time, not necessarily just for the time they're working a certain job. A Top Secret clearance is good for five years and a Secret clearance is good for ten, for example. One of the most common professions that give its employees a security clearance is the US military where anyone that has a real job will have a Secret clearance at minimum even though the average term of enlistment is anywhere between 4-6 years. It helps account for possibility of reenlistment, commission, career change, or promotion instead of having to go through an extensive background check each and every single time someone changes their work environment."} {"category":"Other","question":"How is \"Voluntary Manslaughter\" not \"Murder\"?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How is \"Voluntary Manslaughter\" not \"Murder\"?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Homicide is the killing of another human. But not all homicide is murder. Murder 1\/Capitol Murder: Killing someone intentionally with premeditation. Murder 2\/Murder: Killing someone intentionally but without forethought or planning. Murder 3\/Voluntary Manslaughter: Injuring someone intentionally, but said injury being severe enough for them to die. You did not intend to kill but you did intend to harm. Manslaughter\/Involuntary Manslaughter: Killing someone through negligence severe enough to merit criminality. Non-Criminal killings: Self defense, defense of another person, as a legally issued execution, as a function of war, abortion, non-negligent accident. Not every jurisdiction names these things the same and some may use names I have not listed. Some will combine the two manslaughter categories into one, and some will combine the voluntary manslaughter category with Murder 2. And some places still have things like abortion being illegal."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How did pre-1900s scientists discover so much accurate info about atoms with relatively primitive technology?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How did pre-1900s scientists discover so much accurate info about atoms with relatively primitive technology?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Most science is based on having a theory how something would work then saying \"well if it was like that then if I did X then Y should happen\" then doing X to see if Y happens. As long as you have enough technology to do X and check for Y you can do an experiment to see if your theory is right."} {"category":"Other","question":". What makes a bamboo tooth brush zero waste? After a couple months of usage dont you have to replace it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n . What makes a bamboo tooth brush zero waste? After a couple months of usage dont you have to replace it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When you make things out of \u2018natural\u2019 materials, they essentially recycle by rotting. CO2 is taken out of the air to grow bamboo. Then, the bamboo toothbrush breaks down into CO2. Zero change in overall CO2. When you use plastic, you are taking oil from millions of years ago and turning it into CO2 when it breaks down. That adds CO2 to the air."} {"category":"Biology","question":"why do gamers especially find themselves staying up well into the early hours of the morning?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why do gamers especially find themselves staying up well into the early hours of the morning?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The reason is because the games both hit your reward cycle, so you have a want to stay awake, and there isn't physical exertion so getting physically tired is less easy. Also, the bright screen tricks your brain that it's day. The activity also stimulates your brain into not relaxing. Which games? Also, put a category filter on."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What does Neanderthal gene sequencing actually tell us about human-Neanderthal interactions? And is there any other evidence of interaction?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What does Neanderthal gene sequencing actually tell us about human-Neanderthal interactions? And is there any other evidence of interaction?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The first archeological sites where we found Neanderthals they were buried under newer evidence of Homo Sapiens. So the theory was that over time Neanderthals were displaced for Sapiens. However the more sites we found and the more we were able to explore of these sites the more complex things became. We did not just find Neanderthal remains under Sapiens remains but sometimes it was the other way around and sometimes they were buried right next to each other. And this suggests that they were not simply competing with each other and over shared resources but they appeared to be living together in the same caves at the same time. And that is quite uncommon for different species to do. And when we were able to sequence Neanderthal genes we discovered that some of the unique mutations in Neanderthals which were not present in Sapiens at that time are now present in modern day humans. That means that modern humans have some Neanderthal ancestors. And that explains the previous archeological finds where we see Neanderthals and Sapiens living together because they were actually together and able to reproduce with each other."} {"category":"Physics","question":"If light doesn't move through time, why does light take time to go anywhere?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If light doesn't move through time, why does light take time to go anywhere?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"To tackle this question, let's assume that light isn't the universal speed limit. (The speed limit being infinite). #We Know: It takes an exponentially increasing amount of energy to accelerate an object of mass x. Think of this as a 100m long ramp that grows steeper (as a function of mass) until it's completely vertical. **Ramp of Heavy Mass:** > & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp;| > & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp;| > _\/ **Ramp of Small Mass:** > & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp;| > & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp;\/ > & nbsp;__\/ **Ramp of No Mass:** > & nbsp;__________ #We Conclude: 1. We can travel fastest on the ramp that is level rather than one that's uphill. 2. It is impossible to travel faster than the level ramp allows as negative mass and thus a negative declination cannot exist. 3. Therefore, When we have no mass, we travel the fastest. #Tying It Together **Fun Fact:** Light has a mass of 0! Thus using the logic from above, it is the fastest any thing can move on our \"ramp.\" Let's scale it down to easier to manage numbers. The speed of light is 299,792,458 m\/s. Let's Say instead that the speed of light is 100 m\/s, traveling the ramp in 1 second. > From my understanding of it, light travels at light speed, the speed traveling through space at which it stops traveling into the future. ###Defining The Future: In the above scenario, on one end of the ramp I have a flashlight. You are on the other end. Light has a mass of 0, and our \"speed limit\" we defined for that mass is 100 m\/s. When I turn it on, you should see the light 1 second later. For time t(seconds) from **My Perspective:** > **t(0)** - Present > & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp;I Turn on the light. It begins shining towards you, hitting you at: > **t(1)** - Future > & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp;The light hits you 100m away. **Your Perspective** > **t(0)** - Past > & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp;It's dark. No light. > **t(1)** - Present > & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp; & nbsp;You see my light. So our \"speed limit\" (light) caused: 1. T= 0 to be both the Present and Past simultaneously. 2. T= 1 to be both the Future and Present simultaneously. > If light doesn't travel into the future, then wouldn't that mean that it would reach a location at the same time that it started somewhere else? Shouldn't it take 0 time for light to reach a new location, meaning its speed is infinite? Simple Contradiction Proof: Assume: Light has infinite speed causing it to not travel to the future. That Means: * t(0) Present: I turn on the light. * t(0) Present: The light hits you. The fact both of our times are t = 0 contradicts the **law** we defined above saying the fastest light moves is 100 m\/s. So we need another time reference point 1 second later at t = 1. That would mean we have a \"future\". TL-DR; I took a ton of adderall to study for a test and did this instead."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Why can\u2019t computers solve Mathematical proofs?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why can\u2019t computers solve Mathematical proofs?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's possible in theory. You can try and make a computer enumerate all possible syntactic consequences of a given set of axioms, until it arrives at a relevant statement (proof, disproof, proof of undecidability, etc), and [under certain assumptions]( URL_0 ) this will eventually give you the answer. Things become more hairy if we move to second-order logic, but generally, if it's doable at all, a computer could do it. The problem is that the space of all possible proofs grows very, very fast, and no modern computer is powerful enough to as much as make a dent in even the simplest of unsolved problems. Perhaps we would be able to do better than the brute-force algorithm with certain developments in AI, but that's just guessing."} {"category":"Other","question":"How do they convert older movies into 4K?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do they convert older movies into 4K?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The same way they convert movies to Blu-Ray, or DVD, or VHS -- they use the film master to create the digital image. Movies on film -- even older movies -- have a resolution higher than 4K. So while it may have previously been scanned into a lower-resolution format like DVD, they can just rescan it at the higher rate."} {"category":"Technology","question":"What is the true purpose of \"Tag a friend who ...\" spam-posts on facebook?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is the true purpose of \"Tag a friend who ...\" spam-posts on facebook?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Generating range, e.g., exposure. Getting a brands' name 'out there'. Every view, every click, every page loaded is, at its base level, an interaction with a brand, or product and a potential customer. Any page, be it a standalone website, a facebook page, a blog or whatever kind of means a company decides to use to promote a product, is 'counted' by said customer interactions. This is usually called the 'range' said medium can generate. An example from Twitter would be someone with 10 followers, writing a tweet. Let's assume that all 10 followers each have 10 followers of their own and all 10 retweet this one tweet. This means, with one tweet, the tweet is seen by (10x10) 100 possible customers. Now imagine a tweet written by someone who has 1000 followers, each with 100 followers. If only half of those followers retweet this single tweet, we're already at (500x100) 50.000 possible customers being exposed to the companys' product. Thus the range in the latter example is way higher, than in the former. This range is valuable in terms of what a marketing company, or similar, is willing (or has to) pay for their commercial to appear on said medium. That also is the reason why, in comparison, a print ad is much cheaper, than a tv ad - their range is hugely different. So, to come to a stop, all these 'tag a friend that...' sites try to enhance their own range, be it to gain a better position to sell their own products, *or* to have better 'arguments' when dealing with other marketing companies that want to place ads on their site."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"What is it that makes \"Not Machine Wash Safe\" not safe on nonstick pots and pans?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is it that makes \"Not Machine Wash Safe\" not safe on nonstick pots and pans?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Dishwasher detergent contains abrasives which are sprayed around by the high-powered water jets. It is quite like a little, wet sandblaster inside your dishwasher. The Teflon coating on pans is rather thin and any abrasion significantly, and quickly, impairs its nonstick quality. Delicately painted dishes are not dishwasher safe for the same reason."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"How can archaeologist tell how old something is? Like when they find old objects how do they know how old they are roughly at least","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can archaeologist tell how old something is? Like when they find old objects how do they know how old they are roughly at least","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The elements that make up matter have a half-life. That's the time it takes for that element to be cut in half, so if you have 100 grams of carbon, and it has a half-life of 100 years, then in 100 years, it will only have 50 grams. By measuring the amount found in the fossil, and knowing the half-life of that element, it's just working backwards with the math."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How did we find the number of electrons, protons, and neutrons in the past if we didn't have the atomic number or weight?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How did we find the number of electrons, protons, and neutrons in the past if we didn't have the atomic number or weight?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"If you measure the density of gases (at the same temperature and pressure) you'll notice they have simple ratios. Helium is twice as dense as hydrogen, the lightest element, nitrogen is 14 times as dense, oxygen is 16 times as dense. Similarly, you can notice that e.g. 1 gram of hydrogen reacts with 8 grams of oxygen to form 9 grams of water. They always react in that ratio. If you have more hydrogen then some hydrogen will be left over, if you have more oxygen then some oxygen will be left over. It's not the same ratio of 16 from above because water is H2O, i.e. has twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen. Add many more reactions and you can assign relative masses to the atoms. People sorted elements by mass and noticed that they form patterns. As an example, silicon (14th lightest element) reacts similarly to carbon (6), phosphorus (15) reacts similarly to nitrogen (7), sulfur (16) reacts similarly to oxygen (8), and so on. People started arranging the elements in what's now known as periodic table. That's a powerful tool, because now you can notice if you missed an element in between. If e.g. your \"17th element\" reacts like the 10th (i.e. not at all, because #10 is neon), then it's probably the 18th element and you missed #17. With better mass measurements people noticed that: * sometimes the mass order is different from the order in terms of reactions * some elements have atoms of different masses This suggests two separate mechanisms. One that's responsible for the chemistry (element number), and one that can influence the mass. If you shoot particles at atoms you can notice that they have a very massive but tiny positively charged nucleus and then negative charges (electrons) around them. The electrons are responsible for the chemistry. An electrically neutral atom must have as many electrons as protons, so the element number is simply the number of protons. Regular hydrogen is simply a proton. Now you can put everything together: Hydrogen has one proton, let's call that mass \"1\" (a small fraction of atoms has one or even two neutrons). Helium as second element has 2 protons but mass 4, so it needs to have two neutrons (a small fraction of atoms has only one neutron). Carbon is element 6 and has mass 12 - > 6 protons and 6 neutrons. Didn't I say helium gas was twice as dense as hydrogen? This was indeed cause of some confusion early on. The problem is that hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and a few more gases form molecules of two atoms each, while helium does not (because it basically never reacts with anything). Today you can simply put something in a mass spectrometer to measure the mass directly: You measure how much atoms are deflected by magnetic fields if you remove one of their electrons."} {"category":"Biology","question":"what are hangnails? And how do they form?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what are hangnails? And how do they form?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Hangnails are just torn skin around your fingernails. Usually happens when your skin is dry or when biting your fingernails. To prevent hangnails, try to keep your hands hydrated in the warmer months and avoid biting your nails. Most of the pain comes from trying to rip them off. The hangnail sometimes makes your finger swell, which would hurt more when pulling them off. It\u2019s also a bad idea to bite them off, since tearing them off exposes skin and leaves you exposed to infections. Your mouth is full of germs and could lead to infection. TLDR: They\u2019re thorn skin and hurt when you pull them off. Keep your hands hydrated to prevent more."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What happens in our brain, when we forget what we wanted to do while starting to do the action?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What happens in our brain, when we forget what we wanted to do while starting to do the action?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Our brain reinforces pathways we take more than once. Often what happens when we forget what we wanted to do while starting to do something is that a more reinforced brain pathway is triggered when we start the action, causing us to forget the rest once it leaves short term memory. Sort of like the challenge of patting your head while rubbing your stomach."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How do colors work in the brain?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do colors work in the brain?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Short answer: no one really knows, the brains is super complex and has interactions we still don't understand. Longer answer: your brain(when functioning typically) processes color in your visual cortex. However, your brain is actually only receiving 3 color \"signals\" from your eyes. If one or more of those signals is cut you will lose the ability to see colors related to that color. If you ever saw a CRT computer monitor up close(like really close) you could see that each pixel is made up of 3 colors that are just varying brightness. What happened to your mom is(prbably) the blue signal was cut\/damaged due to her brain damage."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How exactly does burning cds work especially when you do it from home? And why does a scratch affect how the cd reads the information?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How exactly does burning cds work especially when you do it from home? And why does a scratch affect how the cd reads the information?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When CDs are pressed commercially, they actually punch tiny tiny holes in the gold foil, and those punches represent the information that becomes the music. When you burn a CD at home, you can\u2019t punch holes, but the laser in the CD burner affects the foil and burns it and discolors it, so that it looks just like a hole to the CD player. A scratch in the plastic or in the foil destroys some of those holes, or it makes it harder for the laser to see them clearly."} {"category":"Economics","question":"If paper\/plastic money note has serial number on it, why does coin not? And how is coin tracked then?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If paper\/plastic money note has serial number on it, why does coin not? And how is coin tracked then?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's not. It's also not really required: coins are costly to make compared to their value, from the metal cost to the smelting and pressing. Small coins are usually more expensive to makes than their face value, even smaller coin (think 1c euro) are most costly in metal alone than their face value (they changed to way they are done to avoid people smelting them to sell the scrap) It's then not really important to keep track of them."} {"category":"Other","question":"How TV Shows like 'It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia' and the creator Rob McElhenney went from nothing into lots of money?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How TV Shows like 'It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia' and the creator Rob McElhenney went from nothing into lots of money?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"views and ratings. The more views a show gets, the more money the network makes from commercials played on that channel during that show. Some of that money goes back to the creators, which they usually invest back into the show so it can grow in viewership and make even more money next season. The reason it's smart to pitch a good idea at a low budget to a network is because they risk very little if they don't have to invest money before knowing the show will attract an audience. oh and it's \"piqued\" your interest btw ;)"} {"category":"Technology","question":"How does the UNIX tool grep work so quickly?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does the UNIX tool grep work so quickly?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It implements the Boyer-Moore algorithm. You begin by preprocessing the pattern to generate a rule table, which I'll mention again in just a moment. You match the pattern by it's last character and work in reverse. If the pattern doesn't match, then the principle key to the speed of this algorithm is that you skip ahead a number of characters based on the rule table, the size of the skip per rule is dependent on the pattern. Grep uses some clever programming to get the number of instructions per character down. It unrolls loops and relies on table lookups as much as possible. It also skips the C standard library and goes straight to kernel calls, and it operates over the whole input buffer and does not first break the input into lines. It also doesn't copy data in memory. Finally, the larger the pattern, the more efficient Grep becomes, by virtue of being able to skip over more and more of the file at a time."} {"category":"Biology","question":"...Why is it that when I\u2019m laying in bed at night, the nostril that my head is leaning on closes automatically?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n ...Why is it that when I\u2019m laying in bed at night, the nostril that my head is leaning on closes automatically?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Most people actually only exhale through one nostril at a time. Your nose has erectile tissue which kinda turns your nostrils on and off throughout the day. It's thought that part of the reason we turn over at night even if we're comfy is due to this. It may not be the only factor at play here, but it is one."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why does some plastic turn yellow with age?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does some plastic turn yellow with age?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Most plastics are flammable. However this is an issue when making devices that needs to meet fire codes. For example you do not want the enclosure of electrical components that might short circuit to be flammable as it would spread the fire. So in order to make plastic safe for use in those applications manufacturers add bromide compounds to the plastic. These compounds are fire retardants. This is kind of like adding fire extinguisher powder to your plastic. However the issue is that these bromide compounds will slowly break down over time. Especially if exposed to UV radiation. And the resulting compounds have this nasty yellow-brown color to them. It is possible to oxidize these compounds using oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide or ozone. This process is often called the retrobright process after a commercial product sold for this purpose. However people are also using simple hair bleaching agents to achieve the same results."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"If I'm trying to get the ace of spades, does picking 5 cards out of a fresh deck, have the same odds as picking 1 card 5 times - reshuffling in-between?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If I'm trying to get the ace of spades, does picking 5 cards out of a fresh deck, have the same odds as picking 1 card 5 times - reshuffling in-between?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"No. If you pick 5 cards ouf of a fresh deck, your odds get better with each pull. First pull: 1:52 chance. Second: 1:51 chance. Fifth pull: 1:48 chance. If you put the card back and reshuffle each time, assuming you really do shuffle randomly, each pull is a 1:52 chance."} {"category":"Physics","question":"why do chickens\u2019 heads stay completely stabilised when someone moves their body?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why do chickens\u2019 heads stay completely stabilised when someone moves their body?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Chicken have really bad eyesight\/no working muscles arouns the eyes and first move their body, their head followes the movement afterwards. Thats why they walk so funnily - their eyes can not cope with the movement like ours can, therefore they adjust after the movement. This is what they do in your example as well, they hold still on purpose because otherwise they could not see very well."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How does a refrigerator work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does a refrigerator work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Expanding gas cools as it expands. First law of thermodynamics. Inside a refrigerator is a reservoir of refrigerant. This is a gas that is compressed into a liquid, as a liquid is a good way of storing a large volume of gas. The system allows the liquid to slowly bleed out of the reservoir. Where it expands rapidly into a gas, cooling as it expands and circulates. Providing refrigeration. At the other end of the system, a compressor sucks in the gas and compresses it back into a liquid in the reservoir. As the system runs the compressor gets hot, and you can get condensation inside the refrigerator. The condensation can be redirected out of the refrigerator to drop onto the hot compressor, where it evaporates."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do, on occasion, temperatures of -2 Celsius in some regions feel colder than temperatures of +3 Celsius in other reasons?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do, on occasion, temperatures of -2 Celsius in some regions feel colder than temperatures of +3 Celsius in other reasons?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Wind and air humidity have great impact on how the air temperature feels. When your skin loses heat to the surrounding air, that air heats up and in turn absorbs less heat from your skin afterwards. That\u2019s how fur keeps animals warm. It traps the warm air at their skin. Clothes do the same for us humans. Wind carries that warm air away replacing it with colder air that absorbs heat from your skin again. That why wind makes it feel colder. Humidity is more complicated but for cold weather it goes like this: water has a much higher heat capacity that\u2019s air so humid air can absorb more heat from you than dry air, making it feel colder. In warm air, humidity work differently, it prevents your sweat from evaporating because there\u2019s already water in the air and air has a limited capacity for carrying water vapor. In turn your body can\u2019t cool itself effectively and it feels hotter than in dry air."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why is it bad to use flash photography around art \/ artifacts?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it bad to use flash photography around art \/ artifacts?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I would imagine it\u2019s the same reason why cellphones cause airplanes to crash and gas tanks to blow up. They don\u2019t. They just want people to pay attention to what they are doing instead of taking photos. Also flashes are super annoying. Could you imagine trying to enjoy a painting in a dimly lit room and suddenly 30 bright lights flash in your face? Now you have little light blobs burned into your vision ruining the rest of you art viewing for a few minutes. Also a lot of art has glass over it so a flash would just reflect off and look terrible anyway. Ever tried to take a picture of an aquarium with a flash? Doesn\u2019t work."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why does significant amounts of blood smell sickly sweet, but small amounts smell metallic?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does significant amounts of blood smell sickly sweet, but small amounts smell metallic?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I'm a doctor. Blood has large amounts of iron in it. The metallic smell is the iron. I think blood smells like iron filings. The \"sickly-sweet\" smell is from a component of blood called Albumin. If you ever were to taste lab grade albumin (which I have done), it is very sweet. My experience has been slightly different from yours, as I experience both of these smells when dealing with patients that are losing massive amounts of blood. I personally find the metallic\/iron smell to be more overwhelming than the albumin smell."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Where did all of water (like oceans and seas) come from, what is the origin of it ?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Where did all of water (like oceans and seas) come from, what is the origin of it ?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Water is very common throughout the Universe. Oxygen produced by stars is released during a supernova and combines with Hydrogen (the most common element in the universe) to form water. The early might have been formed with large quantities of water that oozed up to the surface why the Earth was still completely molten. But much of it was probably lost to space. Asteroids and comets contain a fair amount of water ice. Likely the Earth was continually bombarded during it's early days and the water just kept adding up."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why does water not catch fire?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does water not catch fire?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Fire is the result of rapid oxidation - oxygen atoms bonding strongly to something else. In the case of burning wood, that's mostly oxygen bonding to carbon to make CO and CO2. The heat from the fire rips the carbon out of the cellulose and other organic molecules in the wood, freeing them up to bond more strongly with the oxygen. That reaction creates more heat, which frees more carbon, which reacts with more oxygen... But you can also [burn hydrogen]( URL_1 )! The result of *that* is...H2O! Water. In order for water to burn, you would have to have have enough energy to rip the hydrogen off the water molecule, leaving just the oxygen, and then...put the oxygen atom right back on. Freeing the hydrogen from the oxygen costs energy, just like freeing the carbon from your wood. *Unlike* freeing the carbon from the wood, it costs exactly as much energy to get the oxygen *off* as it does putting it back on, which means you get a net gain of zero energy. Still, we use this principle for hydrogen fuel cells through the process of hydrolysis, which uses electricity to rip the water apart, and then we burn the resulting hydrogen. Because nothing is perfectly efficient, it's actually a net loss. The benefit is that you can use a very efficient source of power like solar or nuclear (from the city grid) to create that hydrogen. That just becomes a point of manipulating what energy you have into more usable forms. What's more, water is really good at absorbing heat. Remember the [fire triangle]( URL_0 ): without heat to get the fuel burning, you can't have a fire. So even if you have something to get started burning the water, the rest of the water around it will suck away the heat before individual molecules get hot enough to combust. You *can* still burn things underwater, though. Usually that means giving it an oxidizer along with your fuel, the same principle for burning things in space where there is no oxygen. IE: you bring your own with you. Sodium will burn underwater, specifically because the sodium reacts with the oxygen more strongly than the hydrogen atoms, and it'll just rip the oxygen right off the water! What's left is Sodium Hydroxide and H2 molecules, and a ton of heat. Those H2 molecules will react with any free oxygen in the water if there is any, but it'll definitely make a flame once that hot H2 hits the air where there's plenty of O2 ready to burn and form H2O again. But with sodium it's not the water that's burning, it's the sodium, and the product of that reaction can also burn (and does). *Burning* means oxidation, and you can't oxidize water because, well, it's already got oxygen in it! But you *can* do other reactions that accomplish the same thing. And you can force more oxygen onto the water molecules and make H2O2 - hydrogen peroxide. But you *lose* energy with that reaction, and the H2O2 is very eager to get rid of that second oxygen molecule and oxidize something else."} {"category":"Other","question":"() Why is the Position Control Center phone number a regular 10 digit phone number when it's an emergency number? (In the US)","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n () Why is the Position Control Center phone number a regular 10 digit phone number when it's an emergency number? (In the US)","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"If the poison was bad enough for an extra 7 digits to be really dangerous, you should be calling 911 anyway to get an ambulance. Poison control is generally more for when you are unsure if a substance is poisonous or not, or if you know it\u2019s not that dangerous but still want to know the treatment. Not for emergencies."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How do companies that make free products like web browsers and linux version stay afloat?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do companies that make free products like web browsers and linux version stay afloat?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Some of them are open source projects meaning the contributors write them as research projects in their free time. They can use them in their CVs later. Surprisingly, these apps are very useable and stable. Ex.: Linux distributions. There are products with the companies would like to chain users to the other products of the company. Developing a browser like Chrome worth it if millions will use it to access Google products filled with ads (Gmail, Google Search etc.) In this case, these companies heavily calculate wether the product worth the trouble -- this is how Google shut down Google Plus this year. Finally some free products suggest you should pay for premium service, like Spotify."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"What exactly makes a mathematical argument 'rigorous'?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What exactly makes a mathematical argument 'rigorous'?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I took a few theoretical math courses as an undergrad and grad student, and my general idea is that you need to explicitly state your intuition and any relevant theorems and their relevance. Avoid using words like \"clearly.\" Even if you're thinking that word, there's probably some intuition you need to write down. Think about how your audience might interpret your proof and make sure all leaps are explained. A similar question has been asked and answered on Stack Exchange, also asked by an undergrad student. You might find it helpful: URL_0 You have the right idea of asking your professors. Not only can they give you general guidelines, but rigor has slight subjectivity, so each professor has different expectations that you need to understand. You're asking for an exact distinction but there isn't an exact one because rigor is about convincing your audience that your proof is complete."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Is it possible to predict the path of a tornado, how random is it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Is it possible to predict the path of a tornado, how random is it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"From a *general* perspective; their paths are somewhat predictable. Generally, tornados will track along a route following whatever storm they're associated with. Thus, to trained storm spotters and meteorologists, 9 times out of 10 they'll be able to tell where the tornado will go to within about a mile or so. However, that remaining 1 time out of 10 some wonky things can happen because the storm can do strange things. The perfect example is the [El Reno Tornado]( URL_0 ) from back in 2013 that killed a few storm chasers and sent most of the rest scattering around it, entirely because the storm behaved very very strangely. Further, while the overwhelming majority of a tornado's damage is constrained to it's immediate vicinity, the tornado can still chuck debris over a pretty wide area. This debris, and the intense storm that the tornado is associated with, are often violent enough that, even if the tornado isn't going to hit you, it's still quite advisable to take cover until the storm passes."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How come differences at the subatomic level lead to such variety?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How come differences at the subatomic level lead to such variety?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"That stuff you're using to describe matter: liquid, blue, white, etc. is all a consequence of how matter interacts with everything else. The answer to how matter interacts with other stuff is usually the electric force. Why is some substance liquid at room temperature? Because the electric force between the electrons in the atoms\/molecules is strong enough to keep it from being a gas and too weak to let it be a solid. Why is some substance blue? Because if the interactions of the electrons in the substance causing it to reflect, absorb, or ignore certain colors of light (which itself couples to the electric field). Why does iron transfer heat better plastic? Well, it has to do with how tightly the atoms pack and how well they can transfer kinetic energy (wiggling = heat) to each other, and the thing that dictates that is how the electrons pull and push on each other through the electric force. It's all about how the electrons interact. How the electrons interact is also affected by how many protons are in an atom. This all comes down to the electric force. Of course there's things like \"why is a magnet magnetic?\" Well, there's magnetic force involved in electrons also, but it's responsible for relatively fewer of the properties of matter."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why are gas prices so much higher in California than the rest of the country?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are gas prices so much higher in California than the rest of the country?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are two big reasons. The first is that California has a higher gasoline tax than other states. That's pretty straightforward. The second, and much more important, is that California has stricter emissions laws than other states, which makes gasoline that would be legal to sell in other states unavailable to California. Not only is that gasoline more expensive to produce, but because California requires a different gasoline makeup, it means that California is a \"gasoline island\": in cases where demand increases, sellers can't import gasoline refined in other states, since their refineries don't produce California-compliant gasoline. So prices tend to be higher to start, and they're more likely to increase in response to issues like refinery capacity problems, power outages, unexpected demand, etc, since the supply is constrained."} {"category":"Other","question":"is ignorance of the law ever an excuse, when society has more laws than anybody can possibly remember?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n is ignorance of the law ever an excuse, when society has more laws than anybody can possibly remember?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There is a lot of misinformation out there. So lets be very clear - NO. There is never any situation in which you escape criminal liability because you \"didn't know about a rule\". Now, lets talk about some of the tiny \"hey isn't this an exception\" laws. \\- There are a lot of laws where it isn't so much you have to obey the law, its that you have to make a reasonable effort to obey the law. So the law is \"THOU SHALL NOT EAT ICE CREAM\", rather the law is \"Be reasonably prudent to ensure that you do not eat ice cream\". In that situation if you were given a frozen yogurt cup with what looked like frozen yogurt in it and you asked the person who gave it to whether it was frozen yogurt and they responded yes. Well then you are not in trouble for eating ice cream. \\- There are also a lot of laws where the punishment options for the government range from \"hey asshole - don't do that again\", to \"prepare your asshole for prison\". Your knowledge of the law and sophistication is going to go a long way to say which of those applies. For example if your wife's friend is a secretary at the FBI and you mailed her a gift basket on her birthday there might be some crazy law on the books about not giving gifts to government employees over 50 bucks that you broke. The law isn't there for you though, its there for when the CEO of a chinese mining company gives a Ferrari with a trunk filled with cash to the head of the Ohio board of mining licences. \\- Now, as has been said here \"intention\" is a component of almost every law. However it isn't the intention to break the law, rather it is the intention to do the prohibited thing. If there is a law that no one can walk on the grass outside congress, and the wind blows away the \"no walking sign\", you do not escape liability for not knowing. But if the wind blows YOU onto the lawn and you had never intended to go onto the grass at all, then you escape liability. & #x200B; Now at this point you are probably saying \"but wait... this isn't really fair, there is no way I could know all the laws\". Well you are absolutely, 100%, right. And this is a major problem in the minds of libertarians. Libertarians basically think that the rules of society should be simple enough that you can kind of just figure them out based on moral intuition. I have a lot of sympathy for that position. Especially in a country that calls itself the \"land of the free\". With that said, it simply is not true."} {"category":"Economics","question":"why does ground beef \/ chicken breast cost less than red peppers?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why does ground beef \/ chicken breast cost less than red peppers?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"**TL;DR: Lots of reasons.** *Certain fruits and veggies are highly seasonal and light for their weight and require careful handling and importing from outside the country. Meat's easier to keep growing through the winter using local government-assisted jobs so grocery stores can access massive quantities and sell it at a reduced price.* Fruits and vegetables don't grow outside in colder weather, and many have very limited growing seasons coupled with limited shelf life. So you either have to grow them in a warm climate that's far away and then invest in rapidly shipping them in a temperature-controlled container until they arrive, or grow them in a regional warmed greenhouse or hydroponics farm. Both options are expensive and add to the cost. A lot of fruit and vegetables bruise very easily and are filled with air (peppers are a good example). So you have to ship them in protective containers that don't really contain much weight compared to their volume. This adds to their cost compared the small volume for each pound of, say, pork that comes in. There are no seasonal limitations on growing many meats. Pig sties and chicken farms run throughout the year, feeding their animals through locally grown crops that keep really well like dried corn. Do it right and you can get several harvests of chicken each year. However, strawberries and asparagus really only grow once per year in a certain season. Getting those products out of season usually means they've been shipped from far overseas. Stores put on sales according to supply and demand. In your chicken versus grapes example, they were able to buy a massive quantity of local chicken at a cheap price, and they were willing to let it go at less of a profit per package because everyone's buying it and then buying other things in their store too. There's no massive quantity of grapes being routinely harvested in winter, so there's no sale on those and the store's getting full profit on each bunch they sell. And finally, as someone else mentioned, sometimes regional governments interfere in the price-setting elements of \"supply and demand\", charging tariffs and taxes on imported good while subsidizing locally produced ones."} {"category":"Technology","question":"If HDR is just a monitor having better contrast, why do games\/videos have to specifically support it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If HDR is just a monitor having better contrast, why do games\/videos have to specifically support it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The recorded and transmitted video data has to conform to a specific set of standards that constrain the possible quality you can achieve. To get HDR, you need to use a suitable standard such as Dolby Video, which adds more precision to each pixel than would be possible in normal (non-HDR) video. If you really want to see an example, the wikipedia HDR page gives some detail as to the specific codecs used: URL_0"} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why is Facebook advertising it's \"Facebook Live\" feature so heavily?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is Facebook advertising it's \"Facebook Live\" feature so heavily?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"If the social media market starts to gravitate towards Snapchats or livestreams, etc it means users could use other platforms to share content and information which means they become less relevant. They are also working on different ways to monetize the live streaming with ads so they maintain revenue. This is revenue they lose if people use other networks to do accomplish the same goal. Essentially, they are trying to protect their market share in case social media transitions to into this new live space."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How do the bakery's cut hot dog buns when they are still all stuck together to the other hot dog buns in the package?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do the bakery's cut hot dog buns when they are still all stuck together to the other hot dog buns in the package?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Hot dog buns are usually 4 across. THey are cut with three knives, so you end up with this pattern of bun sides cut uncut, uncut cut, cut uncut, uncut cut The side buns are cut normally the middle gets cut with a pointy flat spike that goes all the way through and cuts two buns, thats where you get the two cuts against each other."} {"category":"Physics","question":"On a subatomic level, what stops two objects made of the same exact material from joining and forming a bigger object? What force is there that repels the two objects?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n On a subatomic level, what stops two objects made of the same exact material from joining and forming a bigger object? What force is there that repels the two objects?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A few things, notably that what *we* see as the \"same material\" often isn't actually the same material. Take metals: they oxidize. For iron, that means rusting. While a thick layer of rust takes a while, the iron atoms on the outside oxidize about as instantaneously as anything can happen. So when you try to stick to pieces of iron together, in reality there's a barrier of iron oxide between the two pieces, and that iron oxide doesn't really stick to anything. Why not? Because the oxygen is sticking to the iron instead. The iron can't stick to the other iron atoms because the oxygen is in the way, and the oxygen won't stick to the oxygen because oxygen generally doesn't like sticking to itself. This happens with pretty much all metals: the instant you cut through the metal, it will oxidize and it won't stick back together. Interestingly enough, you *can* \"cold weld\" metal together in an environment where there is no oxygen, like space! The cut has to be extremely clean and precise, too. If you manage it, though, you can simply touch the cut pieces of metal together and they'll \"weld\" into a solid piece again. But the cut has to be *very* precise. The other reason materials don't stick together is because of surface area and contact. Think about [cut wood]( URL_0 ) and how rough the edge is after you cut it. Even if the wood wanted to stick together like unoxidized metal, it still wouldn't because it would touch enough. Each little splinter sticking out of the cut edge would attach, sure, but then it would get in the way and prevent shorter splintery edges from touching each other. There would be gaps with trapped air, and not enough pieces bonded together to make it strong. So your material has to be very smooth at the cut, or else it's like trying to get two puzzle pieces that don't match to stick together. Some materials just aren't sticky, or aren't sticky in the right way. For this, you can think of velcro: there's a grabby side and a soft side. The grabby side won't stick to another grabby side, eh? That's kind of what's happening with oxidized metal: oxygen is really grabby and it runs in and grabs the metal, and other grabby oxygen can't stick to that grabby oxygen. Really, it has to do with unpaired electrons in the outer shell. That is, electrons like being paired and atoms will \"borrow\" electrons from nearby atoms so that they can complete the pairs. Usually, the atoms end up sharing the electrons, which keeps them close together (which is a *covalent* bond in chemistry). Atoms can also just straight up steal an electron, but that makes them slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive, and like tiny magnets they stick together (which is an *ionic* bond). There's also *metallic* bonds, in which the electrons float among all the atoms in the metal, \"shared\" by all of the atoms simultaneously. When an atom has all its electrons paired up and the positive\/negative charges balanced, it doesn't need to stick to anything else. Sometimes a substance is just like that. Take for instance carbon dioxide - the oxygen shares its electrons with the carbon and, just like the oxidized iron, has all its electrons paired and doesn't want or need to borrow or share with anything else. So CO2 doesn't really stick to itself at all. That's why it's a gas at room temperature. Water, on the other hand, sticks to itself pretty well because the molecules are polar, which is why water is *not* a gas at room temperature. Anything with atoms with completed electron pairs won't stick to much of anything, unless it's polar like water. That is, part of the water is very slightly positive and part is very slightly negative, so they stick together like magnets that are very slightly bigger than the tiny ionic bonding atoms. These kinds of polar molecule bonding is called *hygrogen* bonding. You can still get a material to clump even if the atoms have full electron pairs, though. Stuff like plastics have long chains of polymers, which are repeating bits of molecules stuck together, and they're all tangled together instead of being chemically bonded. So they won't really stick to anything, including other plastic, unless you melt it down and give the polymers a chance to move around and get tangled up with each other. Think of plastic like a box of Christmas lights piled on top of each other and shaken up a lot, and then frozen in place. There's no way to get them apart. If you add another frozen pile of tangled Christmas lights on top, though, they won't tangle together until you unfreeze them and jumble them up together. TL;DR: That totally works that way under very limited circumstances, but mostly the forces repelling the two objects are the same forces repelling any two objects - that is to say, the electromagnetic force keeping electrons away from each other."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why does esport (e.g. Dota 2) need to be constantly changed and updated if not people will get bored, while traditional sports (e.g. football) can stay the same for hundreds of years but people will still play?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does esport (e.g. Dota 2) need to be constantly changed and updated if not people will get bored, while traditional sports (e.g. football) can stay the same for hundreds of years but people will still play?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Sports don\u2019t stay the same. Players practice, exercise, retire, and join. There is inherent imbalance in sports. One team had more experienced people, faster or stronger people. In esports, some strategies are superior. Some units, gear, whatever are superior. Some strategies are superior. But, no champions, items, or whatever else ever have to retire. If you never change anything, then player experience becomes the only factor which varies between matches. Look at hardcore fans of various sports. They track MASSIVE quantities of statistics on players. If the only thing they could track was raw experience, sports likely also would lack the consistent draw."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How do surgeons reattach people's entire body parts after they've been removed?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do surgeons reattach people's entire body parts after they've been removed?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"slowly and carefully. Some things like muscle tissue will regrow and repair. But things like nerves, arteries, veins and some capillaries have to be manually reattached and even grafted (meaning replacent tissue has to be put on it to support the connection until it can heal and regrow) Its a long and tedious job but if done correctly partial and even full use of the limb can be restored. And most people would say its worth the work."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why is Japan not facing economic ruin when its debt to GDP ratio is much worse than Greece during the eurozone crisis?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is Japan not facing economic ruin when its debt to GDP ratio is much worse than Greece during the eurozone crisis?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Japan is a middle-aged doctor who took out a second mortgage maybe they shouldn't have. They are still wealthy, still have a great, high income job, so people are willing take more chances loaning them money, even if the debt is starting to pile up. If worse comes to worst, they can always sell their vacation condo to make ends meet. Greece is an assistant manager at Kinkos, who lied on a bunch of credit card applications and lived too large for a few years until it all caught up with them. Even though they owe less than Japan, even as a ratio to their income, their job is much less stable, so the interest is higher and their creditors are much less patient. They also live in their parents' basement, so they have no house to sell to get them out of trouble. And most worrying, they haven't assumed responsibility for the mess they made and spend most of their time blaming other people rather than trying to fix it."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How do tokens work? How does a machine (i.e: arcade game, subway turnstile, etc) distinguish one token from another, or from a similar sized coin in general?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do tokens work? How does a machine (i.e: arcade game, subway turnstile, etc) distinguish one token from another, or from a similar sized coin in general?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Typically, this is done by size and\/or weight. There will be elements of the machine that will evaluate the coin by one or both of these metrics to see if it is \"valid\" - it will return it if it is not. Odds are, the tokens will work just fine as there aren't that many people that make tokens and there isn't much value in having unique tokens for each customer."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why is it harder to sing in a secondary language despite having a certain level of proficiency in it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it harder to sing in a secondary language despite having a certain level of proficiency in it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Singing in a language uses a different part of the brain than speaking it. You will find with Choirs that many people sing in foreign languages without being able to speak said languages at all. They are taught how to sing the specific words in a specific manner and no language processing is occurring for them, just music production."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why does it feel good to rub your eyes when you\u2019re tired?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does it feel good to rub your eyes when you\u2019re tired?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"URL_0 > Rubbing your eyes can also be therapeutic. Pressing down on your eyeball can stimulate the vagus nerve, which slows down your heart rate, relieving stress. That might explain the \"feel good\", but read the rest in the article about potential damage to your eyes by rubbing them too much. Your eyes have an inner fluid pressure, and you don't want to continually increase that pressure. URL_1 > Even a light rub doubles [eye pressure]. Removing eye make-up or wiping away tears increases the pressure a little more. But scrunching up your eyes then using your knuckles to gouge really hard shoots up your eye pressure more than 20 times. Read the rest, about dangers if you have certain eye conditions. Also, from the first article: > Most worryingly, studies have shown that continuous eye rubbing in susceptible individuals can also lead to thinning of the cornea, which is weakened and pushes forward to become more conical. This is known as keratoconus, and is a serious condition that can lead to distorted vision and ultimately the need for a corneal graft. So basically don't rub too hard or too often. Also if you are rubbing because of an allergy making your eyes itchy, it actually make the itching worse, because rubbing also releases \"histamines\" (the stuff that makes you itch & sneeze etc. when you have hay fever or other allergies). That's why you might find that if your eyes itch, the more you rub them the more itchy they get! Eyeballs are complicated things. ed: Bit of trivia: Eyeballs are technically *part of your brain*! The retina (the light-sensitive bit at the back of the eyeball) is formed from the same tissues as the brain so it's considered part of the brain. Our brains are literally peeping out of our skulls to see things. :)"} {"category":"Economics","question":"what does it mean when a US state is a \u201cright to work\u201d state?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what does it mean when a US state is a \u201cright to work\u201d state?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Right to work is a misnomer which i assume is by design. It basically means the company you work for can fire you at anytime for any reason but you can quit anytime you want as well. You can quit anytime you want to in a non right to work state as well so it basically just gives companies power over you."} {"category":"Physics","question":"why do electrical circuits make noise occasionally?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why do electrical circuits make noise occasionally?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Buncha weird answers here. Switch mode power supplies use a transistor to switch the current on and off through a coil of wire, generating different voltages which can be more useful for low voltage DC circuits. As this coil of wire is repeatedly energised and de-energised at a high frequency, causing a changing magnetic field, which can interact with the environment, creating sound waves."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why do older video games look so angular, like they were pasting faces on the blocks of wood? What changed?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do older video games look so angular, like they were pasting faces on the blocks of wood? What changed?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Computers do 3D graphics with angular, pointy shaped polygons. If you wanna make something look smooth and rounded, you need to use **more** little polygons to approximate a rounded edge. Problem is, more polygons means more resources for a computer to keep track of, and on older systems eventually you'd run out of memory to keep track of it all. So in ye olden days, you had to look for stuff you could skip drawing in 3D, and paste a picture on instead. Pasting a picture on aka \"using a texture\" could be less \"expensive\" for the computer to spend time on rather than really building details in 3D. So a lot of facial detail (how eyes are set in, how cheeks are rounded) would get skipped over. [Here's a kinda long video showing off Mario's evolution over the years.]( URL_0 ) In his N64 days, it took 752 polygons to make his shape, but by the time you get to modern models, it takes over 10,000. But in exchange you get to model all sorts of little details (like his mustache! And fingers!) that help him look way better. The N64 simply didn't have enough memory to store this, and even if it did it's CPU was too slow to draw it fast enough: ideally games need to draw a new picture of what's happening on screen **at least** 30 times a second in order for the motion to look okay."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do we get black circles under our eyes when we don't get enough sleep?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do we get black circles under our eyes when we don't get enough sleep?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The concept behind dark circles under your eyes relates to fluid retention. The skin under your eyes is extremely thin, and therefore, more transparent. When you've neglected sleeping one of the responses the body has is in the increase in the amount of the hormone Cortisol. Cortisol, which is sometimes referred to as the stress hormone, will increase blood flow (vasodilation). This is subsequently seen in the skin under your eyes!"} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"why do some foods, like pickels, still come in a glass jar, but most beverages, like milk, have migrated to waxed paper or plastic containers?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why do some foods, like pickels, still come in a glass jar, but most beverages, like milk, have migrated to waxed paper or plastic containers?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"As far as I know (as a chemistry major) glass is safer for storing acidic foods because acidity can ease the leaching of plastic toxic compounds (like epoxy resins) into the food and that's why many acidic foods are still sold in glass jars. But then again I have seen several brands of pickels sold in plastic containers, so maybe the amount of leaching is negligible or we have to sue the companies :D"} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why is canned tuna so different from fresh tuna?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is canned tuna so different from fresh tuna?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Canned solid white tuna (and chunk white tuna) is basically boiled albacore tuna filet. If you get an albacore filet and boil it, then cool it to room temp, it\u2019ll be pretty similar. This tends to be more subtle flavored, but great chunky textures. Chunk light tuna is generally skipjack, which is in the tuna family but quite a different fish, and often much cheaper than albacore. It\u2019ll have a pinkish hue and be shredded. Again for the most part, if you boiled up one of these fish, this is about what you\u2019d get. This tuna tends to have a more pungent flavor but the texture can be a turnoff to some. Skipjack would almost always be considered to be a much lower quality fish than many other tunas (but it has its uses and many like it!) Most fresh tuna you find in stores and restaurants will be a different tuna called \u201cyellowfin tuna\u201d. If you go to a store or restaurant and order a \u201ctuna\u201d filet, or tuna anything that\u2019s not a tuna salad sandwich, this is the fish you\u2019re getting. Yellowfin tuna is that nice pink to red color when raw that you\u2019re more familiar with, but cooks up white. Again, it\u2019s a different fish than those above but they are all in the tuna family. Most tuna sushi you will be served will be this fish as well."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why are computer CPUs so small? Wouldn't it be beneficial to make them bigger?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are computer CPUs so small? Wouldn't it be beneficial to make them bigger?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Electricity takes time to travel through wires. If you want to make a signal go to a bunch of different points quickly then you need to put those points closer together. This is what CPU designers are doing; by making their components smaller they are able to cram more points into a given area and achieve more without slowing down the process with more distance."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why are Human babies so helpless?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are Human babies so helpless?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because we needed to stand up. That meant the hole that the baby slips through is restricted in size, forcing human babies to be born much earlier and thus with much more limited capabilities. Animals on the other hand allow their youth to develop a lot further in the womb, and then plop out fairly functional. The downside for us is that babies need a lot more care, luckily we developed a lot mentally to get very good at that."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How did they do math before Arabic numerals?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How did they do math before Arabic numerals?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"[Abacuses]( URL_0 ) were in use long before the invention of the Arabic writing system, and are still used today by students who can not do math with Arabic Numbers (like the blind). It's a frame with bars, each bar with a number of beads on them. And they can be used to great effect for most simple mathematical calculations."} {"category":"Biology","question":"why is abdominal fat first to deposit and last to melt? What determines where the fat goes?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why is abdominal fat first to deposit and last to melt? What determines where the fat goes?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I read somewhere that besides keeping your internal organs cozy, fat in the abdomen and buttocks\/thighs is situated so that it least affects your moment of inertia, because it is as close as possible to your center of mass. This allows you to stay relatively nimble when compared to storing fat further away, say in the arms and lower legs. Imagine running around swinging fat deposits on your wrists and ankles to get an idea of what I am saying. The body has evolved to store fat near your waist first."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"You are on a game show with a prize behind one of three doors. You choose a door, and the host opens one of the other two doors showing you there isn\u2019t a prize there. You should now change your decision. WHY?! (the most infuriating statistics problem that I still don\u2019t understand)","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n You are on a game show with a prize behind one of three doors. You choose a door, and the host opens one of the other two doors showing you there isn\u2019t a prize there. You should now change your decision. WHY?! (the most infuriating statistics problem that I still don\u2019t understand)","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I'll make the problem really simple for you: The door that gets revealed as the \"wrong door\" is always a \"wrong door\". If you had originally picked either of the two wrong doors, then switching now would always result in the winning door. If you originally picked the winning door, switching will cause you to lose. Since there were 3 doors in the beginning, you had a 2\/3 chance of picking a wrong door and then subsequently switching to the winning door, and a 1\/3 chance of picking the correct door on the first try and switching to lose. TL:DR: Your odds of winning are = the odds of picking the wrong door on the first choice, since as long as you pick one wrong door, the other will be eliminated, and you can switch to the correct door."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why would insurance companies provide insurance?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why would insurance companies provide insurance?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Why would anyone ever open a casino? Insurance is, at its core, gambling. The insurance company bases the premium on the risk\/odds of a payout. They take those premium payments and invest the money. As long as the insurance company is making more money in premiums and investment returns than they're paying out in claims (and remember, they're the ones who set the odds) they're making money overall. Insurance companies have big actuarial departments who are running all sorts of statistical analyses on overall odds to make sure they're calculating premiums correctly for what their claims will end up paying out."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why does putting pressure on an area you just hurt make it less painful?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does putting pressure on an area you just hurt make it less painful?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The simple answer is sensory overload. You have (essentially) five main receptors in your skin: 1. Touch 2. Pressure\/touch 3. Temperature 4. Vibration 5. Pain\/itch When you trigger one, it sends an impulse to your brain, such as \"OW! Cut!\" or \"OW! HOT!\". The more nerves you trigger, the greater the sensation. Our network of nerves are like pipes. Certain ones are capable of carrying more volume of signals than others. Also, in some areas of the body there are only so many pathways for these impulses to travel to your brain. Now, if you're suddenly overloaded with a specific type of impulses in one area, some of the other impulse types will be 'diluted' comparatively. It's like dropping one drip of hot sauce into a gallon of water... yes, it's still there and you know it, but it's very weak when diluted by everything around it. When you apply pressure, the nerves responsible for pressure overload the network, minimizing the relative quantity of pain signals getting through. That's why the pain starts to come back when you release pressure on the cut."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"What exactly is the Bermuda Triangle? Why do ships supposedly get lost within it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What exactly is the Bermuda Triangle? Why do ships supposedly get lost within it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The Bermuda triangle is just a region in the Atlantic ocean that has a higher than average amount of traffic. It is one of the busiest shipping areas in the world, and also has a higher than average concentration of flights passing through it. As a result the total number of ships and planes that have gone missing there is higher than most other regions, but the number of missing per 10,000 ships\/flights passing through that region is about the same as anywhere else."} {"category":"Physics","question":"why is the snow cover so even?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why is the snow cover so even?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There' so many of them (Like absurd numbers in the billions and trillions) that the noise of coverage is converted to one even looking smooth sheet to your brain. However it's not even, wind affects snowfall, localized temperature like from a house or street lamp; when snowflakes hit the ground they tend to fuse to other ones and the weight eventually collapses stacks into even flat piles. They are so small it seems like a flat sheet to the naked eye. There are odds though that some variable could cause a giant tower of snowflakes... it's highly unlikely."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Does Liquid IV hydrate you more than as if you are drinking regular water? If so, how?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Does Liquid IV hydrate you more than as if you are drinking regular water? If so, how?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's basically electrolytes to make water \"isotonic\", wich means the electrolyte levels (salts\/minerals) match the ones of our body. When you drink regular water it doesn't match the mineral concentration your body needs so some excess water is flushed out (same if too much minerals are in it though). So yes, you get more hydration by drunk volume. But thats really only a concern when you have limited water with you, otherwise you can just drink more and let your body solve it themselves."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How do tax write offs work in the USA when you file self employed taxes?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do tax write offs work in the USA when you file self employed taxes?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Write-offs are the same with self-employment as they are for w2 employment, but your income is shown on various 1099 forms. You find out the rules for write-offs and they come off your income (not your tax bill). Example, let's say I'm in the gig economy, and I have income from Uber, postmates, wag, and other forms of contract employment. There are rules about being able to write off expenses on home office, vehicles, and other expenses. If the things you use to do your job are also used for personal use (like a car), you have to determine how much your car was used for business. This is where mileage tracking comes in (there are free apps to monitor your mileage). So if 50% of my driving was for business, I then look at how much I've spent on my car (gas, repairs, payments, interest, insurance, washes, accessories), and I can take 50% of that value and remove it from my taxable income. If I've made a total of $75,000 last year from all of my job sources, and I spent $10,000 on the car expenses I listed above (and 50% of my car use is for business), I can lower my income by $5,000 so I'm now only paying taxes on $70,000. There are other ways to do car expenses, but everything else will follow the rule of what percentage of things I'm writing off were used for personal reasons (like, do you use your home office to also play video games or some other non-business purpose, then you write off a percentage of your home office). I use TurboTax Small Business and it covers all of the write-offs extensively."} {"category":"Biology","question":"how come food gets utterly obliterated by stomach acid, yet stuff such as bacteria and parasites that cause food poisoning doesn\u2019t?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how come food gets utterly obliterated by stomach acid, yet stuff such as bacteria and parasites that cause food poisoning doesn\u2019t?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Most do, but only a very small number of bacteria need to make it to the intestines to start multiplying again and produce ill effects. Actually the impressive part is probably how many bacteria your stomach acid *does* blitz every day and how rarely pathogenic bacteria do make it through! Also some food poisoning (such as from rice) isn\u2019t caused by bacteria, but by toxins which the bacteria have already produced, and which don\u2019t get destroyed in the stomach."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"how counting cards in poker works?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how counting cards in poker works?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"As a general rule, you don't count cards in Poker - you count cards in BlackJack. This is because, unlike most card games, BlackJack does not shuffle the deck between hands. This means that knowledge of historic cards can give you important information about what cards remain in the deck for future hands. There are multiple ways to count cards, but they all boil down to remembering what cards you have seen in previous hands so you can extrapolate what cards are left in the deck. If you have seen are large number of low cards (2-6) then that tells you the remaining cards in the shoe (card holder the dealer uses) are weighted to higher cards (7-10s). This can influence how you choose to play your hand - if you are sitting on a 15, you may not want to hit if the shoe is heavy with high cards as you are likely to bust. Opposite logic would be true if the deck is heavy in low cards. Now, all that said, counting cards is very much against the rules of any casino and you _will_ be banned from the property if you are caught. Casinos also do things that reduce the impact of counting cards (playing with multiple decks and shuffling more often)."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"What is a Hilbert Space?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is a Hilbert Space?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Never played Destiny 2, but if it has Hilbert space reference, I now kinda want to. Anyhow, to describe Hilbert space, but omitting mathematical details, you kinda can just take your intuition about what a space even is(assuming you aren't mathematician. If you are, then you're thinking too broadly), and consider for example sheet of paper as 2d space. Or our world we live in as 3d space. Or piece of string as 1d space. Hilbert space is a catch-all name for these spaces, and some more. You can have 4d Hilbert space, or 5d Hilbert space, but also the thing that really makes it a bit weird is that even infinite-dimensional spaces are allowed. If one speaks of **the** Hilbert space, you refer to the infinite-dimensional case. The cool bit about Hilbert spaces is that infinitely many dimensions breaks surprisingly few of our intuitions. There's still concept of distance between points, you can still do sorta geometry in this space, and you can even do calculus in infinite dimensions. How you arrive at them is basically, imagine infinite dimensions. Then try to figure out how to calculate distances between points without everything being infinite(for comparison, distance on a straight line is |x1 - y1|. Distance on a plane is sqrt((x1 - y1)^2 + (x2 - y2)^2 ).) And boom, you're more or less done. Technical details left as an exercise for the reader."} {"category":"Biology","question":"If Coca-Cola were to produce biodegradable packaging for their plastic bottles and if it\u2019s true that biodegradable plastic decomposes in 3 to 6 months, how would Coca-Cola make they products last on store shelves and warehouses?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If Coca-Cola were to produce biodegradable packaging for their plastic bottles and if it\u2019s true that biodegradable plastic decomposes in 3 to 6 months, how would Coca-Cola make they products last on store shelves and warehouses?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Biodegradable materials means it will break down due to bacteria and the like. Typically those are *anaerobic bacteria* which means they only exist somewhere there isn't oxygen. Like deep underground in landfills. Oxygen is toxic to those bacteria and will kill them. It won't be able issue anywhere you would expect to find drinkable coke."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why do materials loose their magnetic properties when they get hot?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do materials loose their magnetic properties when they get hot?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Magnetism is caused by all he electrons in atoms being aligned in the same direction. In order for the atoms to line up properly, they need to be fairly still and stable. When you heat something up, the atoms get all excited and move around faster and more chaotically, thus making it hard for the electrons to line up properly. So bye bye magnetism."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why can't anyone reduce an air conditioner or refrigerator down to truly portable size?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why can't anyone reduce an air conditioner or refrigerator down to truly portable size?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Are you talking about walking around with a personal A\/C unit strapped to your back and keeping you cool while you move about your day? The main issue is the fact that you'd basically be conditioning the atmosphere around you and net no benefit. A\/C units work because they take heat from one location and exhaust it in another (window unit sucks room air into the fins, transfers the heat the the refrigerant, the now cooled air is blown back into the room, and the hot refrigerant is then cooled by the outside air and the cycle repeats). If you don't have a closed environment to pump the cooled air into and a separate environment to pump the heated air into you're just spending energy for no net gain. In order to have a mobile, air conditioning unit that you can take around with you, you'd basically have to wear a suit that traps the cooled air against your body to benefit you."} {"category":"Other","question":"- Why does everyone hate Comic Sans?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n - Why does everyone hate Comic Sans?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Partially because it's what everybody else does on the internet, but I think it originated with it being a juvenile-looking font being used in inappropriate contexts - company memos, advertisements, etc. Also, if I'm not mistaken, the font originated with that godawful Microsoft Bob operating system. That probably didn't do it any favours."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why can my scalp tolerate cold water much better than my stomach can?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why can my scalp tolerate cold water much better than my stomach can?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Your body can only feel **changes** in temperature. Heat transfers faster when there is a higher difference in temperatures. Your hair helps insulate your scalp from the cold water. Not much cold water manages to touch your scalp and whatever water does, gets stuck to your scalp and the roots of your hairs. This layer of water will warm up with your body temperature and is difficult to \"wash away\". It's like a wetsuit for your scalp. Meanwhile, your stomach doesn't have the same protection. Whatever cold water hitting it will immediately get washed away by more cold water so your body will constantly lose heat, making you feel much colder. You only get \"used\" to it when the surface of your stomach chills enough so that you stop losing as much heat from the cold water."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"What is the whole point of calculus and how would you explain it to a five year old?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is the whole point of calculus and how would you explain it to a five year old?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Math teacher here. While the previous comments explain aspects of calculus, the main point of calculus is to study change. The change of a \"curvy thing\" isn't always a \"straight thing\" it can actually also be a \"curvy thing.\" The rainbow idea is a great example of an integral, but again only one aspect of what an integral can do. That being said, basic calculus can be split into two ideas: derivatives and integrals. Derivatives find the rate of change of the rate of change. Sometimes we use the word slope to describe rate of change. A derivative will tell you the rate at which the rate changes. For example, if given a function of the speed of an object, the derivative would tell you how fast your speed is increasing or decreasing. The second derivative tells you how fast the fastness of the increasing or decreasing speed is increasing or decreasing. You can go on and on, but it tells you, more or less, how change changes. Integrals can be thought of as the inverse or opposite of a derivative. If given the derivative of a function, the integral would give you (more or less, but the difference is basically inconsequential) the original function. It also does something interesting, it tells us the accumulation of a function. So if a function describes, say, how much concrete is being poured on to a sidewalk at any given moment, the integral of this function would tell you how much concrete has accumulated, or the total amount of concrete poured out at any moment. Many people mistakenly think that an integral only measures the area under a curve. While the integral does measure the area under the curve, it really tells us the accumulation of a function. Of course, calculus does much much more, but this is a basic explanation of the basics of calculus"} {"category":"Economics","question":"What is keeping the US from faster internet speeds and no data cap?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is keeping the US from faster internet speeds and no data cap?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"ISPs in the United States do not work in a standard competitive market, due to various reasons and government regulations\/contracts most Americans only have 1 or 2 ISPs they can choose from. The best way possible for a company to make money is do the least amount of work possible while still maintaining customers. If you're an ISP running new lines is very expensive, you'd rather just have people use what you've already installed. If those customers don't have an option to switch ISPs then what's the incentive to spend more money on improving your product? All ISPs know that as soon as one of them makes a move to offer faster speeds in a certain market then their competitor will do the same in a different market and it'll be a race to install new lines which is very expensive. Because of this no one is making a move. Data caps are not really relevant to \"rationing\". Data lines don't work off of how much data get's put through them in terms of their life time. However they are limited to how fast and how much information goes through at once. If you pretend that we had floating cars that still had to hover over road ways (so you don't hit people) it would make sense that only 1,000 cars could fit on the road at once, but it wouldn't make sense to limit the weight of each car. It's floating how would the weight make any difference, it doesn't cause more congestion and doesn't harm the road way so why would you charge someone extra for it? They charge more because it makes more money."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do our stomachs make noises? (ex: grumbling)","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do our stomachs make noises? (ex: grumbling)","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Our stomachs, when not digesting food, eat away at the mucus membrane lining our stomachs. It\u2019s replaced fast enough for your stomach not to eat itself, but eating the mucus membrane lets off gas. That\u2019s why you sometimes get gassy after you wake up or have not been eating for a while."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why are certain storms all rain and no thunder and others all thunder and no rain?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are certain storms all rain and no thunder and others all thunder and no rain?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I'm sure someone will be able to better explain this, but here we go: Weather can be categorized as \"stable\" or \"unstable\". This is based upon the amount of updrafts caused by hot air rising. So for example, thunderstorms are caused by huge amounts of hot, moist air rising, this in short causes static electricity to build up and then discharge as lightning. Conversely, stable air is usually found around cold fronts, so no updrafts, no static, no lightning, and typically only rain."} {"category":"Physics","question":"why is kinetic energy proportional to the square of velocity, and not velocity itself?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why is kinetic energy proportional to the square of velocity, and not velocity itself?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It sound like you are good with the idea that if you push an object with a set force for twice as long of a time it will end up going twice as fast. Work isn't based on time though, it's based on distance. So, let's say you push an at rest object for 10 meters and get it going 4m\/s. Then, you keep pushing it for another 10m. However, since it was already moving at 4m\/s, it takes a lot less time to cover the second 10m than it did to cover the first 10m. As a result of this, there isn't enough time to speed up as much as happened during the first part. When you do the math, it works out that you would have to push it an additional 30m to double the speed and get it going 8m\/s, and this additional 30m of pushing would take the same amount of time as it took to push it the first 10m. You have to push for twice as long to go twice as fast, bust since you are already moving as you start the second half of the pushing time, you end up pushing for a greater distance than during the first part. Work, to algebraic simplification, is Force x distance. The Kinetic Energy gained by the object you push is equal to the work you did in pushing it. To push an object from rest and get it going twice as fast, you had to push it four times as far, doing 4 times the work. Thus, the energy must depend on the square of the speed. & #x200B;"} {"category":"Technology","question":"How does a hard drive hold information even after being disconnected from a power source?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does a hard drive hold information even after being disconnected from a power source?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Tiny sections of the disk are magnetized. By assigning 1 or 0 to a given polarity, binary data can be encoded onto the disk by magnetizing or not magnetizing given sections. Since this magnetization persists after it is performed it does not require an active power source. Basically, you're doing the equivalent of arranging a bunch of tiny bar magnets with the north pole pointed up or down. After they're pointed the way you want, you don't need any power to keep them that way."} {"category":"Biology","question":"why is cold water on the skin uncomfortable, but drinking cold water is highly refreshing?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why is cold water on the skin uncomfortable, but drinking cold water is highly refreshing?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Depends on your definition of cold and personal preference. The only time I prefer cold water is when I'm exhausted and thirsty, usually from working out or something....at that point cold water helps cool me down and quench my thirst. Any other time I drink room temperature water and find it just as refreshing as what I consider cold water."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Why do some online services (banks etc.) require passwords of a specific length. For example my online banking requires a password that is exactly 6 characters. This seems less secure than allowing any length. Why do they do this?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do some online services (banks etc.) require passwords of a specific length. For example my online banking requires a password that is exactly 6 characters. This seems less secure than allowing any length. Why do they do this?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There is no explanation other than an antiquated system they can't be bothered to upgrade. I cannot stress enough just how pathetically weak a 6 character limit password is. Every bit used in a password causes a doubling of the number of possible combinations. So 1 bit is 2^1 = 2, because you can have a value of 0 or 1, but two bits is 2^2 = 4 because you can have 00, 01, 10, and 11. 6 characters, assuming 8 bits per character, that's 2^6*8 bits = 2^48 bits that's 281,474,976,710,656 possible passwords. But not quite... Can we figure out a way to get the number of possible passwords down? Yes we can. Because you speak English, I presume the bank is in the US or another English speaking nation, can we speculate the majority of the users are English speaking as well? We can then reasonably assume UTF-8 or ASCII encoding - these are standards in computing that dictate which combination of binary bits represent which character. For example, in both, the character for 'a' is represented in binary as 1100001, but 'A' is 1000001. ASCII only uses 7 bits, so that's 2^6*7 bits = 2^42 bits = 8,796,093,022,208. Holy shit we got that down in a hurry. But it gets even worse. Not all 7 bits are visible, printable characters; indeed, a fair few characters are used for text terminals to manipulate the cursor position or cause an audible beep, things you'll never type into a keyboard, let alone use in your password. There's only 94 characters on your English keyboard you can type into a password field. There are binary patterns in 7 bits you'll never use, 33 of them, actually. So that's a mere 94^6 = 689,869,781,056 possible password combinations. We can get that down even further if we start making other reasonable assumptions about password complexity. For example, do you really expect people to use any other punctuation mark than a period? You mean you think people are going to *press shift* and reach for the top row or obscure marks?!? If we do that, then we can assume 64^6 = 68,719,476,736 password combinations, for letters - capital and lower, numbers, period, and space. That'll get you the lions share of user passwords. That's an absolutely pathetic number. Even assuming the limited number of characters, if your password was 64^33 characters long, you'd get 401,734,511,064,747,568,885,490,523,085,290,650,630,550,748,445,698,208,825,344 possible passwords!!!!! And how hard is it to write a password that long? Well, how about \"She sells sea shells by the sea shore.\"? That's 38 right there, and it's easy to remember. --- Now, as u\/tyler1128 said, passwords are stored and communicated in \"hash\" form - this is where you map an arbitrary input into a finite space. For example, taking the remainder of division by 7. Take any number you want, any size, divide by seven and take the remainder. No matter what number you pick, it will always be between 0-6, a finite range. Another property to observe is that there's no going back - given the numbers 0-6, I've no idea what number you picked to start with. Also notice lots of number inputs - your password, make the same hash output. Remainder 7 makes for a lousy security hash. You want a hash algorithm that is hard to find duplicates, because that's a security concern - with a finite output, there are an infinite number of inputs that can produce the same value. You want to make it too computationally expensive to hack a password by finding collisions. This is why MD5 was retired in the late 90s as a security hash - which it was never meant to be anyway; it got easier to find collisions than it did to find the original password. When you login, you generate a hash from your plain password and send it over, that is compared to the hash they have on file. No one knows what your original password is, no one knows how to reproduce it without computing every possible combination until they find a collision (possibly the original). So what hackers do is they use an exploit to break into a system, a topic for another time, and once they gain administrator privileges, they'll copy the password hash file. This is a table of usernames to hashes. They'll have already generated a gigantic - terabytes, exabytes - table of hash keys to plain text passwords. This is called a rainbow table, and it can take months to generate, and so large it's distributed across the internet. The hashes from the password file are the inputs, and the plain text is the output. Now they have a map of username - > hash - > plain text password. Now, until someone at URL_0 notices, they can use legitimate users for illegitimate means, whatever that may be."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"If the moon immediately vanished forever, what would would be the immediate effect on earth and what would happen to the planet and humans in the long run?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If the moon immediately vanished forever, what would would be the immediate effect on earth and what would happen to the planet and humans in the long run?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I won't talk about how the tides would stop and the environmental effects of that, as others already spoke of that. Instead, I'll talk about the moon's very important role as a rotational stabilizer for the earth. First, let's talk about how the moon affect's earth's rotation speed. The moon affects earth's rotation speed via a phenomenon known as Tidal Braking. Basically, because the moon pulls on earth's oceans, it causes the oceans to have increased friction with the earth itself, which acts as a brake of sorts and slows the earth rotation down ever so slowly. This is not a one sided effect - as the complex interaction between the moon, the oceans, and the earth, also cause the moon to drift away slowly from the earth. Very early in earth's history, it rotated at a high speed, where a day lasted for about 5 hours as opposed to today's 24(ish). The moon's slowing of the earth rotation allowed it to gradually become more hospitable to life. This is a double edged sword, as in the far future, an extreme slowing down of earth's rotation will do the opposite of that. If the moon were to completely vanish (not drift away, not explode, just vanish) - the Tidal Braking effect would stop (or diminish, as other objects still pull on the earth's oceans), and the earth rotation will stop slowing down (or rather, the slowing down would slow down by a lot). In addition, the moon provides a stabilization to the earth's rotation axis. All rotating planets & stars don't rotate steadily - they wobble. Their rotational axis constantly moves around, wobbling like a spinning top. The effect is most pronounced in cosmic bodies which have other gravitational influences around it - for example the sun wobbles a whole bunch because of all the orbiting planets around it which pull it in all directions all the time. This is no different with the earth - the earth wobbles. However having a massive moon like ours provides a strong stabilization factor to this wobble. Because of the moon's mass and proximity, it offers the biggest influence on the earth's rotational axis, and in fact stabilizes it. Thanks to the moon, earth's axis is actually very stable, with a lot less wobble than other cosmic bodies, and this axial stabilization allows the earth's weather to be a lot more consistent as well. This has been a tremendous boon for life on earth, as a larger axial wobble would cause more climate instability, having catastrophic effects on earth's ecosystem. So if the moon were to completely vanish, one of the other things that would happen is that earth's climate will become less stable and less hospitable. Basically, the moon is our planet's other MVP. It's the reason you and I are here to talk about it today. Edits: A bunch of spelling & some minor elaborations"} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"What causes material to burn instead of melting?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What causes material to burn instead of melting?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"> I know paper can't melt, only burn That just isn't true. First you need to understand what burning is. Burning or more properly \"combustion\" is a chemical reaction of a fuel with oxygen. This oxidation reaction requires a minimum amount of free heat energy to take place and in turn releases heat energy when it occurs. Reactions which release energy are called \"exothermic\" and those that absorb energy are \"endothermic\". Some reactions such as the oxidation reaction of combustion are so exothermic that they release enough energy to \"catalyze\" or cause the reaction of other fuel with oxygen as well. This results in a chain reaction where the combustion of fuel will cause other fuel to combust as well, the phenomenon you know as \"fire\". The cellulose in paper has a temperature at which it would melt but the temperature at which it would react with oxygen in the air is lower. To melt it you would simply need to remove it from oxygen while heating so it would reach melting temperature without burning."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How does compression wear help with blood flow?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does compression wear help with blood flow?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"If you ever see someone with one or both legs that look much larger than what you'd expect, often times discolored (red splotches or bruising), that's from blood pooling in their leg(s). Wearing compression socks\/stockings pulls everything in tighter which forces the areas that blood travels through to be smaller and therefor raise it's pressure and helps it return to the heart. Said another way, if you compress your legs really tightly, blood can't pool down there. Think of it like filing a water balloon. If you try to fill a water balloon while squeezing it, eventually the water is going to come back out the top."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How is nearly every book that is written nowadays listed as a \u201c#1 New York Times Bestseller\u201d? Something isn\u2019t adding up to me.","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How is nearly every book that is written nowadays listed as a \u201c#1 New York Times Bestseller\u201d? Something isn\u2019t adding up to me.","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The New York Times is just a popularity list. So things are ranked by week, month, year like any other list. So if you are the only major book released in the week you might be an instant number one. In reality though there are so many books released every week it\u2019s a half a decent metric to go by as any. An astronomical number of books are released that don\u2019t end up on the list, just the ones popular enough to afford advertising are the ones you hear of."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Who do all the planet not eventually get sucked into the sun?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Who do all the planet not eventually get sucked into the sun?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"To get sucked in, they would have to lose their momentum and energy. But what's going to do that in space? Nothing really. A well lubricated, low friction clock pendulum can swing for a very long time, a massive planet flying through basically empty space experiences essentially zero friction. They can keep flying in a circle around the sun because they have the speed to do that and aren't losing it. But how did they all end up with enough energy to keep flying around the sun? Wouldn't some of them have less speed and a path that would eventually hit the sun? Absolutely, and that happened a few billion years ago. The current planets, moons, asteroids, and meteors in their present configurations are not all that ever existed in our solar system. Lots of things fell into each other when the solar system was young. Will they ever fall into the sun? It there a very small amount of friction slowing them? Yes. The inner planets will end up in the sun. Definitely mercury and venus. Probably earth. Probably not mars. Not because they fall it, but because the sun will grow to a red giant before it dies and engulf them. But ignoring the sun ever dying, foreseeably the planets would eventually decay. There is gravitational waves, and gravitational orbits do trigger tiny amounts of these waves that carry away energy and momentum. In a few trillion or more years, longer than the existence of the entire universe so far, the planets might fall into the sun. Sun of course by then will be a small, cold black ball rather than a star. Life as we know it will be long dead and impossible to exist."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why are domestic dishwashers so slow?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are domestic dishwashers so slow?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Commercial dishwashers typically reach much higher temperatures than their residential equivalent, use a lot more water, and are a lot louder. All of those are acceptable tradeoffs when running a business, but you likely wouldn't want one in your own home, where it's not imperative that dishes are cleaned as quickly as possible."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why can you have tonnes of pressure from the weight of the air above you but be able walk into buildings\/rooms without feeling any change in pressure?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why can you have tonnes of pressure from the weight of the air above you but be able walk into buildings\/rooms without feeling any change in pressure?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because the pressure doesn't go away. It is not only the column of air pressing down upon you that is then taken over by the building. The pressure is the whole environment, the 'depth' of the 'sea' of air you are at. So as long as the building you are walking in is not airtight, there is no change in pressure. & #x200B; That said, I've done some SCUBA diving, and have been lower than 30m; 4 times the pressure you get on the shore. Even that fairly drastic change is not really noticeable. You do notice pressure changes while going down, mostly in your ears - because some lower pressure air is trapped there until you clear it."} {"category":"Economics","question":"What are the economics behind some processed goods costing less than raw goods, despite potentially more work put into the former?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What are the economics behind some processed goods costing less than raw goods, despite potentially more work put into the former?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There is a lot that goes into it. But typically its cost of ingredients and shelf life. For cost of ingredients, you can mix both \"high quality\" and \"low quality\" products together and get something consistent. You can also diversify your supply, rather than having to rely on a single farm that now has a lot more negotiating power to ask for a higher price you can just buy from the cheapest option. You also end up a bit safer, since a single supplier is more susceptible to things like crop failures, bad weather, etc. Shelf life, if a grocer has to throw out say...half of its fresh product then very roughly produce is going to be twice as expensive. But if they almost never throw out canned or frozen vegetables, then that extra cost isn't there."} {"category":"Other","question":"How come sometimes when you pop a pimple it hurts SOO bad for like ten seconds and other times it doesn't hurt at all?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How come sometimes when you pop a pimple it hurts SOO bad for like ten seconds and other times it doesn't hurt at all?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Dependent on a lot of things. One usual cause is that nerves are not distributed evenly across the skin. So you can literally stick a needle into your skin and not feel it at all while a centimeter away the same needle will be painful. Maybe there are no nerves at the pimple location. Another is that the nerves in one location may not be exposed in the pus and\/or you may avoid pressuring them by random chance. So you can pop a pimple but if there's no exposed nerve it's not going to hurt(as much)."} {"category":"Biology","question":"The transition from life underwater to life on earth. How did it happen? Did some lifeform lay eggs on land and the babies could live on land but the parent didn't?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n The transition from life underwater to life on earth. How did it happen? Did some lifeform lay eggs on land and the babies could live on land but the parent didn't?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It was a gradual evolution. The last remaining evolutionary branch of fish on the path to become land animals is the lungfish. It is able to both breathe under water and breathe air through two separate organs. At first it was probably an adaption that allowed the fish to get some oxygen from the air when swimming in oxygen poor waters. This gives them access to more feeding ground then their competitors and might even help them escape predators. But the lungfish is taking this a step further and can actually live entirely on land for shorter moments. So it can essentially walk between ponds and even climb around waterfalls. That means there are a lot of lakes that are only accessible by lungfish giving them a huge advantage. There was a long development of different species between lungfish and purely land animals where the fins became better and better at climbing rocks, the lungs became better, it could survive for longer in the sun without drying out, the gills started disappearing, etc. Eventually you ended up with amphibians which mostly lived on land."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why is 70\u00b0F (21\u00b0C) water unbearable but 70\u00b0F air is perfect?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is 70\u00b0F (21\u00b0C) water unbearable but 70\u00b0F air is perfect?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because water is a better heat conductor than air. Whenever you're in contact with something colder than you, it absorbs some of your heat (if it's hotter than you it gives you some of that heat). The better it conducts heat, the faster this exchange of heat happens. So at a same temperature, water absorbs your heat much faster than air. That's also why you can stick your hand in an oven for a few seconds or touch the parchment paper in it without burning yourself but you absolutely can't touch the metal plate inside of it without burning yourself : the metal and the air are a the same temperature, but the metal \"gives\" you its heat much quicker than the air or the paper do."} {"category":"Biology","question":"If the heart is a muscle how doesn't it get fatigued considering it beats your entire life non-stop?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If the heart is a muscle how doesn't it get fatigued considering it beats your entire life non-stop?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"That's a very good question! So your heart muscle has a whole bunch of little things inside of it called mitochondria. They're like a whole bunch of batteries that give your heart a constant supply of go juice we call ATP. Because there are so many they can keep feeding your heart muscle and it doesn't get tired like your other muscles. These get recharged by the oxygen and food energy in your blood, which is always going through your heart. So even when your legs get tired from running in tag, your heart still has those extra batteries that keep it pumping away."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Every country in the world is in debt to another country. How would any country be able to pay off that if every country is in huge debt? Or would it all just end up like Africa and it eventually all just get cancelled?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Every country in the world is in debt to another country. How would any country be able to pay off that if every country is in huge debt? Or would it all just end up like Africa and it eventually all just get cancelled?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Most are not in debt, or at least high debt to other countries. They tend to be in debt to their own citizenry. For example the US debt is in the form of Treasury bonds. These bonds are sold to individuals, to corporations, to parts of the US government, and to foreign nations. 60% is owned by US citizens, company, and the US government. Only 40% is owned by foreign nations with China owning the largest single about at around 8%. As far as paying it off, it is not all due at once. Each individual bond has a set maturation date and a set interest rate. They cannot be cashed out early and the interest rate cannot change. So as long as the US is capable of paying the amount that come due for a given time period they will have no problem, just like you have no problem with your Mortgage debt so long as you can make your monthly payments. The same is true for basically every country."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How can our skeleton achieve being EXTREMELY light and also capable of supporting EXTREMELY heavy weights at the same time?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can our skeleton achieve being EXTREMELY light and also capable of supporting EXTREMELY heavy weights at the same time?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Humans don't intuitively have a good grasp for forces and stresses when they are outside the range of simple objects we can pick up. Bone seem's impressive when we compare with what we can break and pick up with our own muscular skeletal system. But that's because our strength and intuition is already limited by bone. Functionally, bone has fairly good strength to weight due to it having a high 'second moment of area' i.e. there is more material around the edges and less in the middle. It also has the advantage of changing its internal structure to become stronger in certain directions after repeated use. However as an engineering material, bone isn't actually that impressive, compared with the vast catalogue of materials at our disposal. It's not the strongest, and it's quite brittle. If it were super impressive, we'd be sure to find plenty of structural applications for it right away."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How is it that only Green and White teas need to be steeped at 160-185 degrees Fahrenheit (74-85 C) but black and ALL herbal teas should be steeped at above 203 F (95)?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How is it that only Green and White teas need to be steeped at 160-185 degrees Fahrenheit (74-85 C) but black and ALL herbal teas should be steeped at above 203 F (95)?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Green tea's sweet and complex flavours come from the sugars and amino acids that dissolve at 60C. It is also however high in so called tannins that dissolve at 80C and would contribute a bitter, astringent flavour. These flavours are more acceptable in a black tea and also due to the processing that those leaves go under, they have a lower tannin content."} {"category":"Physics","question":"where does the electricity that forms lightning come from and why does it accumulate to the point of needing to discharge in such a manner?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n where does the electricity that forms lightning come from and why does it accumulate to the point of needing to discharge in such a manner?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Know how you can drag your feet across the carpet and then touch something metal and get shocked? That's a tiny lighting bolt. There is friction between the particles in clouds, which causes an electrical charge to build up. This charge builds up until it is strong enough to overcome the electrical resistance between where it is and the ground. Same way the \"lightning\" from your finger only jumps to the metal object when you're close and it can overcome the resistance."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"how does Bayesian inference work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how does Bayesian inference work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Where you go to school it rains half the time. So half the days during recess it's raining, and half it's not. When the recess bell rings, I ask you if it's raining or not. The best you can do is guess (say by flipping a fair coin). What if you *also* knew that little Timmy hated to get wet. Timmy will only go outside in the rain when he's really excited to play, about 10% of the time. And if it's sunny, he almost always goes out to play, except when he's in trouble. So 90% of the time if it's sunny he goes outside. So now if I tell you \"it's raining, does Timmy go to recess?\" you can look at the information and say, \"probably not, Timmy hates rain.\" What Bayes theory tells you is how to turn this information around: What if you go to the restroom just before recess, and when you come back to class, you see Timmy at his desk doing homework. Now, *how likely is it that it's raining?* Your gut instinct is that it's probably raining, because you know Timmy would probably go outside if it were sunny. Bayes Theorem tells you how to calculate those odds. Bayesian inference is the general process of using those ideas and any probabilities you can measure to make predictions by taking advantage of how those probabilities are related to each other."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why in the solar system planets are so different from each other?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why in the solar system planets are so different from each other?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The solar system is broadly speaking split into 5 distinct parts or layers, and all have their origins in how we believe stars form in the first place. Galaxies are full of dust and debris left over from gigantic star supernova that happened millions or billions of years ago. Sometimes that dust gets excited and begins to clump together. Seeing as the vast majority of the material is Hydrogen and Helium, the central clump eventually becomes a Star. Once enough Hydrogen and Helium condenses into a point, the star 'Ignites' and begins undergoing fusion, this is the first layer of our star system. Once the star 'Ignites' there is still a fairly large amount of material left over, most of it is still gas but there's a lot of Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminium, Iron etc. left around as well. This material is also condensing in towards the new star, and because of the way angular momentum works this material ends up forming a large flat disk. However the star is very hot, and is throwing off a strong 'solar wind' (charged particles streaming out from the star). These two factors combine to push away most of the remaining lighter elements (Hydrogen and Helium) that were left over. Over time the only material left near the star itself is made up of heavier elements, which then themselves that condensing into objects. This is how we believe the inner rocky planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars) formed. This is the second layer. The third layer is the asteroid belt, which is roughly speaking the boundary between the inner and outer planets. There are a few theories as to why this belt exists where it does, one of the leading theories is that it contains the same rocky material that formed the inner planets but never condensed into an actual planet because of the intense gravity from Jupiter messing it up. The Fourth layer is the outer gas giants. Remember earlier I said heat and solar wind blasted away a lot of the lighter Hydrogen and Helium material? This is where it ended up. All that leftover gas and other trace materials ended up condensing into the gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, and their respective moons. The fifth and final layer is the Kuiper belt and by extension the Oort cloud at the edges of our star system. These areas are home to Pluto and many other dwarf planets, and other icy and rocky materials. This material was too far away to be pulled inwards into the rocky planets but still close enough to be caught in the Sun's overall gravity, albeit on millenia long orbits."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why does near darkness seem to have a faint blue tint to it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does near darkness seem to have a faint blue tint to it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"So this can go a few ways, so the biological standpoint... Your eyes have rods and cones. Cones are what you used in normal daylight, and rods, which are far more numerous, are for low light. You then have 3 types, red, blue, and green. As they are hit, they show only those colors, much like a computer monitor, and your brain then compiles it and makes an image. Those types also show in a certain percentage. Blue is the most numerous, then green, then red are the rarer of the bunch in your eye. So in low light, or almost no light, your rods are what get the signals. Since there's very very little light, the chances of a particle of light hitting the red rod is very small, since there are far fewer of them in your eye. But the chance of it hitting a blue rod are fairly high, allowing them to activate. As well, cones work very quickly, but rods work slowly. This is also why it's not bad during the day, but if you are to go from a bright room to a dimlit room or vice versa, it takes a long time for your eyes to \"adjust\" to the light and you to be able to see. As a fun fact, because of this, raiders would wear blindfolds or patches over their eyes during the day time, to allow their eye to be on a constant \"night\" mode since they did their raids at night. This is where the idea of pirates having eye patches came from, as they would do this and wear the patch to be able to see better during night raids. And as far as the red bit, is why the military uses red flashlights, as they are harder to see (again, fewer red rods, so less a chance of them turning on) and thus while they allow the person there to see somewhat clearer, the chances of them being detected by someone else is much lower. Adversely, blue lights are used for distress as they are easily recognizable and easier to find. Hope that helps, and hope you got a TIL out of that all!"} {"category":"Technology","question":"So how do multiple monitors work on the same computer?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n So how do multiple monitors work on the same computer?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Ok... first off, the computer acts\/thinks it\u2019s one screen... even though it\u2019s physically 2 or more screens it acts like it\u2019s one and that\u2019s why you can move your mouse continuously across all screens. In the settings of your computer\/laptop you can even tell it how you\u2019ve set up the screens... like next to each other or on top of each other etc and it will act like it\u2019s one big screen in the configuration you set."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why does gas pain\/flatulence hurt so badly?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does gas pain\/flatulence hurt so badly?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The flatulence is inside your intestines. Your intestines are coated with nerves. These work to help move food along. When they are stretched, the contract back. This way when there's food in any part, it stretches the walls of the intestine, and the intestine pushes back and the food is moved forward. But with gas build up, the increased pressure pushes the walls and stretches them a lot. This causes too much stretch on the wall and the nerves in your intestine transmit that signal as pain. It also is made worse when your muscles try to squeeze back and the gas is, for any reason, unable to move forward. So that increases pressure, stretches the walls of intestines, nerves feel the stretch, and they tell your brain something is wrong at this part which is what pain is."} {"category":"Other","question":"What are the ways a country\/intergovernmental organization can punish another country?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What are the ways a country\/intergovernmental organization can punish another country?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Simple stuff - diplomatic staff withdrawals, halt issuing visa's, barring travel etc. Bigger stuff - restrict trade between them, tariffs, import\/export bans, disallow currency transactions, seizing foreign assets Much bigger stuff - trade embargo (essentially not allowing a country to trade with others), blockades, try to destroy their economy or political establishments - propaganda, funding\/arming dissidents, assassination Essentially the ultimate - go to war. engage in armed conflict, invade territory."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do your lips sometimes become chapped all of a sudden?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do your lips sometimes become chapped all of a sudden?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Your lips become chapped primarily due to 2 reasons: 1. lack of humidity in air (that's why chapped lips generally occur in winter months) 2. licking lips too often (can actually dry out lips) The reason lips get chapped whereas skin doesn't is because skin has oil glands to moisturize whereas lips don't. Hope this helps!"} {"category":"Biology","question":"how does salt enhance flavor on food?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how does salt enhance flavor on food?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Salt actually helps the food's aroma first and formost believe it or not. Smell is very important to your sense of taste. You know how if you have to drink some nasty tasting health smoothie or something similar, you're likely to hold your nose while you drink it? The reason for that is that without the smell factor in play, you don't taste as much as you normally would."} {"category":"Biology","question":"effects cannabis can have on developing(teenage) brain?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n effects cannabis can have on developing(teenage) brain?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"At the moment there isn't any concrete information. Being as marijuana is still a Schedule 1 drug the process for acquiring the correct permits to do studies on it is nearly impossible and will remain that way until the DEA decides to reschedule the drug. A side effect of it being so hard to actually study the effects marijuana has is that we know very little about the long term effects use can have on developing minds, or any minds for that matter. In fact if you were to go looking for research about marijuana you'll probably find about 50 contradicting studies, once a week you'll get a legitimate study saying \"The dangers of marijuana abuse\" and another legitimate study saying \"Marijuana found to have no adverse effect on congition\". So until the DEA stops it's ignorant game of monopoly we won't see any concrete information. The few things we do know is this: Marijuana IS addictive. Addiction can cause serious dependancy over long term use. Withdrawals can include insomnia, depression, anorexia, and mood swings. Marijuana is detrimental to short term memory. Unfortunately the extent of this is unknown. Marijuana can cause panic attacks. How or why, there is no concrete information. I have to add that combustion is obviously not good for your lungs, but there is a vaporizer and edible only movement with the cannabis community too. Hope that helps."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why is so common in the NFL to make the Super Bowl or at least make the Playoffs without making the Playoffs the previous year as opposed to the NBA?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is so common in the NFL to make the Super Bowl or at least make the Playoffs without making the Playoffs the previous year as opposed to the NBA?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Well, one reason is that star power is a much, much bigger deal in the NBA. A football star can't put the whole team on his back the same way a basketball star can. Even if you think this is possible for a good QB or RB to do, remember that you still have the defensive side of the ball. So football relies a lot more on having well trained and clever schemes to produce greatness out of average to above average players."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why do different currencies have different values? Why is USD worth more than AUD, for example?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do different currencies have different values? Why is USD worth more than AUD, for example?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Country one makes $10. Country two makes $10. $1 from country one is worth the same as $1 from country 2. Country one makes $10 more. Now, $1 from country two is worth $2 from country 2. That's one way. It also has to do with the stability of a country. If country one goes through a war, you can't really be sure that their dollar can really buy anything if there's nothing in country one to buy. There's also the idea that even though country two dollars are worth a lot now, you may not be sure how much it's worth tomorrow. If country two looks like they might be going through political turmoil or war or famine, you probably want to get rid of your country two dollars. Since no one wants them, they become cheap. Conversely, if country 2 just figured out alchemy, you probably want their dollars."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why do we pay property taxes if we own the house?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do we pay property taxes if we own the house?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because the city needs to pay for things that all home owners benefit from such as road maintenance, maintenance of public parks\/recreation areas, fixing and maintaining the sewer and water treatment system, paying the police to come to your house if it gets broken into, paying the fire department to come help you out if it's on fire, snow removal if you live somewhere that it snows a lot, street cleaning, part of the cost of running the schools you send your kids to if you have any, etc. Property taxes are a way for home owners in a city to share the cost of these types of public services that they all expect."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How do kettles know when to turn off?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do kettles know when to turn off?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They have a switch made of 2 different metals which expand at different rates. They're designed to move away from each other at boiling temperature. When they push away it opens the electrical circuit and it turns off. As they cool, they return to the original position and you can turn it back on."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why is carpet used in the floors of vehicles? It seems the worst possible material to use.","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is carpet used in the floors of vehicles? It seems the worst possible material to use.","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Automotive carpet is generally really tough and stands up well to being soiled and is easily cleaned. Source : I've done deep cleaning on quite a few cars 30-50 years old with original carpet. Hard surfaces wear much more obviously - painted metal, bare metal, plastic, wood or whatever else you think \"should\" be there would be much more likely to show wear earlier than decent carpet."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why are SSDs reliable for long-term storage, but USBs fail within a few years?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are SSDs reliable for long-term storage, but USBs fail within a few years?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Different levels of reliability in the controllers and how they're built. The basic storage technology is the same but SSDs use a much more robust construction that can withstand more read\/write cycles before they accumulate too much damage to function, more sophisticated controllers to spread the damage around, and redundant sections to take over if one section fails. Think of it like tires on your car. USBs are cheap tires...eventually one of them is going to wear out and pop. SSDs are expensive long life tires, and you do rotation, alignment, and balancing all the time to make sure they're in good condition, and you have a full size spare."} {"category":"Physics","question":"why can bugs fly around in a moving vehicle with closed windows and aren't pulled back?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why can bugs fly around in a moving vehicle with closed windows and aren't pulled back?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The same reason you are not drifted to the west with Earth's spin. The reason is whatever velocity the car has, everything inside is also moving at that velocity. So everything in the car is always relatively still. So how did everything end up with that velocity? What accelerated them? The car. When you are sitting in your car seat and the car is accelerating you feel pulled back. That is the back of your seat pushing you forwards to accelerate you with the car. Same thing happens to the fly wherever it is while the car is accelerating. So, the fly is pulled back indeed, during acceleration. Holds on to the surface it's on untill whatever it's grabbing on pushes it to match the car's velocity. After that, nobody needs to hold on to anything. The car and the inside are at the same speed and moving along. Including the air in the car. So there's no wind in the car as opposed to the outside of it. Fun fact, that is how zero gravity works as we perceive it. They get an aircraft high up and let it free fall. Everything inside the aircraft is falling at the same speed so there's no ground you stick to for that duration. You don't perceive the water spilling because it was already falling down with the cup. It doesn't go passed the cup down and make the spilling motion. Same goes for the astronauts in the space station. The earth's gravity is very much present at that altitude (I mean, it's holding the moon where it is). An orbit is a constant falling. It's just you are so fast that you always miss the earth. It's hard to describe without a visual but try to remember Buggs Bunny throwing a baseball and catching it after it does a complete trip around the world. If you are fast enough and there is no air resistance to slow you down, that actually happens. Without anybody catching you, you will spin and spin forever. With everything inside free falling at the same speed not experiencing a gravitational pull."} {"category":"Economics","question":"What does it mean to think 'at the margin'?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What does it mean to think 'at the margin'?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It means to think about what will be impacted directly by a change: If the price of gas drops by 5 cents a gallon, some people will buy gas that wouldn't at the higher price. So, if you're making a decision that might raise our lower the price of gas, make your decision based on _those_ people, not the people who would by had regardless. The marginal thing is the thing on the edge, the very last product produced or the very last consumer who would but at a certain price. Think about those when you're making economic decisions."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Can anyone in IT break down the difference between a Database, Data Warehouse, Data Lake, Data Mart?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Can anyone in IT break down the difference between a Database, Data Warehouse, Data Lake, Data Mart?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Database - This is a general term and the other 3 are just types of databases that are structured differently. But it may be that those you are talking with are applying this to be the main user application. Data Warehouse - Is a database that has been designed specifically to hold data in a form that makes it easy to create reports from and it structured to perform that task quickly and efficiently. It often contains data from across different areas of an organisation, so report the number of widgets made from the manufacturing system beside the sickness\/absence rate of the people in manufacturing. Data Mart - This is usually a subset of data within a data warehouse for a specific area. Data Lake - Trendy name for a huge data warehouse but probably just for a specific subject area"} {"category":"Physics","question":"Lamps emit photons, when turned on.(?) Where are these photons come from?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Lamps emit photons, when turned on.(?) Where are these photons come from?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It depends on the type of lamp, since they all generate photons in different ways. In the old fashioned Incandescent lamps, the resistance of the lightbulbs filament would generate heat, and it would get to thousands of degree's temperature, and it would radiate photons in line with Blackbody radiation relations. This is similar to hot metal glowing red or orange or white due to it's temperature. If you are talking about LED lights, then the free electrons on one side of the junction jump down into an electron hole of one of the molecules on the other side of the junction, and they emit a photon as they go to a lower energy level. In CFL or fluorescent light, there is a mercury vapor that is excited until it glows in the ultraviolet, that ultraviolet light then hits a coating on the lamp as it exits the lamp, which causes the phosphor coating to glow white because of fluorescence. If you've ever seen minerals or other items glow bright colors under a Black Light, you've seen fluorescence. Fluorescing phosphor coatings are also used in Plasma TVs and the old CRT TVs. If I need to go into details on any of these 3 lights, let me know."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why does coal an coal ash contain higher amount of heavy metals and radioactive elements?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does coal an coal ash contain higher amount of heavy metals and radioactive elements?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Ok so I actually looked this up myself before because I was curious. Specially for the case of Mercury it turns out that when plants are exposed to air which contains some Mercury ( which might be from volcanoes historically but modern day it's also due to pollution) the plants tend to snap up that Mercury in their foliage. The rate that Mercury is absorbed from the atmosphere and the rate the plant gives off the Mercury changes depending on the species. The paper I read stated that on balance (absorbed minus emitted) grassland, wetland, and coniferous species took in the most mercury, and the concentration of Mercury in these species is similar to the concentration of coal made from these species. I'd assume similar actions happen with other heavy metals. Here's a link to an abstract. URL_0 If you find this interesting don't forget about science funding. Earth science is in a bad place."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Why is it that 0\u00f7Inf=0 but 0\u00d7Inf=NaN? Shouldn't they both be 0?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it that 0\u00f7Inf=0 but 0\u00d7Inf=NaN? Shouldn't they both be 0?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Infinity is not like regular numbers and doesn't follow the rules of arithmetic. Also, we aren't really saying 0\/\u221e, instead it is the limit of 0\/x as x approaches \u221e. It is a subtle but important distinction. Finally, NaN is not a mathematical thing, it is a design consideration included with the IEEE standard of floating point arithmetic, which is what most computers and calculators follow. 0\/\u221e = 0 because every limit that reduces to 0\/\u221e will converge to zero. This is not true for 0 x \u221e, it can approach 0, \u221e or any number in between. For example: f(x) = 1\/x; g(x) = x lim f(x) x- > \u221e = 0; lim g(x) x- > \u221e = \u221e However, lim f(x) * g(x) x- > \u221e = 1 Therefore, 0 * \u221e = 1, right? h(x) = 2x lim f(x) * h(x) = 2 Therefore, 0 * \u221e = 2, and 1 = 2? This shows both why 0 * \u221e = NaN and why you can't treat infinity like an ordinary number. BTW, you were able to find the obelus(\u00f7) but not the lemniscate(\u221e)? :)"} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"why are there 120\u00b0 in a water molecule?*","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why are there 120\u00b0 in a water molecule?*","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Actually it's an angle of 104.5\u00b0. u\/Moscau50 has the 3D geometrical picture correct, but because two pairs of oxygen electrons repel the bonding electrons more strongly (think - take up more space) the two O-H bonds get squashed together a little so the angle is a bit less than the 120\u00b0 that a symmetrical structure would adopt."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"I know that caffeine blocks adenosine receptors without activating them but I didn't understand the language of why that stops us from feeling tired, how does that work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n I know that caffeine blocks adenosine receptors without activating them but I didn't understand the language of why that stops us from feeling tired, how does that work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When you're awake, that adenosine builds up and when the receptors sense enough of it, it slows down neurons and other things so yo8 get tired. However, when the caffeine blocks these receptors the brain doesnt know that its tired. Sort of like when your sprained ankle hurts and you take advil, it just blocks the pain receptors so they dont tell your brain you're in pain (even though whatever happened to your ankle is still affecting it like a bruise or fracture)."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why do non-touchscreens have that tiny rippling effect when you apply pressure on them?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do non-touchscreens have that tiny rippling effect when you apply pressure on them?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They're made from a technology called liquid crystals (that's the LC in LCD). Each individual crystal is very tiny and there are thousands of them arranged in a flat layer to make up the screen. These are arranged in front of colored lights and they can be energized so that they allow more or less of the colored light through to your eye. A picture is made by manipulating the LCs to allow just the right amount of each color through at every point on the screen. When pressure is applied to these LCs by pushing on them, they distort much like a water balloon would when you push on it. When they distort in this manner their optical properties change and they let more or less colored light through than they are supposed to, depending on how much pressure is applied. That's what makes the ripple effect happen around your finger."} {"category":"Other","question":"How did a brain turn into obsidian in the Pompeii Volcano eruption?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How did a brain turn into obsidian in the Pompeii Volcano eruption?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The process we're talking about is called \"vitrification\", which is when a liquid is cooled into a solid very quickly so that crystals don't form. The end product of doing that is \"glass\". Obsidian is rock that melted and then cooled quickly. The hard sheen on pottery is also that. When plants\/trees need to survive extreme cold weather, some of their tissues survive by vitrifying naturally instead of freezing. A fun example is cotton candy. If you melt sugar and cool it slowly, you get hard candy, but if you cool it quickly by spinning it into little strands, you get a bundle of glassy candy threads. In medicine, vitrification is also used to preserve tissues like a woman's eggs--the tissue is supercooled so quickly that it doesn't just freeze, it vitrifies into a glass. So this poor man's brain vitrified because it was melted (along with his other organs) into a liquid by the intense heat of the pyroclastic flow (deadly volcano gases) and then also cooled back to room temperature quickly. This is extremely unusual because a soft tissue like the brain wouldn't normally vitrify. This is the first known example of a brain being vitrified by heat, even from elsewhere in the Pompeii site. This required unusual circumstances which are not fully understood yet."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"what is a function in mathematics?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what is a function in mathematics?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It is crucial information--so you do understand it, even if you don't understand it with a clear definition. f(x) = x^2 is an example of a function. In a mathematical function, you have an input, you do something to that input, and it produces an output. In this case, use f(2) = 2^2 = 4. You have your input: 2. Then you do something to it: square it. Then, it produces an output: 4. To use a less ELI5 and more an ELI-in-college, a *function* is a *relation* between two *sets* such that each *element* of one set maps exactly to one element of the second set, but the reverse need not be true (two elements from set A can map to \"2\", for example, but that means the *inverse* of that function [mapping set B to A] is not a function. Let's define some terms. A *relation* is some mathematical relationship between numbers. X^2 can be a relation; it maps an input to an output. A *set* is a group of numbers, roughly speaking. An *element* is a number that is an element of a particular set. If a *function* maps inputs from set A to outputs from set B, the *inverse* of that function maps inputs from set B back to set A. This is where you get the horizontal line test; if you draw a horizontal line on the graph and hit more than one number, you know that for some element of B, there are more than one A that corresponds to it. Thus, the inverse (mapping B to A) can't be a function because some B would correspond to multiple As. If, for a given relation, all the elements of A map to exactly one unique element of B, the function is called \"one to one\". (Meaning, x^2 is not \"one-to-one\" because -2 and 2 both map to 4 under that relations). This is where you get the vertical line test to determine whether something is a function. If you can draw a vertical line on the graph and hit more than one number, the relation is not a function because an element of set A maps to two elements of set B. A relation is *onto* if every element in set B corresponds to at least one element of A. If a function is both one-to-one and onto, it is invertible (that is, its inverse is also a function). If you like this kind of information, please consider taking a \"discrete math\" class. Almost every college, even community colleges, offer them and they're usually a requirement for mathematics or computer science degrees. If you *really* like this kind of thing, you might want to consider taking a mathematical logic class where you really dig into the hows and whys of math."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why has the Dow gone over 25,000 but we only have a GDP growth of 3.22%?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why has the Dow gone over 25,000 but we only have a GDP growth of 3.22%?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The Dow Jones Industrial Average is not a great indicator of the overall economy. The Dow is a hand selected group of 30 companies that are both very large and very stable. When the Dow was first created in 1896, 30 companies did give you a good overview of the market, but now there are just too many companies and too many sectors to try and say that 30 companies tell the whole story."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why is fusion\/fission always \"20 years away\"? What is it that scientists can't quite accomplish to make it successful? Also, are we at the final \"20 years\", as in, could we finally see it happen in the 2030s or earlier?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is fusion\/fission always \"20 years away\"? What is it that scientists can't quite accomplish to make it successful? Also, are we at the final \"20 years\", as in, could we finally see it happen in the 2030s or earlier?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Fission has been done and is used in nuclear power plants. The problem with fusion is extracting the energy released through the nuclear process. I believe we have now created a fusion plant which is releasing more energy than is put into the plant to initiate the reaction but this is so marginal that its not cost effective enough for commercial purposes. With regards to the first part of your question, the \"20 years away\" statement is usually propaganda to ensure that funding isn't cut by the powers that be (who typically don't understand the scientific method) so that the research can continue. Personally I think that fusion power will be cracked in the next 20 years, especially as the oil will run out and the funding for fusion will have to increase to ensure that we can keep our power hungry lifestyle that we have now."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How does the liver work ?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does the liver work ?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Liver cleans your body and sends the bad and used stuff out of your body through your kidneys or poop shoot. Without it you get jaundice (usually one of the first visible symptoms) and the whites of your eyes turn yellow then your skin. Then you just get all around pretty sick. Diseases that can cause bad liver damage is cirrhosis, Hepatitis C, overdose on medicines. Without it, you will die. It regenerates if you cut 33% of it out to donate, and regrows if you have had a transplant to yourself. Largest internal organ you have."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Social media profiles are used to send targeted ads. What else can be done to us users with this data and how dangerous can it get?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Social media profiles are used to send targeted ads. What else can be done to us users with this data and how dangerous can it get?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Look up China's new system of rating people if you want to see the dangers. It's a real dystopian nightmare. If you say stuff that's critical of the state on social media, you lose points and that loses you privileges. For pictures you post on social media, some formats allow people to scrape your location from them. Post one pic about \"chilling at home with the fam\" and BAM, your home address is out there for the world to see. Post a few more, and a dedicated stalker can put together a pretty accurate depiction of your day to day life. And that's just a few examples."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why is the passage of time affected by your speed?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is the passage of time affected by your speed?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A super simplified reason is because Light speed is constant to the viewer, not the source reference, and that everything, including time has to \"bend\" to make this true. if you google \"Einstein\u2019s Relativity Explained in 4 Simple Steps,\" there's a solid explanation but I'll try here as well. Did you ever see that video of Mythbusters shooting a cannonball 60 mph out the back of a car moving 60 mph? The cannonball just falls to the ground because according to the earth reference frame, it has a net speed of \\~0 mph. **This doesn't, and can't, happen with light.** You cannot change the speed of light in that medium (there are certain mediums that people have been able to get light very slow, but that doesn't happen in normal mediums like air). This means that if someone is on a car moving 99% the speed of light (0.99c), and shines a light behind them, it will move at light speed away from them, and they will think its moving at 0.01c compared to the earth. **But if you're on the earth, you will see the light moving at light speed compared to the earth**. Obviously, these two points of view clash with each other, and they might see that light arrive at a spot at different times, but they are both right, **In their point of view\/reference frame.** This difference according to reference frames leads to other things being tweaked, including time, when you work the math out."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why isn't Arkansas pronounced \"Ar-Kans-ass\"?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why isn't Arkansas pronounced \"Ar-Kans-ass\"?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"\"Arkansas\" is a French attempt at pronouncing a Quapaw language word that means \"land of downriver people.\" Because Arkansas (and the US Southeast in general) has a lot of French influence the French pronunciation stuck. \"Kansas\" is similarly a Frenchified Sioux word, but because there is much less French influence in that area the English pronunciation is the one that caught on."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"What's the difference between the law of large numbers and the law of averages?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What's the difference between the law of large numbers and the law of averages?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The law of large numbers is really deep, fundamental truth for statisticians and probability theorists. The law of large numbers says that, as the number of trials, or the population being considered, etc. grows large, the outcomes will converge toward reflecting the probabilities. If you toss a fair coin over and over again, the law of large numbers tells us that, as you rack up bigger and bigger numbers of tosses, the heads to tails ratio will more closely approach 50\/50. So if you toss a coin 10 times, you should expect in nearly all cases to get a 50-50 split, give or take 20 or 30 percent. But if you toss a coin a hundred times, you should expect to get a 50-50 split, give or take only a few percent. If you toss a coin ten million times, it would be *very* unlikely for you to see even a 49%\/51% spread between heads and tails. That's the law of large numbers. The \"law of averages\", is more of a popular misconception, where people think that, say, after a long run of heads, it becomes more likely for tails to come up, so as to bring the average *back* to 50%. This is sometimes also called the gambler's fallacy. The main difference is that the 'law of averages' imagines that the laws of probability have any memory of past events... like, as you get a bunch of heads in a row, the god of statistics has been keeping track of some kind of 'debt' which must be paid back. Nothing like that is happening. In the law of large numbers, nothing depends on past events in that way."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why armenia and azerbaijan are fighting and who is on whose side?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why armenia and azerbaijan are fighting and who is on whose side?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"In the Stalinist era ethnic populations were purposefully transported to the middle of nowhere, surrounded by people who were not like them, and then the federal borders were purposefully drawn in order to not accurately represent the ethnic boundaries. & #x200B; When Azerbaijan and Armenia were independent, and broke away from the USSR \\~1988, Azerbaijan was full of Armenians and Armenia was full of Azerbaijanis. This led to a conflict wherein Azerbaijan and Armenia went to war, each hoping to successfully annex areas that were filled with their fellow men, and at the same time refusing to release minority ethnic groups to their countrymen. & #x200B; Armenia won the war in 1988, and annexed the Western 1\/5th of Azerbaijan that is like 95% Armenian. This was a national disgrace to Azerbaijan because despite being superior in literally every way imaginable, they got their ass kicked. Azerbaijan wants that territory back not only to restore their national pride, but because it's internationally recognized as the correct side, if only because that was the status-quo before the war ie that's how they were released when they left the Soviet Union, with flawed borders that were purposefully created 75 years ago to make separation and Nationalism impossible. The idea was is to lock the two nations in perpetual conflict because either no border will geographically work, and no border will accurately represent the people who live in the nations whose borders are defined. If I was the two countries, I would do a joint population-transfer, deport Armenians to Armenia and Azerbaijanis to Azerbaijan, but neither wants to do that because they want the land. & #x200B; [ URL_2 ]( URL_2 ) & #x200B; [ URL_0 ]( URL_1 )"} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"how does wind form and why do they come in one by one and not constantly?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how does wind form and why do they come in one by one and not constantly?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Wind is powered by the sun. The sun heats up the ground, the ground heats up the air, and hot air rises, creating low pressure as the air abandons a place. Cold air move in to replace it, and this is wind. The reason it can get so strong is that sometimes the airmass rising is 1500km wide that rises several inches an hour, and you are close to an obstacle so the air rushes through to prevent a vacuum from forming."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":". Why is it so hard to capture co2?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n . Why is it so hard to capture co2?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"CO2 is a low energy molecule. Gasoline, for example, is a very high energy molecule. You can light it on fire and it produces a lot of heat energy. There is a lot of energy store in gasoline. There is also a lot of energy in oxygen, O2 molecules. Capturing CO2 isn't super hard, but if you want to convert it into something else, like carbon and O2, that take energy. We have this ability. We can use energy to break CO2 into Carbon and Oxygen. The problem is, we get almost all our energy from burning carbons. Burning carbons produces CO2. To get the energy we need to capture CO2, we first need to release CO2. its a catch 22. We can't even produce all the energy we need today without burning carbons. So producing extra energy to recapture the carbon we already release, is a very tall order."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why does motion sickness feel so much worse at the back of a car or bus, rather than at the the front?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does motion sickness feel so much worse at the back of a car or bus, rather than at the the front?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I\u2019m pretty sure it has to do with your view My understanding is that motion sickness is the disconnect between what your body feels and sees. So looking out the window helps your body see what it\u2019s feeling (motion) Also, you can get the AC blowing on your face and be less claustrophobic up front"} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"What is Cyclic Voltammetry and what does it aim to do?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is Cyclic Voltammetry and what does it aim to do?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's been a long time since I've done this so forgive me any errors or omissions. You have some substance in a solution. Then you stick electrodes into it and apply voltage to it. You slowly increase the voltage to some set amount over time, then once you get to the max you slowly decrease it back down. The whole time you're measuring how much current flows, which in turn tells you about how much resistance the solution you're analyzing has at each level of voltage. This is generally done by some computerized set up or machine that controls the voltage and measures the current\/resistance and plots it on a graph [like this]( URL_0 ). It's also generally done several times in a row. So you might go from 0V to 12V (or -9V to 9V or whatever) then back to 0V then back to 12V for several repetitions. This is where the word \"cyclic\" in the name comes from. So what's the point? Well we're measuring the electrochemical properties of whatever's in the solution. If you get nice smooth line instead of something like that picture I linked above, there's not much interesting going on chemically, it only really tells you about what the electrical resistance of the solution is. In that picture I linked, the substance is undergoing some kind of chemical reaction as the voltage goes up and down, specifically an oxidation-reduction reaction. Those two humps (one hump is oxidation, the other is reduction) going up and down tell you what at what voltage the reaction occurs. The size of the humps (peak current) tells you a bunch of stuff about the reaction that I can't exactly remember at the moment. There's a number of other things you can measure with this technique (and I'm surely forgetting most of them). One of the interesting ones though is that you can keep running the experiment for a long time having it constantly sweep back and forth. Then you can count how many sweeps it takes until the humps in the graph diminish in size by some appreaciable amount. This gives an idea of how many times the substance your measuring can react back and forth (this is a reversible reaction after all, though if you only get one sweep it means the reaction is not reversible). So, for example, you might be testing some material you want to use for a battery. This measurement gives an idea about how many times that battery could recharge."} {"category":"Physics","question":"why is \"randomness in play as events unfold but no more once they have occurred\" in quantum physics?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why is \"randomness in play as events unfold but no more once they have occurred\" in quantum physics?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Quantum mechanics tells us that at the fundamental and microscopic level the outcome of events are random. The reason we don't notice this in our daily lives is because these microscopic events average out on the large scale to something that is predictable. Perhaps your confusion stems from the allusion that time is just like a fourth spatial dimension. This is not the case, time is very distinct from space. Imagining a 'God' (as mentioned in the video) that can see both space and time is a flawed way of thinking if you want to include quantum mechanics."} {"category":"Biology","question":"() Why do animals have mating seasons? Do they just get horny at only one time of the year?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n () Why do animals have mating seasons? Do they just get horny at only one time of the year?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"For those animals, yes. Animals that have cyclical or seasonal behavior usually have mating seasons because they have to fit the gestation period and birth into opportune times in the year. For instance, a bear giving birth right before hibernating would be a problem; the mother would have to bulk up enough to not just survive the winter herself but also feed one or two cubs simultaneously. Humans, evolving on the savannas of Africa, were not bound by seasonal concerns, so we have sex and children whenever we want."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How does Euler\u2019s identity work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does Euler\u2019s identity work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Euler's identity is a specific case of [Euler's formula]( URL_1 ): e^ix = cosx + isinx, when x=pi. If put other values in x you'll get other results. Complex numbers are usually written in the form a+bi, where a is the real part and bi is the imaginary part (i being the square root of -1). This means that every complex number a+bi can be placed as a point (a,b) on a two dimensional plane, just like real numbers can be placed along a one dimensional axis. Now, when we look at a point (a,b) on a two dimensional plane, there's another way of representing that point, using the [polar coordinate system]( URL_3 ). In this system, we can represent the point with the distance of that point from the origin point (0,0) (denoted r in [this diagram]( URL_0 )) and the angle between the x axis and the line connecting the point and the origin point (denoted \u03c6 in the same diagram). The point can then be represented as (r,\u03c6). As you can see in the diagram above, if you represent (a,b) as (r,\u03c6), you get a = rcos\u03c6 and b = rsin\u03c6. If (a,b) represents a complex number, then a+bi = r(cos\u03c6 + isin\u03c6). Looks familiar? So, e^ix = cosx + isinx means that e^ix is the point on the complex place whose polar coordinates are (1,x). These are all the points on the [unit circle]( URL_2 ). For example if x=0 then the point is (1,0), which is simply 1. If x = pi\/2 then the point is (0,1) which is simply i. Other values of x will give you other points."} {"category":"Other","question":"If Kim Jong Un studied in Switzerland under an alias, then he must be proficient in English. Why does he need a translator?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If Kim Jong Un studied in Switzerland under an alias, then he must be proficient in English. Why does he need a translator?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Normally any sort of high level international business is conducted with translators, even when the principals are fluent in both languages. This allows the speaker to put a layer between themselves and their counterpart. This not only helps to smooth over misunderstandings (which can be blamed on the translator) but it also means that if you're fluent in the language you get extra time to formulate your answer."} {"category":"Economics","question":"why is the \u00a250 dollar coin so uncommon?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why is the \u00a250 dollar coin so uncommon?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"People are not using the low value coins. The reason the US Mint stopped making them were that their warehouse were filled. They also stopped production of the $1 coin in 1981 for the same reason until 1999 when the stocks became low enough to start production again. US Mint make coins and notes for banks and big businesses. Fresh coins are ordered by businesses to fill their till to make sure they have enough coins for change. However if people do not want the $.50 coin in change there is no need for businesses to restock their supply."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What are the etymological\/biological purposes of having different names for every group of animal (e.g. a \u201cmurder\u201d of crows or a \u201cpod\u201d of whales)?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What are the etymological\/biological purposes of having different names for every group of animal (e.g. a \u201cmurder\u201d of crows or a \u201cpod\u201d of whales)?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There is no biological purpose for how humans name a group of animals. Really, it is only grammatical. By having different terms for the groups (litter, pack, murder, pod, pride, etc) we are able to reference the group without necessarily or repeatedly mentioning the type of animal. Usually, one would mention \"murder of crows\" the first time, but if you have to say it a second time, you can just mention \"the murder\". But it holds no purpose or significance outside of the literary."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do a good portion of severely autistic people hit themselves?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do a good portion of severely autistic people hit themselves?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are **many reasons** why a severely autistic person might self - injure. Here are a few from URL_0 * biochemical reasons: self injury releases chemicals in the brain that cause the autistic person to feel pleasure (they might also numb the pain inflicted). This is usually due to a chemical imbalance in the brain. * seizures: involuntary actions caused by seizures. * genetic: some genetic disorders cause self injury because of structural or biochemical problems in the brain. * arousal: self injury may increase or decrease one's arousal. Low levels of arousal > self injury > increased levels of arousal (due to chemical response in the brain). An extreme way to self stimulate. High levels of arousal > self injury > decreased levels of arousal (almost like a calming response). Highly stimulating environments can cause this reaction because the self injury could be caused by the stress or anxiety created by the environment. * frustration: it is hard for some people with extreme autism to always understand what is going on around them, communicate their feelings, or understand what others are trying to communicate with them. They may begin to self harm from frustration. One person described that they self harm because they get frustrated and they need to hit something, but they don't want to hit other people. So they hit themselves. * social attention: if self injury becomes enforced by the caretakers, it might become a way for the person to gain attention. For example, if a mother runs to her child every time he starts to self injure, the child learns through positive enforcement that he will get attention from her if he self harms. If she ignores the behavior, then he will learn that self harm does nothing to get others to pay attention to him (and it also hurts!) so he will likely stop. If you'd like to read about other scenarios, here is the source: https:\/\/www. URL_0 \/symptoms_self-injury"} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why is investing not seen as the same way as it is gambling?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is investing not seen as the same way as it is gambling?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Investing is gambling, but a type of gambling with favourable odds. Unless a company goes bankrupt, their stock will trend upwards over the years. It may not go up this year, or in the next ten years, but over the course of a lifetime, it will probably go up. Investment isn't normally called gambling because gambling is a term often reserved for betting on improbable things. In casino, for example, every game has unfavourable odds, so people call that gambling. It is the same with other things in life. Education could be called a gamble because after getting a degree, there is a chance that you will not get a job. However, unless you get unlucky, you will probably find a way to make money from you degree. This is why education is seen as an investment, not a gamble."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why is it hard to make a fist or clench your hands after waking up?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it hard to make a fist or clench your hands after waking up?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Your body goes paralyzed (atonia) when you're sleeping, basically to prevent you from punching a wall when you reach for a cup in your dreams. You also decrease blood flow to your extremities when sleeping, decreasing the available energy to them. It takes a little while to get the nerves to send full signals to the body after sleeping. They don't know exactly what the mechanism is that causes it though."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Why does memory in computers increase in integers of 2?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does memory in computers increase in integers of 2?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It doesn't have to, but there're good practical reasons that it usually does. In order to use memory in a computer program, you have to refer to it through an *address*. Addresses are just numbers, ranging from 0 up to the number of \"slots\" in memory, that tell you were to store or find pieces of information. Addresses, in turn, *also* have to be stored, and like other information in a computer, they're stored in binary. Depending on how much space a computer sets aside for addresses, you can store a different total number of them. For example, a computer with addresses that are 3 binary digits long can store 8 addresses: 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, and 111 (that's all the options possible in 3 symbols!). A computer with addresses that are 4 binary digits long can store 16 addresses, one with addresses 5 binary digits long can store 32, and so on. You could, in principle, have 5 different addresses, stored as 000, 001, 010, 011, and 100, and just ignore the options 101, 110, and 111. But there's no good reason to do so, since you're setting aside that much space anyway, so they're generally manufactured in powers of 2 (so that all the options for addresses are used). In your specific case, \"1 GB\" is probably not exactly 1 billion bytes (that's not a power of 2), but instead 1,073,741,824 bytes (which is - it's 2^(30)). (By the way, this is why computers changed from the 32-bit computers you probably used as a kid to the 64-bit computers we use now. The \"X-bit\" number refers to the length of the commands executed by the processor, of which the memory address takes up some subset. 32 bits, as it happens, is enough to address about 4 GB, so a 32-bit computer can use at most that much memory (and in practice, slightly less). But in modern computers, we want to use more than that, so we need longer addresses. We could, in principle, have just gone to 33, 34, etc, but instead everyone just made the simultaneous jump to 64, which can address more memory than any computer is likely to have in the foreseeable future.)"} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why is hot weather so exhausting?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is hot weather so exhausting?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Like water flowing downhill, heat naturally moves from warm areas to cooler ones. As long as the air around you is cooler than your body, you radiate heat to the air. But this transfer stops when the air temperature approaches body temperature. Radiation requires rerouting blood flow so more of it goes to the skin. This makes the heart beat faster and pump harder. On a hot day, it may circulate two to four times as much blood each minute as it does on a cool day."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"What does a beers Gravity mean?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What does a beers Gravity mean?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The term is \"specific gravity\", it's a measure of density relative to water (which has an SG of 1.000). The initial wort might have a SG of 1.050, other tools might read out Plato units (12\u02daP) for the same wort, this is the same brix scale used for wine grapes. What you hope is that fermentation will turn some of this sugar into alcohol. By measuring the SG at the end, you can computer how much alcohol was added into the beer."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"- Why does it sometimes become colder in the morning just as the sun comes up?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n - Why does it sometimes become colder in the morning just as the sun comes up?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The earth is always losing heat to space, right? So throughout the night it gets colder. The first second the suns shines on the surface it will deliver just a bit of energy, not enough to compensate for the loss, so it will continue cooling, slower, until the amount of energy given by the sun is equal to the energy lost to space. & #x200B; In my experience its about 0.5 to 1 hour after sunrise in the tropics, faster in the equator, slower in the poles. But of course there are winds, tides, and other effects that make everything more complicated, but that's mostly it."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Can holding down the power button on your PC\/laptop to switch it off actually damage it? If so, how?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Can holding down the power button on your PC\/laptop to switch it off actually damage it? If so, how?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Can result in data loss, possible os\/file corruption because you're forcing it to power off rather than a graceful shutdown. Files could be in the process of being written. But on the odd occasion if it's frozen, that's not really a big concern. But if you're doing it on a regular basis...shit it down properly. That's why that option is there."} {"category":"Other","question":"What exactly is the modern english haiku? Is it just any short evocative sentence?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What exactly is the modern english haiku? Is it just any short evocative sentence?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's poetry, the most pretentious form of written word. The rules for a style can be extremely nebulous or hard to define, or even self-contradictory, and still be viewed as that style. The thing about Western Haiku is that it's missing a lot of the original values of the medium. It has none of the social context - a period of great artistic expansion and exploration as the result of a large upper class with nothing to do. It has none of the cultural purpose - poetry like this was almost a game of wit. And most importantly, it doesn't benefit from the Japanese language, which the style was originally created in. Japanese is quite a concise language when it wants to be. It can convey a lot of information in a small number of syllables. English is poor at this, so the 5-7-5 pattern heavily restricts the quality of English poetry. It also leads to a hell of a lot of Haiku getting translated in a way that loses the pattern, so eventually a lot of poets got fed up of the restrictions and just did the same content but ignoring the restrictions (the part that made it a game of wit in the first place) but still chose to call it haiku."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How can we know there is an infinite number of prime numbers?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can we know there is an infinite number of prime numbers?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I'll try to explain the proof fergunil wrote with more colloquial terms. Let's make a list of a bunch of prime numbers. Maybe it's all of them, maybe it isn't. Lets multiply all of those numbers together. We now have a number that obviously cannot be in our list. Let's then add 1 to this number. Now, when you add 1 to any number, the number you get will not share any factors in common with the other one (except 1 of course). So, this new number we made cannot have any of the prime numbers in our list as a factor. That means that this number is either prime itself or has prime factors that are themselves not on our list. So, we've proved that any finite list of prime numbers can be used to construct a number that is either a prime not in our list, or has a prime factor not in our list, we must conclude that there is no such thing as a finite list of \"all\" prime numbers, and thus there are infinitely many of them. Since for any particular prime number, there are a finite number of prime numbers smaller than it, then there can be no \"largest\" prime."} {"category":"Economics","question":"When writing an amount of money, such as '\u00a350' or '50p', why does the '\u00a3' come before the amount of money but the 'p' comes after?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When writing an amount of money, such as '\u00a350' or '50p', why does the '\u00a3' come before the amount of money but the 'p' comes after?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's a quick glance tactic to avoid mistakes. If there is not a 0 and a decimal written before the number, one might actually misread \u00a250 as $50 or vice versa, so the \u00a2 was after the amount. This was more prevalent in days of handwritten books as the two symbols were really only one curved stroke apart from each other. However, the presence of the 0 and decimal point can work just fine in electronic spreadsheet modernization. $0.50 is much more largely considered acceptable today as it's usually a computer doing the calculations."} {"category":"Physics","question":"What does it mean when a fluid (or anything really) goes \u201csuper-critical\u201d?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What does it mean when a fluid (or anything really) goes \u201csuper-critical\u201d?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"You likely already understand that things transition from solid, liquid and then gas based on an increase of temperature. You might also understand that you can also sometimes transition things from gas to a liquid and sometimes a solid by an increase in pressure. Think how Nitrogen at room temp is a gas but if you compress it into a tank, it can be a liquid at the same temp. Now, there exists a range of high pressures and temperature values where its hot enough to be a gas but also compressed enough to be a liquid. When its in this state its not really a gas and not really a liquid and generally has properties between the two states. You could theoretically go super critical, but it would not be pleasant... or survivable."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How is chicken noodle soup with real chicken in it shelf stable for so long?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How is chicken noodle soup with real chicken in it shelf stable for so long?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"In the canning process, they basically seal and boil the can. This kills all of the bacteria inside the can and, because it's an air-tight seal, nothing can get in to make the food spoil. The way they seal is also usually similar to jarring, allowing the steam out as it boils; but, not back in. This also creates a slight negative pressure seal. That's why cans \"pop\" and hiss when you open them. Air rushing in to fill the can. This is why canned foods are *theoretically* indefinitely edible; but, most have a shelf life of a few years for safety. I have seen someone eat a like... Can of spam from the ninties and it looked like a can they could have bought the day before and I've also seen a canned ham from the eighties opened, but not eaten. No foul smells, seal was intact, the person wasn't willing to eat it. I don't blame them. As a disclaimer, don't do that. The dates are there for a reason, it's just an interesting tidbit. This is also why you never buy a bloated can and dented cans can be iffy. If the dent created even a small hole, it's compromised. If it's bloated, that means that there are bacteria inside the can. Bacteria produce gasses as they consume things and this gas is less dense that the solid matter it was once a part of and literally inflates the can. This isn't a perfect explanation; but, hopefully explains enough!"} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"What does \"\u00b1\" symbol mean?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What does \"\u00b1\" symbol mean?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It basically means \"plus or minus\". In this context, it looks like they're using it to mean \"approximately\" as in \"give or take a couple years\". Under more typical circumstances though, it would be used to indicate a range. For example, if it said 16\u00b12 years, then it could mean anywhere between 14 and 18 years of education (ranging from 16-2 to 16+2 years). In sciences, the symbol is frequently used to express tolerance or statistical margins of error in measurements (i.e. indicating a range of possible values). In mathematics, it can indicate that a value may result from either an addition or subtraction operation, or that a given value can be either positive or negative."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Does the size of a brain in any given species always determine intelligence?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Does the size of a brain in any given species always determine intelligence?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Intelligence has a direct correlation to the size of an animals brain when compared to the size of the animal. For instance, we humans have very large brains for our bodies. That means that we have extra processing power beyond what is required for basic motor function. Many birds also have large brains. They can solve problems and simple box puzzles to get food. Dogs on the other hand have proportionally smaller brains than birds or humans. They can recognize commands that they are taught through repetition, but typically cannot solve problems on their own."} {"category":"Economics","question":"What exactly is going on over at r\/wallstreetbets?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What exactly is going on over at r\/wallstreetbets?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Normally on the stock market, you buy stocks of companies. These stocks fluctuate in value and usually mirror how well a company is doing. If the stock you bought goes up in value, you can make money. On the other hand, if the stock goes down in value, you lose money. The worst that can happen is that the stock becomes worthless and you lost all money you put into it. A variant of this where you make money if the stock goes down instead of up is shorting. This works by first borrowing the stock from someone else, selling them first and then buying them back later to return them to whomever you borrowed them first. While this allows you to make money if the stock goes down, if it goes up you lose money, and in contrast to normal stocks you can lose more than you originally made as the stock can theoretically go arbitrarily high. You also have to buy the stock back at some point in the future, at which point the stock will go up because of heightened demand. What happened is that someone noticed that the GME stock was heavily overshorted - more stocks were being shorted (borrowed and soled) than were actually available in the market. As I said above, shorting typically leads to a rising stock when the stock is bought back, so he bought in. But he also shared what's going on in \/r\/wallstreetbets, which has traditionally been opposed to heavy shorting. Now remember that shorts can lead to unlimited lossed as the stock can go arbitrarily high. So the folks at \/r\/wallstreetbets joined in not just because they expected the stock to go up, but also to cause trouble for whomever shorted the stock so heavily. One might even say that's their primary goal in this situation."} {"category":"Technology","question":"why do diesel motors have a much more \u201cheavy duty\u201d sound than regular gas motors?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why do diesel motors have a much more \u201cheavy duty\u201d sound than regular gas motors?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Diesel engines have no spark plug. Compression alone causes diesel fuel to ignite. As a result the compression needed in a diesel engine is much higher than a gasoline engine. To handle the nigh pressure inside the engine they must be made much heavier than a gasoline engine and the fuel explosion sound that is made is louder."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"what gives elements and compounds their properties on an atomic level, and why do they react to each other in different way? (p.s. I hope this is the right subreddit for this question, if not please let me know, and thank you.)","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what gives elements and compounds their properties on an atomic level, and why do they react to each other in different way? (p.s. I hope this is the right subreddit for this question, if not please let me know, and thank you.)","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I know there are many nuances regarding the behavior of compounds (IMFs, weak forces, etc.) but the primary rule that governs EVERYTHING (life, the earth, the solar system) is the octet rule. Every atom has these things called electron shells that orbit around the nucleus, and for some reason, they want them to be filled up with electrons. For Hydrogen, it wants to have two electrons but it only has one. Oxygen, on the other hand, has 6 in its outermost shell but wants 8. Here's the thing: atoms long ago realized that they can share electrons to satisfy everyone. The hydrogen will share its only electron with one of oxygen's so that both electrons end up in their shells. (it's like both electrons are simultaneously in both of their shells at once). Now there are 7 electrons in Oxygen's shell and two in the Hydrogen's shell. So the Hydrogen atom is happy but the Oxygen one is not. What it does is it pulls over another Hydrogen atom to fill its shell and everyone's happy. This is called a Covalent bond, and it's an important building block of many compounds that make up living organisms (as well as other things). Some atoms want full octets and have only one electron (like sodium), while others have 7 electrons and need one more (like chlorine). What they figured out is that if the atom with one electron gives the electron away to the atom with 7 electrons, they will both be happy. This type of bond is called an ionic bond, and is present in salts and solutions (things dissolved in water). I hope this answers your question!"} {"category":"Other","question":"What is a band and when does a band go from being a band to being an orchestra?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is a band and when does a band go from being a band to being an orchestra?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Usually, a band does not have stringed instruments. A band would consist of brass instruments, like trumpets and trombones, and woodwind instruments such as flutes, saxophones and clarinets. Orchestras are primarily made up of stringed instruments, such as violin, viola and cello. Brass and woodwinds are also sometimes included in an orchestra."} {"category":"Physics","question":"what causes the phenomenon of \u2018speed wobbles\u2019 ?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what causes the phenomenon of \u2018speed wobbles\u2019 ?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When the front wheel, which in motion wants to go in a straight line, hits a deviation in the road and changes direction from the direction of travel it will try and oscillate to find a straight line.... Often times it will over osscilate and try and correct back the other way which will cause a cascading series of over correction with increasing intensity (as each over correction thows the wheel farther and farther off center) until it corrects back to straight, or over corrects so far that forward is no longer a physically viable option..."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"why is Pi used in so many different math formulas\/equations?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why is Pi used in so many different math formulas\/equations?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because a lot of math deals with circles. Pi isn't some random number someone created--it's the ratio of the circumference of any circle divided by its diameter. This is true for every perfectly round circle in existence. The circumference is 2r * Pi, because that is literally the way we calculated pi in the first place, that's easy enough. It's useful in calculating the area of the circle because it's taking a number that's extremely easy to measure quickly (the diameter or radius), and putting the circumference in easy access. The area is r * r * Pi. If we know that Pi is equal to C \/ 2R, then we're really just saying the area of the circle is radius times circumference divided by two--which should look pretty similar to the calculation of area of a triangle. Pi shows in a lot of other formulas because we are often concerned with the area of round objects."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why does the Upper Peninsula exist? Why isn't it just a part of Wisconsin or a separate state?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does the Upper Peninsula exist? Why isn't it just a part of Wisconsin or a separate state?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There was a conflict between Michigan and Ohio over a small strip of land near the modern day border that would include what is now Toledo, Ohio. URL_0 In exchange for ceding the Toledo Strip to Ohio, Michigan go tthe Upper Peninsula. Wisconsin didn't exist at the time and was, in fact, part of the Michigan Territory from which Michigan was carved."} {"category":"Technology","question":"What kind of data is stored in a black box of a plane?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What kind of data is stored in a black box of a plane?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are two flight recorders. The cockpit voice recorder is recording any sound from the microphones in the cockpit so you can hear exactly what the pilots are saying and hearing. Then there is the flight data recorder that records data from the airplanes systems such as its orientation, forces, flight control input, speed, oil pressure, etc. If the aircraft investigators are able to collect the data from the flight recorders they know what the pilots were experiencing and doing in addition to what the aircraft and environment were doing. There is a good chance that this data alone can tell investigators how the aircraft crashed and some of the reasons why."} {"category":"Other","question":"What is the difference between Screenplay & Story?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is the difference between Screenplay & Story?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A screenplay is the script to a film or tv show. The story is, well, the story: what roughly happens over the course of the film. There is nothing preventing someone from writing the story, either in broad beats or in great detail (such as when adapting a novel), and then someone else coming in to adapt that story to the structure of a screenplay which is often of quite specific format and is more aware of the fact it is a film script. A harry potter novel makes for a terrible screenplay, but a good story. Someone has to come in, take that harry potter novel, and adapt it to a script that a movie can be shot around."} {"category":"Economics","question":"In cities with rent control, why doesn\u2019t it work overall to actually lower the price of housing?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n In cities with rent control, why doesn\u2019t it work overall to actually lower the price of housing?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Price controls on any item never really work. If someone said that your 20,000 dollar car could only be sold for 1,000 would you sell it? Of course not. So price controls pull items off the market that would normally be sold for more than the price control max cap. Does it help out a few people? Sure, people hunker down and never move, because they've got a sweet deal. So when they finally DO move and the landlord has that price cap removed, what does he do? He jacks the price way up, because he's been theoretically losing money with the last tenant, compared to what he *could* have been making on the open market. So you end up with a bunch of disgruntled landlords who are jacking the prices up to rebel against the artificial ceiling imposed by rent control. If you really want to see the endgame of oppressive price controls, look at Venezuela, their economy is in meltdown because it costs more to manufacture most foods and medicines than they can sell them for, so most manufacturers have stopped making anything. Supermarket shelves are empty because there is nothing they can sell and turn a profit. Rent or food, it doesn't matter, price controls never work."} {"category":"Technology","question":"how can special body scales detect what you are made of, like body fat?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how can special body scales detect what you are made of, like body fat?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Imagine you're standing on the scales with bare feet. The scales send tiny bits of electricity into one foot, which travels up one leg, down the other, and out the other foot and back into the scales. Electricity travels through fat and muscle (and even water) slightly differently, so depending on what the scale gets back through the second foot it can work out what you are made of. They don't measure your fat and muscle in your upper body, so the result is mostly just your legs. They aren't very accurate, because as mentioned earlier electricity also travels through the water, which will mess up the results the scale gives you. They can be used to measure fat gain\/loss over time, however, as long as you're never really thirsty."} {"category":"Technology","question":"People to mention that white bread is \"bleached\" rather than whole grain wheat. What is actually happening here and why do we have white bread?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n People to mention that white bread is \"bleached\" rather than whole grain wheat. What is actually happening here and why do we have white bread?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I imagine my comment will get removed for some miscellaneous reason. Bread is made from flour, which is made from wheat seeds that have been ground up into a powder. Inside a wheat seed, there's a core called the \"endosperm.\" This endosperm is white, and the outer layer is brown. In whole wheat flour, the entire seed is ground into flour, which will contain all of the nutrients and proteins, etc., that the brown outer layer contains. (I forget the name of this layer, forgive me) White flour is made only from the endosperm, resulting from which the final product will have a more uniform texture, which is perceived as more pleasant. It will also be slightly sweeter, and bake more evenly. But as a result of this, it will not contain the nutrients or proteins present in whole wheat, (+outer layer) which is why whole wheat bread is seen as healthier. There is no bleaching involved."} {"category":"Physics","question":"What is time? What causes time to exist?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is time? What causes time to exist?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Time is the measure of change in the universe. It exists because matter exists and matter travels slower than light in a vacuum. When everything in the universe travels at the same speed there is no time because you have no differences to be measured. Once you have matter, you have things that are different and their changes can be measured. We have no idea why matter exists."} {"category":"Economics","question":"What are the differences between stocks and options? Would starting to invest in option be a good idea?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What are the differences between stocks and options? Would starting to invest in option be a good idea?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Not bein rude\/mean or anything at all...but if you have to ask what options are, you absolutely aren\u2019t ready to invest in them. Basically you\u2019re paying for the right to either buy a stock if it drops past a certain point, or the obligation to sell a stock if it hits a certain point. But that\u2019s incredibly simply put and they can get super complicated."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Does our world lighten because of oil extraction? Oil becomes gas after human use","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Does our world lighten because of oil extraction? Oil becomes gas after human use","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"We cannot create or destroy matter. Just rearrange it, so when we refine and burn oil, the matter changes form but the total mass still stays the same, and our atmosphere keeps the gasses around the globe. When we burn fuel a portion of the gasses that come out are water and carbon dioxide ( not sure on the percentage of each) Main take away should be how if we burn so much fuel we are adding a lot of carbon dioxide and water to the air, water will rain and the carbon dioxide just keeps heating up the atmosphere and burning the planet."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How do antihistamine anxiety meds (like hydroxyzine hydrochloride) work differently than other anxiety medications?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do antihistamine anxiety meds (like hydroxyzine hydrochloride) work differently than other anxiety medications?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"This is one of those cases where we use what was originally a side effect as a primary effect. Benadryl, the most commonly known first generation antihistamine, causes some pretty significant sedation. First generation histamines like Benadryl and hydroxyzine do this because they cross the blood brain barrier, much more so than second generation \u201cnon-drowsy\u201d antihistamines like Claritin do. So we use this sedating effect to calm people experiencing an active panic attack or anxiety episode down so they can get back to normal functioning. Benzos are also used due to their sedative\/calming effect, though the exact mechanism is different. SSRIs are used as a preventative medication for anxiety rather than acutely like the first two."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why did we go from 4:3 to 16:9?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why did we go from 4:3 to 16:9?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"In the first half of the 20th century, movies were filmed in 4:3 or close to it. When television became popular in the 1950s, the film industry saw it as competition and started looking for gimmicks to keep people coming back to theaters. So they started filming in \"widescreen,\" using a number of different formats (1.85:1, 2.35:1, etc., even up to 3.5:1 and higher). A few decades later they invented HDTV, which was based not necessarily on film but on electronic video. It helped to have a ratio that was not only easy for display and programming but also that could comfortably fit *all* the various aspect ratios currently in use with maximal efficiency. 16:9 was the closest ratio that could accommodate this need, and it became standard in the industry very quickly."} {"category":"Other","question":"How do these 80s, 90s, 00s, movies come out with such clarity on our new HD TVs, were the cameras picking it up and TVs were bad or is it mostly digital fixing?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do these 80s, 90s, 00s, movies come out with such clarity on our new HD TVs, were the cameras picking it up and TVs were bad or is it mostly digital fixing?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Yes - keep in mind movies were not meant to be viewed on a TV, hence why they always had the message \"This movie has been formatted to fit your screen\". Movies were displayed in theaters with projectors and they looked awesome, even back then. The movies were shot on *film* most of which has a very high effective resolution, similar to 4k or even higher. We had no realistic way to watch home movies in such a high quality, and TVs couldn't display it anyways. Thus, VHSs and DVDs which stored downgraded versions of the film were used. HDTVs of today are still a big downgrade compared to the detail of a massive IMAX screen."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why do so many companies in the us have their distribution center\/ship from California when most of the country lives on the Eastern half?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do so many companies in the us have their distribution center\/ship from California when most of the country lives on the Eastern half?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because if the stuff is made in China, then it makes most sense for it to arrive in Oakland or LA's ports and then ship it from there, as opposed to having to go through the Panama Canal and still have to transport things all over the US from a more central port like Houston."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Why does long division work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does long division work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Lets do 123\/5 with the same steps as in long division but in more rigorous fashion. 123 can be written as 1\u00d7100 + 2\u00d710 + 3\u00d71 (or with exponents as 1\u00d710^2 + 2\u00d710^1 + 3\u00d710^(0). We'll need this later). So now we have ( 1\u00d7100 + 2\u00d710 + 3\u00d71 ) \/ 5. We can write this as ( 1\u00d7100 ) \/ 5 + ( 2\u00d710 ) \/ 5 + ( 3\u00d71 ) \/ 5 And further. 1\/5 \u00d7 100 + 2\/5 \u00d7 10 + 3\/5 \u00d7 1 Now we can start doing the divisions. 1\/5 would result in some fraction. We do not accept any fractions here. So lets go back few steps and combine the 100 term and 10 terms together. ( 1\u00d7100 + 2\u00d710 + 3\u00d71 ) \/ 5 = ( 12\u00d710 + 3\u00d71 ) \/ 5. = 12\/5 \u00d7 10 + 3\/5 \u00d7 1 12\/5 is 2 and leftover 2\/5 so. Lets keep the 2 here and move the leftover to the next term. So 12\/5 \u00d710 = 2\u00d710 + 2\/5\u00d710. 12\/5 \u00d7 10 + 3\/5 \u00d7 1 = 2\u00d710 + 2\/5 \u00d7 10 + 3\/5 \u00d71 = 2\u00d710 + 23\/5 \u00d7 1 23\/5 is 4 and 3\/5 as leftover. 2\u00d710 + 23\/5 \u00d7 1 = 2\u00d710 + 4\u00d71 + 3\/5 \u00d7 1 Again lets keep the 4 here and move 3\/5 to the next term. But we do not have any terms left? We can just add more. At the beginnign we wrote the number using decreasing powers of 10 (10^(2), 10^(1), 10^(0)). So we can just add 0\u00d710^-1 (=0\u00d70.1) in there! (it is just zero, we can add zeros to number as many as we like) 2\u00d710 + 4\u00d71 + 3\/5 \u00d7 1 + 0\u00d710^-1 = 2\u00d710 + 4\u00d71 + 30\/5 \u00d710^-1 30\/5 is nice even 6. So our result is 2\u00d710 + 4\u00d71 + 6 \u00d710^-1 Now we just turn this back into normal number. 24.6 Long division does these steps. (lets see how long division works with reddit formatting...) 5|123 -0 5 doesn't go into 1. 12 carry the 1 to the next term. -10 5 goes into 12 2 times. 2\u00d710 goes into the result so remove 2\u00d75 from here. 23 And carry the remaining 2 to next term. -20 5 goes into 23 4 times. 4\u00d71 goes to the result so remove the 4\u00d75 from here. 30 And carry the remaining 3 to the next term. -30 5 goes into 30 6 times. 6\u00d70.1 goes to the result so remove the 6\u00d75 from here. 00 No more remainders to carry so we are done. Result is 2\u00d710 + 4\u00d71 + 6\u00d70.1"} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"what was the scientific theory behind shock therapy when it was an accepted form of treatment for mental illness?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what was the scientific theory behind shock therapy when it was an accepted form of treatment for mental illness?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because the brain works on electrical signals and at the time they didn't know a hell of a lot more about it, electroshock therapy was thought to sort of overload the brain and shock it back into working properly in a similar way that a defibrillator does with the heart. A bit like pressing a reset button or turning it off and back on again."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why is Machine learning not applied statistics?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is Machine learning not applied statistics?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I have a masters in cs with a focus in machine learning. Statistics is used heavily in machine learning but it\u2019s a bit like asking \u201cwhy is engineering not just applied physics.\u201d There is a lot of application and design that goes into building the right agent for the right Machine learning has a lot of subfields, one of which is supervised learning. This is closest to what you describe. Take a training set to train a model to identify the trained inputs in a new set of data. There is also another section called unsupervised learning which could be though of as trying to group the data into categories as well as possible (not based on training data). Even farther away from those examples, there is reinforcement learning. Simply put, you tell the model to work towards something and then it learns to do it over time based on feedback from the environment. This learning is more \u201con line\u201d and similar to how people learn. This is kind of like learning on the job because the agent is often having to explore what makes a good decision and what makes a bad one."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why are so many crunchy fruits\/vegetables mostly water? Does more water biologically make things crunchy?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are so many crunchy fruits\/vegetables mostly water? Does more water biologically make things crunchy?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Not exactly *because* the have water. Partly it's the other way round. They are \"crunchy\" as they have stiff cell walls. That means thay can have a lot of water inside and not collapse under the weight. However you could also say that in order to hold more water, they have to have stiff cell walls so are crunchy."} {"category":"Other","question":"What is the Glasgow scale and what is its relation\/how is it used with dementia, Alzheimer\u2019s, or other degenerative and mental health problems?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is the Glasgow scale and what is its relation\/how is it used with dementia, Alzheimer\u2019s, or other degenerative and mental health problems?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The Glasgow Scale is a way to quantify someone's Level of Consciousness and Orientation Three are three categories: * Best eye response * Best verbal response * Best motor response Best eye response is ranged from 1 to 4 where: * 1 = none (patient doesn't open eyes for anything * 2 = to pain (patient only opens eyes to painful stimuli) * 3 = to speech (patient only opens eyes to verbal stimuli) * 4 = spontaneous (patient opens eyes without needing any stimulus) Best verbal response ranges from 1 to 5 where: * 1 = none (patient cannot speak) * 2 = incomprehensible speech (attempts to speak are made but actual words are not understandable) * 3 = inappropriate words (patient can speak more clearly but no sense can be made of them) * 4 = confused (patient makes some sense but doesn't know one or more of the following (who he is, where he is, what day\/time it is or what is happening at the moment) * 5 = oriented (patient is fully oriented and has no confusion, speaks clearly and logically) And best motor response ranges from 1 to 6 where: * 1 = none (patient has no motor response to any stimuli) * 2 = extension to pain (painful stimulus causes limb extension * 3 = flexion to pain (painful stimulus causes limb flexion) * 4 = withdraws from pain (pulls limb away from painful stimulus) * 5 = localizes pain (moves hand to source of pain in attempt to remove the pain) * 6 = obeys commands (normal voluntary motor response) So a normal person with nothing wrong with them will have a GCS of 15. Someone who is confused but otherwise normal will have a GCS of 14. In cases of dementia, Alzheimer's or other mental health problems, the patient may have a GCS baseline less than 15. GCS is helpful in identifying further or acute deterioration of patient's mental status if there is a drop in their score from baseline."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How do sea monkeys work and how is it possible to create \u201clife\u201d like that from a few chemicals?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do sea monkeys work and how is it possible to create \u201clife\u201d like that from a few chemicals?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Sea monkeys are a type of shrimp that stops measurable metabolic processes when environmental conditions become unlivable. When the environment returns to being livable, the metabolic processes restarts. This is not unique to sea monkeys, but can also be done by tardigrades (water bears), nematodes (roundworms), and rotifers (wheel animals). So you aren't \"creating\" life any more than pressing the \"On\" switch on your TV remote is \"creating pictures\" in the TV."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do we still discover new organs in humans when we have high precision imaging devices like MRI and tomography ?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do we still discover new organs in humans when we have high precision imaging devices like MRI and tomography ?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because \"organ\" is a very vague term. All organ really refers to is a tissue or group of tissues we've identified as \"doing something\" or \"having a purpose\". Combine that vague definition with the following factors, and it becomes very, very easy to just *not notice* an organ is actually an organ, even if we've seen it countless times: - Size. Some organs are *really* tiny, so tiny that you can't see them even with high resolution scanners. For example, the saliva glands recently discovered in the back of the throat which I suspect may have inspired this post are basically invisible - they're only a handful of cells each - and we only discovered them because scientists were playing around with a radioactive chemical that happens to emit detectable radiation when it interacts with certain molecules found in those saliva glands. That radioactive emission was picked up by scanners, but they were looking for something completely different, and they found this as a side effect of that search. - Mistaken identity. It's pretty common for us to misidentify an organ as being a part of another organ, typically if they're in very close proximity. Sometimes we end up taking another look and realising it's a different organ after we learn more about its function. - Not *looking* for the organ. Even though we cut people open and\/or scan them pretty regularly, we only do so because we're looking for specific things. We're not just playing around in the blood and guts to see if we can find anything cool. Things can be overlooked because there are much more pressing matters to attend to. For example, you really don't have time to carefully analyse a bunch of scans and do a bunch of repeat tests on other patients if the reason you took the scan in the first place was to look for a brain tumour."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How early Morse code telegraphs transmitted eletric pulse to that specific sound?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How early Morse code telegraphs transmitted eletric pulse to that specific sound?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The electrical pulse energizes a solenoid (basically a coil of wire) with a piece of metal inside. This causes the iron to be temporarily magnetized (called an electromagnet). This magnet draws another piece of metal to it (that has a spring attached) and when it strikes, it makes that click sound. When the pulse ends, the electromagnet demagnetizes and the piece of metal is returned by a spring making a return click. That sound is simply pieces of metal striking each other."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why are there such drastic differences in salaries between different countries?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are there such drastic differences in salaries between different countries?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I'm going to avoid discussing service industries, because they are drastically different and less subject to the global market (You can't work construction in Detroit and Munich on the same day) I'm mostly talking tech. The biggest driver of disparity in tech jobs is cost of living. If it costs 2000 a month to live in Boston, and 200 a month to live in India, then salaries will reflect that. Companies aren't in the business of lowering profits to give employees extra spending money."} {"category":"Psychology","question":"Why do our brains see muscles (like abs and biceps) as attractive features in men, but typically does not find them as attractive on women?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do our brains see muscles (like abs and biceps) as attractive features in men, but typically does not find them as attractive on women?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Likely an evolutionary phenomenon. If you see abs on a man it is generally associated with increased muscle mass and decreased fat content in the body, which is associated with being healthy enough mentally and physically (and arguably financially these days) due to exercise. So someone with abs plausibly has a higher chance of giving good genes and be able to support his offspring (by hunting and protecting and so on) thereby continuing the contribution of the mother to the gene pool. If you see it on a female, it's a bit different because that means she's very skinny and muscle, in a biological sense, is more readily seen in men (therefore it bears a masculine property), which then suggests such females have a higher chance of having low body fat (not so good for pregnancy in an evolutionary sense, not talking about actual physiology) and a lower tendency to do feminine tasks due to her masculine characteristics (like taking care of the offspring and nurturing them). Please note these are not generalizations, and not facts about physiology, they're patterns we may have evolved to perceive, given what they signified a longgggg time ago."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Why does the Newton-Raphson method work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does the Newton-Raphson method work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There is a [neat animation on the Wikipedia page]( URL_0 ) which gives an idea of how this works. Essentially you are pretending that your function is a straight line, not a curve, and then finding where the 0 would be. You then assume that your new point is closer than your earlier one and try again - finding the new line (tangent to the curve at this point) and finding where that crosses the x-axis. And you repeat. It doesn't always work, but when it does, it tends to work fairly quickly."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"What are Northern Lights exactly and why\/how do they exist?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What are Northern Lights exactly and why\/how do they exist?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The northern lights are auroras (there are \"southern lights\" too). They are caused by the charged particles of solar winds brushing against the magnetosphere. What we're seeing is akin to ripples in a still pond when something disturbs the surface, except it's a colorful light show instead. The actual science of it is pretty neat (even if we don't have a perfectly clear picture of the *exact* mechanics of all of it). If you're curious, [the Wikipedia entry on auroras is a fun read]( URL_0 )."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do we say \"Antisemitism\" and \"Islamophobia\", but not \"semiteophobia\" or \"anti islam\"?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do we say \"Antisemitism\" and \"Islamophobia\", but not \"semiteophobia\" or \"anti islam\"?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The term \"phobia\" means an irrational fear or anxiety, as a psychological disorder. But some time in the last few decades, the term started being used a suffix in broader contexts, especially political and social, to denote a simple hate for something. This use of \"phobia\" arose long after the term anti-semitism was in use. By the time \"Islamophobia\" entered public consciousness, it was more fashionable to label such things \"-phobias\" than \"anti- -isms\". URL_0"} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why is it that you can't single out sound from the source once a microphone has been put in front of it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it that you can't single out sound from the source once a microphone has been put in front of it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Iteraural timing. Basically you can calculate where a sound is coming from based in the timing difference between your ears. When it's coming at the same time from different locations behind you it's hard to conceptualize when you see the person in front of you along with the timing being inconsistent. This makes it so you can't localize where it's coming from."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How do they fit 6.9 billion transistors on a 7 nanometer chip? Additionally, how do they connect them up correctly?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do they fit 6.9 billion transistors on a 7 nanometer chip? Additionally, how do they connect them up correctly?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"7 nanometer technology refers to the smallest feature they can make. As for how they can be made they are produced through a process called lithography. Individual layers are made and projected onto the material with light, interacting with chemicals to either stay put or wash away to mask areas so other material can be deposited. Think about making art on a wall by masking things off with tape or paper, then rolling or spraying paint on the wall to stick wherever isn't covered. Then you take it off and repeat again many times to make complex pictures. With chips they can actually be 3D structures as each pass lays down a tiny layer of metal or other material."} {"category":"Physics","question":"If the universe is infinite (assuming the curvature is flat), does this also imply there is infinite matter? How can the space expand any further if the universe is infinite?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If the universe is infinite (assuming the curvature is flat), does this also imply there is infinite matter? How can the space expand any further if the universe is infinite?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"So, you need to think about what \"infinite\" means here--and probably what \"dimension\" means, too. A \"dimension\" is just a degree of freedom of movement. We live in a 3 dimensional space--that is, we have three degrees of freedom of movement. We can move up and down, we can move left and right, and we can move forward and back. So what does \"infinite\" mean, in this context? It means no matter how far you move up, there will always be more room to move further up--and you will never end up back where you started by continuing to go up. Same with down, left, right, forward, and back. Next, let's think about \"expansion\". The expansion of space doesn't mean it's expanding *into* something, as people popularly thing. It just means that, as time passes, there will be more space in between two points than their was previously. Something that is 2 meters to your left today might be 4 meters to your left tomorrow (side note: not really, because gravity and other reasons, but still. Between non-gravitationally-bound objects, it works like that). None of that guarantees that there will always be more matter, so the answer to your first question is no: there is likely not infinite matter. To your second question: The universe can expand because adding more space doesn't conflict with always being able to move further. To your third: Nope, you will never end up at the same spot, eventually. And to your fourth: That's a hard question. There is not necessarily infinite matter, so the answer to this question is \"not necessarily.\" But at the same time, matter seems to be relatively, but not perfectly, evenly distributed throughout the visible universe, so the answer to this question is going to have to be \"probably, but not definitely.\""} {"category":"Technology","question":"when a video game glitches is it the game not understanding your actions or is it literally you breaking code with anomalies?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n when a video game glitches is it the game not understanding your actions or is it literally you breaking code with anomalies?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I'd define 3 types of glitches all of them are caused by the games programming logic not handling the data it's attempting to display well. The first kind are internal glitches. These are inherent to the games code. Typically these are the kind of glitch which make a game \"buggy\". They happen during normal intended play. Other glitches are player caused. Where the player creates a situation that the game's code can't just comprehend. If you ever watch speed running, this is the kind of glitch which allows for that sort of thing. No human could have reasonably foreseen a player acting in that way. Finally there are simple network glitches where an online game has problems with the internet it's attempting to use to transfer it's data to the games server and vice versa. Things like \"packet loss\" or simply a slow connection causing lag are common kinds."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How does Spotify know what music I will like and generate those discover weekly playlists?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does Spotify know what music I will like and generate those discover weekly playlists?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They track what you listen to, and match it up with what other people listen to. And more recently, they use machine learning to find songs and artists that are audibly similar in some manner. The models that result in people listening through the playlists are kept, and the others dropped. This is why you\u2019ll get some really odd suggestions sometimes; you\u2019ve effectively become part of the product."} {"category":"Other","question":"why are \u201ccommon\u201d scams allowed to continue when they are only common because no agency is willing to to after them?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why are \u201ccommon\u201d scams allowed to continue when they are only common because no agency is willing to to after them?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I understand that you are frustrated. The government DOES care about scams. The DOJ's Consumer Protection Branch has a the means to prosecute frauds, particularly the Elder Fraud initiative: URL_0 But the government operates with limited resources. I wish we had the ability to send out agents to follow up on your lead, but that's not always possible. Report to IC3, and your report will go into the database for analysis and referral. Additionally, try talking to your state's Attorney General's office. I get your frustration and I'm sorry the FBI wouldn't take your case directly, but I assure you there are scores-hundreds of people in federal law enforcement who care about fraudsters."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why does an air-bubble in your vein cause so much problems?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does an air-bubble in your vein cause so much problems?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A small bubble is harmless. If you've ever had an IV you've probably gotten quite a few small bubbles introduced into your blood stream with no problems at all. Its a big bubble, like a really big one, that can cause a problem. That thing in the movies where a guy sneaks up on another guy with a syringe hiden in his hand and injects a guy with an air bubble from a tiny needle... yeah, that's story telling. You need a really big syringe wiht a really large-bore needle to kill someone. The actual problmems are (if memory serves): 1. Air can be compressed while blood can not be, so a large air bubble can be redirect forces in unhappy ways, the way an \"air hammer\" can form in the pipes of your house and cause a \"Bang\" when you turn the water on or off, said bang repeating with each heartbeat. 2. A large air bubble can get into the heart where it's odd consistency and compressability can cause the valves to misbehave, preventing blood flow. 3. Air is much less dense than blood so it can collect in high places where the blood pressure is coincidentally quite low. The highest place in your body is usually your brain. The lowest pressure parts of your blood distribution system is the very small vessels and capilaries. So a large air bubble can fill lots of the small blood vessels of your brain. There's not enough blood flow pressure to force the air back out of your brain, so blood stops flowing in those vessels leading your brain to suffocate. The same thing can happen in significant fractions of the lungs because the blood enters and leaves the lungs \"about halfway up\" the lungs structure. This lack of blood flow can cut off half your effective lung area for quite some time and so can stress your other organs pretty much the same way a \"collapsed lung\" can do. Now it's not just direct injection that can lead to air in the blood stream. Any cut is likely to let a little air in, just as it lets a little blood out. With large wounds the amount of air can be substantial. Also getting \"the bends\" from sudden decreases in ambient pressure, such as returning from under deep water, can cause the air dissolved in your blood to \"Fizz Up\", like when you open a soda bottle. Finally, the veins (not arteries, just the veins) of your body are full of one-way valves. Muscle activity squeezing the veins is responsible for a lot of the pumping that _returns_ blood to the heart. This is (a significant part of) why immobilized or paralyzed limbs become swollen. So air bubbles in veins _can_ significantly reduce the blood leaving the limbs, which in turn doesn't allow blood to enter those limbs. This can stall blood flow to a whole sector of your body. The emergency treatment for suspected air bubbling in the blood stream is to make your brain and heart regions the lowest parts of your body. Basically you want to lie inclined with your feet raised. Trapping the air there gives your body a chance to deal with it. Non organ tissues (muscles and fat) are actually quite tollerant to lack of oxygen. Finally, exposure to air is a primary trigger of blood clotting. So trapping air in one spot can lead to the body \"clotting off\" the blood vessels there. That sucks if its the blood vessels in your heart or kidneys. So it's not too terrible until a significant volume of gasses (normally air, but also nitrogen gas from diving, or whatever) are in your blood stream. DISCLAIMER: This is not medical advice and I am not a trained doctor or biologist. This is what I remember from (A) learning to SCUBA dive, (B) asking a doctor about all the tiny bubbles in my IV tube after my knee got crushed by a car, and (C) doing some research about killing people for a novel I was trying to write given what I'd learned from A and B."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How are stock prices determined?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How are stock prices determined?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The reported stock price is the price of the last successful trade of that stock. So, how do people agree to these prices? There are order books (on computers now) of **bids** for a stock from people wanting to buy it and **asks** from people wanting to sell it. If the bid list contains three bids of 100, 90, and 80 for the stock and the ask book has asks of 110, 120, and 130 then nothing happens. The person bidding the most (100) is less than the person asking the least (110). Now let's imagine a new seller shows up and puts in an ask of 99. Now, the person bidding 100 is matched up with the asker at 99. The stock sells at 99 and the new stock price is 99 until a new successful bid and ask pair happens."} {"category":"Other","question":"What is the difference between the medical model and nursing model in medical education?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is the difference between the medical model and nursing model in medical education?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I was a nurse for 3 years and now in school for my M.D. to become a Physician. You are correct that RNs and Nurse Practitioners learn the nursing model, while MDs, DOs, and PAs learn the medical model. Keep in mind that there is a little overlap between the two. The medical model is primarily focused on treating a disease and its underlying causes. It is MUCH more science-based and requires a strong background in anatomy, physiology, pathology, cell & molecular biology, pharmacology, genetics, etc. for EACH organ system. The medical model is used to understand the why. The nursing model briefly dabbles in the sciences, but is much more concerned with addressing the physical, emotional, and lifestyle needs of the patient. Also, a big part of nursing is being the \"eyes and ears\" of the doctors, which means being very observant and understanding when a patient is deteriorating. It does not, however, require a deep understanding of the pathophysiology behind that patient's condition. To oversimplify things, think of your high school classes in biology and health. The medical model is kind of like how a biology teacher would describe a disease, and the nursing model is kind of like how a health teacher would describe a disease. Two different perspectives, but with obvious overlap."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Stock options - How do they work, and what motivates the buyers and sellers?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Stock options - How do they work, and what motivates the buyers and sellers?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Let's say, for example, that they are options to buy the stock at a slightly higher price a month from now. Buyer: \"I think the stock is going way up, so an option to buy at this modest price is like free money.\" Seller: \"I don't think the stock is going to go up, so selling you this option is like selling you a worthless piece of paper for cash.\""} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why light changes color depending on wavelength?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why light changes color depending on wavelength?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Your question seems to assume that colour is a separate property that happens to change based on wavelength. Our eyes have the ability to sense the wavelength of light, and colour is simply the word we use to describe that sensation. So it isn't one thing changing in response to another - they are actually the same thing."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How big\/deep would a puncture have to be for you to bleed out?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How big\/deep would a puncture have to be for you to bleed out?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It\u2019s less about how deep, and more about location. If you get stabbed through your hand, it went all the way through your body but will likely not kill you. You can even get stabbed all the way through the abdomen and not die. However, if you get stabbed in the arm and it hits a main artery you could bleed out in minutes. Location over depth"} {"category":"Economics","question":"what exactly is red hat, what do they do and how do they make money?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what exactly is red hat, what do they do and how do they make money?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They are a computer software company, more-or-less like Microsoft. The difference is that they develop \"open source\" software, which means that it is freely available for anyone to modify, or, really, do anything they want with it. While you can run the software they sell without paying any money^*, they largely make money by selling support for computers running that software. \\* RedHat has certain trademarks that they don't allow to be freely distributed, but these are largely cosmetic."} {"category":"Technology","question":"What was done differently for SpaceX to create more fitted space suits than NASA ACES suit?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What was done differently for SpaceX to create more fitted space suits than NASA ACES suit?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They hired the guy who designs all of the costumes in Disney movies (including the Marvel Cinematic Universe) to design the suit. That guy specifically designed them to look sleek and cool. One of the big changes he made was to not include any external pockets. The orange NASA ACES suit is derived from the pressure suit that was designed by the Air Force for high altitude planes back in the 50's. That suit was covered in pockets because personal computers and LCD screens weren't exactly a thing in the 50's. This meant that the pilots had to take a bunch of paperwork up with them - all of the charts, checklists, and everything else that the needed had to be printed out on paper and carried into the plane. The most convenient place to store this stuff was on the suit itself, which was covered in pockets to facilitate that. This basic \"covered in pockets\" design was continued on into the Space Shuttle era when it was still necessary for crew members to carry a significant amount of documentation with them which they needed to be able to access quickly. The state of current technology means that all of that paperwork can now reliably be accessed through LCD multi function displays or tablets, meaning that there isn't a reason for the crews to carry it with them, meaning that they don't need a suit that is literally covered in pockets."} {"category":"Other","question":"What is a Polestar, how can I spot it in the night sky and how is it significant\/used?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is a Polestar, how can I spot it in the night sky and how is it significant\/used?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Imagine a really tall flagpole stuck into the north pole. If the flag at the top of that pole was bright enough you'd be able to see it at night, and if you walked towards it you would always be heading north. The pole star is a star that just happens to be in the right position, at the end of a *really* long imaginary pole (433 light years) and so is used for navigation. This doesn't work if you're in the south half of the world. You can't see the northern pole star because the body of the earth is in the way. Unfortunately there isn't a bright star above the south pole which can be used. Instead they use the Southern Cross, which is a constellation that is visible almost all year round and points towards the spot where a southern pole star would be. This constellation appears on several southern hemisphere flags, including Australia and New Zealand. The earth's axis also has a slight wobble, and over a period of thousands of years our imaginary flagpole will point to a different star, or to no visible star at all."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How do voice calls work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do voice calls work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The simplest way to imagine doing this is by building a circuit which compares a waveform against a bunch of fixed known voltages. Say you have an analog signal ranging from -1V to +1V. By creating a bunch of fixed reference voltages (1V, 0.9V, 0.8V, ... -0.9V, -1V), you can use a simple *comparison* operation to determine which of those voltages your signal is higher than. Say your comparison circuit finds out that it's higher than 0.7V, but not higher than 0.8V. You could transmit this as a `7` to the listener. On the receiving end, a similar circuit (but in reverse) could take this `7` and interpret that by connecting the output signal to the 0.7V reference. By doing this over and over again (say, ten thousand times a second), you can make the voltage at the output roughly match the voltage at the input in basically realtime (as long as you can keep transmitting ten thousand numbers a second). Obviously, real circuits will be much more sophisticated than that. But I hope it illustrates the basic idea."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do muscles feel sore after stretching in the same way that they do after working out?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do muscles feel sore after stretching in the same way that they do after working out?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I\u2019m not sure what you mean by this but; When you exercise you create tears in the muscle fibres and the DOMS (direct onset muscle soreness) is a result of these tears but as they repair they become stronger to prevent tearing again. Stretching will never prevent DOMS or this pain associated with exercise completely it only helps with it by relaxing the muscle and increasing blood flow which helps remove the by products of exercise such as lactate"} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why are ice cubes sticky?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are ice cubes sticky?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When you touch an ice cube there is either moisture in your hand or the heat of your hands melts a little bit of the surface of the ice. Over time (can be very short depending on how cold the ice cubes are) more heat transfers and that bit of moisture gets cold enough to freeze. Now your fingers are very loosely frozen to the ice cube."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do songs get stuck in our heads? Currently on day 8 of \u201cDon\u2019t Stop Me Now\u201d by Queen and this ear worm is keeping me up at night!","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do songs get stuck in our heads? Currently on day 8 of \u201cDon\u2019t Stop Me Now\u201d by Queen and this ear worm is keeping me up at night!","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There\u2019s a theory in Sociology that it\u2019s an evolutionary advantage. Before writing, the only way to pass on information and save it for the future was memorizing it. Humans who were better able to remember things and pass them on to others had an advantage, and could have more children and pass the traits on to them. It turns out people are much better at remembering words if they are set to music, especially if things rhyme and have a steady beat and interesting melody. Sociologists think earworms (not being able to get a song out of your head) is one trick your brain uses to help you remember lyrics and melodies better. Many people find that they feel relief from these once they get all the lyrics and melody correct, and that having incomplete lyrics in your head makes it worse. So one thing that can help an ear worm is to listen to a recording of the song and sing along. Another is to listen to a completely different song, especially one with no words. The theme from the Andy Griffith show is pretty good for this."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How are there \u201clakes\u201d underwater?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How are there \u201clakes\u201d underwater?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Usually it's because the water at that depth is both colder and has significantly more salt dissolved in it, that makes it more dense which makes it separate from the surrounding water. This makes pools, and sometimes rivers and lakes of what is effectively \"brine\" underwater. It has a really bad habit of killing critters that go into it."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How is plastic made clear?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How is plastic made clear?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Transparent plastics are clear because they aren't crystalline, either because that's their natural way to be or because they are carefully made that way in manufacturing. There are two major ways solid materials exist: as crystals or as glasses. Crystalline materials have their atoms and molecules perfectly ordered in a packed structure, like stacking golf balls in a box. Glassy materials don't have that order, their molecules make big messy piles like a plate of spaghetti. Glassy materials don't scatter light, so they look clear. Crystalline materials do scatter light, so they look opaque. & #x200B; Plastics are very versatile. Some of them tend to crystallize some or a lot in the solid state, while others remain totally glassy. Glassy plastics are naturally transparent. A good example of this is the polyester that makes plastic soda bottles. Other plastics form little crystals embedded in a mesh of glassy material, which makes them opaque. A good example of this is high-density polyethylene, a common plastic used to make things like milk jugs and molded plastic items. & #x200B; Even more crystalline plastics can be made transparent, though the use of added chemicals and\/or the way they are processed. Certain chemicals, called \"plasticizers\", stop the plastic molecules from ordering into crystals, and can make a normally opaque plastic clear. You can also do it just by cooling melted plastic really, really fast when you are shaping it. If the plastic is cooled very quickly, it freezes the molecules in place and doesn't give crystals a chance to form. The lack of crystals makes the plastic transparent."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"How were maps made before planes and satellites?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How were maps made before planes and satellites?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"People surveyed lands accurately by splitting them up into triangles and using trigonometry to measure distances between points. This involves physically exploring the lands and setting up appropriate triangulation stations to do the measurements from (preferably on a high point so you have a line of sight to the other stations) and gives an accurate framework for any internal mapping. Filling in the internal details can be done using compasses, spirit levels, measuring ropes\/chains and theodolites to measure all the features and such. Elevation can be calculated by measuring the gradient of the land as you go up or down it. Here in the UK we still have the early triangulation stations all over the land which were used to make fine detailed maps of the country, they are known as [trig points]( URL_0 )."} {"category":"Economics","question":"taxes? do people actually keep all their receipts or is that just a movie thing","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n taxes? do people actually keep all their receipts or is that just a movie thing","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It depends. If you take the standard deduction you don't need receipts. If you take itemized deductions you need to keep receipts so you know exactly how much to take, and to show the IRS there is no fishy business if they get suspicious. Deductions reduce the amount of income you have to pay income tax on. The standard deduction is a set amount that anyone can take no questions asked. For itemized deductions there are certain things the government wants to encourage people to spend money on, ie charity, so they decided that any money someone spends on these things they can deduct from their taxable income."} {"category":"Biology","question":"why do stubbed toes painful for only a minute and then the pain goes away quickly?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why do stubbed toes painful for only a minute and then the pain goes away quickly?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I like to compare nerves to water, ripples as pain signals and rocks as pain stimuli. The water ripples a lot when you throw a rock in it but ripples won\u2019t last long if you don\u2019t keep throwing rocks into the water. Once the brain\/nervous system knows that the stimulus is not dangerous (and no damage has been made) pain will go away. Pain is made to make you take action and move away from dangerous things. Edit:added info"} {"category":"Other","question":"Why are heating vents positioned right below windows in homes and apartments? It seems like moving them away from windows would make more sense.","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are heating vents positioned right below windows in homes and apartments? It seems like moving them away from windows would make more sense.","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Cold air drops to the floor, warm air rises. By positioning the source of warm air below the window (where cold air is coming from), you make sure that the cold and warm air mix. If you position the heating vent away from the window, you can end up with a layer of cold air near the floor and a layer of warm air near the ceiling."} {"category":"Technology","question":"how can they continue to cram more and more memory into tinier and tinier spaces?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how can they continue to cram more and more memory into tinier and tinier spaces?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"We're reaching the limit actually. There are two types of informations. RAM (Random access memory) and ROM (Read Only Memory). Ram is the memory you computer use when it work. As the name imply, whenever your computer need to store something to use a few seconds later, it ask the RAM \"Hey, where can I put it? It takes X amount of space\". RAM, as the name imply, then take a random spot in its memory that is available and tell the computer to store his stuff there for the time being. This memory rely on very thin strip of materials that will simply allow or prevent current from going through. Something like tiny electric switches. It's easy to work with, but it rely on constant electricity to work. As soon as you shut the electricity, all the switches stop working and reset to not working. ROM unlike its name CAN be written to. It's your hard drives, SSD, USB, etc. It's the memory that can actually store information for long term. For hard drive, it's a bunch of polarized disks. By applying a current to that part of the disk, you change the polarization of that part of the disk. When you want to read it, you simply check how the polarization at that place is going. Even if you shut the electricity, the info remain, because polarization doesn't need constant electricity. You only need electricity to read or write. On the other hand, it makes the hard drive sensible to magnets. I'm sadly not knowledgeable on SSD behavior, so I'll leave that out for now. First of for ram. It used to be some big lamp that would turn on an off. Eventually, we realized that the lamp was useless, all we needed was the electricity. So we created these nice little switch that would turn on an off. The big issue with changing size is timing. Computer go really fast, and it's reached the point where the speed of electricity matter. So when you shrink stuff, you speed your computer, but you need to make sure the rest of the hardware can handle the speed. Nowadays, we've kept on shrinking more and more material, to the point that these \"switches\" are just a couple of micrometers. Now we're hitting a physical barrier. We CAN'T shrink anymore simply because we can't ensure reliable transfer of electricity with less material. We're at a point were we need a whole new technology, as we've shaved off most of the material we could. For Ram, it's partly similar, but we had a couple of other things. The concept has remained relatively similar. But by improving precision, we didn't need to put as much space between each polarization. So we could store more on a same surface. There is also making thinner and thinner disks. As they are thinner, you can put more. And finally, we learned to put on both face of disks. As long as we can keep making the writing tools more precise, and maybe if we find a material that we can make thinner, it can still be improved."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"what's the difference between gas grades, i.e. 87, 88 \"the new standard\" and flex fuel?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what's the difference between gas grades, i.e. 87, 88 \"the new standard\" and flex fuel?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The grade refers to the octane rating of the fuel, which is a measure of how easy it is to ignite. The harder a fuel is to ignite, the more it can be compressed in the engine first, and the more energy it will release. The thing is that an engine has to be designed to work with a higher octane fuel - if you put the wrong octane fuel in a car, it will not be igniting at the correct points in the engines cycle, and will work poorly (in some cases causing damage to the engine). Check your manufacturers information for your car, which should tell you the octane ratings the engine will work best with. If you do end up putting the wrong grade in your car, it isn't the end of the world - the car will run on a range of octane ratings, it just won't work as efficiently, and may increase wear."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How does self-modifiying code actually work? Does this just mean it can continuously teach itself to get better with now peak?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does self-modifiying code actually work? Does this just mean it can continuously teach itself to get better with now peak?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Software developer here, That is highly dependent on context. In Lisp, the code is data, and it's absolutely trivial to reason about it as data, at runtime, in your program. This is quite common to do in the language, as runtime code generation and execution is a fundamental language construct. This means you can take your data, blend it with your code, which is just more data, and execute it as new code. Often enough there are constraints put on self modifying code to where the system isn't going to give birth to Skynet. Genetic Algorithms are one such example, where an encoded sequence, the \"genetic code\" maps to a set of basic constructs, which you can consider to be a domain specific language, where when evaluated, can make more complex structures and behavior. I've seen this used in AI in video games, and I've known it to be used in radio to solve some sort of frequency problem and my late cousin used it in earlier Alzheimer's research. Typically the use of self modifying code is to optimize code paths, for example, if a computation can be replaced with a constant, or if a branch (decision) can always be found true or false, then the other branch can be eliminated completely and the branch doesn't even need to be evaluated. I've read of solvers that again optimize code. For example, given a sorting algorithm an example input and the expected output, the solver can optimize the algorithm for space or speed. The optimization tends to be specific to the test set, and while you can use a prover to show it's correct for all cases, it may suffer an extreme performance penalty for for any input other than the test set."} {"category":"Other","question":"What's the guy waving a stick in front of the orchestra doing?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What's the guy waving a stick in front of the orchestra doing?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"He is setting the rhythm for the instrumentalists, as well as directing individual sections or musicians when to come in, when to get louder or softer, when to hesitate, etc. He is directing everyone, so everyone doesn't have to take cues from each other. Basically, without him, musicians would have to either look around at the others to keep time and take cues, but he becomes the central person to glance up at in front of them to take cues, preventing the musicians getting lost by looking up, and allowing the ensemble to be more precise in timing and execution of the piece. :)"} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"What happens to a car battery internally, that causes it to \u201cgo bad?\u201d","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What happens to a car battery internally, that causes it to \u201cgo bad?\u201d","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Car batteries are two thin sheets of lead alloy, separated by a solution. As the battery charges, lead is plated from one plate to the other. As the battery discharges, the process is reversed. In an ideal world, the lead ions would be perfectly uniformly distributed in the solution, and the plates would remain completely flat. So, that's not how it really works. One plate gets a little bump from random concentration imbalances. That makes the gap between the plates a little smaller. The smaller gap makes that point a more active part of the battery. Over time, a little stalagmite starts to grow toward the other plate. One day, it touches, and the battery has an internal short. Lots of heat in generated, and the plate might be damaged, or even crack and come loose. Not to worry, there are a couple dozen plates in each cell, and the other ones are working fine, for now. Over time, more plates are damaged. that's why it's bad to run a battery dead, this is the stage where the maximum plating effect occurs, shortening the overall life."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why does the peak volume vary so much from different sources on the internet: music, videos, etc? Also why can't your computer\/speakers artificially amplify the peak level?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does the peak volume vary so much from different sources on the internet: music, videos, etc? Also why can't your computer\/speakers artificially amplify the peak level?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's actually more about average loudness than peak, but \/u\/swordgeek hit it - lack of standards. It used to be in some genres that musicians and\/or engineers would push the loudness as high as possible into a peak limiter (therefore reducing dynamic range, which is a measure of peak to average loudness). This was done in order to stand out, for example, on the radio - when the radio is on in the background and your song comes on just a touch louder, it would catch people's attention. But then the [Loudness War]( URL_1 ) ensued, and that's because in music, film, spoken word, ...everything is pretty much left up to the mastering engineer (and artist, producer, etc) as to final loudness. However, a lot of services (iTunes, Spotify, YouTube, etc) are instituting their own loudness cap, such that if a video or song is louder than their prescribed loudness, their algorithm will detect that and turn it down. It's the beginning of the end of the Loudness Wars, since there's no point in absolutely crushing the life out of a mix that's just going to get turned down anyway. You might as well just have more dynamic range, which IMHO sounds better anyway. Read more [here]( URL_0 )."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why is it not difficult to engage physically with those you have no feeling toward but difficult to engage physically with those you do?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it not difficult to engage physically with those you have no feeling toward but difficult to engage physically with those you do?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Probably because we have a fear of rejection + something to lose. & #x200B; Fear of rejection leads to difficulty to engage them physically for the first time. If they reject your advances such as attempts to hold their hand\/s etc it might get awkward and it might cause you two to be less close than you were before if you hadn't made those advances. & #x200B; You have nothing to lose with those you don't care about so that fear of rejection holds almost no value. & #x200B; & #x200B;"} {"category":"Biology","question":"I have 4 young plants in a vase. One starts losing strength, space is running out. I take it out of the vase. The other plants now battle for their space and grow stronger than the first plant killed. After a while, one remains. Do plants eat each other's roots? How do they take the space?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n I have 4 young plants in a vase. One starts losing strength, space is running out. I take it out of the vase. The other plants now battle for their space and grow stronger than the first plant killed. After a while, one remains. Do plants eat each other's roots? How do they take the space?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Each plant's roots need a certain amount of space to ensure adequate nutrient and water absorbtion from the soil. If it's cramped in there, all of them are getting less than they need. This is also why you have to keep transplanting your plants into larger and larger pots as they continue to grow, because they've \"outgrown\" the one they're in."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"in mathematics, what do sin, cos and tan do to a number?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n in mathematics, what do sin, cos and tan do to a number?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The ***sine*** is a measure of vertical-*ness*. Imagine a Ferris wheel, the wheel rotates by an angle and the **sine** of that angle tells you how \"high\" or \"low\" you are on the wheel. (With -1 being at the very bottom, and 1 being at the very top). The ***cosine*** is a measure of horizontal-*ness*. Using the Ferris wheel analogy, this would be how far \"left\" or \"right* you are on the wheel. The ***tangent*** is the slope-*ness* of a ramp. It's the height divided by the base (or Sine divided by Cosine) 0 slope would be a horizontal ramp and infinite (undefined) would be a cliff face."} {"category":"Other","question":"why do people and businesses \"dump\" money at the end of the year?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why do people and businesses \"dump\" money at the end of the year?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"If you're describing what I think you are, you're referring to budget surplus in a department. So, if I give you $10 to run a lemonade stand per year, but it turns out you only need $8 to run it, next year I'll only give you $8. So, to avoid losing money that you might want to use next year, you spend that $2 at the end of the year to make it appear that it costs $10 each year to run the lemonade stand, and your budget is not reduced."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why are certain elements bad for humans but when combined together arent so harmful?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are certain elements bad for humans but when combined together arent so harmful?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"For Sodium Chloride, AKA table salt, it has to do with ionization. An atom of Chlorine (Element #17) for reasons best left unexplained on this sub, really wants to gain an extra electron. [If you look at a periodic table]( URL_0 ), all the elements on its vertical column want to do the same. These elements are called Halogens. If you move one step to the right, you get to the Noble Gases. These elements have all the electrons that they want, and as a rule of thumb, an element wants the same number of electrons as the nearest Noble Gas. Now, if you look at Sodium, its nearest Noble Gas is Neon. It wants to lose an electron. So you have Sodium that wants to gain an electron, and Chlorine that wants to lose one. Match made in the cores of very large stars. This is called an ionic bond, and is often created whenever a non-metal (All the orange, dun and light blue ones on the periodic table I linked to, except Hydrogen, sometimes) and a metal (All the rest except the brown ones, those are metalloids or semi-metals.) are combine. If you have just pure Sodium or Chlorine, however, they try to get the amount of electrons they want from other sources, like taking electrons from your lungs (Poisonous) or giving them to water (explosive). Carbon dioxide is somewhat harmful to us in large amounts, but we have mechanisms specifically designed to get rid of it. It poses no danger to healthy humans. Carbon Monoxide however, is different. If introduced to our bloodstream, say, if you breath it in, it replaces oxygen in our red blood cells- Carbon Monoxide is better at binding to them than oxygen is, and this presents a problem because you need that oxygen to survive. Feel free to ask any other questions."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Whate does it mean when an academic article says \"X predicted 19.4% of the variance in Y\"?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Whate does it mean when an academic article says \"X predicted 19.4% of the variance in Y\"?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I know this one! I think! So in regression you have something you want to explain, Y. You can have several variables, X, that all have something to do with it. You run regression models to find significant Xs that explain Y. This is called the r-square, which is a decimal between 0 and 1. This tells you how much an X explains the variation in Y. Example: how can I explain temperature variation in a given day? Let's say the amount of cloud cover is significant, with an r-square of .36. This means that cloud cover explains 36% of the variation in daily temperature. But what about the rest? If you have other significant variables, they can also add on, but you'll never get 100% of the explanation because life isn't perfectly explainable."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"what makes a drug a drug, if a drug has a physiological effect then wouldn't everything we consume be considered a drug?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what makes a drug a drug, if a drug has a physiological effect then wouldn't everything we consume be considered a drug?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"> [A drug is any substance (other than food that provides nutritional support) that, when inhaled, injected, smoked, consumed, absorbed via a patch on the skin, or dissolved under the tongue causes a temporary physiological (and often psychological) change in the body.]( URL_0 ) The key is that it's something that's *not normally needed* that changes the standard chemistry & operation of your body. You might argue that this is a completely arbitrary distinction but language is full of those."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How are copies of celluloid film reels made?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How are copies of celluloid film reels made?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They use a device called a contact printer\/copier. It's basically a mechanized lightbox that is used to photograph each individual frame from a master onto a new piece of film, called the release print. So what they do is take the original camera negative, which is used to create an interpositive. You do all your grading and editing work with this. Then it's used to create an internegative. The internegative is then used to create release prints for theaters. In the modern age, the original film negative is scanned into a computer, where a digital interpositive is created. Once all your post-production is done, it's then copied back to film using a digital film recorder. Which works like the contract printer, but it swaps the film master for a high resolution video display. From there you use the contact printer to make release prints from the internegative from your film recorder. Or you can use your final digital interpositive to create digital video files that can be played on cinemas using digital projectors."} {"category":"Economics","question":"What is the purpose or long-term goal of cryptocurrency?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is the purpose or long-term goal of cryptocurrency?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"First and foremost, cryptocurrency is about decentralization. The theory is that since it is run by a very large amount of people across countries, it's much harder for one government, corporation, sector or individual to control it. Because of that, it's supposed to be harder for those groups to fix prices, add unnecessary fees, control where the money can go, control how fast it goes there, etc. Anonymity is a mixed bag. Since it's a public ledger, as soon as one transaction reveals the identity of a wallet owner, the complete history of that wallet is also revealed. So, if you're a criminal if you EVER (1) buy cryptocurrency using dollars from a business that can have a warrant served, (2) sell cryptocurrency to get dollars to a business that can have a warrant served or (3) reveal in any communications\/records what your wallet address or keys are (things that you have to keep in order to use it) that the police can intercept\/confiscate, then literally your *complete*, perfect financial history becomes indestructible public knowledge. So, in this sense, it's an EXTREMELY dangerous step for criminals. Anonymity refers less to *permanent* anonymity and more to per-transaction anonymity. In terms of permanent anonymity, since most businesses will store whatever your payment method is (e.g. credit, checking) along with some identifying information (e.g. your name), you're going to be at risk for any company that gets hacked, etc. of having your payment information revealed. (Then again, you can instantaneously make an arbitrary number of wallets with unique addresses to shield against that a bit.) So, the anonymity refers less to that, which is as much about the record keeping of businesses as it is about the actual payment method. The reason why cryptocurrency counts toward anonymity is that you never *have to* associate your account with a name, legal jurisdiction, age, etc. Right now the most common counterparts to cryptocurrencies for online payments are credit cards and perhaps services like paypal. With both, to use them you have to associate personal information with the account first, such as your name. The primary security piece that is common to cryptocurrency is that transactions are guaranteed, decentralized and irreversible. With a credit card or paypal, it's easy and common for transactions to be reversed upon the seller. With bank accounts, it's possible for governments (e.g. with WikiLeaks) or even credit card companies (e.g. with FetLife) to freeze your account without notice for whatever reason they choose. So, in regard to these qualities, in terms of digital payments, cryptocurrency stands out enormously. Obviously, when you think about things like sanctions, this creates the potential for criminal acts. However, some people who don't believe in the government's right to control their property so closely see this as a very important benefit. We need to separate \"cryptocurrency\" from bitcoin. They are not synonyms and even Bitcoin continues to change its practical design over time. For example, cryptocurrency can be designed to facilitate \"off chain\" transactions in order to get around everything being public. One other use of cryptocurrency is microtransactions. Cryptocurrency is easy to reliably control via code and it's also able to be split into arbitrarily small amounts (say, $0.0001). As a result, you can use such tokens in ways that it's not convenient to use cash or credit. For example, [Brave web browser]( URL_0 ) uses it in a sort of transparent \"micro-rentals\" design for viewing content online ad-free. You could imagine a messaging system that reduces spam by implementing postage (i.e. you have to send $0.01 to the recipient's wallet in order for your message to be delivered). In these kinds of designs, the anonymity (i.e. not needing to swap names), the lightweight nature of it (i.e. being able to perform arbitrarily small and arbitrarily frequent transactions), the security (i.e. irreversible transactions), etc. make it practical to use currency in a way that's prohibitively difficult with alternatives. In addition to micro-transactions like that, there is also the related Ethereum (which is another blockchain with an associated cryptocurrency). You can think of the Bitcoin network as a massive distributed computer to which you pay (supposedly tiny) transaction fees for that computer to execute publicly verifiable programs (e.g. the \"transfer money\" program) on publicly verifiable data (i.e. your wallet balance). Ethereum is a similar concept except anybody can write\/add any programs. So now, the focus becomes less on just the transfer of money (one of the only programs Bitcoin has) and instead on any program you want to run under those same security\/integrity guarantees. On Ethereum, the cryptocurrency's actual purpose is just for you to compensate others for the amount of execution time your program will take on the network. So, for example, IIRC somebody was making an online gambling program which is guaranteed be \"fair\" because it's actual code sitting on the blockchain, verifiable and guaranteed to run as stated. Here the cryptocurrency is inseparable from these other uses of the blockchain it's sitting on. So there are lots of advantages to cryptocurrency over competitors even where there isn't an advantage, it has parity in a lot of areas too. It's not perfect though. The main drawback is freedom. The inability for a government to control it and the inability for a payment processor to reverse a transaction can be dangerous to users who count on protections offered by their government or credit card company. In the long run though, these same kinds of protections could be implemented where they are desired. For reversible transactions, for example, escrow services are a solution that could be implemented."} {"category":"Other","question":"why is the G on an alto saxophone a concert B flat?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why is the G on an alto saxophone a concert B flat?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's to make it easier when switching instruments. All instruments are designed to be the best shape and size to complement their pitch and tone, but the tricky part comes when someone wants to learn a new instrument. If all music was in concert pitch and an alto saxophone player wants to pick up the flute or the clarinet, or even a different sax like the tenor or soprano, they'd have to re-learn which fingerings correspond to which notes, which gets pretty confusing. Instead, instruments are shifted away from concert pitch, and their music is written in their own respective keys. While this adds the mild annoyance of transposition, it makes it a whole lot easier to switch between instruments. What you'll often find is that a written G for an alto sax (concert Bb), a written G for a tenor sax (concert F) and a written G for a flute (which is concert G, as flutes are in concert pitch) will all have very similar fingerings. Check it out, looking at G on the staff: [Alto Sax]( URL_0 ) [Tenor Sax]( URL_1 ) [Flute]( URL_2 ) Three written G's that will sound as different notes, but which all have those three fingers down (plus an extra on the flute). Makes it really easy to switch between instruments and master them without having to re-learn a confusing amount of fundamentals. You can mostly learn the one fingering, and then just have to remember minor adjustments between instruments, because the music as written will always correspond to the instrument's proper key."} {"category":"Economics","question":"why do cars, especially new cars depreciate so fast?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why do cars, especially new cars depreciate so fast?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Let's say that someone is selling a one month old car. Cars are complicated, how well would you know\/do you trust your mechanic to find in an hour or less a small issue with some system in the car. The prior owner has owned the car for a month, which is more time to better assess the quality of the car than the buyer. Given that difference in information, how large a discount from the new price do you want? Now we'll go full Sicilian, if the seller knows you'll almost certainly want a large discount and is still selling their car after one month, the small problem must be serious enough that he expects to be better off after selling the car. A few rounds of that logic, and sellers of all but the worst cars are willing to reconsider, and buyers expect the shortly after purchase market to only consist of very poor cars. So prices drop like a rock, the instant a new car is taken off the lot. Because that's a huge loss in value, (and leasing programs) manufacturers try to capture some of that value with certified used sales (where the manufacturer who has considerable knowledge of where problems have occurred can ensure those issues don't exist on a certified used car), but the price is still a good bit lower because the seller always knows more about the car than the buyer."} {"category":"Physics","question":"If the sun does explode in the far future, what would make it explode?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If the sun does explode in the far future, what would make it explode?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Stars generate energy in their cores, and this inflates the rest of the gas in the star like a giant balloon. More massive stars produce more energy and inflate to incredible sizes - near the ends of their lives they can inflate to preposterous volumes larger than Mars\u2019 orbit. Large stars explode when their core suddenly stops producing enough energy to keep the rest of the star inflated. They collapse inward at hypersonic speed and the catastrophic shockwave when the innards of the star crumple into core obliterates it. The sun is too small for this, and will fizzle out with a sad stellar fart instead."} {"category":"Other","question":"What happens if you crash or damage a vehicle during a test drive from the dealership?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What happens if you crash or damage a vehicle during a test drive from the dealership?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"1. Most of the time, all vehicles in the dealership, especially demo cars are insured. If not one-by-one, usually dealerships get bulk agreements, or just covered under company insurance. 2. You're taking the drive test accompanied by dealership's employee, so you have a witness. 3. If you're not at fault (i.e. you've been T-boned by someone running red light), from your point of view, nothing happens (except you going to the hospital - and I'd guess the insurance will pay for you. 4. If you're at fault, from dealership's points of view, nothing happens, but you're in trouble - bigger or smaller, depending on the agreement. I don't know what's the norm in US, but in Poland, where I live, before test drive you have to sign papers confirming you being in charge of the vehicle, even if it happens inside dealership grounds (i.e. internal testing track - not that there are many of those). This also means dealership has right to view your driver's license, and you can (and should) take a peek into car's legal documentation, if there is any."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why do different types of soap only clean certain things?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do different types of soap only clean certain things?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I know about this!! I\u2019m a chemist and also a soap maker: Hand soaps: some are made of \u201creal soap\u201d - which has a very specific definition. Real soap is made of fat + very strong base reacted together. Usually they have little bit of extra oil to not be drying. Hand soaps can also be made of synthetic cleaners (detergents) with added moisturizers to keep hands from drying. Dish soaps: made for maximum cleaning power and bubbles!! These are closer to being pure detergents and usually don\u2019t have additives for moisturizing or other properties. This is why dish soap is great for cleaning grease. Laundry soap: very powerful detergents (lots of cleaning power) with defoamer added. Defoamers reduce the amount of foam made by the detergents. Good ones don\u2019t get in the way of the soap doing it\u2019s job. Expensive detergents also have enzymes (little proteins that break up stains, dirt, etc). Most also have \u201coptical brighteners\u201d which is a fancy way of saying they help make clothes look nicer. Brighter whites! I know others too but I\u2019ll stop there! Edit: defoamers are the main reason you don\u2019t want to use dish soap in your washing machine. Big fluffy bubbles and a giant mixer just don\u2019t go well together. The same is also true with dishwashing soap. Dishwashing soap usually has a lot of water softeners in it too which helps keep the dishes spotless."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why was the Nintendo Wii so easy to pirate and jailbreak?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why was the Nintendo Wii so easy to pirate and jailbreak?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There were a few easy to use exploits found for the wii. One was a modification to the media reader (DVD) using a modchip to read non-Nintendo disc copies. The other was an exploit involving running a corrupt game save, that allowed root access to the underlying software(kernel). From there you could load\/overwrite the system software with whatever you would like to control the system. I don't recall the precise timeline, but it looks like it took a good year before a reliable method existed. Manufacturers have taken much better steps in newer generations to ensure the same drive modchips, and system software is better hardened against similar approaches. A Wii-U hack is much more difficult, and only recently came out ~1 year ago (~5 years after the WII-U release)."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How does a magnetic strip (such as on a credit card) store information?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does a magnetic strip (such as on a credit card) store information?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"You know how magnets have a north pole and a south pole? The mag stripes are made up of small magnetic particles. By applying a strong magnetic field, you can orient the magnetic direction of those particles one way or the other. The particles themselves don't move, just the direction that they are magnetized. When you move the stripe through a reader, the changes in magnetic direction [induce small pulses of electrical current]( URL_0 ) in the reader, which are then amplified and turned into digital data. A stripe can contain redundant data, so you may only need part of the stripe to be read. It depends on the card. There are commonly 3 \"tracks\" on a stripe, where a track is a lengthwise section of the strip. Each of those tracks is used for slightly different things, but 1 and 2 quite often contain the same data. So even if one is unreadable, the other one might be OK. Usually the critical information (such as a credit card number) doesn't go the entire stripe length. So a partial swipe could work."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How do emulators save games?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do emulators save games?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Emulators in addition to emulating the hardware can also emulate however the original game system saves data. SNES emulators where the save data is on the cartridge will typically store save data as a separate file in the same folder and with the same name as the ROM but with a different file extension. Save states where you can save at any point are done by saving the entire state of any memory that the hardware has. Things like the state of CPU registers, and RAM contents, and saves this in a format specific to the emulator in a file. As to where these files are, it depends on the emulator, and you'll have to look for the specific folder on the emulators website or Google. Places it could be are usually the same folder the ROM is in, in %AppData% on Windows, or in a folder where the emulator is installed. But yes, after you figure out where the files are you can back them up to an external drive. Oh right, dragging the ROM onto the emulator shortcut is just a common shortcut that opens the emulator and tells it the location of the ROM at the same time. Or dragging it into the open application is a similar shortcut that opens the rom. Nothing is actually copied (usually), so don't delete the ROM."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Why would it be possible to see a ball inside a closed box in a 4d world but not a 3d world?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why would it be possible to see a ball inside a closed box in a 4d world but not a 3d world?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Let's reduce the dimensionality of it, and consider the case of a 2D circle inside a 2D square, as viewed by yourself and Mr. Stick Figure, a flatlander. As a flatlander, Mr. Figure can only see forwards\/backwards and up\/down. He sees everything as lines that are closer or further away from him, or higher up\/lower down than he is. He can also rotate objects only so that they roll towards him or away from him. Left and right do not exist for him, and so if he puts a circle in a square, there is no \"other\" direction for him to move in to go \"around\" the walls of his square safe. Except, as a 3D creature observing Mr. Figure sliding around on your wall, you can clearly see the alternate direction. Mr. Figure is thinner than a piece of paper and can't even conceptualize something that is off his wall, but you could just reach out and poke the ball inside the safe, since there's no wall blocking your access from the third dimension. You could also poke inside of his brains if you wanted, because his skull is just a 2D oval, not a 3D ovoid. If you've got some time, look at URL_0 . I've put in a timestamp near the good part of the explanation, but it's a full movie on the subject if you're interested."} {"category":"Technology","question":"why do printers need all their colors to print something even if the requested print is just black and white?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why do printers need all their colors to print something even if the requested print is just black and white?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Almost all inkjet and laser printers put [Machine Identification Code]( URL_0 ) dots on their printed pages. This allows the page to be associated with the printer that produced it, which can be helpful for law enforcement. As these dots are color, they require color ink to be present to print."} {"category":"Other","question":"If Hitler was austrian, why didn't he fight for austrian nationalism?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If Hitler was austrian, why didn't he fight for austrian nationalism?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Hitler claimed to be ethnically German. One of the reasons stated for invading Poland was to return ethnic Germans to Germany. The Nazi of being German wasn't just a place of birth but of \"blood lines\" or ethnic history. Really though people like Hitler will use whatever method is effective to gain power, it happened that anti-Semitism and German nationalism is what worked at the time."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why does spending a few hours out in the sun at the beach make you get so tired?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does spending a few hours out in the sun at the beach make you get so tired?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Dehydration. The beach tends to have a constant breeze, so you don't notice yourself sweating as much as you actually are. There also is very little shade, so you body overheats a little. This also means furthering dehydration, but it also throws your body out of equilibrium, exactly like having a fever."} {"category":"Other","question":"What are the steps for any citizen regardless of education (USA) to get involved in writing policy, bills, laws, or proposals? How does one make contacts with the proper people to eventually get these ideas voted on?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What are the steps for any citizen regardless of education (USA) to get involved in writing policy, bills, laws, or proposals? How does one make contacts with the proper people to eventually get these ideas voted on?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Political parties are considered to be the basic unit of democracy, so join a party. You'll get in touch with people of similar interests and with policymakers. Developing done relations is a pretty easy from that point and a good idea for a law is always welcome. The next opportunity would be joining a lobby group, which again does the same thing as the party but on a smaller scale. To write the literal text of the laws you'd have to be hired in legislative organs and hold a law degree, because laws are technical as all hell. You can also petition a law proposal through your representative"} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do some people struggle with weight loss\/gain their whole lives while others are thin without effort?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do some people struggle with weight loss\/gain their whole lives while others are thin without effort?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The simple truth that is that thin people eat less food than fat people. The science is irrefutable. I'm thin, I eat whatever kinds of food I want, I'm not constantly exercising or at the gym. I constantly hear people tell me how lucky I am because I have a high metabolism, but when we sit down to eat, it's immediately obvious that my metabolism has a lot less to do with it than the fact that their plate has 2-3 times as much food on it as mine, they are drinking 1-2 glasses of soda with their meal (I usually drink water), then have seconds and\/or desert, and afterward they would never think of taking the stairs instead of the elevator. The bottom line is, just practice reasonable portion control and get moderate exercise each day. That's it. A box of cookies isn't for consuming in one sitting, soda should not be your main source of hydration, a bit of walking outside in the fresh air isn't that hard to do."} {"category":"Other","question":"What happens to that thing I returned at the store\/online?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What happens to that thing I returned at the store\/online?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I have no idea why I'm seeing these brand new threads on the frontpage (did Reddit change its settings recently?) but I'll answer you. It depends on WHY you returned it. If it was just \"changed my mind\" or \"this was a gift that I don't want\", e.g. the item is still sellable and nothing's wrong with it, then they put it back on the shelf. If you return an item because it's defective, on the other hand, it will get thrown in a bin called \"RTV\" or \"return to vendor\". Basically, the store sends broken items back to the vendors who in turn send them back to the companies for a refund. So they aren't actually stuck paying for broken stuff - they eventually get their money back. Then there's a middle category. This is mostly for electronics stores like Best Buy, where they have return policies saying you can return OPENED but LIKE NEW items - e.g. you buy a computer, use it a week and decide you don't like it very much. That stuff then usually gets sold as \"open box\". It's marked down from the NEW price since it's no longer sealed. I've bought lots of open box items to score a discount before. That usually includes stuff like if all the accessories are included or not. (Sometimes, if you lose a charging cable or similar, the store will give you a partial refund, and then just sell it for even less) They take a slight hit, but obviously they're still selling it for more than they paid so they still make a profit - just not as much of one."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why the dollar sign comes in front of the amount?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why the dollar sign comes in front of the amount?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's an accounting artifact from when accounting ledgers were done by hand with a pen. $104.35 some ledgers had 1 square for a number kind of like graphing paper. The $ in the square made it difficult to tamper with the number. Like this; URL_0 Same with using red ink or < $124.74 > or (126.24) for negative numbers instead of using the - sign"} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why is video conferencing still iffy 15 years after Skype launched, even though internet speeds and processing power have gone up dramatically?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is video conferencing still iffy 15 years after Skype launched, even though internet speeds and processing power have gone up dramatically?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"As technology get's better we also require higher quality video. So yes the transportation of information has gotten better, but we are also asking more of the transportation network. Additionally video is really hard to do correctly. The way the internet works is by this idea of 'packets', it's sorta like a chunk of data that get's sent and then reassembled with all the other data on the other side. If it's a regular file that just counts from 1-100 (really any file that's not real time) you can send numbers in any order (8, 92, 4, 6, 23) and then just rearrange them at the end as long as you have all 100 numbers. This also allows you to \"drop\" a packet. So if you dropped a 25 and 46 during your transmission you can just resend at the end and finalize assembling. However with calling and especially video calling, you can't just reorder those packets willy-nilly. Every single packet sent needs to be sent in order, otherwise you could get \"hey you how are?\" instead of \"hey how are you?\". Additionally you can't stop the whole process when you lose a packet to resend it, as that would just continuously add to the time delay. Instead of the 1 or 2 second delay you have now, the longer the call the longer the delay, an hour long call would end with a 5 minute delay. So how do they overcome all these challenges? Well they interpolate some information. If a packet full of video is dropped they can estimate what the picture should look like based off of what it used to look like. If a group of five pixels is currently blue, but you don't know what they should look like 1 second from now, you can estimate they will probably also look blue. That's the choppiness you see. The robot voice is pretty similar, if you have part of the audio like the basic words, but not the intonation you can just set the intonation to be equal to what is was during your last good packet. This manifests as a 'robot' voice because it's pretty monotone. The ability to estimate this stuff on the fly is actually very impressive even though it does look pretty crappy when you have it happen to you."} {"category":"Other","question":"If fingerprints never change, why do fingerprints needs to be taken multiple times(e.g. some health jobs require a fingerprint check every time you renew your license) and why can't various industries talk to each other (e.g job working with children and an application for a gun license)?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If fingerprints never change, why do fingerprints needs to be taken multiple times(e.g. some health jobs require a fingerprint check every time you renew your license) and why can't various industries talk to each other (e.g job working with children and an application for a gun license)?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"For one, there is no almighty database. Different programs use different databases and not all programs are integrated together. Luckily things at getting easier when more and more companies develop an API for their product but that is not a guarantee. As for why the renewal, when having security access it is usually required to update biometrics as a security thing. then there is bureaucracy, which is just paper work. Think of how many damn forms ask for your social security number in the states"} {"category":"Technology","question":"In terms of computer's RAM(SSD, HDD) - what is a cache and how does it work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n In terms of computer's RAM(SSD, HDD) - what is a cache and how does it work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"One of the basic rules of computing is that performance costs money. We know how to build faster hdd's and memory, but it is often cost prohibitive to do so. But with some clever engineering we can use a small amount of expensive and high performance storage to improve the performance of slower storage. Think of a cache as a sort of middle man between slower storage and the rest of the computer, allowing the computer to interact with the cache at high speed while the slower and cheaper storage catches up."} {"category":"Economics","question":"- No gold reserves are backing the full US economy, so how is it valued and how is the USD currency kept up against other currencies without gold reserves backing it 100%?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n - No gold reserves are backing the full US economy, so how is it valued and how is the USD currency kept up against other currencies without gold reserves backing it 100%?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Same reason people accepted a metal that's pretty bad at doing most jobs aside from making electronics (which uses only a tiny amount) compared to pretty much any metal or alloy. People were willing to accept it for goods and services, not just anyone could make more of it easily, and it doesn't go bad if you lock it in a box. Gold's value fluctuates just like any other commodity, and letting someone else handle your money supply turned out to be very bad for many economies. This is speculation, since no modern government is dumb enough to go back on the gold standard. But gold traders could probably tank a nation's economy by just buying gold. You try to do that with fiat currency and you're fighting a money printer. In addition the US dollar is the only thing accepted by the US government for taxes. And several countries only sell oil for US dollars."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why does 100 km\/h not feel so incredibly fast when seated in a train or car whereas it does feel really fast when seated in an attraction like a rollarcoaster?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does 100 km\/h not feel so incredibly fast when seated in a train or car whereas it does feel really fast when seated in an attraction like a rollarcoaster?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"* 100 km\/h is a speed. * Humans don't feel speed, we feel force and force comes from acceleration * Acceleration is caused by two things: * Change of speed * Change of direction * When seated in a train or car you aren't accelerating very much. Sure there are small changes in speed and direction. * On a rollercoaster, the entire point is the make you *feel* it. So the entire ride is designed to change your speed and direction."} {"category":"Physics","question":"When you cut something, isn\u2019t there a chance that you will cut an atom and there will be an explosion?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When you cut something, isn\u2019t there a chance that you will cut an atom and there will be an explosion?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Imagine you have a cube made out of little magnetic balls. You've probably seen them. Make a knife out of those magnetic balls. I'll let you use glue to hold it all in place. Now, cut the cube with the knife and try splitting one of the magnetic balls in half doing so."} {"category":"Technology","question":"why won't companies like Valve make games such as Half Life 3 which would pretty much guarantee them unimaginable profits? Is there another reason for not doing it apart from the risk of it not being that good?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why won't companies like Valve make games such as Half Life 3 which would pretty much guarantee them unimaginable profits? Is there another reason for not doing it apart from the risk of it not being that good?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Valve is making money hand over fist with Steam. Half Life 3 has impossible expectations to live up to so I'm sure they'll wait until the risk doesn't outweigh the reward. Why risk messing things up right now when they're doing really well? Square long ago said they would never remake FF7. They're now remaking FF7 because something about their situation changed and they think it's good for business. That might happen in the future to Valve but there is really no way to tell without waiting for it to happen."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Where does the money go when the Federal Reserve injects cash into the market?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Where does the money go when the Federal Reserve injects cash into the market?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It\u2019s where the banks can get to it, to keep lending money. The problem is if the banks stop lending to mid and small size companies who don\u2019t have vast cash reserves like the Fortune 500 companies. It especially applies to those Regional banks again that don\u2019t have the reserves say of Bank of America. They\u2019re priming the pump to keep confidence high."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why do air bubbles form on the side of glasses of water that have been left undisturbed for a while?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do air bubbles form on the side of glasses of water that have been left undisturbed for a while?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Water has air dissolved in it. When it's pressurized in pipes, it gets air forced into it. Most home sinks have aerators that mix in air when it's being poured. Even splashing it into a glass can add some air. Over time, these gasses come out of solution & form bubbles. Often, the bubbles form at the side of the glass where there's little imperfections ('nucleation sites') for the gas to stick to. It's not a lot different than a carbonated beverage except that the carbonated beverage has a *lot* more gas dissolved in it, so you get get streams of bubbles at the nucleation sites, growing large enough to float to the top."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why is it louder when a bunch of people make the same sound at the same time?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it louder when a bunch of people make the same sound at the same time?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Waves interfere constructively and destructively. Think about pushing someone on a swing, when you push them the way they are already swinging they swing higher, and when you push against their motion they swing less. Waves that encounter each other then will combine into one wave. The peaks of the sound wave from one person will combine with the peaks of other people's voices to push the combined sound louder."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"What ecological role do nocturnal urban critters like skunks, raccoons and opposums have?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What ecological role do nocturnal urban critters like skunks, raccoons and opposums have?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"All three of them have pretty similar roles as small browsing omnivores. In the wild, they would eat choice plant material like berries, along with insects and small animals they might be able to catch. It's not that much different in the city, except for most of the potential plant food sources aren't around, but there are a lot more types of human leftovers tossed all over the place."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why does censoring the eyes make a person unrecognizable?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does censoring the eyes make a person unrecognizable?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It doesn't. You can still recognize someone you know even when you can't see their eyes. If it were otherwise, all you'd need to be completely incognito is a pair of sunglasses. That said, obscuring the eyes can make it a bit more difficult for facial recognition software to identify a person. Eye color, shape, and the distance between the eyes are all important measurements used by facial recognition software."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do production outfits ask bystanders to sign release forms for their faces to be shown, but vloggers don't have to?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do production outfits ask bystanders to sign release forms for their faces to be shown, but vloggers don't have to?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Release forms aren't mandatory, they are a preventive measure production firms use to protect against lawsuits, monetary demands, etc. So it's not like there is some different law regarding the two video sources or that one has to do it and the other doesn't. Simply put Vloggers are still at a strange intersection between amateurism and professionalism. If you are in the youtube video of some start-up no-name vlogger you have the same rights available to protect your image as someone would have who appears in a tv show without having signed a release form. The big difference is, you wouldn't do anything about it most likely, because you are less likely to see it, you stand to gain much less in monetary damages, etc. So for small time vloggers (hobby photographers, etc.) getting release forms isn't really worth the hassle. In the worst case, you might be forced to take down your video. However as vloggers get bigger and their revenue increases they will have to professionalize their productions which include getting release forms to protect themselves legally."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do our brains remember words to a song so easily, when it's much harder to remember spoken lines in scripts or poetry?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do our brains remember words to a song so easily, when it's much harder to remember spoken lines in scripts or poetry?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"We retain information more effectively when we process it using multiple parts of the brain, instead of just one. It's actually the same reason that people who take notes during classes often remember the material without needing to look at the notes again. When you're taking notes, your brain has to use both the verbal\/linguistic (words) and spatial (hand motions) centres in the process of organising the information before you can write it down effectively, which helps you form memories. The same thing happens when you're listening to song lyrics, but instead of verbal\/linguistic and spatial, it's verbal\/linguistic and auditory (for the musical part). Your brain has to process both aspects, so you remember it in a more organised way. Source: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) (approaches it from the note-taking angle, but includes a basic explanation)"} {"category":"Other","question":"Why is talking via the phone prohibited while talking to someone that is physically in the car is not?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is talking via the phone prohibited while talking to someone that is physically in the car is not?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Technically speaking, it is best to limit the amount of distractions in the car while driving, including chatty people. The issue with phones comes from the fact that it more than likely takes up a hand to operate, which severely impairs your ability to react to situations, and it can be a visual distraction as well, and at certain speeds, even a couple of seconds could mean the difference between crashing and avoiding an accident."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do some animal mothers reject their young?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do some animal mothers reject their young?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Depends on the animal and the condition of it. & #x200B; If you are talking about something like spiders or fish that don't care for their young, its because they have so many at a time that having half or more die off isn't going to matter. Statistically speaking, several of those offspring will make it to adulthood and will reproduce. & #x200B; If you are talking about birds that push their babies out of the nest, this is to force them to learn how to fly or die so that natural selection takes place. If a bird that is unable to fly is allowed to reproduce, then it could cause later generations to not be able to fly, which would mean they are easier to hunt for their predators and would cause them to go extinct. It is because birds pushed their young out of the nest that allowed them to survive extinction. & #x200B; If you are talking about a specific case with an animal that usually cares for their young, it could be due to a defect that the young has that makes them not likely to survive. Thus, if the mother knows this, they won't waste their time and energy caring for it when it won't survive long enough to reproduce. & #x200B; If there is a specific animal you are talking about and I didn't quite answer it, just reply back to me and I'll see if I can explain it."} {"category":"Other","question":"What makes a piece of glass\/mirror shatter into more pieces than another?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What makes a piece of glass\/mirror shatter into more pieces than another?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Different crystal patterns in the molecular structure. The shockwave that causes it to shatter travels along the edges and causes them to separate at different intervals depending on how it's structured. Rocks for example have fault lines where each mineral attaches itself without much crystalization, so when a rock shatters it's very jagged and crumbly. Glass has a more uniform pattern and there for breaks along very long, fine edges, leading to large, straight, sharp pieces."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why can't our bodies run entirely off of stored fat? If our fat is stored energy, then why does an overweight person need to eat everyday when they already have so much stored energy.","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why can't our bodies run entirely off of stored fat? If our fat is stored energy, then why does an overweight person need to eat everyday when they already have so much stored energy.","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Your body can run almost entirely off of stored fat. It's called ketosis,and some people actually induce it on purpose as a part of their diet. It's apparently pretty difficult in the transition period, because the body needs some time getting used to it. You can use fats as fuel directly for your muscles, but the brain can't run off of fat. In the case of a 0-carbohydrate diet, your body starts converting fat into ketone bodies, which, although not optimal, can fuel the brain."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why is everyone so angry about the Senate passing the resolution to let ISPs sell our internet history now, rather than years ago?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is everyone so angry about the Senate passing the resolution to let ISPs sell our internet history now, rather than years ago?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"People are slowly recognizing that individual privacy is being destroyed and that more and more people are figuring out that our laws are way behind in term of internet privacy. Basically, the erosion of privacy is reaching a ultimate point where the population is starting to be really concerned about it."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"why do houseflies get stuck in a closed window when an open window is right beside them? Do they have bad vision?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why do houseflies get stuck in a closed window when an open window is right beside them? Do they have bad vision?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Flies have very simple brains. Through their evolution it has been enough to fly towards light; then along came us tricky humans and put transparent glass in their way. In a similar situation we can observe, learn and devise a strategy to escape. Flies can't, so this is less an issue of vision and more one of brainpower."} {"category":"Biology","question":"If lead is a culminative toxin, \"there is no safe threshold\/amount of lead exposure,\" and exposure can lead to irreversible tissue\/organ\/brain damage, why is it so prevalent everywhere, especially in our food? Why aren't we making more of an effort to remove it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If lead is a culminative toxin, \"there is no safe threshold\/amount of lead exposure,\" and exposure can lead to irreversible tissue\/organ\/brain damage, why is it so prevalent everywhere, especially in our food? Why aren't we making more of an effort to remove it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Lead exposure isn\u2019t a problem for the average person. It doesn\u2019t get inside you just from being around it. You have to breathe in lead particles. Kids didn\u2019t get lead poisoning from eating lead paint bc they were poor and hungry, it was the lead dust that was created by chipped lead paint, which was often used - and not maintained - in public housing. Kids would chip and peel the old paint, and breathe in the released lead dust\/particles. I had to wear a respirator when I worked in stained glass because we use lead solder. Melting it with a soldering iron produces smoke, which contains lead particles. Breathe enough of that in, get dumb. (Also why leaded gas isn\u2019t sold in the US anymore.) The groups in those studies worked with or around lead."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Is it okay to leave your phone (or other electronics thay require charge) plugged in and charged overnight?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Is it okay to leave your phone (or other electronics thay require charge) plugged in and charged overnight?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"No, it actually prolongs the life of the battery. Once the battery is full, the charge circuit will cut power to it and not charge it again until the battery voltage drops by some amount. However, while your phone is plugged in, modern phones will not draw any power from the battery and rely purely on the external power. This basically means your battery is not being drained for those remaining hours. Battery lifespans are typically measured in the number of full charge-discharge cycles, so by keeping your phone on charge for a few extra hours a day, you're saving those hours from the lifespan of the battery."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How does glass shatter when run under super hot water or in a dishwasher?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does glass shatter when run under super hot water or in a dishwasher?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When things heat up, they expand. This is true for most types of glass\u2020. When you heat something up unevenly, the heat can bend\/warp it. Glass no likey bending. The resulting stress can cause the glass to break. \u2020 Yes, they make special borosilicate glass with very low coefficient of thermal expansion, but I presume the OP is talking about ordinary glass."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How do fans cool you down if they blow air at the same temperature?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do fans cool you down if they blow air at the same temperature?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are two things going on with this process. 1) your body is giving off heat all the time to the environment, when a fan is blowing air across your skin you give off heat faster and feel cooler. 2) the air in the environment is actually getting warmer, this happens faster when a fan is running but in an enclosed room, given enough time, you will hit equilibrium. When that happens the fan will not do much for you. Living in Florida it does feel that way in the summer time."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"if large atoms are caused by exploding stars in space, how can we find them here?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n if large atoms are caused by exploding stars in space, how can we find them here?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Earth has existed for only about a third of the age of the universe. The two thirds before that was full of stars living, dying, exploding, and seeding the births of new solar systems, including ours. The matter that coalesced into our Sun and its planets (and other nearby star systems) was seeded by a supernova from an earlier star generation, and thus has a higher proportion of heavier elements."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How does ear pressure equilibrium work when you take a plane?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does ear pressure equilibrium work when you take a plane?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Inside the ear is the tympanic membrane that vibrates in response to sound. It also divides the ear in the middle and outer parts. Air in the outer ear is directly connected to the environment, while air in the middle ear is connected to the top of the throat by the Eustachian tube. This helps keep the middle ear at the same pressure as the outer ear. There is also mucus at the throat end of the Eustachian tube that mostly closes the tube. When you're on the plane, the cabin pressure is lowered. Because the middle ear is kinda blocked off at the throat, the air inside has the higher atmospheric pressure, causing the pain. Yawning, swallowing, or moving your jaw in general, can open the Eustachian tube long enough for the pressure to quickly equilibriate. In your scenario, the heat didn't make the pressure go back to normal, time did. However, hot air expands and exerts a higher pressure, and by putting the cups over your ears, you're putting higher pressure air over the ears to match the pressure in the Eustachian tube and relieve the pain long enough for it to naturally match the outside pressure."} {"category":"Technology","question":"What is the significance of the domain .io and how does it differ from the other domains such as .com and .org?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is the significance of the domain .io and how does it differ from the other domains such as .com and .org?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"it's the TLD (top level domain) of the British Territory in the ***I***ndian ***O***cean. Since those domains are cheap and gained some notoriety with webgames, web-dev demos and utilities ( URL_0 is great!), they're used for novelty stuff a lot. the I\/O (input-output) abbreviation comes to mind too, also nice play with URL_1 ."} {"category":"Other","question":"- Caffeine doesn\u2019t seem to work on me. Why is that?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n - Caffeine doesn\u2019t seem to work on me. Why is that?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A common misconception about caffeine, it doesn't actually give you energy. Caffeine blocks certain transmitters in our brains that are usually activated by another molecule. When ATP molecules set off those transmitters, it tells our brain to slow down neuron activity which is us getting tired, when we sleep, an enzyme will break down those molecules. Caffeine will block the transmitters but not activate them so our brain is getting less tired signals so you don't get more tired. The enzymes do break down someone of the ATP molecules while caffeine is doing its thing, but it isn't enough to counter the production. If you have sugar in your caffeinated beverage its a different story."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"how do flavored waters have flavor added to them, but no sugar, sodium, etc, is added with the flavor?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how do flavored waters have flavor added to them, but no sugar, sodium, etc, is added with the flavor?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Usually, flavors are given by [essential oils]( URL_0 ), which can be extracted from various fruits, and usually only require a very small dose to give the \"flavor\". As far as \"no sugar\" added, your body uses glucose for energy, and can digest fructose, lactose, and other natural sugars (can transform them into glucose in the blood). There are \"artificial sweeteners\", for example [sucralose]( URL_1 ), that are sensed by your taste buds as \"sweet\" but the liver can't decompose them to sugar (completely different molecule), so you don't get the calories. Calories are a measurement of \"what your body can digest.\" Foods can be labeled 0 calories or 0 sugars if they don't contain sugars that your body can digest. They contain artificial sweeteners, your body can't digest them. As far as \"no sodium\", NaCl (sodium chloride) is the basic salt, but there's also KCl (potassium chloride), also tastes very salty, and can raise your blood pressure quite a bit. And there can be other salts, again, taste salty but no sodium."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How does the embezzlement scheme in the movie\/musical \u2018The Producers\u2019 work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does the embezzlement scheme in the movie\/musical \u2018The Producers\u2019 work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Say it costs $100k to put on a show. I borrow that from an investor promising them 50% of the profits. So if I make $200k they get their $100k back and $50k as their profit share. That\u2019s a great return. But if I make $0, they get nothing back but can write off that loss so pay less taxes elsewhere. So they won\u2019t whinge too much and the IRS accepts the tax write off. Now- say I offer the same deal to 10 different investors. The show still only costs $100k to put on so I\u2019ve just made $900k. When I then tell each of the 10 that I made no money, they each shrug and write it off to tax. The problem is that each investor isn\u2019t told about the others so they\u2019re all expecting $50k in my $200k profits because the show is a success. So now I owe them all their 100k, plus another $500k for the profits out of my $200k. I\u2019m $400k in the hole (as I still also have to pay for the show to be put on) and I only get deeper the more successful the show becomes. (Edit: typed 59 rather than 50 in para 2.)"} {"category":"Psychology","question":"What are some examples of 'gaslighting'?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What are some examples of 'gaslighting'?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Let's say that you and your girlfriend live in an apartment together. And she keeps hiding your car keys in different places, but every time you call her on it, she's all \"No, don't you remember putting it there? It's been there all along. Are you sure you're remembering things okay?\" And the more she does that, the more you doubt yourself. Maybe you are just being forgetful. Like, why would your girlfriend lie to you about your keys? Eventually, she's convinced you that you can't trust your own memories. The term comes from a 1938 play, \"Gaslight\" where a husband psychologically manipulates his wife this way."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why isn't the bottom of a lake packed in from the weight of the water above?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why isn't the bottom of a lake packed in from the weight of the water above?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Dirt, sand, rocks and organic matter is all porous so it lets water through. So the water that pushes down on the sediments is going straight through it creating pressure under it. This pushes up with an equal force that it is pushed down and therefore it does not get packed. It takes a lot of sediments and rock in order to be relatively watertight so the weight of the water is distributed over a lot of rock under the lake. So eventually it will compress and pack the material but not at the top."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why do artificial sweeteners leave that weird taste in your mouth and why can\u2019t they be engineered not to?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do artificial sweeteners leave that weird taste in your mouth and why can\u2019t they be engineered not to?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I'm not well versed in the actual chemical properties of specific artificial sweeteners, so hopefully someone else will be able to give details. Luckily I have about the same understanding about this that a 6 year old might, so I think I'm qualified to explain it to a 5 year old. Artificial sweeteners are chemicals that just happen to stimulate the same taste receptors on out tongues that developed as evolutionary traits to detect sugars in food. The weird taste is the fundamental flavor of that compound. We identify it as weird because its effectively a non-food that is added to our food in order to trick our taste receptors into thinking it's sweet, and therefore sugary and delicious. There are alot of other compounds that taste sweet (I believe that lead may be one) but they are far too toxic to use in foods. The companies that make these artificial sweeteners selected the compounds which were found to be nontoxic which had the most sweetness and the subtlest \"weird\" hints to it. I'm sure that a truly sugary tasting, or neutral artificial sweetener is considered to be some sort of \"holy grail\" in food science circles."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why\/how does China make their currency cheap? Wouldn't everyone else just catch on and give it a real value?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why\/how does China make their currency cheap? Wouldn't everyone else just catch on and give it a real value?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Right, lots of misinformation here. Listen up, here\u2019s the truth. The valuation of a currency depends on its demand and supply. China has a closed monetary system which prevents cash from easily entering or leaving the system. They have significant control over RMB supply in the global forex market. The supply is completely fixed at whatever price level the Chinese government says is ok (ie a horizontal supply curve, for those who studied economics) If you wanted to \u201ccatch on\u201d and buy tons of RMB at a \u201cdiscount\u201d, the Chinese government would just put more RMB into the market, nullifying the price rise. The amazing thing is because they have such strong monetary control, the negative drawbacks from currency devaluation (mainly inflation) have no effect domestically. The domestic and global market are totally separated."} {"category":"Biology","question":"If every spider in the world just vanished without a trace, how long would it take for humanity to feel the impacts? Would society collapse or be threatened at all?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If every spider in the world just vanished without a trace, how long would it take for humanity to feel the impacts? Would society collapse or be threatened at all?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Some pests will see an increase in number, that or an explosion of other prey animals would occur to fill that ecological nitche. A few spider eating birds would suffer if they can't adapt to a new food, which might result in whatever species the birds adapt to take a hit. I don't think society will collapse, but the environment would have a challenge."} {"category":"Economics","question":"What does it mean when it's said that a country has a strong economy ?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What does it mean when it's said that a country has a strong economy ?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The term \"strong economy\" doesn't have a technical meaning. The simplest interpretation is that a \"strong economy\" is one where the total production of goods and services is growing quickly. This is usually quoted as GDP growth. There can be many other interpretations of strength - unemployment, inflation, productivity, diversity of economic activity, growth of exports etc etc. In itself, without context, the term \"strong economy\" is like calling someone a \"strong person\", it has no absolute meaning."} {"category":"Technology","question":"What is an api and what are restful api's ?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is an api and what are restful api's ?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"API = Application Programming Interface. It's basically just a set of methods and properties in some software (usually someone else's software) that you can call or request to do stuff using your own software. REST = REpresentational State Transfer. REST or RESTful web services are a common way of accessing an online API. You make a request to a certain URL with a certain set of parameters and it will send you back some information. It is a \"representational state\" because it returns the current \"state\" of the data you requested, and if you make another request it doesn't remember you, your previous connections, requests, or responses. It just does what you ask in the current request."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How does the US print increased amounts of cash but not face high rates of inflation?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does the US print increased amounts of cash but not face high rates of inflation?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Demand is not high enough. Inflation is not simply a supply-side issue, there are both supply and demand involved. There is no shortage of people who worry about inflation at the Federal Reserve. If inflation every got above a couple percent, they hike interest rates up. But as long as inflation is very low, they'll simply supply the economy with as much money as it needs."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why do fire alarms ring in 3s?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do fire alarms ring in 3s?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The Temporal-Three alarm signal (a.k.a T-3) pattern is a standard pattern used by alarm manufacturers. It is one of the alarm patterns that is designed to let people know what type of emergency there is. T-3 (three alarm sounds followed by one silent count) is the standard signal for \"Fire in the building\". There are other standard alarms as well. For example, T-4 (4 alarm sounds followed by one silent count) is the standard for Carbon Monoxide alarms."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why is there a difference between 'growers' and 'showers'?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is there a difference between 'growers' and 'showers'?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Think of slinkys. The growers, while flaccid, are similar to a compressed slinky. There is more room to stretch it out. The showers, while flaccid, are similar to an outstretched slinky. There isn't a lot of room to stretch it out. Only instead of slinkys, it's collagen fibers in the penis."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"what's the difference between shampoo and shampoo body wash mix?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what's the difference between shampoo and shampoo body wash mix?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Copy Pasta from 3 years ago when something very similar was asked. Question credit goes to: \/u\/alexjo1996 Answer credit goes to: \/u\/jlking3 --------------- Shampoo and body wash can actually be interchangeable, as anyone in an emergency situation knows. There's a slightly different pH required for both, but our bodies are quite adaptable, so using the more acidic of the two for both is acceptable, especially for the short time the detergent is on our skin and how rapidly it is rinsed away. Combination shampoo-body washes tend to be made a little thinner than a standalone body wash, so that helps things rinse away well. The combination shampoo-conditioners don't condition your hair in the same way that regular conditioners do (which is by replacing oils that the detergent strips away). Combination shampoo-conditioners work on the notion that certain very acidic shampoo formulas leave the cuticle of the hair smoothed down instead of fluffed up. This smoothness feels like there have been oils or waxes added to the hair, but that actually hasn't happened. It just feels that way. (To feel your hair cuticles fluffed up instead of smoothed down, use plain bar soap to wash your hair. It's not pleasant, and is only bearable if you have your hair cut with clippers on the #1 (1\/8\" or 3mm) setting.) Shampoo-conditioner combinations are just the shampoos that happen to leave the hair feeling so soft that you won't feel it necessary to add oils or waxes for a softer feeling. It's possible, as one other poster mentioned, to capsule-ize the conditioner into something that doesn't burst open until the hair is rinsed, but there are a lot of unknown factors that make this approach less useful. The most important of these is that the time the shampoo is in the hair and scalp is an unknown entity. Some people shampoo up their hair first thing in the shower and don't rinse it off until the end of the shower. Others shampoo and rinse at the very end. If you wait too long after lathering, the capsultes are likely to break open long before the rinsing. If you shampoo and rinse very quickly, then the capsules may not have time to break, and will just be rinsed away with the rest of the shampoo. People with exceptionally dry hair will benefit from a shampoo-conditioner combo followed by a conditioning treatment. The \"built-in\" conditioner is actually just a slightly lower pH than other shampoos. Dishwashing detergent not labeled for hand soap purposes is not as acidic, and the surfactants tend to be stronger, and so it makes for a more irritating body wash and shampoo. One exception to that: Liquid Octagon used to promote itself as an everyday\/everything soap: from people to clothes to dishes to pets to floors. It didn't really do a great job on any of them, but it did a passable\/barely-acceptable job on everything."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How do people feel financially secure and wealthy with stock investment if they don't have any feasible money until the stock is sold, if it ever is?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do people feel financially secure and wealthy with stock investment if they don't have any feasible money until the stock is sold, if it ever is?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because the stock is relatively liquid, i.e. it can be sold any day the stock market is open. Also, the value of the stock can be tracked easily by checking the market quotes. Although there is downside risk, long term investment in (good) stocks is almost always more lucrative than leaving it in cash, which is subject to inflation (you can buy less with $10,000 today than you could just a few years ago)."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How is it determined if a new pharmaceutical will be prescription based or over the counter?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How is it determined if a new pharmaceutical will be prescription based or over the counter?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The effective dose of a medication, the amount that works, has to be relatively far away from the lethal dose. In addition to that it has to have minimal side effects at the effective dose. A good example is Tylenol. The effective dose is 500mg, a lethal dose for a 200 pound person is something like 11000mg. It's almost impossible to accidentally overdose on Tylenol (I say almost because it has happened before). In addition to that it has to have consistent, minimal side effects. Hydroxychloroquine (the medication Trump believes fights covid) has a wide gap between effective and lethal dosing in most people but in some it causes a heart attack. The heart attack can be prevented with a simple test that can be done in any ER but the results have to be interpreted by a healthcare provider. So it's not safe until a doctor has cleared you so it can't be sold over the counter. To recap: Dose that works has to be a lot less than the dose that kills you and the side effects have to be minimal for the majority of people."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Which files does an antivirus software scan when doing a \"quick scan\"? Why are those most likely to be infected?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Which files does an antivirus software scan when doing a \"quick scan\"? Why are those most likely to be infected?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"For a virus to do its job it has to be running on your computer not just sitting on the harddrive like a book on the shelf. Sort of like all the open books on your school desk. So a quick scan just needs to scan all the running programs in the computers memory and \"almost\" avoid the harddrive. It ignores the library books and just scans the open books that are on your desk that you are using."} {"category":"Biology","question":"If mitochondria are small even through microscopes, how do we know how they work?? How do we \"know\" how body cells function??","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If mitochondria are small even through microscopes, how do we know how they work?? How do we \"know\" how body cells function??","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Much of what we know about cells comes from a) direct observation under electron microscopy and b) knock-out mutations\/disease in people and animal subjects. Some structures we can see under electron microscopes, and we have a saying in physiology of \u201cform follows function.\u201d Basically, the way something looks can inform what it does. So we look at mitochondria and see the double membranes, and then we make hypotheses. What\u2019s the double membrane for? Is it for energy production? (It is\u2014it\u2019s for the electron transport chain) Then we look at what happens if there are no mitochondria at all. What happens to the cells? If they don\u2019t have mitochondria, they don\u2019t seem to make any energy, and they die. Some people have mitochondrial disorders, too, and what happens in their bodies can inform us of what the purpose of the structure is. Finally, animal experiments where genes are artificially silenced or enhanced can prove or disprove our hypotheses. Biochemistry can be frustrating because we don\u2019t normally see exactly what is going on. We have to use surrogates sometimes to make a theory about what is happening, and\u2014when it comes to physiology\u2014sometimes when something goes wrong, we can try to find what is missing and determine the function from there."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why does alarm clock snooze only do 9 minutes and not 10?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does alarm clock snooze only do 9 minutes and not 10?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"So according to a quick google: initially it was to do with clock gears and being unable to make it longer than this when the initial engineering of the snooze button back in the 1950s. There is also a widespread belief (not entirely unfounded) that 10 minutes is too long and you\u2019ll start to drift back to sleep. However modern alarms are on our phones and I believe Apple has done it to pay homage to the history of the snooze rather than anything else. Personally I\u2019d like the ability to change it but whatever"} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"why when something is very clean, it can be \u201csqueaky\u201d clean? Why is it squeaky?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why when something is very clean, it can be \u201csqueaky\u201d clean? Why is it squeaky?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The phrase dates back to the 1930s when hair shampoo that was much more harsh and less moisturizing than shampoos are today. That shampoo effectively stripped all the natural oils out of the hair, and when it was completely rinsed the hair would actually make squeaking sounds when rubbed between the fingers. This was erroneously thought to be an indication that the hair was appropriately clean, and in advertisements and high school health and hygiene classes, people were encouraged to wash and rinse until they achieved the \u201csqueaky clean\u201d result. Shampoos today are better balanced, and it\u2019s understood that the natural oils are important and shouldn\u2019t ever be stripped, but the phenomenon can still be experienced by people with normal or dry hair if they erroneously use a shampoo for oily hair."} {"category":"Other","question":"How did it become common for bedrooms to be on the second floor of a house?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How did it become common for bedrooms to be on the second floor of a house?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because bedrooms are considered more private, personal space compared to the places where one might more regularly entertain guests... so your public spaces are more easily accessibly on the main entrance level, while the bedrooms are further away. Additionally, hard surface flooring is more common in public areas like kitchens, dining rooms and living rooms, and people walking on those would make more noise on ceiling of rooms below, making bedrooms impractical if below a kitchen and trying to get kids to sleep."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Can someone explain what a six figure income is please? I read it everywhere on the internet that people have a six figure job and that it's not enough to get around and stuff, but like holy sh... $100.000+ a year? Is that a normal income in the US?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Can someone explain what a six figure income is please? I read it everywhere on the internet that people have a six figure job and that it's not enough to get around and stuff, but like holy sh... $100.000+ a year? Is that a normal income in the US?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A six-figure income could be anything from $100,000 a year to $999,999 a year, but of course most of them will be at the low end of that range. Here's some data I found on average income by state. $100,000 isn't normal - it's about 30% above average in DC, and it's more than twice the national average. It's almost triple the lowest state average, in Mississippi ($35,444). URL_2 Scroll down here, to the table on *Personal income by educational attainment* - according to that, average income doesn't crack six digits unless you have an advanced degree. URL_0 . I wanted to find distributions or standard deviations and didn't have much luck - there's gotta be a Department of Labor Statistics, or something, where those numbers have been well crunched. It's also important to look at these numbers side by side with cost of living. There are places (Virginia) where $40,000 a year can be enough, and there are places (Manhattan) where the average *apartment* is $45,480 a year. URL_1"} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"Is the moon necessary for Earth\u2019s survival? What would life be like if we didn\u2019t have the moon?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Is the moon necessary for Earth\u2019s survival? What would life be like if we didn\u2019t have the moon?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The moon was very important for the creation of land-based life. Tides are caused by the moon rotating around us, and having patches of land that keep changing between submerged and dry helped develop the earliest versions of amphibians. This provided an important stepping stone towards permanently land-based flora and fauna."} {"category":"Technology","question":"With the science we have today, if someone set themselves to building a T-800 Terminator like in James Cameron's 1984 movie, would it be realistically feasible? If not, what scientific knowledge\/techniques are we still missing?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n With the science we have today, if someone set themselves to building a T-800 Terminator like in James Cameron's 1984 movie, would it be realistically feasible? If not, what scientific knowledge\/techniques are we still missing?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Protecting the power supply is the biggest issue The amount of batteries required to power a frame capable of the tasks would be excessive. That's why the Boston dynamics bots have their backpack looking compartments. Robots like Atlas already exist, but would go down about as easily as a regular soldier."} {"category":"Biology","question":"how and why do humans age if cells reproduce?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how and why do humans age if cells reproduce?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"As time goes on the basic building blocks start to break down, and so the cells don't quite copy just right. Imagine that you make 1 perfect drawing but have to destroy it at the end of the day. You'll need it again tomorrow though, so you make a copy. You repeat this daily. A few years in you spill a little coffee on today's copy, so from here on out every day there's that coffee stain. Then at some point a kid makes a little doodle on it, and boom, now there's that daily doodle. Eventually you'll be working with a smudged-all-to-crap copy of a copy of a copy that is a pale imitation of the original."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Where does money come from?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Where does money come from?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Money serves as a proxy for the abstract concept of \"value\". If you \"value\" coffee a quantity of money represents _how much_ you value it. Money then depends on a few things: 1. Trust in it. E.G. both buyers and sellers must believe that it represents value and can be exchanged for value. Typically this trust is provided by governments, but open technologies like blockchain provide other mechanisms of this trust. 2. Ability to transact with it. A money is not very useful if it can't be spent. This is why elephants make a lousy currency. 3. Being durable. Money serves us well when it _holds_ value, not just represents it. E.G. flowers are a lousy currency since they die quickly. About 10% of the US currency that exists exists in physical form. The rest is digital only. The treasury issues moneys (often by buying things, or lending it out). We then simply trust that it's valuable, although it's value changes as it is itself a commodity who ultimately gets its value from what people are willing to trade for it."} {"category":"Physics","question":"When you cut something in half, what happens to the stuff in the middle? Does it fall off or is it destroyed? Or has it just been pushed to either side?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When you cut something in half, what happens to the stuff in the middle? Does it fall off or is it destroyed? Or has it just been pushed to either side?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"short answer: it depends. things are made of atoms. atoms are extremely small. atoms bond together in different ways to make up hard objects. some of the ways they bond are strong, and some are weaker. when you cut something it breaks some of these weaker bonds and separates the atoms. & #x200B; so the stuff in the middle usually ends up on either side, like when you cut with a knife, or winds up as sawdust or powder when you cut with a saw."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How are sports broadcasters able to pull accurate and very oddly specific stats instantly about what has happened on screen?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How are sports broadcasters able to pull accurate and very oddly specific stats instantly about what has happened on screen?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They have a pretty significant (and good!) research team working for them behind the scenes before and during the game that feed them this type of info. They also have lists of players, stats, and all sorts of stuff sitting in front of them in paper and on computers to give them all types of info when events occur"} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why does earth's gravity cause us to be dragged to the earth's surface, and why does the gravitation of the sun not cause the celestial bodies to be swallowed by the sun through it's gravity?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does earth's gravity cause us to be dragged to the earth's surface, and why does the gravitation of the sun not cause the celestial bodies to be swallowed by the sun through it's gravity?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Did you ever realise how strong you are? The reality is that the earth\u2019s gravity *does* drag us down every moment of every day ... it\u2019s just that gravity is pretty darn weak compared to other forces (like magnets). We know it\u2019s pulling us down, because otherwise we\u2019d fly off into space. So while we are standing up the muscles in our legs and stomach are strong enough to counter-act the earth\u2019s gravity \u2014 so good news! You are stronger than the earth... at least as far as it\u2019s gravity goes. When it comes to the sun - it is also pulling all the planets in towards it and they are falling into it! But imagine this... What happens when you throw a ball to someone? Basically it goes from you to them, and it curves down towards the earth (due to gravity). What do you think would happen if you were super man , and you could throw the ball really, really fast? Could you throw it so fast that it while it fell towards the ground it was traveling far enough forward that the curve of the earth meant it never managed to hit the ground? The ball would go all the way around the world. Now that\u2019s what the planets are doing when they orbit the sun ... going so fast that as they fall towards it but they never \u2018get there\u2019 Unfortunately, super man isn\u2019t able to actually throw a ball around the earth, because the air slows it down too much, but luckily, there isn\u2019t any air in space, so planets that orbit the sun keep going."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why is the shape of the cosmic microwave background oval ?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is the shape of the cosmic microwave background oval ?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"For the same reason that [this map of the world]( URL_0 ) is an oval. Ideally you'd represent it as a sphere. To represent it in 2D you have to choose a projection, in the same way as you have to choose a projection to make a 2D map of the world. The usual image of the CMB uses the Mollweide projection, which produces an oval like that world map."} {"category":"Other","question":"how do movie directors find such perfect locations? What's the process they use for finding the perfect location for their shots? Who except the director is involved in this process?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how do movie directors find such perfect locations? What's the process they use for finding the perfect location for their shots? Who except the director is involved in this process?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The person who looks for locations is called a Location Scout. The director might tell them something like \"I need a place that can be set up to look like a 1950s diner. Find some restaurants, ask if they're interested and offer them $X to use their place for a few days.\" If they want to use outdoor locations, they may have to ask the city for permission and pay for a permit to shut down traffic or block access to a sidewalk for a few hours."} {"category":"Other","question":"what happens to animals who live in the ocean beneath where a hurricane is?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what happens to animals who live in the ocean beneath where a hurricane is?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Well, CaptainInertia, its like when you make splashies in the tub. The top is all wavy but under its not as craaazy. You can feel it on your toes though, can't ya? Well, your toesies are the fish deep down and your fingers are like the fishes at the top. *edit* thanks for the gold! And I have to say I didn't expect this to blow up! As for the comment breaking rule number 4, I joined ELI5 when it was first created, I don't think I even knew you can't explain like a literal 5 year old. Sorry mods."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"What makes metal stronger than stone?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What makes metal stronger than stone?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I'm no expert, but I think it has to do with the structure of the atoms in metal. The structure metal has gives ut tensile strength (the ability to bend) which stone (for the most part) doesn't have. Stone on the other hand has great compressive strength which allows it to carry really heavy weights. That's why we combine steel and concrete in skyscrapers."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why Saturn Rings are rings? Couldn't they be like a \"sphere\" or other random arrangement of stones around the planet?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why Saturn Rings are rings? Couldn't they be like a \"sphere\" or other random arrangement of stones around the planet?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Initially there probably was a sphere or more random arrangement of debris. If you added up the velocities of all of the debris in that random cloud, you'd find that the average particle was moving along some plane around the planet. Some rocks might be moving in the other direction, or perpendicular, but overall there is some average plane. Over time, rocks not moving in that plane are more likely to collide with other rocks. Think of driving on a highway. Everyone's moving in the same direction, so they rarely hit each other and continue moving straight. However, if you pass through an intersection there are cars moving in a different direction and you're more likely to have a collision. The result of this is that, over time, rocks moving outside of the average orbit are more likely to have collisions, and those collisions are generally going to knock them into an orbit closer to the average orbit."} {"category":"Economics","question":"so fractional reserve banks loan money into existence that was loaned into existence to them, for a cheaper rate. So the interest that the banks earn on loans they make to business\/consumer is money out of thin air on money that was created out of thin air?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n so fractional reserve banks loan money into existence that was loaned into existence to them, for a cheaper rate. So the interest that the banks earn on loans they make to business\/consumer is money out of thin air on money that was created out of thin air?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"In short, yes. The interest on the main loan is how much the initial lender charges to borrow. The secondary lender then splits it up charges customers to borrow smaller amounts of that money at a profitable rate. So the initial loan actually ends up being \u201cworth\u201d more than the face value. Thats how money is \u201cmade\u201d on a regular basis. For the part about \u201cloaning money into existence\u201d, this is also true. Theoretically the reserve bank has infinite cash. It just \u201cprints\u201d more money when needed to balance the economy. Creating money allows businesses to grow and make jobs and betters the economy. Create too much though, and inflation becomes a problem, and the money is worthless."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do most animals not laugh?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do most animals not laugh?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Laughter is a social cue. Apes evolved it as a signal that we were at ease, the group could relax, and to aid in peer bonding. Most other species aren\u2019t as social as apes are, and those that are don\u2019t have the advanced brains that we have to form such complex social interactions. Dolphins and rats are the exception though. Rats laugh when tickled, but only when in a good mood. Dolphins have been observed making noises that may be analogous to laughter. Their intelligence might have allowed a primitive instinct like tickling reflex in rats\/humans to evolve to a social communication tool like us."} {"category":"Physics","question":"why are some metals magnetic?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why are some metals magnetic?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"metals are comprised of atoms which like to interact with charges. these atoms are basically assorted randomly in terms of their polarity so any given point could either push or pull on a like charge. Because they are assorted randomly they cancel each other out and the net magnetism is basically 0. In a magnet however they arent assorted randomly. They all line up in one direction so their magnetism is amplified instead of canceled out."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How can humans go to bed hungry but wake up feeling completely full?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can humans go to bed hungry but wake up feeling completely full?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The feeling of being hungry is only partly related to the need for food. Feeling hungry is a sign a particular hormone is realeased. This hormone is released when you lack nutrients, sure (if your blood sugar levels are too low, for example), but mainly, it is released when your body expect some food to arrive soon, and is ready for digestion. So if you take your meals at regular times, and one day you skip one, about 30 minutes after your usual intake of food, you should feel very hungry. Because your body did not receive the food it was expecting. But a few hours later, the levels of that hormone are down again (it's way past the time were food was expected), so you don't feel hungry. And you'll probably feel hungry again just before your next usual meal. A very remarkable consequence of this is what happens when people do not eat anything for several days. The first two days, they'll feel very hungry. But after that, hunger disappears. At the opposite, people who would eat extremely little would still feel hunger for much longer, even though they get more food."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why do fizzy drinks seem stay fizzy longer when cool or refrigerated?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do fizzy drinks seem stay fizzy longer when cool or refrigerated?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are two parts to this question. First I'll start with liquids and gases. It is possible to force a little bit of gas to dissolve into a liquid by increasing the pressure of the container. When you release the pressure, some of the gas is forced out of the liquid and you get the fizz that everyone is familiar with. Secondly, the lower the temperature, the EASIER it is to push gasses into a liquid. Lower temperatures mean that gas molecules are less 'excited' and it's easier to push them into the liquid and keep them there. This is why cold fizzy drinks won't go flat as quickly compared to warm drinks. They can hold gasses better!"} {"category":"Technology","question":"How exactly do website cookies have the ability to track you?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How exactly do website cookies have the ability to track you?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Think of a cookie as a number written on your chest. Every time you enter a store, they write down when you entered, what you did, and when you left. Every time you drive, they watch what you drive, how you drive, and where you go. Now all that data is sent to a central data aggregation company. This data is then used against you. For example: you visit a web site, and the ads you see are customized to fit your profile. ...or a marketer buys a list of people that fit a certain profile. ...or a potential employer buys a dossier before deciding if you want to hire you."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why is the Mariana Trench not the spot closest to the center of the Earth?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is the Mariana Trench not the spot closest to the center of the Earth?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Earth bulges from its rotation, sort of like how a pizza crust when being formed will stretch out as it is thrown. This means that the surface near the equator will be more distant from the core than a surface near the poles, giving deep areas near the poles an advantage when considering distance from the core."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why did I just pay $250 for a passport with a 3-week turnaround, when a driver's license is $25 and take 30 minutes?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why did I just pay $250 for a passport with a 3-week turnaround, when a driver's license is $25 and take 30 minutes?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The process it goes through is why it takes so long normally to get it. You paid extra to have them to complete the process faster. Like 1 day shipping vs 5 day shipping. You pay more for the 1 day. I don't exactly remember the process but I do remember that they do ALOT to ensure your not doing anything shady"} {"category":"Other","question":"How do service animals help autistic children?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do service animals help autistic children?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Multiple ways, and by the way it's not just autistic *children* who can benefit from service animals. Among other things: * service animals can detect the early signs of a meltdown or shutdown, which are things often (but not exclusively) triggered by sensory overstimulation, and can provide a prompt to leave the situation causing that overstim * they can provide active stimulation to aid with grounding * they can help reinforce ritual, which is frequently important for autistic people"} {"category":"Other","question":"What's the psychology behind people who self harm? Specifically cutting.","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What's the psychology behind people who self harm? Specifically cutting.","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"TRIGGER WARNING: Do not read this if talking about cutting may trigger you. Have a nice day and remember that someone loves you :) As you probably know, the majority of people who self harm have mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety, ptsd, etc. These illnesses have a way of telling you something that really isn't true. For some, self harm is their way to pay penance for something bad that they did. Some hate themselves so much that they feel like they should punish themselves. Some are so numb from the constant mental hate that they want to feel something \"real\" i.e. physical pain. Many are bullied and are mentally brainwashed into thinking that they are dog poopoo and aren't even worth it. And of course there are some people who do it for attention(their father doesn't love them as much as a sibling, mother never listens to them, not many friends so no one to talk to.) Many people think \"oh, this girl is cutting herself so she must be suicidal.\" While sometimes this may the case, often times it is the complete opposite. The person in question probably doesn't want to kill themselves(or at least doesn't want to want to kill themselves) so this is their way around that. Many people who self harm want nothing more than to feel alive. They want to feel an emotion other than depression. They want to live. For anyone who is thinking about cutting, is doing it right now, or is thinking about ending their life please don't. You are wanted. I can speak from experience when I say that it does get better. It may take days, weeks, months, or years but it will get better. I have two scars on my leg that I regret every day. Suicide Hotline: 1-800-273-8255 Crisis Text Line: Text \"SEMI\" to 741-741 Bullying: 1-800-420-1479 Self Harm: 1-800-DONT-CUT Or you can always PM me and I'll talk with you as long as you need, even if you just wanna chat about nothing :)"} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why was purple pigment history difficult to produce? Couldn't ascestors have just mixed red and blue, instead of laboriously extracting it from sea snails?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why was purple pigment history difficult to produce? Couldn't ascestors have just mixed red and blue, instead of laboriously extracting it from sea snails?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The blues they had access to were mostly bluish-greens. The reds they had access to were mostly reddish-oranges. When you mix those, you get sort of a baby-poop brown color instead of purple. The \\*REALLY\\* deep reds, deep blues, and deep purples almost all came from the same snails, just fermented differently. (There's one deep blue that came from the indigo plant, but it was almost as valuable as the snails)."} {"category":"Technology","question":"If HDR is just a monitor having better contrast, why do games\/videos have to specifically support it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If HDR is just a monitor having better contrast, why do games\/videos have to specifically support it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The recorded and transmitted video data has to conform to a specific set of standards that constrain the possible quality you can achieve. To get HDR, you need to use a suitable standard such as Dolby Video, which adds more precision to each pixel than would be possible in normal (non-HDR) video. If you really want to see an example, the wikipedia HDR page gives some detail as to the specific codecs used: URL_0"} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How does CO2 actually affect the earth\u2019s climate, in a chemical sense?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does CO2 actually affect the earth\u2019s climate, in a chemical sense?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The sun emits a lot of radiant heat, which is heat in the form of light. In the case of the sun, because it is so hot, this light is of a higher frequency - much of the energy is contained in visible and ultraviolet light. The Earth, meanwhile, is not nearly as hot as the sun, so it emits primarily lower frequency infrared light. This is how the Earth dissipates heat, since of course there is no air in space to carry the heat away. Carbon dioxide absorbs infrared light, but not visible or ultraviolet light. This means that the carbon dioxide in our atmosphere allows heat from the sun to reach the ground, but when the ground re-emits that heat, it hits the carbon dioxide and cannot escape as easily."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Why isn't there a pattern in prime numbers?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why isn't there a pattern in prime numbers?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They have a kinds of pattern, because numbers that aren't prime numbers have a pattern. Every second number after 2 is not a prime. Every third number after 3 is not a prime. Every 4th number after 4 is not a prime and so on. The numbers that aren't primes have a pattern of your can call it that"} {"category":"Economics","question":"Like in the case of Venzuela, how is it even possible for an economy to hit a one million percent inflation rate?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Like in the case of Venzuela, how is it even possible for an economy to hit a one million percent inflation rate?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The government prints money at a rapid enough rate. If you're Venezuela and you owe foreign creditors 700 billion Bolivars, you have three options: 1: Raise taxes to collect 700 billion Bolivars. As a socialist welfare state already dealing with major civil unrest and widespread poverty, this is not really possible. 2: Default and simply refuse to pay. This triggers automatic trade reprisals from the companies and countries you shafted, including asset seizures and lawsuits. Creditors will refuse to deal with you in the future in any capacity. 3: Print 700 billion Bolivars and hand them out like candy. This crushes the value of existing currency and dramatically devalues the debt, but has technically fulfilled the letter of the law. Foreign creditors will refuse to deal in Bolivars in the future, but they have no legal recourse and may still offer credit denoted in US dollars or Euros."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do you wake up cranky when you set an alarm but waking up naturally puts you in a good mood?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do you wake up cranky when you set an alarm but waking up naturally puts you in a good mood?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Your sleep goes in cycles (Non-REM and REM) and in the first two parts of nonREM, you are only lightly asleep, while in the the third part of Non-REM and REM you are in deep sleep. Your body usually (sleep paralysis is the exception) won't wake you up in deep sleep, your alarm however, does not care, and will shock you out of deep sleep, when the body isn't expecting it."} {"category":"Technology","question":"What happens when a television commercial gets cut off by a different commercial within seconds of the first one starting?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What happens when a television commercial gets cut off by a different commercial within seconds of the first one starting?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"You mean what happens afterward or what causes it? The cause is sometimes the local station or cable channel can sell local commercials (AKA spots), but their spot may not start exactly on schedule. You will see whatever spot is running on the network during that time slot. Some networks don't run spots in local spot times. What happens afterward is a discrepancy report is filed and management looks to blame and possibly fire someone. So there is a continuous stream of new, inexperienced, operators who make mistakes. If the correct spot doesn't air or is only partially aired, they don't get paid in full. That can be thousands of dollars."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How do just a few satellites give the precise location of a million of connected devices at the same time?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do just a few satellites give the precise location of a million of connected devices at the same time?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Each GPS satellite just broadcasts where they are, and what time their clock says. That signal can be picked up by any number of devices that have line of sight to the satellite. The devices can then determine their position by trigonometry. Radio waves travel at a constant speed, so if you pick up a signal, and you know when the signal was transmitted, and what time it is now, you can determine the distance to the transmitter. With multiple signals from known locations, you can determine your own position."} {"category":"Biology","question":"why flying takes so much out of you physically and mentally when you haven't done anything but sit there?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why flying takes so much out of you physically and mentally when you haven't done anything but sit there?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A few reasons. First, airplanes are pressurized to an altitude above sea level; usually between 6,000-8,000 feet. This means there's not as much oxygen as at sea level. While it's not enough of a decrease for you to be aware of, it does tax your body a bit more, especially on longer flights. If you've ever done any hiking or mountain climbing at high altitudes, you'll recognize that you get fatigued much more quickly than at sea level. Second, airplane is is very dry. This tends to make people dehydrated. Third, travel is just plain stressful. You're packed into a small area with a bunch of other people (and their germs) for hours on end subject to engine noise, various cabin noises, people bumping into you...etc."} {"category":"Other","question":"How are photographs of galaxies, planets and stars taken when they're so far away but with really good detail?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How are photographs of galaxies, planets and stars taken when they're so far away but with really good detail?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Planets aren't that far away and they reflect a lot of the sun's light which makes them relatively easy to take images of if you can get around the issues with our atmosphere. Galaxies are very far away, but they are also incredibly large collections of stars hundreds of thousands of light years across, for example the Andromeda galaxy is 2 million light years away, yet it is larger than the full moon in the sky."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"If we can't regrow enamel, how does fluoride rinsing help?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If we can't regrow enamel, how does fluoride rinsing help?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Imagine enamel as a fishing net. It consists of many ropes who are tied together. Say you go fishing with it, the problem is that the knots between rope intersections keep breaking. Now a bit of fishing won't make you lose any net, it will just become slowly undone. As more knots get undone, some pieces of rope will become completely detached from the net and float away into the ocean completely. But a single fishing trip will just make some of the ropes dangle due to not being completely knotted. As the knots break, you fix them by driving metal rivets or some kind of metal reinforcement through them. This makes the net far stronger. But undoing each of the knots by hand is hard, so instead you do this progressively, instead of redoing the net completely you just fix any loose ends as you use the net. Over time, you get a far stronger net. This metal reinforcement is fluoride. The key fact is that the enamel does not completely float away, it just gets loose. Chemical explanation: The chemical formula of enamel is Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, enamel of course is a crystal and there are many of such units within enamel, all bonded together. The problem: Acids are of course chemicals which give off H+ ions, which really really like to steal OH sections from atoms, like our enamel has. This of course produces water, and the acids can either come from the food we eat or bacteria found in our mouth, who consume sugars for energy but release acids as waste. One or two stolen OH sections won't completely get rid of the enamel, enamel is chemically bound together in many places, but nonetheless, if enough enamel around the same place loses its OH, then that section will get loose and just washed away. The solution: As it turns out, the F- ion has similar chemical properties to the -OH ion. Except it is stronger. Acids can't steal an F- ion that easily. So the idea is that as the acids and food we eat steal the OH ions, we replace them with F ions, which both repairs the enamel and makes it stronger against future attacks."} {"category":"Physics","question":"when you heat water in a steel pot and try to pour it out, it hisses and splutters as the water touches the steel higher up along the side, but stops after some water has assed over it. This only happens with steel, not with iron or aluminium or other types of pots. Why?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n when you heat water in a steel pot and try to pour it out, it hisses and splutters as the water touches the steel higher up along the side, but stops after some water has assed over it. This only happens with steel, not with iron or aluminium or other types of pots. Why?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The hissing and spluttering is the [leidenfrost effect]( URL_0 ). Once the metal has transferred enough heat into the water that it can't sustain the leidenfrost effect, it stops occurring in that location. Other areas of the pot might be comparatively hotter still. The reason it happens in various locations is because conduction through the pot material isn't instantaneous. The cooling effect caused by the water occurs more rapidly than heat from the other side of the pot can conduct through the metal to keep the pot at a uniform temperature. You're creating a \"cool\" spot while the rest of the pot is still super hot. Slosh some water up the opposite edge of the pot and the effect occurs again. It occurs with other materials. All of my cookware is titanium and it'll do this as well. You'll notice it in thinner pots because there just isn't that much material there for thermal mass and the cross section is small enough that conduction doesn't happen that quickly. A heavy cast iron pot will be more uniform but with a super thin steel pot you'll get little spurts of hissing as the water sloshes up to touch all the dry parts and then the effect no longer occurs because the pot has cooled too much."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How do foreign exchange rates work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do foreign exchange rates work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Although purchasing power parity suggests that MUA = MUB, this is a very long term equilibrium at best. More important for the short term is the demand for currency. If MUA exports a lot of product while MUB does little export, there will be more demand for MUA than MUB. (you need to purchase MUA to buy product in country A to export). If there is larger demand for MUA then it will tend to appreciate. Other factors include inflation expectation. If country A is believed to have a high inflation rate, then MUA will depreciate (fewer people will want to hold it) Often inflation expectations are also an assessment of the \"risk\" or \"creditworthiness\" of a country - if people believe the government of country A will print money, they won't hold MUA."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How did people teach the first code to machines before code existed?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How did people teach the first code to machines before code existed?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The first big computers did not execute code from storage as we see it today, the very early ones were \"hard wired\" meaning that the hardware was wired to do only one thing, no code required, you program it by connecting relays together in specific ways. Later ones used long strips of cardboard with holes in them that would get fed through a reader. The presence of a hole in the punch card will be detected by the reader and will cause the computer to do something. These were also limited in what they could do. For instance, you could have a computer that can do nothing but solve equation systems and is hard wired to do that, you can then use the punch cards to feed it the numbers you want it to solve. Newer processors execute something we call \"assembly code\" which is sort of a modern version of the punch cards. They are small and simple operations such as add 2 numbers together, compare 2 numbers to see which is bigger, take this number and add 1 to it, go to this particular spot in the code, etc... Code like python or c++ isnt really executed by the cpu, it's a human readable\/understandable translation for assembly code, what a compiler does is take the code text and convert it to assembly code which is directly executable by the cpu but quite difficult to write. For instance, to make the computer do something simple like \"if a > b then b = b +1\" in assembly would require many lines of code that can't be understood by just glancing at it quickly like a python program would be. Assembly programs end up having a loooooot of small detailed lines instead of less more concise one What happened is that people figured out easier ways for humans to tell computers what they want it to do such as the languages we all know and love today. They then wrote compilers in assembly code that can take those new languages and translate them to assembly which allows for the complex programs we see today"} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How are living DNA and cells formed out of atoms and dust?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How are living DNA and cells formed out of atoms and dust?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are theories about how life started, but we don't know for sure. Laboratory experiments with a mixture of chemicals in water have resulted in some rather complex organic chemicals that ARE part of life, but so far we have not observed an entire cell assembling itself and starting to \"live\". Otherwise, we do chemistry by dumping 10^23 or more atoms of one kind into 10^23 atoms or molecules of another kind, and they react because atom energy levels are \"better\" if they complete their electron orbitals by joining with other atoms. Cells, on the other hand, do chemistry internally atom-by-atom: the proteins function like little robots that literally assemble molecules together. Cellular function is extremely complex, but in simple terms, sections of the DNA (master recipe) get copied to RNA (recipes) and proteins get created or used to *do* what the instructions say, with other parts of the cell acting as \"sensors\" for \"too little or too much\" and to control the reactions. The cell is a factory, basically."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How do nighttime rainbows function?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do nighttime rainbows function?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A moonbow (also known as a lunar rainbow or white rainbow), is a rainbow produced by moonlight rather than sunlight. Other than the difference in light source, its formation is exactly the same as for a solar rainbow: It is caused by the refraction of light in many water droplets, such as a rain shower or a waterfall, and is always positioned in the opposite part of the sky from the moon relative to the observer. Moonbows are much fainter than solar rainbows, due to the smaller amount of light reflected from the surface of the moon. Because the light is usually too faint to excite the cone color receptors in human eyes, it is difficult for the human eye to discern colors in a moonbow. As a result, a moonbow often appears to be white. [Wikipedia ]( URL_0 )"} {"category":"Physics","question":"If color is a spectrum from long waves (red) to short (violet), why is there a color wheel? What wavelength is a pure reddish-purple?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If color is a spectrum from long waves (red) to short (violet), why is there a color wheel? What wavelength is a pure reddish-purple?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There is no frequency for purple. It is the color you get when you stimulate the cones in the eye for blue(S) and red(L) cones but not for green(M) cones. Look at [ URL_1 ]( URL_0 ) and it shows the sensitivity of the difference cones depending on frequency. So if you just stimulate S cones with low-frequency light and L cones with high frequency but almost no stimuli on the M cones. Color is just the way our brain interprets different stimuli if S, M and L cones and purple is how we interpreted that stimulation"} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why does the ice cubes sometimes freeze with a spike?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does the ice cubes sometimes freeze with a spike?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"1) Ice expands as it freezes. 2) Ice freezes from the outside to the center. As the ice freezes, it places an increasing amount of pressure on the water left inside. That forces its way through a hole in the middle of the surface of the cube, freezing into a spike as it emerges."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Can light be black ?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Can light be black ?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I'm scared that this is dangerously close to the *Is black a colour* \"debate,\" but I'll weigh in. Light cannot be black because black is a lack of light. Think of a red car. It's red because the paint absorbs all the other colours (that we can see) and only reflects the red light. Now think of a black car. It's black because the paint absorbs *all* the colours (that we can see), so none are reflected. (Side note, black things are black because we can't see them... black things are invisible?) Black cars also absorb more infrared light, which is why they get so much hotter in the sun than other cars. You could say that invisible light like ultraviolet is black light because, even though it's light, you can't see it. However this is a bit human-centric and doesn't consider the many insects and birds of prey that rely on seeing it to find food."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why does scoring ribbon make it go curly?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does scoring ribbon make it go curly?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When you hold ribbon against a surface and pull it, the outside of the ribbon (the part that isn\u2019t against the scissors) stretches, and the part that Is against the scissors is kept closer to its normal state by being held in place. So, when the inner part is tighter than the outer part, it boings."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Whats the difference between CPU and GPU and how do they work ?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Whats the difference between CPU and GPU and how do they work ?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A CPU, central processing unit, a general processor made to perform many computational tasks. A GPU, graphics processing unit, is a processor dedicated to performing the specific kind of computation that displays graphics. The CPU is like a committee of Maths PhDs. They know a lot, but take a while to get anything done. The GPU is like a colony of a billion leaf cutter ants. They only know how to do one thing - move leaves - but damn do they do it fast."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why do different brands of water taste different?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do different brands of water taste different?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"100% pure water normally tastes flat & disgusting (or at least boring). People expect there to be some amount of dissolved minerals in there - stuff like sodium, calcium, magnesium and whatnot. These contribute a faint but very noticeable taste to the water. Different brands of bottled water either have the minerals from their source (in the case of spring water) or they've had a blend of minerals added back to them after purification (for other bottled waters) in order to maintain a consistent flavor. You can also see this if you travel & drink tap water. Different sources have different naturally occuring mineral content (as well as differing degrees of chemicals like chlorine)."} {"category":"Physics","question":"how can a tiny tug boat push\/pull huge tankers and cruise ships?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how can a tiny tug boat push\/pull huge tankers and cruise ships?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The engines and propellers of those tugboats are comparable in size to those of the huge tankers. The tugboats are smaller not because they have smaller engines but because they do not have any cargo holds or giant fuel tanks. A tugboat is literally just a giant engine and propeller in the smallest boat possible. Not unlike plane tugs."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why are judges given discretion in deciding penalties for crimes?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are judges given discretion in deciding penalties for crimes?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"In theory, to make sure the punishment fits the circumstances surrounding a crime. If someone robs a convenience store because their kid needed lifesaving medical treatment and the person genuinely appears to feel terrible about it, yes he still deserves to be punished. But, most would argue he shouldn't serve the same sentence as someone that did it because they're a sociopath, and generally acted like an unremorseful dick. It's basically impossible to codify all the potential variables in a case into law, and the law's complicated enough as it is."} {"category":"Physics","question":"What is surface tension and how does it work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is surface tension and how does it work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Liquids are liquids because the molecules in the liquid stick to one another. They're not attached strongly enough to avoid sliding around, but they're attached enough that they don't move independently of one another. Inside the liquid, each molecule is pulled equally in all directions by this force, at least on average, because there are always particles above\/below\/left\/right\/etc of them. But at the surface, there are no particles above them (or the much sparser particles of a gas). This means that molecules at the surface tend to get pulled back into the bulk of the liquid, because there's a net \"downward\" force on a particle at the edge of the liquid. Put another way, the liquid wants to have \"as little surface area\" as possible, because every particle on the surface is trying to get back to *not* being on the surface. Now, suppose you're a little water strider. You put your leg on the water. It *could* compress the water and displace it into a \"hole\" the shape of your leg, but in order to do so, it creates a lot more surface area, because rough surfaces have more surface area than smooth ones. Because the water \"wants\" to have a smooth surface (that is, the lowest possible energy state for it to be in is a smooth surface), displacing the water takes force - and the necessary force is more than the weight of a water strider. So the surface stays smooth and the strider can walk."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How did Einsteins theory explained the orbit of Mercury?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How did Einsteins theory explained the orbit of Mercury?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Mercury's orbit around the sun isn't a perfect circle. It's actually an oval. This oval isn't centered perfectly on the sun either. During part of its orbit Mercury will get close to the sun and then farther away at the other end of its orbit. Then, just to make it even more complicated, the orientation of this orbit slowly shifts. [This picture]( URL_0 ) makes it a bit clearer than my words. The speed at which the orbit wobbles around the sun is faster than Newton's law of gravity would predict. We observed that it moved twice as fast as predicted. Einstein's general relativity predicted that the sun, as it spins, would drag the fabric of space-time along with it. It turns out that this effect exactly accounted for the increased speed of the wobble in Mercury's orbit."} {"category":"Technology","question":"What is GPT3, the language model recently released by OpenAI?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is GPT3, the language model recently released by OpenAI?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The basics of creating a language model are to take as much written text as you can and feed it through a training model. This model then produces a statistical map of the probability of the likely hood of one word following another, e.g., the phrases the dog is brown and brown is the dog contain the same words, but the dog is brown is statistically more likely. When training a model, you get better results as you feed it more examples of the text. This model uses a vast amount of text to train. It has resulted in a model that is so powerful it can be used to automatically write say fake articles to post to social media or can be used to to produce very intelligent answers when asked to summarize a book or answer questions about a document."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why there's almost no researches trying to create new devices which could allow us to explore the bottom of the ocean?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why there's almost no researches trying to create new devices which could allow us to explore the bottom of the ocean?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Your statement that no one is trying is false. I think most of the limitation keeping us off the sea floor currently is technological, or more specifically materials science limitations. We don't have anything to make a submersible out of that can both withstand the pressures experienced at the bottom of the ocean and also be large enough to house researchers and their equipment."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How is time only an illusion according to Einstein? \"For us believing physicists, the distinction between past, present and future is only a stubbornly persistent illusion.\"","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How is time only an illusion according to Einstein? \"For us believing physicists, the distinction between past, present and future is only a stubbornly persistent illusion.\"","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"This is a quote by Einstein on the death of his friend: he's using poetic language inspired by physics, but it's not intended to be precisely true. As Einstein well knew, some events definitely *do* occur in our past, and some definitely do occur in our future. But there's a category of events that could be seen as past, present, or future depending on how fast we're moving.(!) These events, at a \"spacelike interval\" from us, must be located far enough away in space, and close enough in time, that no signal from the event can have reached us yet (or vice versa). In the case of Einstein's eulogy, his friend definitely died before Einstein did. The only way that could *not* be true is if Einstein died so far away that neither Einstein nor his friend could have heard about each other's deaths. That's important because it means we don't have to worry about \"causality\": it would be really awkward if it were possible for Einstein to shoot his friend, but the friend died before the bullet was fired. Fortunately the universe is set up so that can't happen. URL_0"} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why do hurricanes in the US only occur on the Eastern coast and not the Western coast?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do hurricanes in the US only occur on the Eastern coast and not the Western coast?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because of currents. Currents flow \"clockwise\" in the northern hemisphere. Meaning the US west coast gets cold water from the Pacific before the current turns south at the coast. This is the opposite for the East coast where warm water from the south flows north up the coast. Hurricanes need warm water (in simple terms). So hurricanes on the West start far south and rarely come north far enough. Whereas hurricanes on the East start not as far south and can go up the East and South because of warm waters."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How do doctors know a course of antibiotics is sufficient to kill off harmful bacteria?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do doctors know a course of antibiotics is sufficient to kill off harmful bacteria?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Experience and experimental evidence. Once a doctor knows or has a good idea of what type of bacteria is causing the infection, they can prescribe the correct antibiotic (or a broad-spectrum antibiotic if the cause isn't known). As for \"how many pills would be just barely enough,\" that has come through experiment - it's likely that a couple of pills are enough to kill the infection, but double or triple that amount is prescribed in order to guarantee success and correct for patients who don't take their medicines on the right schedule. I remember reading about a study years ago that showed that three days of treatment was enough to cure something like 90% of pneumonia patients, with no real difference in the group that was given placebos after that first 3-day treatment and the group that was given another week of antibiotics. So they have a good idea of the minimum amount needed from decades of medical research, and they shoot well over that target, as you said, to take a \"scorched earth\" approach. And of course, if you have a stronger infection than they thought, or if it's something that the antibiotic couldn't fight, they tell you to come back and they will use something else. I remember a few years ago I was treated for a minor infection on a cut that had to be stitched up - they took a culture and I asked what they needed it for if they were just prescribing amoxicillin anyways. The answer was \"Odds are good it'll be what we expect and the amoxicillin will take care of it. In case it's something weird, we can call you asap and bring you back in for a different treatment, but we're treating the most likely thing first so that you can get healthy right away.\""} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"What is the variance of a system in thermodynamics?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is the variance of a system in thermodynamics?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Degrees of freedom means how many variables you can change without affecting the other variables in the equation. For example, A + B = 5 There's only one degree of freedom. You can change A *or* B willy nilly, but not both at the same time; if you increase A by 5, B must decrease by 5 or else the equation is invalid. A + B + C = 5 There's two degrees of freedom there; you can change A and B arbitrarily, but C must change to compensate for the changes so the equation equals 5 still. Similarly at the phase boundary there's only one degree of freedom. You can change temperature freely but then the pressure has to adjust accordingly, or else you're no longer on the phase boundary line."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why do video games make you press a button after loading before you can see the main menu?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do video games make you press a button after loading before you can see the main menu?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It might just be a long standing convention that many developers continue without giving it much thought. Back in the days of arcade games, the title screen would have the prompt to insert coin(s), which would typically change to Press Start, or similar, after credits had been loaded. (Inserting coins didn't necessarily put you straight into the game, as you'd press a different start button depending on which set of controls you were using - Player 1 or Player 2, for example). Home conversions of arcade titles obviously wouldn't ask you to insert coins. (Come to think of it though, given how keenly publishers embraced microtransactions in more recent years, I'm sure they would have if they could). Nevertheless, they often replicated the arcade title screen, complete with \"Press Start\" prompt."} {"category":"Biology","question":"why can you feel your heartbeat in a certain part of your body?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why can you feel your heartbeat in a certain part of your body?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The heart is a muscle. It pushes blood through the arteries, causing them to expand and contract in response to the flow of blood. You can feel the expansions and contractions, your pulse or heartbeat, in many places throughout the body where an artery passes close to the skin. The principle behind feeling pulse (or the heartbeat) is the compression of the blood vessel against a surface (bone generally) to feel the difference in pulse pressure. One normally feels a pulse at only at certain places where the blood vessel is superficial (closer to the skin) and can be easily compressed against a bone. The pulse felt on the neck is called the carotid pulse. When felt on the groin, it is called the femoral pulse. The pulse at your wrist is called the radial pulse. The pedal pulse is on the foot, and the brachial pulse is under the elbow. A normal resting pulse rate for adults ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute (bpm). Women tend to have a slightly higher pulse rate than men; the average resting heart rate in women is in the mid-70s, while it is only about 70 in men. Other factors can affect resting pulse rate, too, including age, body size, fitness level, heart conditions, whether you're sitting or standing, medication, emotions, and even air temperature."} {"category":"Other","question":"How come humans are the only species that have to brush their teeth?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How come humans are the only species that have to brush their teeth?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Other species would probably benefit from brushing their teeth. It's common for pet owners to give their pets \"dental chews\" to clean their teeth. Humans are pretty long-lived. Our teeth are important to our diet (we eat a lot of stuff that requires chewing for optimal digestion). There have been studies about how human life improved when we started brushing our teeth. Brushing our teeth helps remove bacteria and gross buildups. That makes us less susceptible to illness or infection. If our immune system isn't constantly under attack from our mouth, it is more effective at fighting off other assailants. Also, take a look in an animal's mouth. Google primate teeth. The look disgusting. Humans have just recognized the benefits of brushing. Long story short, we're the only species that has developed teeth-brushing, but other animals' teeth would benefit from some scrubbing."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why is it stressed that after skin contract with certain chemicals that you need to rinse with water for 15 to 20 minutes? Why such a long length of time? Wouldn't whatever it is be gone within 5 minutes?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it stressed that after skin contract with certain chemicals that you need to rinse with water for 15 to 20 minutes? Why such a long length of time? Wouldn't whatever it is be gone within 5 minutes?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Many chemicals are dangerous even in extremely small amounts. You need to rinse with water for such a long time to make sure any trace of the chemical is gone from your skin. In addition, a lot of chemicals don't dissolve in water very well, so they are difficult to rinse off. You shouldn't use soap to try and wash them off, because the soap might react with the chemical and just make the problem worse. Using a long water rinse will eventually get these poorly soluble chemicals off your skin."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"If we know what chemicals make us happy and how, why cant we create a food or something that keeps us in a good mood permenantly without ruining our dopamine receptors?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If we know what chemicals make us happy and how, why cant we create a food or something that keeps us in a good mood permenantly without ruining our dopamine receptors?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"We are only just scratching the surface in our understanding of how the brain works. We have seen that activating the dopamine and serotonin receptors tends to make people happy. But, there is an ocean-sized gap between that basic understanding and making a drug that will always make people happy with no side effects. It's entirely possible that the human brain simply isn't capable of maintaining a permanently happy mood without long-term damage. It might be like trying to run a car at top-speed all the time and not expect the engine to break down."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Can\u2019t any random person broadcast at the same frequency as a radio station and show up when someone tries to tune to that frequency? What do stations do to stop this? Do they have to?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Can\u2019t any random person broadcast at the same frequency as a radio station and show up when someone tries to tune to that frequency? What do stations do to stop this? Do they have to?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They can. The issue is that it's very expensive to broadcast a frequency that goes any reasonable distance. Also, the FCC will come down on anyone who does that like a ton of bricks. It's pretty easy to triangulate a signal to find out exactly where it is, so getting caught is fairly inevitable."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What is a viral vector?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is a viral vector?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A vector, terms of biology, is an organism that transmits something from one place to another. In the case of a viral vector, a virus is being used to transmit genetic elements or the production of some biologically-relevant component between cells or organisms. One example of a viral vector would be a non-harmful virus (only a small fraction of viruses cause harm during infection), which has been genetically modified to deliver DNA encoding a protein that a person otherwise lacked."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How is life expectancy calculated?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How is life expectancy calculated?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"> Is it a simple average of the age in which all people die including babies who die young, e.g. SIDS? More or less, yes. > What got me thinking about this was the fact that the life expectancy would be pulled downward by things like babies dying or college guys doing stupid shit. However, once you make it past those stages are 40, then your life expectancy is higher than that average that includes these folks. Again, yes. This is why life expectancy long ago was so low. High infant mortality. Once you survived past childhood, your life expectancy was very similar to what it was today, but the high death rate among the young drew the average down."} {"category":"Biology","question":"if we've only explored 5% of the ocean, how do we know that the Mariana trench is the deepest point?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n if we've only explored 5% of the ocean, how do we know that the Mariana trench is the deepest point?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"We can map depth fairly accurately, but exploring means actually looking and observing several key points down there. Imagine it as flying over an island at 10 kilometers height versus actually being on the island, walking around and exploring the area. We sort of know how it looks and such, but we don\u2019t know whether there are insects or people down there. Of course there are larger areas of ocean we haven\u2019t really mapped yet. Such as non commercial shipping lanes and vast ocean waters. But we can make some assumptions and estimate depth by taking samples. If we take two points of reference, 200 kilometers apart, where we observe depths of 2000 meters. And there isn\u2019t any larger objects in between such as continental plate borders and such, we can fairly surely say that there isn\u2019t going to be a large trench there."} {"category":"Economics","question":"What is rate setting and how does it effect the public?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is rate setting and how does it effect the public?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Instead of allowing a doctor\/hospital to charge whatever they want, specific rates are established for procedures. An MRI costs $XXX and an append removal costs $YYYY, vs. now where it might cost $2000 for an MRI at one hospital and $5000 at another, but one insurance company might pay $300 and another $1000. The lack of consistency and transparency are a big part of the reason why healthcare costs so much in the U.S. Of course the businesses profiting from that will be against it, and so they pay to run ads trying to sway public opinion in their favor."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How does the derivatives market work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does the derivatives market work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Derivatives are based off of, but do not consist of, another asset A call option means you pay a little up front for the *option* to buy an amount of a certain stock at a set price on or before a certain date. If the price goes above the set price you can *exercise* your option and buy the goods at that price, you can also close your position without taking possession of the stock, basically buying at the set price and instantly selling at the higher market price Put options are the option to sell at a fixed price. If the price drops below the set price you make money. In both the options, if the price is unfavorable at the end you don't have to follow through and are only out the small premium A Futures contract is an agreement to buy\/sell at a fixed price on an agreed upon date. There is no option to back out if the price is no longer favorable You can invest in derivatives, but if you're asking here you're not ready yet. Derivatives increase your leverage so you can take a small pile of money and make it bigger quicker, but you can also lose it a lot faster."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"Where do old e-car batteries go?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Where do old e-car batteries go?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Lithium batteries are among the most difficult to recycle, given their unique chemistry. However, they can be reprocessed and the technology is rapidly improving with the advent of electric vehicles. You've got two big ways of doing it. Both are focused on extracting the precious metals- lithium, copper, cobalt, nickel, and others. Everything else is waste. One method, smelting, involves literally putting the battery in a furnace to burn off anything that's not made of metal. Then you can smelt out all the different metals in a conventional smelter and reuse them elsewhere. It takes a lot of energy and recovers only a fraction of the battery material. Another involves putting the battery in a corrosive acid bath, dissolving the metals and leaching them into an aqueous solution that they can be extracted from later one. More efficient, but also difficult and expensive. The problem is (currently) that it's cheaper to mine new metal for batteries than it is to recycle them. However, with the explosion of electric vehicles, the scale of battery recycling is expected to increase greatly and hopefully refine these techniques."} {"category":"Biology","question":"is there any truth to the idea that cooked vegetables are \u201cless good for you\u201d than raw vegetables?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n is there any truth to the idea that cooked vegetables are \u201cless good for you\u201d than raw vegetables?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because of plant cell wall structure some raw veggies are difficult to digest. They\u2019re still useful as fiber. When you cook them, you break down some of the cell walls and it\u2019s easier for you to get the nutrients out of them. Ultimately, it\u2019s a trade off. For example cooking can rob food of vitamin C, but it makes beta carotene available for digestion. Boiling drains the most nutrients from foods. Steaming and roasting loses much less. Nutritionists typically recommend eating a variety of fruits and vegetables\u2014cooked and raw."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"How can we sustain 300+ million people constantly using water every day? Talking USA only.","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can we sustain 300+ million people constantly using water every day? Talking USA only.","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There is a gargantuan amount of water in the air, ground and rivers\/seas etc. There is just so much water, practically every piece of the environment has water in it. Water, thankfully is mostly a solvent and not chemically changed by being used. It just moved stuff around, so water isn't really ever \"used up\" since its rarely destroyed. Water is the car and most things are just hitching a ride alongside the water on its way. It can become unuesable from contamination. When the car is filled up with trash, can't really use it for a lot of our hygenic purposes so it has to he treated or \"washed\"."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why dont we go to the moon anymore?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why dont we go to the moon anymore?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Long story short, lack of will. Apollo was more than a space project, it was an international pissing contest with the Soviets. It's easy to throw nearly unlimited funds at that. Once you get there, though, with a country facing a recession and basically \"more of the same\" each trip, the willpower got sucked away. NASA started focusing more on projects in low orbit with tangible benefits, and developed the Space Shuttle project for science and satellite maintenance, and the lunar program basically withered and died."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Are humans the only species that become aroused when viewing their own species have sex or are there other animals that experience similar things?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Are humans the only species that become aroused when viewing their own species have sex or are there other animals that experience similar things?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I saw some study a while back in which apes were given tokens to trade for food or watch \"porn\" of their species. Most chose the porn. Edit: It was macaques not apes. Juice was the currency that they were using. [Here's an article.]( URL_0 ) They also \"paid\" to see photos of high status males."} {"category":"Physics","question":"if an object accelerates in space without slowing, wouldn't it eventually reach light speed?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n if an object accelerates in space without slowing, wouldn't it eventually reach light speed?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Nope. Because of mass-energy equivalence, as something gains speed (kinetic energy) it actually becomes more massive. Any object will gain less and less speed per unit of force applied to it, to the point where reaching light speed (referred to in physics as *c*) requires an infinite amount of energy. Continuing to accelerate it would just add more decimal places to the end of its percentage of *c*. So something going 99% of light speed can be thrusted to 99.99999999...% until all the energy in the universe is exhausted, but never actually hit 100. Reaching *c* is not just beyond our current ability to produce thrust. It's literally impossible to do with conventional physics."} {"category":"Technology","question":"how does a TV remote control when a television turns on and off?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how does a TV remote control when a television turns on and off?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Aim your phone camera at it, specifically the shiny black part at the front. You'll see a purple dot glowing there. That's a very near infrared LED light. Just outside of human vision, but within the range of your camera. Purple because it causes the red and blue sensors on your camera to react. Not intentional or anything, but we just don't care about about this near IR light so let it do whatever. At least not with cheap cameras, good ones have a filter so this doesn't get in and slightly distort colours. If you don't see it on your phone camera, you have some fancy phone with an expensive camera that has this filter. Anyways, you'll note it flashes when you hit buttons. That's literally it. Just some Morse code (sort of, not literally the same patterns) flashes to your TV. A camera like sensor on your TV that is always on watches, and turns the rest of the TV on when it sees the right flashing code. A visible LED would work as well, but would annoy people with the flashing. This also explains why you don't need to point directly at the TV to make it work, but if you point the opposite way or completely block the remote it fails to work. It's not radio waves, doesn't go through things. It's more like a flashlight that just need enough of the beam to hit the TV. Also explains why you can bank it off a mirror or window while facing the wrong way. As well why sunlight sometimes interferes and makes it so you have to point very precisely at the TV and might need multiple tries, while it's very reliable at night."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"how and acid or base causes burns to the skin. What happens at a chemical level?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how and acid or base causes burns to the skin. What happens at a chemical level?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Typically, what happens is the breakdown of fats and proteins in the skin. Many parts of the body have carbonyl groups, which in the context of skin means a carbon double bonded to an oxygen, single bonded to a carbon, and single bonded to one other thing. That other thing might be a nitrogen with other stuff attached in the caste of protein, or an oxygen with other stuff in the case of fats. When a strong acid or base gets on skin, it attacks the carbonyl, and replaces the \"other thing\" with either the base, or water in the case of acid. So by sort of \"kicking out\" an essential part of the chemicals that make up skin, acids and bases break down tissue and cause burns. With acids, this is somewhat reversible, but with bases it's essentially irreversible, which is why bases cause much worse burns"} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why has the progress and development of human society sped up so much in the last 150 years or so?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why has the progress and development of human society sped up so much in the last 150 years or so?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"We are standing on the shoulders of giants. As we create new technologies (or other advances in society), we are able to use those technologies to then create other newer technologies and so on. We built crappy computers that helped us build faster computers that helped us build even faster computers and so on. Ever heard of The Singularity? It's basically the implied \"endpoint\" of the rapidly accelerating nature of technology you are asking about. One interpretation is that when we create AI it's going to be able to create a better AI and so on and so forth until the speed at which it evolves at becomes so fast that one day it will basically become advanced way beyond us (and evolving almost near instantly from our PoV) and society\/humanity will change almost immediately as a result. URL_0 > The first use of the concept of a \"singularity\" in the technological context was John von Neumann.[4] Stanislaw Ulam reports a discussion with von Neumann \"centered on the accelerating progress of technology and changes in the mode of human life, which gives the appearance of approaching some essential singularity in the history of the race beyond which human affairs, as we know them, could not continue\".[5] Subsequent authors have echoed this viewpoint.[3][6] Edit: RIP inbox. Loving all the discussion! FTR I'm not claiming this is definitely gonna happen, it's just a ton of fun to think about."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do some wounds get just stitches or staples to heal while others get packed with sterile gauze?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do some wounds get just stitches or staples to heal while others get packed with sterile gauze?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"You want the wound to heal from the bottom up; if the skin heals itself closed before the sides of the wound have joined back up, the bubble that's trapped under the skin can turn into an abscess, which is bad news. So you pack the wound with gauze so that only the deepest part can knit itself back together; then when you replace the gauze, you can't push it in as deep, and the the wound gets a little shallower, bit by bit, until, finally, it closes at the top."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why is phonecall audio still low quality, despite the fact we can stream much higher quality audio via the internet?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is phonecall audio still low quality, despite the fact we can stream much higher quality audio via the internet?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because a significant portion of the phone network is still running on the POTS, or Plain Old Telephone System. That is, still the straight up no computers involved wires relays super basic system that's been around since the late 19th century. No doubt any call from a big city nowadays that is any distance, at some point your voice will be turned into bits, and transmitted as data, but for a lot of the phone network, particularly in more remote areas, it'll just be pure wires, and a few basic electronic components more or less. Purely analog. The quality is down to the interaction with those old electronic parts - and it was done like that because it's enough to transmit the spoken word, which is what the phone system was designed to do. Edit to clarify slightly - I'm talking any call that is done as a normal phone call, be it from a cellphone or a landline phone, all of those were designed with interoperability in mind and so they work to the lowest common denominator of quality - i.e the POTS system. With a VOIP based call (Skype, Telegram, Whatsapp, any other online service) those limits no longer apply because for a lot of the calls you're talking across the Internet, everything is just data. So those calls can be much higher quality."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why can't windows uninstall more than one application at a time?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why can't windows uninstall more than one application at a time?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Windows absolutely can, but the software is told not to. This is so two unrelated programs don\u2019t mess with each other\u2019s settings or try to modify the same files at the same time. Since you can\u2019t control every other companies in the worlds software, it\u2019s easier to just tell other applications they have to wait."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do airlines force people to keep their seat belts on for so long when people in private planes can lay down, sleep, party, etc.?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do airlines force people to keep their seat belts on for so long when people in private planes can lay down, sleep, party, etc.?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Seatbelts aren\u2019t just for collisions or sudden stops while taxiing. They are primarily there to keep you in your seat in the event of bad turbulence. Turbulence can happen suddenly and without warning. If you\u2019re not secured you can easily fly up and hit the ceiling. On your way back down, you can land on another passenger and injure them too. On private planes, it\u2019s more of a \u201cyour house your rules\u201d deal as no one will be liable for injury but you, but I can guarantee the pilots up front who know what\u2019s up are wearing theirs at all times. Edit: pilots are required to wear seatbelts at all times. Even in private aircraft. What I meant to imply was that given their awareness of clear air turbulence, I\u2019m sure they would do so regardless of requirement."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How can an object in motion decelerate in speed forever and never fully stop? For example a car that decreases in speed by half, every 1 second never stops?!","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can an object in motion decelerate in speed forever and never fully stop? For example a car that decreases in speed by half, every 1 second never stops?!","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Practically it can't. Mathematically it can. It basically relies on the fact that there are an infinite number of numbers between any two points. Or more ELI5: Once you get below 1 mph you move to fractions like 1\/2. Each time the number on the bottom gets bigger, twice as big. So 1\/2, 1\/4, 1\/8, 1\/16, ... Since the top number never changes and there are always bigger numbers for the bottom, you can never get to zero. Clear enough?"} {"category":"Physics","question":"When we look at the sun, are we looking at it 8 minutes in the past? How does light travel in a vacuum if sound doesn't?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When we look at the sun, are we looking at it 8 minutes in the past? How does light travel in a vacuum if sound doesn't?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Technically you are looking at light that left the sun 8 minutes ago, and due to the density of the sun the radiation that became the light you see might have been generated hundreds of thousands of years ago. Sound is a mechanical wave. it needs a means to travel through. Light are wave\/particles that travel without a mean."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do most some modes of public transportation (i.e busses) not have seatbelts when all private vehicles are required to have seatbelts?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do most some modes of public transportation (i.e busses) not have seatbelts when all private vehicles are required to have seatbelts?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They've done studies on buses in crashes using crash dummies\u2014 passengers in a bus are actually safer and better protected in a crash when they are not using a safety belt. The way the overall bus is shaped, combined with the trajectory of the passengers on impact, combined with the speed most buses go in transit, all come together to cause *more* damage to passengers from the seatbelt during a crash, than lurching forward into the seat in front of them does. In private vehicles like cars the opposite is (usually) true, so the govt mandates that they are provided in cars."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why are saturated fats bad for you, but coconut oil which is 80% saturated fat good for you?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are saturated fats bad for you, but coconut oil which is 80% saturated fat good for you?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's not good for you. From wikipedia: > Due to its high levels of saturated fat, the World Health Organization, the United States Department of Health and Human Services, United States Food and Drug Administration, American Heart Association, American Dietetic Association, British National Health Service, British Nutrition Foundation, and Dietitians of Canada advise that coconut oil consumption should be limited or avoided. > Marketing of coconut oil has created the inaccurate belief that it is a \"healthy food\". Instead, studies have found that coconut oil consumption has health effects similar to those of other unhealthy fats, including butter, beef fat and palm oil. Just another example of the false equivalence of \"natural\" and \"healthy.\""} {"category":"Biology","question":"How does our body know the difference between a nap and a full nights sleep?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does our body know the difference between a nap and a full nights sleep?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Basically your brain has a 24 Hour cycle clock which relies on certain aspects to help tell what time it is using hormones and different signals. \u201cA part of your hypothalamus (a portion of your brain) controls your circadian rhythm. That said, outside factors like lightness and darkness can also impact it. When it\u2019s dark at night, your eyes send a signal to the hypothalamus that it\u2019s time to feel tired. Your brain, in turn, sends a signal to your body to release melatonin, which makes your body tired. That\u2019s why your circadian rhythm tends to coincide with the cycle of daytime and nighttime\u201d [ URL_0 ]( URL_1 ) Edit: Summary added. Edit 2: I hope this helped, but I realise it does not fully answer the question from OP although a rhythm or cycle could help explain the difference between napping and night sleep."} {"category":"Other","question":"Where do scammers send the money to?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Where do scammers send the money to?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Money like that is gonna get laundered somehow. There are different ways and methods of doing this but it typically would work like this: (this is simplified to just give the general gist) They send that money to another bank account or analogous financial account that yes, could hypothetically be traced. But, that account will have no personal ties to the actual scammer, as in it was set up with a fake identity, or a stolen identity, or with an institution that doesn\u2019t require identifying information. So now they have the money in an account, they\u2019ll withdraw that money to cash. They will then cycle that cash, which is much harder to trace\/untraceable in through other things, like say take it to a casino, exchange it for chips, play a couple games, and then go exchange the chips they have back for cash. But the pro gal cash they had is lost somewhere in the casino and the cash they have now is new cash (if they were tracing something like serial numbers). This new cash is not effectively untraceable and clean. Not tied to the original 40k, and then can be deposited into a normal account if they wanted to. Again, that\u2019s just like a really basic possible method, which might have its flaws that law enforcement can crack, and there definitely other more complex methods that maybe don\u2019t involve cash at all that exist."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do some people lack self-awareness?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do some people lack self-awareness?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I don't think it's a black and white thing, I would guess everyone lacks self-awareness, it's just dramatic between people with apparently none, and people with *some*. Psychological literature just drones on endlessly about how we have absolutely no clue who we are, how inaccurate our memories are, how we don't know why we like\/dislike things, how biases almost totally obscure who we really are from who we think we are, and so on(a good book that encapsulates this is \"Strangers to Ourselves\" by Timothy D. Wilson). But we're talking about awareness of what we do *in the moment*. There are so many variables, like development(we start with the basics when we're a few months to a year old). Education\/Intelligence probably play a role-- I would guess that just knowing the *term* \"self-awareness\" has a greater likelihood of improving self-awareness than being totally oblivious. Experiences with psychedelic drugs can have profound effects on self-awareness, as can long term mindfulness meditation(because you literally train awareness like a muscle). Trauma can have an impact, or things like dissociation\/derealization\/depersonalization(these can be responses to trauma). The last thing that comes to mind is, I'm guessing the question is provoked in a specific way. It's not \"Why don't people have self-awareness\" so much as \"Why don't people have self-awareness regarding the ways they hurt themselves and others\"-- this is what most people are concerned with that triggers the question, right? And social skills\/emotional intelligence play a role here, since this sort of self-awareness is pretty much social. Sorry I don't have one specific answer for you, just clues and hints in some different directions. People are *extremely* complicated."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why are there different types of snow?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are there different types of snow?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The main difference is the temperature. The warmer it is, the slushier the snow. Slushy snow is great for packing, so snow forts and snowballs. Powdery snow happens when it's colder, which is nice for winter sports. There are other atmospheric factors that can change how snow falls, but temperature generally has the most impact on what you're describing."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do people refer to their babies in terms of months after a year, or in weeks after months?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do people refer to their babies in terms of months after a year, or in weeks after months?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A 22 year old is no different than a 21 year old, and not much from a 28 year old. But a 12 month old cute toddler learning to walk upright is VASTLY different from a 24 month old 2T hellbeast toddler who has learned the word \u2018no\u2019 and won\u2019t eat their peas. Kids develop so quickly from baby to infant to toddler that you have to define the age range differently. They outgrow their god damn $30 target shoes by the time you drive home with them or Prime can ship a new pair for to you."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do bodybuilders take insulin if insulin suppresses human growth hormone?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do bodybuilders take insulin if insulin suppresses human growth hormone?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Insulin is an anabolic hormone that shuttles nutrients like glucose and amino acids into the muscles. This helps them grow. Muscles need exercise, nutrition and sleep to grow. Anabolic steroids increase the rate at which protein synthesis occurs. But they do not increase the rate of amino acid uptake into muscle cells. Insulin however does increase the rate of amino acid uptake. Imagine if you wanted to build a building so you hired a bunch of extra construction workers but didn't give them extra building supplies. The extra construction workers are anabolic steroids and the extra building supplies are insulin. Both work better together than just one."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why is that some Americans move different states for a job?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is that some Americans move different states for a job?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Certain industries are concentrated in certain states, so sometimes you have to move if your job is industry specific. For example, most airplane design and production takes place in the Pacific Northwest, so you're most likely to find a job in Washington State for that (though I think some of the production plants may be moving). That only accounts for a small percentage of moves, though. Most of the time people move it's because they found a better job and it just happens to be in a different location. Say you're a lawyer in London and make 100,000 pounds\/year. You get offered another position in another part of London at 120,000 pounds\/year or a position in Glasgow for 150,000 pounds\/year. Unless you have a strong connection to London, why wouldn't you take the Glasgow job?"} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why do colours look different in artificial light to the way they appear in sunlight?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do colours look different in artificial light to the way they appear in sunlight?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Artificial light doesn't produce the same spectrum of colors (which combine to form \"white\" light) as natural sunlight does. Imagine if the frequency of light that we perceive as red was missing from sunlight - nothing outdoors would appear red to us, as no red light from the spectrum would be reflecting off those objects for us to see. The same thing happens indoors - artificial lights may have a little more yellow or less blue or whatever in their spectrum; not enough for us to notice right away, but enough to make objects appear to be a slightly different color."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How do you encrypt something like a phonecall where there aren't physical characters you can change like in a text message?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do you encrypt something like a phonecall where there aren't physical characters you can change like in a text message?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"In the end it's all just data, 1s and 0s. Most encryption methods don't particularly need to know or care about what the data is. As far as it's concerned it's just a stream of numbers. So how does audio become a stream of numbers? Sound is a wave travelling through the air. Microphones detect these waves and turns them into electrical waves. These can be turned into digital data by sampling the amplitude of the wave at regular intervals. So each sample is a number describing the amplitude or \"height\" of the wave at a given time. This is usually then compressed. Unlike encryption, the compression used for audio is typically specialised for audio. Rather than preserving the data exactly as it is, it knows what data it can throw away while still sounding about right. There are lossless audio compression methods, but I don't think a cellphone call uses them. At that point it's just data, and you can use various encryption techniques just like you can with text or any other types of data."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why is special relativity still valid if it doesn't include gravity?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is special relativity still valid if it doesn't include gravity?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The Theory of General Relativity generalizes the results of Special Relativity to curved spacetime. Thus, the limitations of special relativity can be overcome \u2013 when needed \u2013 by using General Relativity. That is, Special Relativity is the limit of General Relativity for flat spacetime. In many cases, however, such as when doing particle physics on Earth , gravity is negligible. Therefore Special Relativity is still useful."} {"category":"Other","question":"what evidence was used to support the claim that breakfast is the most important meal of the day?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what evidence was used to support the claim that breakfast is the most important meal of the day?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There isn't much to be honest. See this stared in 1917. There was an article in on of the oldest health magazine that talk about breakfast and how it's the most important meal because we should start on the right foot. That would have probably stay an obscure quote in history, but cereals company jump on it and started massive advertisement campaign based on that quote. And that's why we are still saying that. Advertisement campaign can have HUGE impact on how people view the world. There is plenty of example of that. Like how sunkist in 1907 change the orange industry from a small fruit industry to a massive orange juice one. Or how the ads like I want you and We can do it affect how the US view their military even today. Or how diamond used to be like any gemstone and almost nobody use them on engagement rings and now you would be view as a bad husband if your engagement ring don't have a diamond on it."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"What is the difference between (mathematical) interpolation and (mathematical) extrapolation?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is the difference between (mathematical) interpolation and (mathematical) extrapolation?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The difference is in the first bit, extra vs inter. With interpolation you come up with some intermediate values between data points, whereas with extrapolation you come up with some points outside of your current range. E.g. if we have the following series [2 8 32 128] we could interpolate it by taking the average between samples so we'd get [2 4 8 16 32 64 128]. Whereas if we'd extrapolate the original series we would find [2 8 32 128 512 2048], i.e. values outside of our original range that has the same pattern."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why is is so hard for goverments\/groups to shut down The Pirate Bay completely while they managed to shutdown KickAssTorrents in 1 hit completely?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is is so hard for goverments\/groups to shut down The Pirate Bay completely while they managed to shutdown KickAssTorrents in 1 hit completely?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Imagine a bully at school. It's the same one each day, taking the lunch money of the same handful of kids. You take note that kids seem bullied, and it's very easy to identify who the bully is, after all you only have to talk to a handful of kids to get something of note, plus everyone is pointing the same direction. You do something about it. Now you shut down KickAssTorrents. But imagine that you have a school, a very very large school, and there's *hundreds* of bullies. They're all called Marc. So every time you get someone to tell you who bullies them, it's 'Marc'. They also all look very similar, so you never know who did it today. You never know who is actually to blame. Worse yet, some of these Marcs live in other states, and due to bureaucracy you can't even get a hold of their parents! And every time you finally shut someone down, a new Marc transfers over to your school! :o That... is basically Pirate Bay."} {"category":"Economics","question":"What is the benefit to a company to enact a policy that prohibits promotion of employees from within?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is the benefit to a company to enact a policy that prohibits promotion of employees from within?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I've never heard of a company that flat-out didn't promote from within. That would be a fantastically terrible policy. However, it would be a great excuse for middle managers to give an internal candidate for said promotion when an external candidate was chosen by upper managers. That said, there have been good case studies that can show why promoting internal candidates becomes a rarity. For example, Wal-Mart famously always promoted from within. Almost all of their store managers came from floor managers who all started as stockers\/checkers. This is a fantastic marketing story, and gives the rank & file workers something to aspire to if this is the best job they can get. But there's the problem. The vast majority of Wal-Mart floor workers don't aspire to make a career of it. Anyone worth keeping is usually picked up within months by any other employer with double the wage, steady hours, and benefits. So the only people that stick around the two to three years it takes to land that first promotion are the ones milking an easy job with flexible hours, or simply couldn't find anything that paid more a little over minimum wage. So now your floor managers are the best of the bottom of society's barrel. Your true best left $8\/hr for $16\/hr 3 months after they were hired. A couple of years later you need a new store manager, who is selected from the best of that bunch. Now your local-level store leadership is largely comprised of uneducated people who (when they started) couldn't land a job literally anywhere else. Even though most of their corporate staff are college educated, experienced negotiators helping feed a god-tier supply chain and can calculate the exact right amount of workers and product to put where, the uneducated store-level management doesn't understand enough of these concepts to properly execute within a 1% margin. This creates inefficiencies, and when Wal-Mart is already only expecting a 1% gross margin on their stores, these little things add up. That's why they've started relaxing their \"promote from within\" philosophies and started seeking out and favoring college kids to start at a floor manager level. It's still a tough sell because you're ultimately a glorified stock-boy with an economics degree, but you are being actively groomed to be proper management. Walmart *could* solve their problem by being not a shit employer and paying their rank & file what it takes to stick around. However, their own studies say that's not as econoimically efficient. Fun fact: A seven year veteran cashier\/stocker costs Wal-Mart 55% more than a 6-week newbie due to benefits and tenure raises, but is just as productive as the new kid. They actually have a financial incentive to push their employees to quit so long as they can always find more newbies to take their place."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"When should bitwise operators be used?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When should bitwise operators be used?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Bitwise operators allow you to manipulate the values of individual bits in a word. It is useful when you're working with limited memory (typically because of simple hardware) because you can then pack 8 values in a single byte instead of using 8 booleans (which costs 8 bytes, because in many languages, a boolean is implemented using 1 byte)."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How is Google able to create Google Earth street view?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How is Google able to create Google Earth street view?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The map data is freely available from the government. What Google is doing is to package it up nicely and putting ads on it. The satellite photos and arial photos are taken by third party companies that specialize in this and is then selling the data to Google and others who wants to buy it. But the Street View is made by Google on their own. They have built a number of cars with a bunch of survailance systems on it and hire drivers to drive it through every street on the map. They even have more mobile versions that can be used while on foot for more difficult to access paths and trails."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How did America get so insanely WEALTHY? I looked up GDPs by country and the U.S. is no. 1 at 18 and a half TRILLION dollars","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How did America get so insanely WEALTHY? I looked up GDPs by country and the U.S. is no. 1 at 18 and a half TRILLION dollars","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"America is the third largest country in the world by population, and the third largest by size. Europe's population is slightly larger, but the United States has a single dominant language and internal free markets and free movement. It has enormous coal deposits as well as significant petroleum and other natural resources. And it is the only major Western power that was not decimated in WWI and WWII. And, it happened to be the wealthiest and most prosperous nation at a time when economic development began to compound on itself via the information revolution."} {"category":"Other","question":"How is the death of American John Allen Chau viewed by other Christian missionaries?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How is the death of American John Allen Chau viewed by other Christian missionaries?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I am a somewhat liberal Methodist pastor and not a missionary, but nobody's answered you yet so I thought I'd give my two cents. In my opinion, John Allen Chau had no business approaching the Sentinelese. I understand the desire to share the Gospel, the good news of life in Jesus Christ, don't get me wrong, but this is a group of people that has consistently refused contact with other groups. We don't know their language, and they generally refuse to accept gifts. You want to share the Gospel? Build a relationship. You want to build a relationship? You cannot impose your values and ideas. The Sentinelese deserve to be honored, respected, and left alone."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Does destroying large amounts of cash add value back into the economy? Does it decrease inflation?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Does destroying large amounts of cash add value back into the economy? Does it decrease inflation?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"No. The reason being is the over 99 percent of our money doesn\u2019t actually physically exist. Most of it exists only in computers at the bank and the federal reserve. Back in the 90s there was only 400 dollars of physical currency in circulation for every person in the country. I don\u2019t know what the amount is now, but it hasn\u2019t changed much. So even if you were to destroy ALL of the paper money in circulation, it would affect less than one percent of actually currency in the economy. It would be expensive to print more money, but it wouldn\u2019t necessarily have a huge impact on the over all economy. Besides the immediate panic at there being no dollars around for buying lottery scratch off tickets and whatnot."} {"category":"Biology","question":"With all of the technology we have, why isn\u2019t there an eye surgery that can correct color blindness?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n With all of the technology we have, why isn\u2019t there an eye surgery that can correct color blindness?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The causes of colorblindness are pretty deeply ingrained in the eyes and brain. Someone who is colorblind is either missing one of the cells that pics up one of the primary colors of light or isn't processing the feedback from those cells correctly, right now there isn't a way to remedy that."} {"category":"Economics","question":"how do stores like Poundland manage to maintain a consistent price even through recession or currency changing in value?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how do stores like Poundland manage to maintain a consistent price even through recession or currency changing in value?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They have a profit margin built into their items, and they are willing to decrease the profit margin in order to keep customers. They'd rather make less money on each sale, than annoy customers and stop selling anything at all. Sometimes stores also have loss leaders. For example, supermarkets will often have very cheap milk, and lose money on every liter of milk they sell - but people who come in to buy milk will usually also buy other things. So the store's profit margin is not calculated on each item, but on each customer's total shopping basket, or the average shopping basket across every time that customer comes into the shop. (It's worth losing money a couple of times to generate a habit in the customer of shopping at your store, not your competitor's.) Of course, eventually they do have to raise their prices."} {"category":"Biology","question":"how can kids fight off some diseases better than adults?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how can kids fight off some diseases better than adults?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"So they aren't actually 100% sure why this seems to be the case, but two ideas seem to make the most sense. One idea is that as we get older, our immune systems send out less of these big cells called phagocytes that basically just eat up anything in our bodies that shouldn't be there. Another idea is that our bodies learned over time to adapt to diseases commonly found in our environments, but not always by making us immune, but rather making sure that if we were exposed to it during a certain age, it wouldn't be as lethal. An example of this would be the polio virus. If you caught polio as an infant, there was a better chance at a full recovery. Older children were more at risk of dying and biologists believe it may be because of this concept."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How do muscle contractions make it possible for a person to exert more pressure on something than their own total body weight without lifting themselves into the air?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do muscle contractions make it possible for a person to exert more pressure on something than their own total body weight without lifting themselves into the air?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Hey, mechanic here, I'm guessing you missed something. Engine hoists require almost no effort to work the lever and lift an engine. A small child should be able to pump the lever. Now there are pins that lock the lift arm in different positions, if it was locked when you tried it, then it will never move and you could hang off it all day. Some pins are pulled out, while there are some that work like a button that pressed for a short time when you begin to pump the lever."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"how do we get gasoline, kerosene, and diesel from the same crude oil?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how do we get gasoline, kerosene, and diesel from the same crude oil?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Crude oil is a mixture of a ton of different hydrocarbons (long chains of carbon atoms with hydrogens hanging off them). The very short hydrocarbons, methane\/ethane\/propane\/butane, are gasses, and make up natural gas. The rest of them are liquid-ish at room temperature but they all boil at different temperatures. The longer the molecule, the higher the boiling point. Gasoline, kerosene, and diesel are just different fractions of the crude oil. You heat the crude until most of it turns to gas and the slowly cool it in a big tower called a \"distillation column\". The heaviest\/longest molecules will condense out first (highest temperature), that's the super heavy stuff like fuel oil. Diesel and kerosene are lighter and come out next. Gasoline is last and is the lightest\/lowest boiling point. The crap left at the bottom that never evaporated is tar."} {"category":"Physics","question":"I have read that steel manufactured before atomic testing began is sought after for various purposes because it isn\u2019t tainted by radiation. How would steel that exists on the surface be less affected by radiation than iron deposits in the ground?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n I have read that steel manufactured before atomic testing began is sought after for various purposes because it isn\u2019t tainted by radiation. How would steel that exists on the surface be less affected by radiation than iron deposits in the ground?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The iron deposits we find in the ground is just fine. Even refining the iron ore to iron metal does not contaminate it, mostly because this process uses fossil coal. The problem is that converting the iron to steel involves pumping compressed oxygen into the molten iron to make it react. And the compressed oxygen is made from the atmosphere and is therefore contaminated with various different isotopes. Most notable small quantities of cobalt-60 which binds to the iron in the steel."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How the hell does anything to the power of zero equal one...?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How the hell does anything to the power of zero equal one...?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"From the initial definitions of powers it may seam like powers is only defined for positive values. So we have to look for a new definition that fits the properties. One obvious property of powers is that x^n-1 = x^n \/x. If we set n=1 then we get x^0 = x^1 \/x = x\/x = 1. The same way can also be used to define negative powers of numbers."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How does colonialism differ from imperialism?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does colonialism differ from imperialism?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Imperialism: extending your government to control peoples beyond your own, usually by military force. E.g. the Roman empire conquering modern France and extending Roman law and policies to the local Gauls. Colonialism: putting your own people in a territory to control its resources, usually displacing other peoples as they do so. North American colonies from France, Britain and the Netherlands, for instance. These colonial governments did not attempt to rule native Americans, but colonists from home or descendants of colonists."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why are birds scared of scare crows in a field?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are birds scared of scare crows in a field?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"According to the internet: \u201cThe traditional scarecrow is a decoy made in the shape of a human. It is dressed in old clothes and placed in an open field to discourage crows, blackbirds and starlings from feeding on seeds and sprouting crops. The loose clothing flaps in the breeze, giving the illusion of a real, moving person.\u201d"} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do men have a refractory period making them unable to continue having sex after their orgasm while women don't?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do men have a refractory period making them unable to continue having sex after their orgasm while women don't?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"If I remember correctly it\u2019s all about procreation. Not sure if it\u2019s the same for humans but I read about in the animal kingdom most animal penises are shaped to basically scoop out other males sperm so they can impregnate the female and pass their genes on. Assuming it\u2019s the same for humans, you wouldn\u2019t want to scoop it all out while trying to impregnate. Give it some time to work."} {"category":"Physics","question":"You can locate an airplane when you hear one with reasonable accuracy. Why is it so much harder to locate a helicopter?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n You can locate an airplane when you hear one with reasonable accuracy. Why is it so much harder to locate a helicopter?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I\u2019ve heard that with bass and lower frequencies you can\u2019t tell where it is coming from. So you could put a subwoofer anywhere in the room and you can\u2019t tell which direction it is coming from. I would assume because a helicopter sounds much lower in frequency the same applies here."} {"category":"Biology","question":"what causes bruxism (night grinding)?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what causes bruxism (night grinding)?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Dentist of 25 years here. There is no definitive cause of bruxism. There are many theories on possible links to bruxism and there may in fact be different causes for different people. It is mostly an unconscious habit and can occur in young and old. It does sometimes run in families so there maybe a genetic component. There are certain bite patterns (especially bite interferences) which seem to be more prevalent in bruxers but there are people with perfect bites who grind like crazy as well. It seems to be heightened during stressful life events. It is not always nighttime as people often catch themselves doing it during the day as well although this is more common among clenchers . Some people don\u2019t grind they just clench their teeth very tightly. Some common signs of bruxing\/clenching are: Bone growth called tori around the roots of teeth especially inside the bottom jaw and in the middle of the palate. Notches or root exposure at the gum line. Flattening of the cusps of the teeth. Increased sensitivity. Increased mobility in teeth (side to side) Muscle tension\/fatigue or pain. Jaw joint pain. Headaches especially first thing in the morning. There is no definitive way to stop. It tends to be cyclic and has spurts of varying intensity. Some people have had moderate success with hypnotism. Mostly we try to protect against the effects of grinding by using a night guard. It is important to use a night guard made and adjusted by a dentist because over the counter solutions can cause more harm than good such as altering your bite,over-eruption of teeth or trauma. Anecdotally, it seems to have become more common in the last 5-10 years, but that maybe because people are keeping their teeth longer and my clientele is getting older. I think that covers it...Probably not ELI5 but the best I can do. Cheers!"} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why is the equation for Kinetic Energy 1\/2mv^2 when the equation for Momentum is mv?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is the equation for Kinetic Energy 1\/2mv^2 when the equation for Momentum is mv?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They are completely different measurements that describe different physical properties. The momentum describes how much force wee need to apply and for how long we need to apply it in order to change the objects velocity a certain amount (F\u2022t) . Just like forces, the momentum has a direction vector. The kinetic energy describes how much work (energy) is needed to stop the object's movement. The kinetic energy has no direction."} {"category":"Other","question":"What is 'The Great Reset'?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is 'The Great Reset'?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Taken from this answer by u\/inadaptado: & #x200B; > Answer: the \\[World Economic Forum\\] is a non-profit foundation whose main purpose is connecting influential people (politicians, journalists, CEOs, etc...) in order to look for solutions for the world's problems. Their very nature makes them suspicious in the eyes of many people, and they are an easy target for conspiracy theories about secret cabals running the world. Their last initiative, \"The Great Reset\", wants to use the pandemic as an opportunity to rethink the way we do things and improve the lives of everyone, because the current system is clearly not working that way. Problem is, on the surface this sounds quite similar to the New World Order idea that's been floating around for decades, so conspiracionists are having a field day with it."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Can someone please explain to me what exactly is IOT? I read about it a lot but I still couldn't really get it.","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Can someone please explain to me what exactly is IOT? I read about it a lot but I still couldn't really get it.","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Internet of Things. Basically, the idea that as tech has advanced, we can now cheaply stick a CPU with wifi and networking ability into pretty much anything. Some ideas for making use of this include: * Thermostats. Forgot to turn heating off? You can remotely turn it off from work. * Program your window blinds to open and close as needed. * Use your phone to tell your coffee maker to start brewing, so that you have hot coffee by the time you are home. * Be able to see when the Amazon delivery guy rings your bell, and remotely unlock a storage box for them to place your package in. So, at least in theory, potentially cool and useful stuff, at least for some people. The downside though is that we're often talking about poorly designed devices, with little attention paid to security, and no ability on the part of the owner to deal with those issues. Being able to unlock your door from work because a family member forgot the keys? That's pretty cool. A thief being able to do the same because the security is complete crap? Not so cool. The lock being forgotten by the manufacturer and being forever insecure? Awful. **Edit:** IOT devices are also a potential entry point into your home network. Even if you don't have a smart door lock that allows thieves with the right app to get in, you might have a thermostat or coffee maker that allows an interested person to figure out when you're home. If you have such things, you could be watched through your own cameras, or listened to through your own device's microphone. It could also be a starting point to attack your personal computers in case they're interested in your data or credit card number. **Edit 2:** Now some people might wonder, what's the big deal? After all, somebody getting into your laptop has always been a possibility. True. However, most people's laptops don't intentionally offer remote access over the internet. Such things today are usually a result of either OS bugs (which get patched), or personal carelessness (installing the wrong thing from the internet). The IOT is different in that such devices are made to be accessed remotely. Also they're consumer products, and I don't think any company is going to maintain their coffee maker firmware for a decade, even though having a 10 year old coffee machine or toaster is a perfectly normal thing. Things like Windows get far more attention and updates than such devices can be expected to get."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why is it that sometimes (after minor injuries) you can have bruising that doesn't really hurt, but other times you have areas that feel very sore and aren't showing any sign of bruising?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it that sometimes (after minor injuries) you can have bruising that doesn't really hurt, but other times you have areas that feel very sore and aren't showing any sign of bruising?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"2 things here- pain and bruise. Let's handle both seperately Bruise- it's because the tiny vessels carrying blood(often cappilaries) have torn and blood has seeped to the area surrounding it. If this happens in the skin, you can see it as a reddish\/purplish tinge, hence a bruise. If it's deeper, you can't see it. Pain - this is if there is a stimulus at nerve endings(tips of nerves that have tiny signal receptors) which your brain perceives as 'pain'. But really it could be anything- too hot, too cold, too spicy , physical\/chemical tissue damage, accumulation of a substance in certain areas( soreness is due to this). A bruise is essentially tissue injury coz vessels are broken but tiny tiny veseels don't really have nerve endings and the little pain is mostly because leaking blood is putting pressure on the nerves surrounding it. So superficial bruises just less. Over time, if the pain stimulus is very mild and lasts for a long period of time, your brain can get used to it and tune it out, so there is no constant pain but can flare up if touched\/moved. So if both of these (blood vessel injured and nerve stimulation)occur due to an injury, you'll have a bruise that hurts. If only one of it does, you have the scenarios that you are asking about. P.s. it's my first time on this sub-reddit. Hopefully this helped. Sorry if just confused you more."} {"category":"Economics","question":"When you see an amount of something is \u201cadjusted for inflation,\u201d how do they calculate that?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When you see an amount of something is \u201cadjusted for inflation,\u201d how do they calculate that?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The practical calculation of inflation involves actually sending someone to the store to record the price of a \"market basket\" of goods. The percentage increase in the total cost of the basket is inflation. The main idea is to keep track of the amount of money it takes to buy some standardized amount of goods. Then you can talk in terms of \"1965 dollars\" because you know how much you could buy with a certain amount of money in 1965. There are lots of complexities to measuring the market basket. Which market are you going to? (The US uses a national sample meant to reflect prices paid by \"urban consumers\") What goes in the basket? How do you account for brand new categories of good, like the smartphone? How do you adjust for changes in quality? Government statisticians do their best to address these concerns, but it's a tricky business. You question might have a pretty simple answer though because it's dealing with just one good. We know the (average) price of a movie ticket in 1965 was about $1. We know the (average) price of a movie ticket in 2019 is $9. Therefore, if people bought the same number of tickets to the Sound of Music today as they did in 1965, it would make about $2.5b."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Plants are also made up of proteins (they express DNA etc), so why are veggies and stuff so low in protein?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Plants are also made up of proteins (they express DNA etc), so why are veggies and stuff so low in protein?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"People use the word protein slightly different in different contexts. Every cell in everything is made of protein but when talking about food people use the word to mean 'the specific proteins that the human body doesn't make but can use\" so you can eat a pile of nothing but protein and have it be zero percent dietary protein. & #x200B; sugar is the same way, a food can be 100% chemically made of sugars and be 0% sugar because none of the sugars are anything your body cares about or can use for anything."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why didn't this bottle of water freeze?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why didn't this bottle of water freeze?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Basically way I understand it is that if the water is too still and in a smooth container (like plastic), ice crystals won't be able to form. As soon as it is disturbed it will \"snap freeze\" where basically it all freezes at once. You should have filmed it for Reddit karma."} {"category":"Other","question":"What is the difference between microplastics and microfibers?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is the difference between microplastics and microfibers?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Micro in this context means just small. Microfibers are small pices of fibers as opposed to the big threads of fiber that most clothes are made from. When you use and wash clothes you regularly tear off tiny pices of fibers from the clothes. You often see this as dust or lint. Microplastic is a similar thing but instead of fibers it is plastic. When you wear plastic items you get tiny pices of plastic tearing off creating a fine dust of microplastic. These things are not mutually exclusive though. If you have clothes made of plastic fibers then as it wears down it will turn into microplasticfiber. However jeans is made of cotton fiber and will give off mostly microcottonfabric. The big controversy with microplastic is that it is very hard for bacteria and insects to break down plastic. And due to the small size of the microplastic it is invisible to the naked eye and very hard to notice. But it turns up almost everywhere we look. This is also the case for other microfibers as well but for example cotton is biodegradable and will get broken down by bacteria and dissapear after a while in nature. So the planet is not getting covered by a layer of cotton or other natural fibers."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why do employers delay paychecks to their workers?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do employers delay paychecks to their workers?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It is called being paid in arrears, and it is a common practice for just about all forms of employment, \"lower ranks\" or not. It takes time and effort to figure out all the sick time, vacation, and overtime, cut checks, and order money transferred. You also want to build in an approval process and error checking. It is a lot easier and more cost effective to do this a couple a time a month, and give payroll a week to do it. Also, if only getting paid every two weeks vs. every day makes a big difference to you, that speaks more to your personal finance skills than to how your employer is treating you."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"How do scientists determine the age of Old structures like Stonehenge?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do scientists determine the age of Old structures like Stonehenge?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"My expertise is not on Stonehenge, and I\u2019m not sure which of these techniques has or hasn\u2019t been done at that particular site, but I can give some insights into how we do this kind of stuff in general. Dating stone structures is very difficult but there are a number of approaches. One relatively recent technique is called cosmogenic exposure dating. Basically (ELI5) once a rock is exposed at the surface, it\u2019s continually bombarded by particles that are created in the upper atmosphere from cosmic rays. The flux of these particles is relatively steady over time and you can measure how much of them have accumulated on the surface and work out the age since the stone was quarried. Another approach: If rocks have been coated with carbonate minerals, (which is common in caves and rockshelters...I\u2019m not so sure this would be valid at Stonehenge) you can do something called Uranium Series dating that is based on the decay of uranium into lead and can tell you how much time has elapsed since the carbonate coating began to form. There\u2019s also something called Optically Stimulated Luminescence dating that can date the time since a soil that contains particles of quartz was last exposed to sunlight. If you could get a sample from beneath some of the stones, it could tell you when the holes were dug to set them in place. Finally, in a more traditional approach, people don\u2019t actually date the structures themselves, but rather look for artifacts that are associated with the structures that can be dated. Carbon dating only works on organic material, not rocks. This could be bone or charcoal or other organic remains that can be dated by radiocarbon, or it could be things like stone tools or pottery that are known to be distinctive to a particular time period. There are a lot of details and caveats I didn\u2019t go into for the sake of ELI5. Again, I wish I could speak more to what people have done specifically at Stonehenge, but those are some of the ways we generally try and do this type of thing."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why is the advantage to bacteria\/viruses that kill a host?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is the advantage to bacteria\/viruses that kill a host?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"> Would it not be more advantageous to be relatively benign and keep on spreading itself around rather than kill the host? Yes. The vast majority of viruses\/bacteria don't kill the hose for this very reason. It is mostly the ones that jump from one species to the other that become deadly. As an analogy: Cats prey on birds. Birds that evolved along side cats have evolved ways to evade them like putting their nests in high branches where the cats are too heavy to reach or being hyper alert for ambushes. So the cats may catch enough to survive, but never really end up eating them all. When cats are brought to an island were all the birds nest on the ground and have evolved no fear of cats, the cats will thrive for a while until they eat all the birds and then die off themselves. They didn't evolve side by side, so they haven't reached a balance. That isn't to say it is impossible for a virus\/bacteria to reach some sort of balanced life cycle where the host dies. What's most important is that the virus\/bacteria reproduces, not necessarily that it lives as long as possible in it's host. A rabid animal's hyper aggression may get it killed sooner than usual, but if it passes on rabies using that aggression, that's still a win for the rabies virus."} {"category":"Biology","question":"- why can certain animals (like octopuses) regrow limbs but humans cannot?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n - why can certain animals (like octopuses) regrow limbs but humans cannot?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Our limbs are way more complicated than an octopus tentacle. Much of the initial development of our limbs happens in the womb when the embryo and fetus are undergoing development. In the womb, your stem cells are specializing and creating all of the different tissues needed to make your organs. After you are born, your limbs are already intact for the most part. From there they grow. If you lose a limb, it doesn't regrow because the stem cells needed to grow the tissues don't reactivate. As a result, the wound just heals and forms scar tissue. Many believe that the complexity of the limb and the way the wound heals are factors in why the stem cells don't reactivate."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How come the US has been the only country to send deep space probes out (past Mars)?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How come the US has been the only country to send deep space probes out (past Mars)?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Imagine you land on a deserted island after a maritime accident with a group of people. One guy prioritises building a low powered beacon that is basically a needle in a hay stack. On the off-chance something comes of it then all of you will benefit from it. It wouldn't then be much of a point in another person building another beacon. Sure, there is some ego in showing \"I can do it too\", but honestly there are other and better things to prioritize. I suspect this is also a reason for the slow replacement of a US shuttle. The US can instead catch a ride with the Russians to the international space station and do whatever experiments up there."} {"category":"Other","question":"- why are fire extinguishers kept behind glass? Why do we need to break glass in case of emergency?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n - why are fire extinguishers kept behind glass? Why do we need to break glass in case of emergency?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It is, physically and metaphorically, a barrier to use. The idea is it prevents people from screwing around with the equipment for no good reason. There are plenty of people who might decide to touch it or play with it or even discharge it \"just because\". But with the glass there, they have to take the extra step of breaking the glass to get to it -- something that requires some bit of effort, will make a mess and is somewhat loud, attracting attention. None of that is something that would bother anyone if something was actually on fire, but it will very often prevent misuse of the gear other times."} {"category":"Technology","question":"What makes a port and connector on a computer\u2019s limit for data transfer and why? (Ex. Usb, hdmi, thunderbolt)","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What makes a port and connector on a computer\u2019s limit for data transfer and why? (Ex. Usb, hdmi, thunderbolt)","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Three things: 1. Physics. There is only so much information you can pump down a particular kind and length of cable and still have it be usable on the other end (bandwidth). To get more information across, you need a better cable (or multiple cables), which is more expensive, larger, thicker, etc, or you need to limit your length. It boils down to how high a frequency you can send down the cable (the higher the frequency, the more information you can send across), and how much noise is introduced, both from imperfections in the cable and outside sources. For example, you can buy very thin and flexible HDMI cables, but perhaps only up to 3 meters, while you can buy thick ones up to 10 meters easily. This is because the thin cable is worse at transmitting the information, so a 3 meter but thin cable might have the same performance as a 10 meter but thick cable. If you try to extend the thin cable to 10 meters, the signal will be degraded too much and it won't work. 2. Modulation. In order to actually use all that raw bandwidth of the cable, we need to somehow encode the raw digital data (ones and zeroes) into some kind of voltage that gets sent down the cable. The way this is done can be extremely simple, like literally just saying \"1 is 1 volt, 0 is 0 volts\", or extremely complicated schemes using many frequencies and hundreds of voltage levels. This is called modulation, and if you've ever used a *modem*, that's what it stands for (**mo**dulator\/**dem**odulator) There is no way to use absolutely 100% of the theoretical maximum bandwidth of a cable, but we can get pretty close with more and more complicated modulation schemes. However, those also require more expensive hardware on both ends, and more power to make work. Simpler modulation schemes are cheaper and lower power, but might only be able to utilize a fraction of the bandwidth of a cable. For example, USB 1.1 has two speeds (1.5Mbps and 12Mbps), and USB 2.0 added a third speed (480Mbps). All of these use the same cables. Why have the 1.5Mbps speed when you could always just use 12Mbps in the first version? Because the 1.5Mbps modulation is simpler, so you can use simpler and cheaper electronics, and it's good enough for things like a keyboard or a mouse. When USB 1.1 was designed, even the 12Mbps scheme was pretty simple, so it wasn't using the full potential of the cables. Therefore, USB 2.0 came up with a third scheme that could run 480Mbps over the same cables. There's actually a cheat in USB 1.1: devices are allowed to use lower-quality (cheaper) cables that only support the 1.5Mbps speed, but *only if they are permanently attached to the device* (like a mouse with a cable that is not removable). This is so that you can't accidentally use a cable that is only capable of 1.5Mbps on a 12Mbps or 480Mbps device. USB 3.0 added a 5Gbps speed, but that wouldn't work over the existing cables, so USB 3.0 requires new cables (with more and higher quality wires inside) to be able to achieve that speed. It's just not possible over USB 2.0 cables, due to physics. 1. Protocols. Above all this hardware dealing with getting the data across (what we in the business call the *physical layer*), there are a bunch of complicated rules for how data is to be formatted, broken into packets, how different devices agree on what data to send, what timing is allowed (it's okay if a hard drive slows down a bit, it's not okay if a video frame does not get to your monitor in time), how to combine multiple transmissions into the same wire when multiple devices are sharing it (like using USB hubs or Ethernet switches), etc. All of these things are different for each protocol\/standard (USB, HDMI, Thunderbolt, etc) because they are designed for different things, and they also further limit the speed at which the system can run. For example, although USB 2.0 is 480Mbps at the physical layer (bits on the wire), in *practice* you're going to get up to about 340Mbps transferring data to\/from a single device on a USB 2.0 connection, due to all the extra complexities in the system (70% efficiency). Some protocols are better than others - for example, Ethernet by default is about 94% efficient, and with a special configuration called *jumbo frames*, can go up to 99% efficiency."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How do trees talk to each other using mycorrhizal fungi?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do trees talk to each other using mycorrhizal fungi?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The mycelium stretch out across the root systems of multiple plants and plant species, and help to carry chemical messages between them. It's hypothesised that the fungi help to maintain the health of the trees in order to ensure they (the fungi) get the carbon and sugars they need to thrive. Two authors to read on this are Peter Wohlleben (who coined the term 'wood-wide web') and Suzanne Simard."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"If geysers have a opening at the top how do they become pressurized?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If geysers have a opening at the top how do they become pressurized?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Water pressure from the water column inside. Higher pressure = water boils at a higher temperature. So the bottom of the geyser is actually much hotter than 100 \u00b0C when it starts boiling. When it does, the steam starts pushing out the water above, which lowers the pressure (since part of the water is gone now), which lowers the boiling point, which makes more water boil, which in turn pushes more water out."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why does checking your credit score lower your credit score?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does checking your credit score lower your credit score?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Checking your own credit score (soft inquiry) doesn\u2019t lower your credit score. A company or business checking your credit score (hard inquiry) can potentially lower it, but in the short-term: it\u2019s because it is assumed you are looking to take on a new financial obligation which makes you more of a risk temporarily."} {"category":"Economics","question":"What would happen if corporations actually paid their taxes?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What would happen if corporations actually paid their taxes?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Likely if multi-national corporations in America were forced to pay taxes on exports unlike any other country on Earth you'd see them pick up shop and move to a friendlier country. Then they'd try to pass rules preventing it, which would result in American companies becoming noncompetitive with foreign ones and losing all their business."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why is diet soda more bubbly\/carbonated than regular soda?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is diet soda more bubbly\/carbonated than regular soda?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Sugar increases the viscosity of the liquid. A more viscous liquid will have enough surface tension to form larger bubbles with the carbonation instead of many smaller bubbles. A larger bubble has a greater strain on it\u2019s surface to they pop easier. Smaller bubbles are more stable since they aren\u2019t under that much strain so they stick around for a bit. Consider a balloon. The more you blow it up, the easier it is to pop. The acid in lemon juice helps break the bonds that are holding together the surface of the bubble. This is like poking the balloon with a needle. When you break these bonds, the bubbles pop."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How do Magic Erasers (those little sponge-block things made by many companies including Mr. Clean) work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do Magic Erasers (those little sponge-block things made by many companies including Mr. Clean) work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They are abrasive (like steel wool or sandpaper), just a very fine grit. Their amazing cleaning comes from physically scraping dirt off on a very small scale. As an aside, Magic Erasers are way overpriced, you can buy the exact same sponges in bags of like 100 for a few dollars on Amazon (or other online retailer). Search \"melamine sponge\"."} {"category":"Other","question":"When a body is found and they identify it with dental records - where do they get these records from? Is there a dental database? Or is this just to confirm the identity of a known person?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When a body is found and they identify it with dental records - where do they get these records from? Is there a dental database? Or is this just to confirm the identity of a known person?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's to confirm the body is actually who they think it is by asking the dentist of the missing person (who usually has some xrays and maybe treatments in his archive so you can check if they match the teeth of the corpse) It won't help If they don't have a clue, or the person isn't even missed by anyone in the vicinity"} {"category":"Technology","question":"What is Elon Musk's new company Neuralink, and what is its goal?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is Elon Musk's new company Neuralink, and what is its goal?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) already exist, and are used for a variety of medical purposes. Cochlear implants can restore some hearing, retinal implants can offer low-resolution sight, and vagus nerve stimulation can reduce the severity of epileptic seizures. However, for as wonderful as they are, all of those things kind of suck. They're bulky and obtrusive and not especially effective (although they're far better than any alternative). So, a part of Neuralink's mission is to develop more convenient, effective, and cheaper BMIs (which may sound familiar if you've been following SpaceX's development of cheaper, faster, more frequent rocket launches). As they miniaturize, implants should be able to work at a finer resolution and produce better effects. Retinal implants with more smaller \"pixels\" might be able to offer full, baseline-level sight, rather than the fuzzy, blocky \"at least I'm not running into things\" vision they produce right now. That's what we know for certain. Anything beyond that is speculation. This blog post, which has extensively covered Musk's businesses, suggests that the ultimate goal is the classic sci-fi merger of artificial intelligence and computing with our brains. The argument is that Musk is deeply worried about the development of AI and sees it as inevitable (both of which he's on record stating), so our best chance for a good outcome is to *become* that AI by integrating it with our brains. Some choice quotes from Musk at the end of the article: > We\u2019re going to have the choice of either being left behind and being effectively useless or like a pet\u2014you know, like a house cat or something\u2014or eventually figuring out some way to be symbiotic and merge with AI. A house cat\u2019s a good outcome, by the way. > The pace of progress in this direction matters a lot. We don\u2019t want to develop digital superintelligence too far before being able to do a merged brain-computer interface. URL_0"} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How does soap work at a chemical level?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does soap work at a chemical level?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Water is polar, fat is not. So the cant Connect with each other. So the soap molecules build micells. Theyre polar on the outside and not polar on the inside. These micells take tiny parts if fat into them and can get washed away by water , because the outside of the micells can Connect with it. I learned this in german so im sorry I didnt get the words right"} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do some states require you to reveal your identity when you win the lottery?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do some states require you to reveal your identity when you win the lottery?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's to prove that it wasn't a scam. The lottery is generally regulated by the government to some capacity and so they want to ensure that it's transparent. If you didn't require to reveal the identity of the winner it would be very easy to see a situation where the governor's siblings all just happen to be the winners each time and no one would be able to find out. This was the case for McDonald's Monopoly game for many years when it first came out."} {"category":"Physics","question":"bouyancy, and how far does something sink?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n bouyancy, and how far does something sink?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"> When you see a floating object, is the bouyant force counteracting the entire weight of the ship? **In that the weight of the water displaced by the part under water, is equal to the entire weight of the ship - so that the buoyant force is able to keep it afloat?** Therefore, that dictates how much needs to be submerged in order for a ship to float (as long as its less dense than the water obviously). So, a heavier, more dense ship will need to have more of its body submerged, than a less heavy and dense ship of equal volume? Exactly this. A floating ship will displace exactly its weight in water, and will rise and fall in the water according to how much weight is carried with the major variations being cargo, fuel and ballast. This is most clearly seen with cargo ships like tankers or bulk carriers, which often sail full in one direction and empty in the other. They'll carry some ballast water for stability purposes, but will still be much lighter when not carrying cargo, and thus much higher in the water. An important point is that the point at which a ship floats also involves the density of water. Sea water is more dense than fresh water, so a ship will float higher in sea water than in fresh water despite no changes in its weight."} {"category":"Economics","question":"What Role did Accountants play in the financial crisis of 2008?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What Role did Accountants play in the financial crisis of 2008?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Well, fair value AKA mark-to-market accounting involves booking the underlying asset at its market price (what you could sell it for on the open market) at the end of every quarter. Overall, accounting had little to do with the financial crisis, but rather risk assessment. Accounting played some role, especially when it came tumbling down and pricing the assets became impossible on a mark-to-market system as people stopped buying them (which notably led to crises in PNB Parabis & Countrywide Financial). The job of accountants is not usually to assess the risk of an asset, that\u2019s usually reserved for risk analysts who tell the accountants what the \u201cexpected value\u201d (potential value - value at risk) is. Remember, accountants simply keep track of where money is, what assets are worth according to the market, depreciating tarnishable assets, etc etc but accountants themselves do not usually forecast. I get the feeling you don\u2019t specifically want an explanation about accountants but more of a reason why theoretical failures in valuation lead to the crash. As I\u2019m sure you know, it was centered around the collapse in prices of mortgage-backed securities. Investors buy mortgage backed securities to make money when people repay mortgages. These were split into separate \u201ctranches\u201d or slices based on risk preference. The highest rated tranches (the least risky) paid the least out but had the lowest risk of defaulting. The lowest rated ones were the riskiest but paid out the most. A lot of these tranches were packaged together into other security products (other MBSs). The analysts figured if they combined a lot of the riskiest tranches, the chance of them all defaulting at the same time was extremely low (since home prices in California are usually independent of, say, Massachusetts), so they should be low on risk while offering higher returns. The primary problem was that the assumption home prices were not correlated was based on past data, and home prices came tumbling all at once which led to the total default of most of the financial systems most popular investment. Because these securities were mainly comprised of the lowest-rated mortgages, they were extremely susceptible to rising mortgage defaults. It only took 7% of the mortgages in the usual subprime (subprime means bad) mortgage-backed security to make it totally worthless. TL;DR: Risk models were based on the assumption home-prices aren\u2019t correlated across the country, but they did correlate negatively for a while there which caused the crisis, in addition to the complexity and nascency of the securities making it hard for people to figure out their true value. Accountants valued them on what other people would pay, and not necessarily their expected value from cash flow which compounded the issue to a small extent. Be cautious! Every time a question about 2008 gets asked, a lot of people who saw The Big Short like to hop on here and give a lot of misinformation. If you read a comment that involves \u201cCDS\u201d in it somewhere, completely ignore it! It has nothing to do with the question you asked. Appendix: Mortgage-backed security: A security comprised of mortgage loans. Subprime: A mortgage given to a person that\u2019s at risk of not repaying it. Tranche: The word used to describe the different sections of a mortgage-backed security you could invest in. The point of a tranche is to provide different levels of risk (and return) depending on investors risk preferences. Default: When somebody does not repay their mortgage. It can also be used in the context of a security \u201cdefaulting\u201d, ie when it loses its value. Further reading: \u201cMark-to-market\u201d \u201cAsset-backed security\u201d \u201cLiquidity\u201d \u201cBeta (finance)\u201d"} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why does temperature vary so drastically on earth?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does temperature vary so drastically on earth?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It doesn't really vary that much in the absolute sense, the Earth is well insulated by the atmosphere and oceans and temperatures don't wander too far from average. The higher latitudes get the biggest yearly swings from ~250K to ~310K due to how they angle in and out from the sun over the course of the year. Equatorial areas barely budge. Over on Mercury the temperatures swing violently from 100K at night to 700K at \"noon\" since it's just rock exposed to the sun's fury and frozen deep space."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why does breathing smoke make your chest hurt?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does breathing smoke make your chest hurt?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Your entire respiratory tract needs to stay moist, so it is covered in mucus. Smoke is very very dry, and dries out your respiratory tract. To compensate, you need to produce more mucus. You can also achieve this by coughing, which pushes mucus from deeper in the lungs (where the smoke may not have reached) up towards the affected area (e.g. the windpipe). Excessive coughing, like what happens when a non-smoker tries to smoke, can cause chest pain because you are overexerting your chest muscles by coughing."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do water temperatures feel different before, during, and after swimming?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do water temperatures feel different before, during, and after swimming?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Your body can only sense the difference in temperature, not the actual temperature like a thermometer. You can try this out by having 3 bowls containing warm, room temperature, and cold water. Put one hand in the warm water and your other in the cold water for about a minute. Then move your hands into the room temperature water. The hand in warm water will feel cold while the hand cold water will feel warm despite the fact that your hands are in water of the same temperature. The same happens at the pool. Your skin temperature is normally higher than the water temperature. When you first dip in, your skin feels the huge temperature difference and it feels cold! But over time, the skin's temperature adjusts to the water's temperature and you don't feel any difference. You still have to move around and generate more heat from playing and swimming. Remaining stationary in cool water can lead to hypothermia as water can remove heat faster than air. Getting out of the water feels cold because of evaporative cooling, the same effect where sweat cools you down. The pool water on your skin starts to vaporize and carry heat with it, cooling the skin. If you get back in the water, it stops this effect, making you feel warmer. Drying yourself off also stops the evaporative cooling and can also make you feel warm despite no changes in air temperature."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Do light sources produce infinite number of photons?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Do light sources produce infinite number of photons?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"No. No light source produces an infinite number of photons. Number of photons corresponds to intensity or brightness of a light source. The Sun appears very bright from Earth. it would appear less bright the further you get from it. That's because the closer you are to it, the more photons are 'hitting' you. Stars burn energy and release it as light and heat. They do have a finite amount of energy though. One day every star will run out of energy and die."} {"category":"Other","question":"Roe v Wade concluded that the right to abortion follows from the right to privacy. What was the reasoning behind this?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Roe v Wade concluded that the right to abortion follows from the right to privacy. What was the reasoning behind this?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A lot of people don't understand Roe v. Wade. There is no such thing as a \"right to privacy\" - rather, that phrase is just an easy way of explaining the limitations of the government's police power. In the US governments don't have any power by default. In order to do anything, a government needs to be able to point to a constitutional provision that explicitly grants them that power. For example, if the government wants to outlaw theft then it has to have some constitutional provision that gives it the right to do that. In the case of theft (and most other criminal laws) that power is the police power. Every state level constitution has a clause granting that state government the right to regulate the \"health, safety, and well being\" of the citizens of that state. We call this phrase the \"police power\" and it grants state governments wide ranging power to regulate your personal life. But an important limitation of the police power is that it only allows the government to pass regulations that increase the health, safety, or well being of society. If someone's personal actions don't affect society, then the police power does not grant the government the right to regulate them. Roe v. Wade was not about establishing a right to privacy. Roe v. Wade established when a fetus becomes a legal human being. Before a fetus is a legal human being, it is legally no different than a tumor and the government has no more right to regulate a medical procedure to remove it than it would to regulate a medical procedure to remove cancer. However, once a fetus becomes a legal human being, then harming it causes harm to society and the government is free to regulate such harm (IE, by outlawing abortion). This is where you get the \"right to privacy\" from - its very, *very* difficult to make an argument that actions which only affect consenting adults are harming society. Therefore, the police power does not grant the government the right to regulate such actions. But the right to privacy isn't a right like the 1st Amendment. The 1st Amendment grants you a personal right to free speech. The government can overcome that right in certain instances, but its very difficult to do and requires the government to have some overwhelming need to do so. The right to privacy is not a personal right - its a *lack* of a right to do something on the part of the government. This means that it is much easier to overcome. What constitutes a harm to society changes over time. For example, only a handful of the most extreme people who are opposed to gay marriage actually believe that gay sex causes any harm to society, and as a result gay sex is modernly protected by the right to privacy. But that wasn't always the case - for most of US history most people legitimately believed that homosexuality was a virulent plague that destroyed lives and could spread - similar to how society views drug use today. Much in the way that drug use today is not protected by the right to privacy, gay sex was not protected by the right to privacy until 2003. People tend to think of rights as a one way street - that your ability to act without government regulation is constantly increasing. But this isn't true historically - society's views on what constitute a societal harm are constantly shifting, and the right to privacy is only as strong as society believes it to be."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How can sweden, denmark (and GB too sorta) keep their currency when it\u2019s law to change to the euro?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can sweden, denmark (and GB too sorta) keep their currency when it\u2019s law to change to the euro?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's not law that European Union countries must change to the Euro. There are lots of risks associated with switching to the Euro and with letting a country switch to the Euro There are multiple levels to the EU. The basic EU provides for open borders with other EU member states but doesn't include the Euro. Only the 19 countries which are part of the Eurozone use the Euro which leaves 9 EU countries using their own currency"} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"what's the simplest way to explain higher special dimensions to someone?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what's the simplest way to explain higher special dimensions to someone?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A spatial dimension is literally just a direction. As far as we know, the universe has three such dimensions: you could call them forward\/backward, left\/right, and up\/down; or north\/south, east\/west, and up\/down; or whatever else you wanted. The important thing is that no matter which labels you use for the directions, there are always three of them. But there's no reason you couldn't imagine a universe with only two directions to move in, or four, or twenty-seven. You can describe them all equally well with mathematics, so we can reason about them logically even though we can only ever experience three-dimensional space."} {"category":"Biology","question":"After tendonesis surgery, how does your body continue to move correctly if the tendon isn\u2019t attached in the same place anymore?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n After tendonesis surgery, how does your body continue to move correctly if the tendon isn\u2019t attached in the same place anymore?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Individual muscle movements are pretty simple. You can pretty much only contract and relax them, and since the biceps muscle\u2019s only job is to pull the lower arm in a particular direction, so long as you keep it in the same plane as before, it doesn\u2019t matter too much where the tendon is attached because it\u2019ll still pull the lower arm. Now, does this cause some issues with throwing off some finer movements and misjudging how much force you\u2019re using to do something? It\u2019s certainly possible. But the brain can adjust to that sort of thing pretty quickly"} {"category":"Physics","question":"what do we actually see at the edge of the observable universe?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what do we actually see at the edge of the observable universe?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"What is the Big Bang? --- The origin of your confusion seems to be the very common misconception that the big bang originated from one point in space. That is not true. But let's back up a little:The observable universe is the sum of all points in space that are causally connected to earth. That means, it is a sphere around earth encompassing all the space from which photons have had the time to reach earth since the big bang ~13 billion years ago. This observable universe was indeed compressed into a tiny portion of space shortly after the big bang. However, the observable universe is by far not all there is. Current data shows, that the universe is [probably at least 3\\*10^(23) times bigger]( URL_1 ) than the observable universe. And many cosmologists believe that the universe is infinitely big. Hence, the big bang did not occur at one point in space, but everywhere at one. Which is why the name big bang is horrible. Henry Reich from MinutePhysics argues that the Big Bang should be renamed into Everywhere Stretch in [this]( URL_0 ) video. (You should definitely check this video out, it does a good job explaining your very question.) The Cosmic Background Radiation is the residual radiation from a time shortly after the Big Bang, when the universe cooled down enough to become transparent to photons. And the photons we detect on earth have traveled since that moment and are reaching us just now. Can we see Background Radiation from everywhere in the universe, or is earth somehow special? --- One of the most fundamental assumptions of cosmology is that the universe is isotropic and homogeneous - which is called the [cosmological principle]( URL_2 ). That means by and large the universe looks the same in all directions and at all points. This suggests, that earth is *not* special in being able to see Cosmic Background Radiation. Indeed, every observer, anywhere in the universe is in the center of their own observable universe and will receive CMB (cosmic microwave background) from the edge of *their* observable universe. Thus, the question what it looks like to stand at the edge of the observable universe cannot be answered in any meaningful way. An observer is *always* at the center of their own observable universe, so - by definition - there cannot be an observer at the edge of an observable universe."} {"category":"Physics","question":"What would happen if light moved at twice the speed?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What would happen if light moved at twice the speed?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Speed of light is not dependent on light itself like you might think. Our universe is just built so that the maximum speed limit for information is _c_, which massless particles (such as photons) invariably travel at. Changing _c_ would fundamentally change how everything in our universe works. There's no telling what it would imply, which is why theories about variable _c_ are generally not held in very high regard."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"Why does the weather change?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does the weather change?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Just as a correction to your question, our distance from the sun doesn't cause our seasons, the axial tilt does. But anyway, there are hundreds of factors that don't repeat regularly. Our orbit changes ever so slightly, the moon is receding slowly, our axial tilt precesses, our magnetic field is moving around relatively quickly compared to other factors, solar activity changes on 11 year cycles, with even longer changes beyond that, and much more. Perhaps one of the biggest influences is life. The composition of our atmosphere has been primarily controlled by life for billions of years. Also, our atmosphere is a fluid, and fluids are governed by extremely complex systems of equations that we haven't yet been able to solve. In fact I believe it may not be possible to derive exact solutions to said equations. It's chaos theory and all that."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How does ram exactly work and what happens if you don't have enough in your computer?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does ram exactly work and what happens if you don't have enough in your computer?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"RAM is the memory used by programs and the system to do the functions they need to do. Picture it like your dining room table. Now let\u2019s consider best case scenario, you have a huge table (or a bunch of RAM). With your very large table, you can invite all your friends to dinner at the same time. You can serve multiple courses and there is room for all the plates. There is room for all the guests to fit at the table, and there is room for them to all eat and enjoy themselves. Now let\u2019s picture a 6 person table. Your family can eat just fine. Maybe you\u2019re a family of 4 so you can invite a friend for each of your kids, but no more. Or you can invite one set of in-laws but not both at the same time. With 4 people you can have a decadent meal with several courses. With 6 people you may have to scale back how elaborate the meal is because you are starting to run out of table space. Back to RAM with excess RAM, the max your motherboard can address, you never run out of space for programs to work. With the recommended amount of RAM, you can operate in most scenarios without running into issues. Now the last scenario, the minimum required amount of RAM, or the 2 seater kitchen table. Your family of four can\u2019t eat at the same time. They have to be fed in batches. If there are just 2 eating, you can have a normal meal, if you are eating by yourself, you can have an elaborate meal. With minimum RAM the system will prioritize what gets memory usage and what doesn\u2019t, programs slow down because they have to wait for memory."} {"category":"Biology","question":"why does the arm feel like static when you hit your elbow on a corner?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why does the arm feel like static when you hit your elbow on a corner?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"At the elbow end of your humerus, there's a bit of a groove where your ulnar nerve passes over the end of the bone, so the nerve's pretty exposed there. If you bang your elbow the wrong way, you'll hit that vulnerable nerve and pinch it against the bone, and it causes a bunch of spurious sensations from all along where that nerve is connected. It serves most of your forearm and hand, so the whole area lights up. Most of our big nerves are buried deep, where they're safe, but there just isn't a ton of room at the elbow joint so we've ended up with a bit of a vulnerability there."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do marine mammals sway their tails vertically, while fish sway them horizontally?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do marine mammals sway their tails vertically, while fish sway them horizontally?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"\u201cIt reflects the evolutionary history of locomotion. Our wormy ancestors slithered on the sea floor, so undulated side-to-side. Fish inherited that movement, for which a vertical tail is best. Their distant land mammal descendants evolved to run with limbs underneath: an unstable gait allowing rapid direction changes. To extend the stride, their spine flexes up-and-down. Marine mammals kept this movement, for which a horizontal tail is best.\u201d Source: URL_0"} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How does the salt-and-ice challenge work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does the salt-and-ice challenge work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"We did this back in the 90's also. \"Adding salt to ice or ice water actually lowers the temperature and makes it colder than the regular freezing temperature for water, 32 degrees F. The mixture soaks up heat from the surrounding skin cells, causing a second- or third-degree burn similar to frostbite.\" Edit: I have friends with marks still on them I would watch the knuckle heads do it and just let them win if your put in that situation."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why are there more mentally ill people than ever, despite the best living conditions in history?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are there more mentally ill people than ever, despite the best living conditions in history?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Mixture of a lot of things that could explain what we are currently seeing. 1. Internet just exposes us to a lot more people. So we THINK there's a lot more ill people. 2. There's a lot of self diagnosis going around. I'm not dismissing mental illness BUT there are definitely people who just say \"Oh I have anxiety\" when really they just need to step out of their comfort zone. 3. Older generations dismissed or buried mental illness. 4. Influencers present the perfect life. Makes followers think life should always be happy. When it's not, they can't deal with it because that's all they've been presented with. 5. Perhaps having to actually fight for survival kept you too busy to look at life in a bleak manner. There's likely many more problems."} {"category":"Technology","question":"what is a DDOS attack and how can someone target your IP and cause your online game to lag in within seconds?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what is a DDOS attack and how can someone target your IP and cause your online game to lag in within seconds?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"DoS: denial of service. From a single machine, send another machine a lot of data trying to overload it such that it can't or at the very least has trouble trying to respond to new requests. DDoS: distributed denial of service; same as above, but it's from multiple computers. Many times you are the recipient of a DoS, not a DDoS. Your public IP directly maps to your router usually, and then the router becomes overloaded and had trouble responding to your own PC's outgoing internet requests thereby increasing your latency to the point that you go offline. This is colloquially called being booted off. I hope that's ELI5 enough. Do you have more questions about it?"} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"what is kepler's third law?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what is kepler's third law?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It relates how far away an object orbits a star, with how long it takes to make one orbit. It tells us that further away objects take longer to orbit. We can use it to figure out how long a \"year\" is for a particular planet given it's distance from a star, or vice versa."} {"category":"Other","question":". Why do birth rates decline as a country develops?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n . Why do birth rates decline as a country develops?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There's a lot of reasons. In less developed countries the birth rate is higher, but so is the infant mortality rate. The US has the highest infant mortality rate in the Western world at 6\/1000 births but as recently as the 1940's-1950's the infant mortality rate in the US was as high as 20-25%. Or to make that more obvious if you had 5 kids one wouldn't make it to 6 months. Having a big family for the sake of having 'spare kids' was a thing. My own grandparents each had a family of 5 that made it and lost 2 and 3 kids respectively at only a few months old. In a low-tech more agrarian society (larger percentage of the population have farms or family businesses) you need kids to help with the daily labor just to help the family survive. Having more mouths to feed can make survival more difficult, but generally having more hands and feet available makes survival easier. One of the biggest human survival traits is that we form families and work together. Increased education + technical work leads to people focusing more on their careers and less on raising a family. Because of how we educate people, by the time well educated people graduate, get a job, get settled, buy a house, and do all the things you're supposed to do before you start a family you are already well into your 30s. A lot of people get used to the no-kids lifestyle, or by the time they want kids they are already fairly old so it's better to have a smaller family. Better medical care, and increased education leads to increased use of birth control and condoms reducing the rate of unexpected pregnancy. Retirement is another factor. In less developed countries retirement as we know it doesn't really exist. The parents can't reasonably accumulate enough wealth over their lives to stop working and stay home and travel for the rest of their lives. Select kids (the youngest or oldest for example) become responsible for caring for the grandparents as they get older and keep them in their home\/inherit the house. While the grandparents in turn help raise the kids."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How do laser printers work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do laser printers work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Laser printer toner is given a small negative electric charge inside the cartridge. Another component, the *charge roller,* applies a uniform negative electric charge to a photosensitive drum roller. Thus, the drum will repel toner, preventing it from adhering. This is where the laser comes in; by sweeping across the drum and pulsing on and off in sequence, the laser \"writes\" the image of the document being printed onto the drum roller, neutralizing the charge and letting the toner stick. Afterwards, the drum presses the toner against the paper as it passes through; since the toner exhibits a greater attraction to the paper than to the drum, it sticks to the paper instead. Some printers have a positively-charged transfer roller to help with the process. Heat and pressure fuse the toner to the paper, resulting in the completed printout."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"When should one use standard deviation and when variance?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When should one use standard deviation and when variance?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Since there's a direct relationship between the two, they basically mean the same thing, they're measures of how far the samples are from the mean, they measure the \"spread\" of the data. Higher variance or higher standard deviation mean the samples are more spread out around their mean. Variance is usually mathematically more convenient; a lot of math functions don't behave well around square roots because, from a math standpoint, there's two answers to a square root (negative and positive) and this can screw up other formulas. \"Negative standard deviation\" doesn't have any meaning but the square root doesn't know that. In addition, when adding random variables, the variances just add too, which is convenient. That is \\*not\\* generally true for standard deviation. Standard deviation, as \/u\/znn94x notes, is in the same units as the data so is more intuitive. In general...use variance for all your calculations, drop it down to standard deviation when you actually want to talk about the spread of the data or need to work with distributions that take the SD as an input (very common for Excel distribution formulas, for example)."} {"category":"Physics","question":"What are galaxies made of?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What are galaxies made of?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Gravity (and momentum) Have you ever made pudding? What about ever pouring dry ingredients into wet ones? It clumps up but does not clump together as one big blob. While this isn't due to gravity, the main concept is that seemingly random clumping is natural. If the Big Bang theory is correct, then it started with matter flying in all directions very very quickly with some unknown force that keeps pushing stuff away even faster and faster. Later stuff was able to clump together. Why is it not a perfectly even distribution? That's still a question for science."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What is cancer? What causes it? How does it form and spread?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is cancer? What causes it? How does it form and spread?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Our cells have a normal life cycle. They grow, divide and die. This life cycle is guided by our genetic code. When the code gets mixed up our cells get the life cycle altered and grow for to long or they may not die. Prolonged growth and lack of cell death causes masses to form in our body that use our own energy and systems to stay alive. Anything that makes the code get scrambled can cause cancer. For example, sun light or smoking. Both cause the cells in a normal lifecycle to misinterpret their own code and begin living an incorrect lifecycle. Edit: spread of cancer is usually due to the badly coded cells breaking off of their original site and locating else where in the body to continue a cycle of too long of life."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do muscle cells grow instead of undergoing mitosis like other cells? What would happen if someone loss a large amount of muscle cells, how would it be replenished?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do muscle cells grow instead of undergoing mitosis like other cells? What would happen if someone loss a large amount of muscle cells, how would it be replenished?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Actually, muscle tissue can regenerate\/grow to a certain extent. Satellite cells are stem cells which are located on your muscle fibers. These cells will continuously divide, and will fuse with damaged muscle cells to repair the tissue. Because muscle tissue is fundamentally a bunch of muscle cells fused together, this repair mechanism works and \u201cenlarges\u201d the muscle cell. However you have a problem if more cells are damaged than the satellite cells can repair. Through a very complicated set of pathways, the damaged cells signal scar tissue to form. This permanently reduces the ability of the muscle to stretch\/contract. There has been plenty of research into muscle regeneration. Some approaches try to speed up the growth of satellite cells with compounds like FGF or IGF, but these usually cause pain and abnormal swelling. Other approaches try to stop scar tissue formation by reducing compounds necessary for fibrosis such as mFAPs (yes, actual name). Even weirder research involves using bacteriophages (viruses) to stimulate cell growth."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"- have traditional cloud shapes changed from men altering landscapes or build large cities?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n - have traditional cloud shapes changed from men altering landscapes or build large cities?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The cloud SHAPES or the locations of the clouds? There is indeed an effect on the temperature of an area due to the heat island effect around large cities, and this could impact the convective activity directly overhead. And you will certainly see clouds forming where they usually wouldn't due to exhaust from power plants and such carrying warm moist air upward."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Whats the difference between sugar in fruits, sugar in sweets, sugar in normal food (like potatoes, meat) and raw white sugar that I buy in supermarket? Which one is worse for my health?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Whats the difference between sugar in fruits, sugar in sweets, sugar in normal food (like potatoes, meat) and raw white sugar that I buy in supermarket? Which one is worse for my health?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Sugar is a category of molecules, including monosaccharides (one molecule, like glucose or fructose), disaccharides (two monosaccharides stuck together, eg 1 Glucose + 1 Fructose = 1 Sucrose), and polysaccharides (many mono or disaccharides stuck together, eg Starch which is a whole bunch of glucoses). The sugar you find in fruit is mostly fructose. Fructose is a lot sweeter than glucose or sucrose, which means less of it is required to create the taste of sweetness. Many artificial sweeteners are fructose-based. Fructose is also less versatile than glucose in terms of what the body can use it for. The sugar in sweets is typically sucrose, as is raw white sugar. Sucrose is broken down into 1 glucose and 1 fructose in your small intestine. The glucose is subsequently stored in the liver, whilst the fructose behaves like fructose. Generally, you need more sucrose to create a flavour of sweetness than you do fructose, however, sucrose is also *waaaaay* easier to make and also quite a lot easier to work with, which is why it's the go to sugar for things like baking. The sugar in things like potatoes and meat *tend* to be glucose-based polysaccharides. In potatoes, this is starch. This kind of sugar you probably hear referred to most often as \"carbohydrates\". They're the carbohydrates that don't count as \"of which sugar\" on food labels. These sugars take quite a while for your digestive tract to digest, and are also very easily stored by the liver (the first stop of the blood after the small intestine, where glucose is absorbed), meaning that these large glucose-based polysaccharides are much less of an issue for blood sugar levels than sucrose is. Also, these polysaccharides don't taste sweet, which means they don't activate the brain's dopamine very much, and thus it's much harder to over-eat. Bonus round: Lactose sugars found in milk and other dairy products are even less sweet than glucose, but is pretty much identical to glucose in terms of function since the body rapidly converts it into glucose. However, most humans can't actually digest lactose at all. No sugar is directly worse for your health than any other. The real danger of sugar is that it can be addictive, and as a sweet substance, is also something we can be prone to eating far too much of just by accident. Sucrose in particular dissolves spectacularly well, so you can pack a *ton* of it into pretty much anything you want, like coke."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"SPF (Sun Protection Factor) What is it exactly and how does the rating work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n SPF (Sun Protection Factor) What is it exactly and how does the rating work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"SPF is \"relative measure of how long a sunscreen will protect you from ultraviolet (UV) B rays.\" [source]( URL_1 ) For example, if you normally take 1 minute to burn in the sun and you applied SPF 15, it should theoretically take you 15 minutes to burn. Additionally, you typically do not need more than SPF 30 or 50 due to the law of diminishing returns. SPF 30 blocks approximately 97% of UVB rays. [more source]( URL_0 )"} {"category":"Physics","question":"why do knots form when you jostle long string like things (headphone wires etc.)?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why do knots form when you jostle long string like things (headphone wires etc.)?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I read a white paper on this a while ago (yes physists have studied this). I may not be remembering exactly right. Long story short, there are certain basic knots that can form from a straight cord that crosses over itself. These can all be combined in any combination to make other knots. So there are pretty much an infinite number of possible knots. When a cord is balled up, it crosses over itself. These cross overs always form the first step of some of those basic knots, which lead to others when you pull on it."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why do modern cameras have lower (~12) megapixels as compared to older cameras?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do modern cameras have lower (~12) megapixels as compared to older cameras?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When I took a digital photography course in college, probably about ten years ago, it was explained to me like this: It's less about the absolute number of megapixels and more about the ratio of megapixels to the size of the photo sensor. The size of the sensor is more indicative of image quality than the number of pixels, but \"12.5 megapixels\" is more marketable than \"big ol' photosensor.\" It's easier to compare 12 to 10 and say, oh I know which one is better. This is what started the megapixel hype. We are probably starting to see this die down a bit as camera components become cheaper and image capturing software becomes more powerful."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why aren't plastic bags recyclable?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why aren't plastic bags recyclable?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Much like with straws it isn't an issue of the type of material but the form it is in. Plastic bags are difficult or impractical to recycle because they are easily blown around and can become tangled in machinery. It is easy to toss a bunch of milk jugs in a shredder and end up with a pile of plastic chips, but tossing a bunch of bags in a shredder will get you a clogged shredder and plastic confetti all over the place."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What actually determines the moment that you fall asleep?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What actually determines the moment that you fall asleep?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There really isn't a exact moment when you fall asleep, because it isn't a synchronised thing. Different parts of your brain do different things at different times. And sometimes you can be asleep, and awake at the same time, like sleep paralysis. And you can be asleep, without going through all the phases of sleep. And these stages are just based on our observations and scans, we don't actually know everything that happens in our brains. But we know that lack of sleep is deadly. There is fatal insomnia like *fatal familial insomnia.* But since sleep messes up with our memory, we don't actually know when we fall asleep. Like for example when you get general anaesthesia, when they tell you to count down from 100, the moment you recall that things went \"black\" was just the moment your consciousness went asleep and memory failed, not the moment you fell asleep. Like... You know sometimes you just lay there, you feel like you are asleep, but you are awake, and next or when you get up, you feel well rested and fully awake? Well you did sleep, sorta, kinda, in a way. Only thing that really matters is that the certain parts of your brain did the things it had to do to make you feel rested. Human brains are really strange."} {"category":"Economics","question":"What does it mean when employees unionize?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What does it mean when employees unionize?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It means the workers organize and stand with one another, they appoint or elect representatives, the representatives in turn represent interest of the masses in negotiating with the company for better pay, benefits, hours, conditions, contracts. They also fight the company on grievances for violations of contract etc. If they can\u2019t the workers aka the union strike, sometimes effectively shutting down or severely hampering the companies operations."} {"category":"Technology","question":"CPU threads and cores. Whats the difference? How do they work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n CPU threads and cores. Whats the difference? How do they work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A core is a hardware component. The difference between multiple CPUs and multiple cores is that multiple cores share some resources on the same cpu, like cache memory where multiple ~~cores~~ CPUs don't. It makes thing more compact and efficient overall. A thread is a software concept. It represents a specific programming task that needs to be done. Threads run mostly independently from each other though they can share information. As a very basic example on how threads are used with a simple unzip app one thread can handle user input on a gui and display progress bars, and a second thread can handle decompressing and loading actual files. Most GUIs work this way to make sure that the interface stays responsive (doesn't look frozen) even if it's doing processing in the background. In a bit more advanced program one thread can handle decompressing the first half of a file, and another the second half. There's also a hardware thing called hyper-threading where a single core can handle execution of multiple threads at the same time. It isn't as fast as having multiple cores because it doesn't have a complete copy of all the hardware needed to independently do different things, but it's still faster than just running a single thread on one core."} {"category":"Economics","question":"What is a recession? What is the most common cause of it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is a recession? What is the most common cause of it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The economy wants to grow buff so it hits the gym. Over time, it begins to see big noticeable gains. Excitedly, the economy works harder and harder. The frequent personal records motivates the economy to keep going HAM. Soon, warning signs signal the economy to take it easy. One day, the economy injures itself badly while lifting. The sports doctor determines the cause of injury was overtraining, and the economy must now rest or do more damage to itself. While pondering in bed, the economy realizes that during its pursuit of growth it had neglected to nourish other things like forming friendships, practicing good hygiene, educating itself, and also amassed a ton of workout stuff at home -- most of it useless junk that had to get taken out. Thanks to this moment of rest, the economy decides to clean up the things it previously ignored. It also pledged to itself to lift more moderately to avoid injury once it recovered. Issues are buried during growth periods, and recessions unearths them."} {"category":"Technology","question":"If all websites start with \"www.\" what is the point of having it in the first place?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If all websites start with \"www.\" what is the point of having it in the first place?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Not all websites start with `www`. This *host name* can be nearly anything you want. It's useful for distinguishing different parts of the same domain: for example, although the main portal to Wikipedia is at ` URL_6 `, the English Wikipedia is at ` URL_4 `, the German Wikipedia is at ` URL_0 ` and so on. If you don't have a need for that distinction, it's still useful to pick *some* hostname, because it lets you change your mind later. For example, you might choose to send cookies for pages on `www. URL_1 `, but decide to serve all your images from `images. URL_1 ` without cookies and save bandwidth. If you had your pages on ` URL_1 `, any cookies for those pages would also be sent with the images from `images. URL_1 `. (Note there's a hierarchy: there could even be `big.images. URL_1 ` to break it up further.) It happens that the first website, hosted at CERN, used `www` as a hostname. This why it became the default choice for everyone who wanted to have a website of their own; there's no special technical reason for it."} {"category":"Other","question":"What actually happened to Toys R us? How does a company like that go out of business?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What actually happened to Toys R us? How does a company like that go out of business?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The biggest reason it failed was they took part in a leveraged buyout. Basically, they took out loans in order to buy all public shares back from stock holders and becomes a private company again. The company paid the interest on the loans, while the executives who made the decisions made out like bandits and left."} {"category":"Other","question":"How are names translated in sign language?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How are names translated in sign language?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"To expand on u\/its2late's correct answer - When there's a word \/ concept that doesn't have a direct sign, often there will be a temporary sign created for the duration of the conversation. The signer fingerspells the word, then indicates the representative handsign they're going to use. For example, if two ASL signers are discussing lycanthropy, one may fingerspell the word, then assign it a sign like `handshape for L which moves in a down-and-out motion` (like a wolf howling). The two signers then use that temporary sign for the remainder of the discussion. If you hang out with Deaf community folks you might get a Sign Name, which is basically an ASL custom sign for you that is used consistently."} {"category":"Other","question":"How were mobsters like Al Capone and John Gotti in the public eye, yet were immune to the police for years?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How were mobsters like Al Capone and John Gotti in the public eye, yet were immune to the police for years?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Before RICO laws it was hard to take down an entire organization because the mob boss could never be connected to any specific crime. The Mob boss would talk to his under-boss about an illicit act. The under-boss would pass the info along to a caporegime (a sort of lieutenant) who would then instruct one of his gang to do the crime. Point is even if you caught and prosecuted the guy who did it, he'd rarely rat on his boss. His boss would never rat on the under-boss, who in turn would die before selling out his boss. The best structures mafias were like families - if you went to jail for a crime you committed on the families behalf, you were taken care of. Everyone was loyal to each other, and loyalty was rewarded. RICO laws changed that by allowing entire criminal organizations to be prosecuted for individual crime as \"co-conspirators\" -- if you could prove enough of a connection between the actions, those who carried out the action, and those who allegedly instructed it, that is."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"why do cardboard boxes that we put in the freezer become weirdly soft?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why do cardboard boxes that we put in the freezer become weirdly soft?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Cardboard is very dry - in other words, it can act as a sponge when in the presence of water. Most modern freezers are frost-free freezers, which mean then evaporate whatever water vapor is present in the freezer so it doesn't turn into [this...]( URL_0 ) Cardboard though can absorb that water vapor too and become soft and spongy until it loses its integrity."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How does Gallup Poll methodology represent the \"pulse of America\" when they only interview 1500 people a week (78,000 a year) and only by phone?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does Gallup Poll methodology represent the \"pulse of America\" when they only interview 1500 people a week (78,000 a year) and only by phone?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Okay, I understand that polling larger numbers of people is more difficult and possibly unnecessary. What I'd really like to know is how polls like Gallup translate 1500 people's opinions to represent 325 million on a weekly basis. It FEELS like (that's why I'm asking) there are too many demographics to even get a slice of true public opinion when interviewing 0.00046154% of the total. Each demographic question can have more than half a dozen divisions. * Gender * Race * Age * Individual income * Household income * # in household * Home ownership * Location * Health and disabilities * Education * Employment status and type * Children * Marital status How does the math work? It seems impossible to even come up with meaningful best guesses with such a small sample."} {"category":"Other","question":"Whats the difference between all the different street types in addresses? (Terrace, Road, Street, Boulevard, etc)","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Whats the difference between all the different street types in addresses? (Terrace, Road, Street, Boulevard, etc)","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"First of all, there are no actual rules, - you can name it whatever you want. It's just tradition. Generically, streets are the routes within a settlement, and roads are the routes between settlements (or anywhere else). Avenues are often streets that run perpendicular to \"streets\" in a grid. Boulevards are wide streets with a median. Lanes are narrow country roads. Courts are dead end streets."} {"category":"Technology","question":"is it possible to make an argument that my browsing history is a unique collection of destinations curated by me and therefore is my intellectual property that I create and own?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n is it possible to make an argument that my browsing history is a unique collection of destinations curated by me and therefore is my intellectual property that I create and own?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Yeah, I don't think it would stop anything. I have been pissed off about the recent developments though and as a programmer with time on his hands I was thinking of ways I might contribute to subversion of this bullshit. I think one prong of a multi-pronged solution for the people would be to devalue the data by essentially corrupting it. Developers would create \"pseudo-browsers\" or \"distorters\". You would load these with personally identifiable info that you are looking to devalue. These automated browser processes would then bumble about the web using various scripts and redirects architected to basically trash the economic value of the associated 'profile' by intentionally making requests that make the data look suspect\/fake and making it difficult to separate \"real\" user requests from those of their \"browser-history distorter\". IE: NRA: We'd like to buy a list of users who are into guns. ISP: $XXXXX.XX, thanks! NRA: Hey wait, all of these gun lovers seem to be into Hillary Clinton??? And sites about cross-dressing? WTF? These subversive browsers would really only need to accomplish the goal of making all their users' histories appear more or less the same by making their history more puff than real stuff."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How can Valve afford to reduce the prices of games on Steam so much during sales such as the Christmas sale and still make such a massive profit?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can Valve afford to reduce the prices of games on Steam so much during sales such as the Christmas sale and still make such a massive profit?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because there's no production cost for games, only initial development and marketing cost. Whether you sell 100 chairs for 50\u20ac a piece or 200 chairs for 25\u20ac a piece matters, because the chairs have an associated manufacturing cost. Digital games on the other hand do not. So if you can get people to buy a game during a discount, who otherwise wouldn't have bought it, you're still increasing your profit. That said, Valve doesn't decide when and for what games discounts happen. The game developer\/publisher does. Valve provides the tools and suggestions about when to set discounts, but does not enforce them."} {"category":"Biology","question":"When you stick your finger in a cup of water thinking that its boiling hot but is actually very cold, why do you get a burning sensation for a split second?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When you stick your finger in a cup of water thinking that its boiling hot but is actually very cold, why do you get a burning sensation for a split second?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The receptors in your skin actually have a very hard time with \"Extremes\", ice cold water and very hot water give similar sensations, as both are damaging the cells. The mind also plays a large roll, and expectations, like giving someone a glass of orange juice and telling them it is milk, they might love orange juice but will immediately spit it out."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"The difference between drugs like cocaine and amphetamine and their seemingly more dangerous big brothers crack cocaine and meth amphetamine?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n The difference between drugs like cocaine and amphetamine and their seemingly more dangerous big brothers crack cocaine and meth amphetamine?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"For crack vs cocaine: normally, cocaine exists as an ionic salt, mixed to an acid salt (such as hydrochloride salt). By mixing the salt with a very strong base (with a higher PH than the cocaine), the cocaine is deprotonated, and effective converted into a form that can stand by itself. The process of freebasing can be used to purify the drug to a degree, and the product can be smoked (as cocaine salt decomposes\/burns before it can be be vaporized). There is a structural difference between methamphetamine and amphetamines, the presence of an extra carbon atom and associated hydrogens (aka a methyl group) at the end of the chain. This product is typically a abused more frequently, but clandestine synthesis of meth from amphetamine is not common, as synthesis from other precursors, could be easier."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why is a decreasing population considered a bad thing for a country?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is a decreasing population considered a bad thing for a country?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"People are an input into the economy, just like oil or farm land or machines. As a general rule, the more people you have, the more you can produce. So, on a surface level, a shrinking population is bad for an economy in the same way that a dwindling oil supply or lack of capital is bad. Unlike most of those things, people also create demand, not just supply. So fewer people can also mean that people aren't out there looking to buy new stuff---especially land and houses. which can also upset the economy quite a bit. On top of that, shrinking populations also usually mean aging populations. As people get older they tend to go from being net producers to net consumers, especially when health deteriorates. This can force a country to make hard choices about how, and how much, to support an older population that increasingly can't support itself. This is made worse by the fact that some jobs simply aren't suited to older people (There are very few 80 year old coal miners, or 70 year old ER nurses, and even when people are only 40 or so they may find that family and health makes it hard to work the kind of job or hours they could have worked when they were 50.)"} {"category":"Other","question":"What would happen if you are in a submarine 10.000m deep in the ocean and a window cracks and breaks?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What would happen if you are in a submarine 10.000m deep in the ocean and a window cracks and breaks?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"besides all of the destruction of the sub, you and especially compressible things there would be an effect present called sonoluminesce. As the bubble of air in your submarine gets smaller and smaller due to the water rushing in the air gets so hot that it will start to glow for a very short amount of time. like a twinkly star at the depths of the ocean while your skull is being crushed."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How do airplanes manage flying upside down? Can majority of aircrafts do this?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do airplanes manage flying upside down? Can majority of aircrafts do this?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"As ELI5 as I can get: When a plane flies, its wings create a force (lift) that keeps the aircraft airborne. This lift is based on the shape of the wing, the aircraft's speed, and the angle the wing makes relative to the air. Wings are designed in different shapes to make the wing better at doing certain things. To fly upside down, you are basically flipping the shape of the wing upside down. Thus, you need a plane that has a wing design that can generate lift on the aircraft even when flipped around. (Alternatively, the pilot can push the nose upwards while upside down to try and increase the angle the wing makes relative to the air to generate lift to stay upright) As for your question majority of aircraft can do this... the answer is no. They can't do it and sustain the lift to keep flying\/from falling down. While even some passenger airliners have been tested [to go upside down]( URL_0 ), their wings aren't designed for this so they start falling fast when they are upside down (lift is lost). Fighter jets, on the other hand, can fly upside down and not lose lift because they have wings designed to handle upside down flight (as well as copious amounts of thrust to keep speed which helps keep lift on the aircraft) One other thing to point out: even fighter jets can't stay inverted forever. One consideration is fuel - if your fuel tanks aren't designed to have fuel pumps at the top of the tank, if you go inverted, you can run out of fuel quickly to your engines as your pumps that are normally at the bottom of the tank are now at the top and your fuel may not be getting pumped to your engines."} {"category":"Economics","question":"how is it that generic (store brands) are able to produce an entire store worth of items for significantly cheaper than individual name brands?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how is it that generic (store brands) are able to produce an entire store worth of items for significantly cheaper than individual name brands?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They aren't making it cheaper, they're selling it cheaper. The store can do this because there is no middle man taking their cut and requiring profit above manufacture (more profit per sale for the retailer). Example: Product \"A\" is made at a factory. The cost is $0.05 per unit. The company who markets Product \"A\" then sells this item to the retailer for $1.00 per unit. Then the retailer in turn sells it for $1.79. Product \"B\" is made at the same factory. The cost is $0.10 per unit. This item goes straight to the retailer and is sold for $1.25 per unit. Product \"A\" nets the retailer $0.79 margin. Product \"B\" nets the retailer $1.15 margin. Additionally, they don't have to advertise and can ride off the success of the name brands, so the margin comes with a higher profit, as the majority of their overhead is storage space and carrying costs."} {"category":"Physics","question":"If I am in a tall house (3-4 flights) in the summer, does keeping the top floor windows & doors open help the place keep cooler (hot air going up the stairwell and out like chimney) or does it keep it warmer by letting hot air in? Or nothing at all?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If I am in a tall house (3-4 flights) in the summer, does keeping the top floor windows & doors open help the place keep cooler (hot air going up the stairwell and out like chimney) or does it keep it warmer by letting hot air in? Or nothing at all?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The answer is it depends. If the air in the top of the house is warmer then the air outside you will cool down the hus. If the air you let out is colder then the air you let in you heat up the house. To measure air temperature you need to do that in the shades and not in sunlight. Even if the the total temperature of the house drop letting in air might heat up the lower floors so if the top floor is relative unused during the day it might be better to let let them be warmest and the bottom be cooler where you are. To make it even more complex is that for you to be cool air circulation is a good idea so the air close to your skin that you heat up and have high humidity to get replaced. This is the reason a fan in a enclosed room will cool when sweat evaporate and air you heat up move away. So a flow of air can make you cooler even if the house get warmer"} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why does exercise such as running or cycling feel much more strenuous during the first couple of minutes?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does exercise such as running or cycling feel much more strenuous during the first couple of minutes?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Blood is constantly pumped all around our body to supply oxygen to all our muscles. In the case of running and cycling, we predominantly use our legs, but seeing as though we still have a regular blood circulation, our muscles find it difficult to work comfortably due to the lack of oxygen for the task they are performing. So, our body makes the decision to divert more blood towards those specific working muscles through the contraction and dilation of the blood vessels. This is why people tend to do a \"warm up\" before going on a run or cycle as it helps raise the heart rate to a level where your body would be comfortable performing strenuous tasks"} {"category":"Technology","question":"Whats a mainframe and why do movie hackers always \u201coverride the mainframe?\u201d","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Whats a mainframe and why do movie hackers always \u201coverride the mainframe?\u201d","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The term mainframe is an older term from the days when only big companies would have computers and usually only one. It would take up entire rooms with lots of different racks of equipment connected together to form a computer. It is simillar to how a modern computer is composed of a number of different components connected together however the components back in the days were huge. But like modern computers with their motherboards that house the CPU and main memory the computers back in the days also had a main frame to house these components. So the term mainframe was used for the big central computer. The other parts of the computers could have their own processors to control them but these were small in comparison and could not be used for much computing, similar to how modern computer components also have microprocessors to control them. The term mainframe have stuck around to refer to the IBM System z which is a direct decendent of the old mainframes of the 60s and is still used in the same way. However most computing have switched to lots of individual servers instead of one big one. So the term mainframe would make sense in movies set in the 60s, 70s and 80s. It could be possible to gain access to things like printers and modems, and you still can today. But getting access to the mainfraim would give the attacker access to all the systems in a company as everything would run on this single computer. However in the 90s and onwards it would be far more likely to face more diverse environments with lots of different servers. Even if the company would have a mainframe, and many still have one today, they would not be running everything. So gaining full access to the mainframe would not give you complete control any longer. But for a scriptwriter the term still sounds cool and is still accociated with somethging very central and important in a company."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How can phone screens tell whether your finger is pressing the screen or some inanimate object, such as an eraser?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can phone screens tell whether your finger is pressing the screen or some inanimate object, such as an eraser?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"So you are referring to what is know as a capacitive touchscreen. These utilize the electrical properties of the human body to detect when we touch it. Imagine a bunch of tiny electrical charges under your screen. When you touch the screen, your body completes the circuit, and the voltage drops in that specific spot. This information is then sent to a sensor which calculates exactly where your voltage dropped. When you use some thing like an eraser, which is an insulator, the electricity won't flow, and the voltage won't drop. The same goes for things like cloth. However, you may have noticed special gloves that work on touch screens. These have special materials that allow it to conduct enough electricity to do what your skin does. TL;DR When you touch the screen, the voltage goes down because your body completes the circuit. However, some materials like rubber cannot conduct electricity and therefore are not recognized by the screen. Edit: Changed \"not an insulator\" to \"an insulator\". Thanks for catching that u\/come_back_with_me"} {"category":"Other","question":"Why can't we stop our minds from thinking about the things we don't want to think about?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why can't we stop our minds from thinking about the things we don't want to think about?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"From a meditative standpoint: The minute you've made the decision that you don't want to think about X, your mind is doing a lot more than you may notice. In order for it to *even be* a thing that you don't want to think about, your brain has already created concepts including: X itself, how X made you feel, and what it reminds you of from past experiences, as well as a desire to avoid X for fear which may come from numerous places. All of this may not be obvious on site, in the middle of the moment that you're trying to go to sleep and you can't get a scary thing out of your mind. All you're trying to do is *relax relax relax* but you constantly check yourself to see if X is gone from your mind, but just doing this will bring up the sequence of thoughts you just were having. So, before long, you are freaking out not only because of X, but now because of the very fact you won't stop freaking out. Control slips very quickly, and impressions are often made afterwards that these thoughts are all out of your control, or worse, indicative of a mental illness or maybe a chemical imbalance. The crux of the issue is rarely visited, and it's not hard to see why if you're the type that can't stop thinking about the crap you hate thinking about. The real issue is not anyone's *ability* to calm their mind. It's more along the lines of lacking the patience and tools. When you spend all of your life *being a brain* it's very tough to realize what you're doing when you can't get a thought out of your head. But it starts with letting yourself be okay with the fact that those unpleasant thoughts are there, rather than treating them as things that *need to leave right now*."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Regarding the national debt, who do we pay when paying the debt and who are our creditors?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Regarding the national debt, who do we pay when paying the debt and who are our creditors?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There is no universal answer but in the case of the USA, the majority of US govt debt is, perhaps oddly, owed to \"itself\" (in an indirect way) because Medicare, Social Security hold a large chunk of it. The next big chunk is held by private US entities - citizens, pension funds, banks etc. There are foreign holders of US debt - Japan and China being the largest but the majority of US govt debt is held by US entities. Of course, the debt is repaid to the lenders mostly through the maturity and retirement of the debt instrument (usually bonds)"} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"How can Climate-Change cause hurricanes to happen more frequently?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can Climate-Change cause hurricanes to happen more frequently?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The atmosphere is like a giant heat engine: the driving force for airflow is the temperature difference between the poles and the equator. The greater the temperature difference (either the poles get colder or the equator gets warmer), the higher the driving force for air flow and the more likely it is you'll get a hurricane. This is a very oversimplified explanation, and I'm sure a meteorologist could give a better explanation but it does start with the fact that the increased difference in temperature provides more energy for greater flow of air over the Earth."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How come we age slower in space? If we all lived in space would be have a longer life expectancy?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How come we age slower in space? If we all lived in space would be have a longer life expectancy?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"This has to do with time dialation. To understand this you at least needs to know the special theory of relativity which you can look up in your own time. The basic aspect is that time goes slower when you go fast. You might think of it as a time machine that only goes forward. You do not gain time yourself but everything around you loses time. So if everyone would live in orbit around the Earth then the life expectency of people would still be the same but everything left on Earth would age faster."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why do atoms form molecules?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do atoms form molecules?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"In general for many molecules, because the chemical\/potential energy of the molecule is lower than that of the sum of unreacted atoms. Imagine a ball sitting on top of a hill. It might be stationary for a while, but over time, something is going to knock it downhill. (I know I'm butchering a lot of concepts here)."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How did so many places learn to process and harness Copper to get out of the stone age?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How did so many places learn to process and harness Copper to get out of the stone age?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Imagine you're using stone all your life to poke and chop things. You get irritated by the stone always chipping and breaking and you have to go find a new stone to do this... multiple times a day. But one day you find this neat greenish and shiny stone. You start noticing that the gray bits fall away leaving more of that pretty shiny stuff. But that shiny stuff seems more reliable than the gray stuff. You show your friends these cool shiny stones and demonstrate their superiority, so they become the new standard and everyone begins using them. Then your cousin Ugga, who is also the clan buffoon one day drops his stone in the fire. He panicks and cries, then goes to bed. But the next morning, Ugga comes to retrieve his pretty stone. He sifts through the embers of the fire with a stick for it and finds it completely changed by the fire. It's now the color of the sun, shinier, and deformed relative to how it was when he tossed it in the. Both excited and upset, he shows others. One guy decides to do an experiment and discovers that heat makes the shiny stuff more malleable and devises his own tools to make more shiny rock. Then the first metal spearhead is formed and the first foundry is planned. And so of your prior now know that metals are weaker with heat and everybody starts spotting metal more frequently."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"What makes 0 such an odd number? (is it even odd, or even?).","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What makes 0 such an odd number? (is it even odd, or even?).","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Most of its unusual properties come from the fact that 0 is the \"additive identity\": if you add 0 to anything, you end up with the same thing you started out with. This is basically the defining characteristic of 0, and using this and basic properties of arithmetic you can derive all of its other unusual properties. For example, 0 times any number is 0 because, using the distributive property: 0\\*x = (0+0)\\*x = 0\\*x + 0\\*x, which is only possible if 0\\*x is 0. From here we can produce other facts like the fact that 0 is evenly divisible by any integer, since 0 can be written as 0\\*x for any x. So 0 is in fact even, since it is divisible by 2. Other facts that can be proven using properties of the integers and the definition of 0 include: * x - 0 = x for any x * x\/0 must be undefined if we want to keep the usual properties of arithmetic * x^0 = 1 for any x * 0^x = 0 for any nonzero x In the end it all goes back to the fact that adding 0 to a number doesn't change it. From that definition, everything else follows."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How does humor exist & why do we laugh?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does humor exist & why do we laugh?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"As an ex stand up comic I would say that laughing is a releived stress response. What I mean by that is that that the setup (whether it be words in the feed lines, or something visual) sets up a basic fear \/ stress response in the observer, or even just pure confusion. This can be very mild (a knock knock joke isn't going to either kill you or attack your world view, but I've still set up a riddle that you can't answer), or much more extreme with much more adult themes. The key thing is that it is a safe environment to feel stress and relief - like watching a horror film, or going on a roller coaster. The answer or final line whatever comes as surprise and resolves the situation in an unexpected way. This releases the stress and you feel relief. \"You are safe! You are not under attack!\" says the ancient parts of you brain that evolved to be attacked by predators daily. \"You survived! Here - have some endorphins and enjoy yourself!\" Take a simple joke (the shortest i know ) - (feed line) \"My wife asked for an innuendo\" (relief line) \"so I gave her one\" The relief line has 2 meanings - with the second one being a bit more surprising, but still a logical answer, but has attacked what you originally thought was meant. As your brain works that out it relaxes as its no longer being attacked. There's a quote referenced to several people that \"comedy is tradegy plus time\", and i think of it as all comedy is pain. My humour is REALLY crude. I won't make a joke **just** about sex - but I'll push it to incest or paedophilia, but not in a rude way (Bill Hicks' line of someone saying to him in a deep south diner- \"I'd like you meet my wife and my sister - and there was only one woman standing there!\" is the best example for this) The more painful and upsetting the joke is the bigger the laugh - to a point. If the relief line doesn't actually fully release the stress then the listener actually does gain stress - which is fun for no one. As a performer you need to read that and respond. This is a really hard question to answer as no one really knows what makes things funny - but thats my take on it! But apparently I'm not funny (see the first sentence!) so what do I know!"} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why some objects orbit and don\u2019t get pulled directly into another objects center?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why some objects orbit and don\u2019t get pulled directly into another objects center?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It *is* unlikely for an object to fall into orbit. Many objects are orbiting because they formed there, from debris themselves that were in orbit. For instance, the planets formed out of a rotating dust cloud that was orbiting the center of the system. Some objects fell into the center. Others were ejected from the system entirely. The planets formed from material that remained."} {"category":"Biology","question":"The main difference of a fruit and vegetable is that fruits have seeds. So, where the heck do vegetable seeds, used in gardeningand such, from?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n The main difference of a fruit and vegetable is that fruits have seeds. So, where the heck do vegetable seeds, used in gardeningand such, from?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The definition of fruit and vegetable are rules with a couple exceptions. The definition that covers most fruits\/vegetables is as follows: A fruit is the part of the plant that *develops from a flower*. It's also the section of the plant that contains the seeds. *The other parts of plants are considered vegetables*. These include the stems, leaves and roots \u2014 and even the flower bud. We call several (technically) fruits \"vegetable,\" but the main point here is that your premise is wrong - ***both fruits and vegetables have seeds***. [More reading]( URL_0 )"} {"category":"Physics","question":"How does a lens bend light?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does a lens bend light?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Light travels faster in air than in glass. If a ray of light hits the glass head-on, all it does is slow down with no change in direction. But if it hits at an angle, it will bend. Imagine you're driving a car on the road and suddenly drive right into the mud. You slow down. If you drive into the mud at an angle, one wheel hits the mud first and slows down relative to the other wheel. Since one side of your car is moving faster than the other, the car will turn until it is fully in the mud."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Elements want 8 electrons in their valence shell to become stable. Why do atoms want exactly 8 valence electrons, and why is it impossible to have 9 valence electrons?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Elements want 8 electrons in their valence shell to become stable. Why do atoms want exactly 8 valence electrons, and why is it impossible to have 9 valence electrons?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The reason is to do with the quantum mechanics of how an electron bound to a nucleus behaves. The electron's wavefunction has to take the shape of a set of mathematical functions known as a spherical harmonics (you can Google these to see what they look like). The reason it's a spherical harmonic is that is has the right spherical symmetry. Spherical harmonics are labelled with three numbers, which are conventionally called n, l, and m, where 0 < = l < = n, and -l < = m < = l. At n=0, the only possible state is n=0, l=0, m=0 (I'll shorten this to (0,0,0)). At n=1, the possible states are (1,0,0) (1,1,-1) (1,1,0) (1,1,1). Electrons have one additional property: spin. An electron can be either spin up (\u2191), or spin down (\u2193). You'll hopefully notice at this point that means that for n = 1, there are 8 possible states, the four spherical harmonics * two spins. This is where the number 8 comes from. The 'n' parameter is what chemists would call the number of shells. You'll notice that for n > 1, you'll have even more states available, this is why things start to get more complex. Chemists call l = 0 the 's' orbital, l = 1 is 'p', l = 2 is 'd' and l = 3 is 'f', and the addition of these extra possible states makes chemistry of these things more interesting. You should also note that this structure of states is what creates the shape of the periodic table, getting wider as you go down it; that's all to do with more spherical harmonic states becoming available."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Are some elements of the periodic table older than others? Could stars over another billion years create even more complex elements?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Are some elements of the periodic table older than others? Could stars over another billion years create even more complex elements?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Elements up to and including lithium date all the way back to the Big Bang Elements up to Iron can be formed in stars, but only in stars with higher metal content than the original ones. The first starts were almost completely hydrogen and everything after Beryllium would have been formed by their Supernova Successive generations of starts consist of more and more \"metals\"(things other than hydrogen and helium) and would have generated more of the elements leading up to Iron, their supernova would also have helped to produce more of the less common heavy elements like Uranium Its unlikely that over a billion years that stars will produce any significant quantity of more complex elements. The reason we say that Uranium is the last naturally occurring element is because all the other ones breakdown too quickly to have stuck around for us. If you measured any supernova you would have found elements up past plutonium, but they decay in less than a billion years so we don't see any of them on Earth today. The really high number ones they're playing with in labs decay in small fractions of a second so those certainly wouldn't stick around long enough to find in a planet."} {"category":"Other","question":"The \u201cImpossible Colors\u201d, we can\u2019t we see them? E.g Redgreen, or Blueyellow?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n The \u201cImpossible Colors\u201d, we can\u2019t we see them? E.g Redgreen, or Blueyellow?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"humans have two main types of light sensing nerves rods and cones. rods are most sensitive to a wavelength between blue and green (495nm) but are percieved as grey. rods are most sensitive to low light and are smallest so can provide higher resolution than cones. there are three types of cones that are each focused on a different range of wavelengths: red (560nm), green (530nm), and blue (430nm). the problem that leads to impossible colors stems from the fact that these colors overlap... particularly red and green are very close. this means that in normal life it is not possible to trigger red cones without at least partially triggering the green cones. so impossible colors include things like the color you would see if it were possible to trigger your red cones without triggering any green cones... it would be \"redder\" than any physical object can be. :)"} {"category":"Economics","question":"What do the abbreviations after business names (LLC and LLP for example) mean? What criteria goes into deciding which abbreviation to use?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What do the abbreviations after business names (LLC and LLP for example) mean? What criteria goes into deciding which abbreviation to use?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"LLC - Limited Liability Company. It's a business structure that legally shields the owners of the company from personal liability for its debts or damages it causes in most cases. LLP - Limited Liability Partnership. This is a special type of LLC where it is managed by ine or more partners who run the company. LLPs have similar protections to an LLC, but also have special protections for the managing partners in that one partner can't be held liable for the other's actions (generally). This is good in the fields you normally see LLPs- Medical, Legal, etc. Where malpractice can be a real concern for the company's reputation or ability to do business."} {"category":"Physics","question":"What causes water to \"tornado\" down the drain\/sink\/toilet?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What causes water to \"tornado\" down the drain\/sink\/toilet?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Basically it's caused by the Laminar Flow. In fluid dynamics, laminar flow (or streamline flow) occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between the layers. At low velocities, the fluid tends to flow without lateral mixing, and adjacent layers slide past one another like playing cards. So, when gravity is pulling the water down, water molecules aligns in an uniform way. I have heard that earth rotation contributes to set the direction which way the water will spin. Imagine a river that reaches a cascade, it runs in a linear way until reaching the edge. In the sink the fall is not at the edge, it's in the middle, so the river forms in a \"linear spiral\" way."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What causes the \"zoom-in\" feeling late at night, making it look like your room is 1\/10th its size?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What causes the \"zoom-in\" feeling late at night, making it look like your room is 1\/10th its size?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I have posted this before... Alice in wonderland syndrome. I'm not sure my exact age at the time but I was around 9 or 10. I was laying stomach down on the brown velvety living room couch facing out with my left cheek to couch. Must have been attempting to nap. I was staring at the opposite wall where the room corner meets the ceiling and all of a sudden I felt myself shrink down to doll size. The room became bigger and bigger and I didn't move any part of my body except my eyes to look around the room. The depth and size of the objects in the room kept adjusting and readjusting to various proportions. I was so young I didn't understand the disorientation should be alarming and I felt like I could control the swing of becoming smaller and then normal size and then abnormally larger. I remember feeling like I was \"in\" the carpet like I was insect size. The sounds from around the house (like my grandma cooking in the nearby kitchen) seemed to ebb and flow per the appropriate \"size\" I was or distance I was away. I vaguely recall being able to recreate the experience only one more time but trying over and over to do so because I enjoyed the feeling so much. I only learned what this is called about 2 years ago. Until then I kept it to myself because I thought I may have dreamed it or made it up in my childish recollection."} {"category":"Physics","question":"If we are a spinning ball - spinning in our own solar system - which is spinning within an arm of a galaxy - why are the constellations in the same place?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If we are a spinning ball - spinning in our own solar system - which is spinning within an arm of a galaxy - why are the constellations in the same place?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The distances involved when talking about space are insanely huge. There's a reason that when we talk about big numbers we call them \"astronomical\". Two stars that seem to be inches apart in the night sky are actually billions of miles apart. So if they move another 20 billion miles over a century, they'll have moved an imperceptible 1\/10th of inch by your view. They are moving though. If you could role the clock back 35,000 years to the time when \"we\" (as in the first people who genetically resemble modern humans) first appeared, night sky would look quite a bit different. The simple fact is that space is so vast, that the entirety of written history has happened in the blink of a cosmic eye. We human beings only have a direct account of what the night sky has looked like for a few thousand years, which just isn't long enough on the a cosmic time line for things to have noticeably change."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do thunderstorms on hot days sometimes seemingly suck the heat out of the air after passing, and sometimes actually make the hot\/humid feeling worse?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do thunderstorms on hot days sometimes seemingly suck the heat out of the air after passing, and sometimes actually make the hot\/humid feeling worse?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A thunderstorm is usually the roiling that occurs at the boundary between a hot and cold air mass. If it's warm, after will be cooler. If it's cool, after it will be warmer. It's a bit more complicated than that, but this is what I'd tell a 5 year old. Edit: let me amend that. Warm and warmer is meteorologically the same as cold\/warm."} {"category":"Technology","question":"What is overcharging a battery?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is overcharging a battery?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Why now and not earlier? Because nowadays everything that matters (phone, computer, etc) uses lithium batteries. They are more prone to overcharging issues but they are good for light power delivery. On the other hand, most devices nowadays can optimize charging to prevent overcharging. For example, if you charge your iPhone overnight it learns when you wake up so it can plan to reach 100% shortly before you start using it. It\u2019ll chill for a few hours at ~80% and then go up to 100 in time for when you will start using it. Anyway, device makers have made workarounds to optimize charging and prevent battery damage."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How do satelites that are important for tracking GPS location not rotate around the earth? Or is the rotation somehow calculated into them?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do satelites that are important for tracking GPS location not rotate around the earth? Or is the rotation somehow calculated into them?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The GPS satellites are in a medium earth orbit, so they go around the earth twice a day. Their exact locations are tracked very accurately by control stations on the ground on a regular basis, and the orbits are predictable enough to calculate where each satellite will be at any moment. The satellites send out a signal that says \"here's what time I sent this signal, and here's how you calculate where I was when I sent it.\" Your GPS receiver gets these messages from several satellites and figures out their location at the instant the message was sent. Simplifying slightly, what happens after that is your receiver figures out how far it is from each satellite. It knows when a message was sent, and knows what time it was received, and knows how fast the message travels (the speed of light). So it can figure out from all that how far each message must have gone through the air from each satellite's location. That means your receiver knows it's somewhere on a sphere at a certain distance from a satellite. When it does the same for a second satellite, it knows it's somewhere that those two spheres intersect, which would be somewhere on a circle. A third sphere around a third satellite intersects that circle at two points, one of which is usually clearly wrong, thus the receiver knows it must be at the other point. Ok, so why do you need to receive 4 satellites instead of 3? The clocks in the satellites are incredibly accurate atomic clocks, so the \"here's when I sent this message\" information is pretty much perfect. But the clock in your receiver is cheap and inaccurate, so the \"here's when we received the message\" information starts out wrong. You get a whole range of possible distances from each satellites depending on how wrong the receiver's clock is. A fourth satellite allows you to rule out all the wrong positions and figure out which one is right. So, your receiver figures out not just where it is, but WHEN it is, to get a correct position."} {"category":"Other","question":"What does a a movie producer actually do for the movie?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What does a a movie producer actually do for the movie?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Typically EPs are ones that just put up money. Producers do a ton of work. They are the general managers of a film. They manage the budgets, all the stars, the director, organize everything on the set, ensure they stick to the production schedule, determine how to handle cost overruns, etc etc. If Da Vinci was a director then the producer would be the person who got him a studio, his supplies, his assistants, negotiated price for paintings, finding buyers, etc."} {"category":"Other","question":"How do you know when someone is gaslighting Vs. When the person is just stupid\/has a selective memory?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do you know when someone is gaslighting Vs. When the person is just stupid\/has a selective memory?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"This is basically asking how you know when someone is doing something wrong maliciously and purposefully vs. accidentally and innocently. The truth of the matter exists only within their own mind, which no one else can ever really know. For such actions, we can only go off of their actions and responses. Look at the consistency of the errors, how they respond when faced with evidence of their mistakes. Look for things not dependent on simply their memory. Look for deliberate actions they may be taking to maintain the deception or illusion."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How did the restaurant industry convince the American population to pay their employees for them?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How did the restaurant industry convince the American population to pay their employees for them?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Before the Prohibition of alcohol, tips were basically bribery so some customer could get better services like bigger plates of be given food faster. When the Prohibition of alcohol came, restaurants saw a huge income decrease and they encourage their waiters to accept tips so they could get paid, instead of readjusting the whole prices so the money before spent on alcohol was driven to food and non.alcoholic beverages. This become so strong that now reataurants can pay little no nothing while their customers live out of tips. In reallity, they can accept the tips and if they dont get to minimun wage, they can legally ask the money to their employer so they can get minimun wage. This is something just in USA and maybe some other countries. In Spain, where i live, tipping is not mandatory but is somewhat encouraged if the service is good, fast and take more orders than normal, if the table was big, if they bring bread and tap water instead of bottled when we ask for it... In Japan is even considered of bad education to give money as a tip cause is seen as a way to show off how much money you have."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why do bank payments\/transfers take one or more business days to process?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do bank payments\/transfers take one or more business days to process?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"At it's simplest, it works like this: 1. Your bank locks a certain amount of funds in your account. 2. Your bank does a bunch of security\/regulatory\/tax things in preparation for the transfer. 3. Your bank batches the details of your payment up with other payments to other accounts at the same destination bank and notifies the other bank of the entire batch of payments in one go. Depending on the banks involved this may happen anywhere from every other day up to twenty times in one day or more. 4. The receiving bank, upon receiving this notification does its own security\/regulatory\/tax things in preparation for the transfer. They may do this right away, or they may do it in a regular schedule (ie process all the notifications from all the banks once every couple of hours). 5. The two banks net their position against each other (That is, they offset payments from bank a to bank b against payments from bank b to bank a and figure out the difference). They agree which bank owes the other bank more so that the bank owing more can just transfer the difference, rather than both banks transferring the full amount. 6. Settlement occurs. The locked money is deducted from your account, the net is transferred between the banks using an instantaneous, non reversible mechanism, and the money is deposited in the account on the other end. This step all happens more or less instantaneously. The reason for delays is the time taken to set up the transaction (ie steps 2 - 5). International transfers or transfers via a third party payment processor like a credit card company may need to go thorough these steps multiple times as the sending bank doesn't have the kind of instantaneous mechanism with the receiving bank it needs to settle, so they must work through a number of intermediaries or clearing houses."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How can we be completely sure that a number is really infinite and does not end in millions of additional digits?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can we be completely sure that a number is really infinite and does not end in millions of additional digits?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I presume you\u2019re asking how we decide whether a number\u2019s decimal expansion is infinitely long, not whether the number itself is infinite (which is impossible, since all real numbers are finitely large). The general answer is that we can\u2019t prove that the decimal digits will go on forever simply by computing those digits, because, as you note, they could always end at some point beyond our calculations. So we resort to using other techniques to prove that a number\u2019s decimal expansion is infinite. One way is to prove that the number is irrational, which is usually done by contradiction: you assume it\u2019s rational and show that this assumption leads to a contradiction with itself or other known facts, which then means that the assumption is false, i.e. the number is irrational. But there are also rational numbers with infinitely long decimal expansions, eg 1\/3 = 0.3333.... To prove that the decimal expansion of 1\/3 is infinitely long, it\u2019s enough to show that the decimal expansion 0.333... equals 1\/3 (which is done by considering the infinitely long decimal expansion as the limit of a sequence of finitely long decimal expansions and showing that the sequence converges to 1\/3). It\u2019s also worth noting that decimal expansions aren\u2019t necessarily unique, so some numbers can have both finite and infinitely long decimal expansions; for instance 1 = 0.999... (which can proven using the same technique mentioned for the case of 1\/3 = 1, that is, considering the infinitely long decimal expansion as a limit and proving that the limit is 1). This non-uniqueness of decimal expansions is yet another reason mathematicians generally don\u2019t find decimals to be particularly useful in theoretical work."} {"category":"Physics","question":"considering the totality of our universe as we know it, can it gain another ounce?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n considering the totality of our universe as we know it, can it gain another ounce?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The short answer; No. The longer answer; yes. It turns out that in 'empty' space, a very tiny amount of matter is constantly created and destroyed (destroyed because also a bit of the corresponding antimatter is created and together they turn to energy). This is a pure chance thing, so _on average statistically_ the universe should not gain mass. However, averages are not perfect and it is definitely possible the universe has gained (or lost!) a few ounces (or more) during the whole of existence."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How did game manufacturers of tabletop games ensure that at the opening of the game, theres equal probability of every player winning ?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How did game manufacturers of tabletop games ensure that at the opening of the game, theres equal probability of every player winning ?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Short answer: they don't. For most games, it's *not* known that there's equal probability of winning with perfect play. For some popular games, actual *perfect* play guarantees that one player or the other will win - Connect 4 is simpler than chess, but a prominent example of a game where perfect play *always* allows the first player to force a win. Yet we're collectively still willing to play it, because most people don't know how to play perfectly, and of those who do a reasonable proportion might still make a mistake. However, game-makers generally have a reasonably good idea that within the bounds of human play, each player has a decent chance of winning, simply because they've playtested the game and had others do the same for several iterations prior to release, and taken the time to patch any obvious discrepancies that may have arisen. They'll have taken a variety of test-players and tweaked the rules until they got roughly even outcomes. They can, and do, still miss things, but these things tend to be relatively buried in the rules. For games like chess, it's a similar situation, only there was no single \"game-maker\" and no \"release\", so the rules were adjusted by the players \"on the fly\" to keep the game even enough to be interesting. Before the establishment of governing bodies for some of these games, the rules might have differed depending where you played."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How do we know what the weather is going to be 5 days from now?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do we know what the weather is going to be 5 days from now?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because weather systems move across the globe in fairly predictable ways. There is a random element to it that we cannot predict, but ultimately weather is a system of actions and reactions. Take a hurricane, for instance. We know how hurricanes act because we have observed them for a very long time. And as such we can predict the general direction they will travel at any given time. However, there are a ton of small, fairly unpredictable things which will have an effect on how that storm moves. Raise the temperature of one patch of ocean a tiny bit and lower the temperature of one patch of ocean a tiny bit and the storm will turn further north, do the opposite and it will turn further south. That is why hurricane paths are predicted as cones, because in the very near future the predictions are very secure but as time moves on they become more and more vague."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes but our distant ancestors don't. How does the number of chromosomes change over multiple generations?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes but our distant ancestors don't. How does the number of chromosomes change over multiple generations?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Merging. In the case of humans and our ancestors with other primates, in our lineage 2 chromosomes accidentally fused together at some point, taking us from 24 chromosome to 23 chromosomes. (Specifically, the chromosome we identify as human chromosome #2). Now how and when exactly that happened it is impossible to know. You might wonder how this change could be propagated. After all mules exist because horses and donkeys have different numbers of chromosomes, and this leads to sterile offspring right? Well, no, not really. The individual mutant with the fused chromosome would still have all the genes that those with the unfused chromosomes have, but the same is not true with horses and donkeys. _Some_ of the offspring of this mutant would indeed be at a disadvantage when reproducing with someone who has unfused chromosomes, just look at the various diseases that accompany duplication of other chromosomes like Down's Syndrome. However some of the offspring will simply inherit the fused chromosome. Over time, through genetic drift, or some unknown reproductive advantage this had, that fused chromosome genotype could come to fill the population. edit: To be more clear, lets consider the two ancestral chromosomes A and B. A normal (ancestral) person will have 2 As, and 2 Bs in each non-gamete cell (cells that aren't sperm or eggs). Now consider a mutant, who has an A and B fused together. That doesn't mean they don't have an A or B! That person has 1 A, 1 B, and 1 AB. Notice that the total amount of genetic information is preserved. There isn't an extra A or an extra B anywhere, the genes of one set of chromosomes A and B have simply been fused onto a single chromosome. Now, when the normal produces a gamete it will have 1 A and 1 B. When our mutant produces a gamete it can have a variety of different possible outcomes: * The gamete could have an A and an AB * The gamete could have a B and an AB * The gamete could have an A and a B * The gamete could have an AB Why the gamete could turn out these ways is a bit complicated, so for an ELI5 you'll just have to take my word for it. Now when reproducing with the normal, the first two possibilities are bad e.g. A\/B + A\/AB = 3A 2B, leading to an extra dose of genetic material from A. The third possibility is fine, it will just result in normal offspring. The fourth possibility is _also_ fine, and what leads to the fusion spreading. Just think about it, the mutant has 1 A, 1 B, and 1 AB, and this offspring will get 1 A from the normal, 1 B from the normal, and 1 AB from the mutant, resulting in the same combination Now the question: how do you get rid of the extra 1 A and 1 B? Well, down the road, if you have two decedents of the original mutant who both produce the fourth type of gamete, the AB will hook up with the AB, giving you 2 AB, and the modern human chromosome 2. Presumably over time the 1 A, 1B, 1 AB populations died out leaving only the 2 AB populations of hominids."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"It's wildly considered that soft drinks are bad for you because of the amount of sugar in them. Are zero sugar and diet versions of the same drinks harmful as well? If so, why?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n It's wildly considered that soft drinks are bad for you because of the amount of sugar in them. Are zero sugar and diet versions of the same drinks harmful as well? If so, why?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Yes and no. Diet sodas are *correlated* with obesity, but do not *cause* obesity. Part of the reason sugars (and other simple carbohydrates) are bad is that they're extremely efficient at delivering calories. You digest them very quickly - and then you're hungry again. Artificial sweeteners cause the same response, causing you to be more hungry than you would otherwise be. They can also cause your metabolism to seesaw back and forth (which is itself bad) because your body thinks it's getting a surge of easily processed energy. If you keep to a rigorous diet, they're really not bad for you. However, if you're just eating when you're hungry, they'll almost inevitably lead to weight gain. That being said, you need to keep in mind the notion of harm reduction. Drinking a diet soda is at best neutral - it has no more benefit than drinking water - but it's quite a bit better than drinking non-diet soda."} {"category":"Technology","question":"what is \u201ctuning a car\u201d?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what is \u201ctuning a car\u201d?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are a lot of parameters in cars that are possible to adjust. Many of those, in regular family cars, are set to medium values for longevity\u2019s sake for the car. Tuned cars have some of those values set to more aggressive values, or physically changed to affect the performance. Tuning a car might involve changing the shifting setpoints, adjusting the fuel-air ratio for different combustion power. Changing the shifting points may affect the overall life of the transmission components a little bit, but the performance improvement may be worth it to the driver."} {"category":"Psychology","question":"how do we hear thoughts?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how do we hear thoughts?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Someone will probably provide a better answer, but I believe I read somewhere that thoughts are precursor to speech, so having experienced language (hearing and speaking), you know how the words sound. You don\u2019t literally hear it, it\u2019s abstraction, anticipation kinda thing. As for mute\/deaf people, I don\u2019t know how that works. Probably some sort of adaptation, like dreams for blind people."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do country names get translated to other languages? And how are they even translated?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do country names get translated to other languages? And how are they even translated?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The modern standard *is* to just use the local names; that's what Google maps does. But many countries have had names in English and other languages that are older than the countries themselves. Germans call their country Deutschland; but in English we use Germany which comes from the Latin \"Germania\" for the ancient tribe; and the French use Allemagne from the Alamanni tribe. The different names were developed at different times, when different people were occupying the lands. > Why not just leave the country's name as it is established in their native language? Because it was established in English long before that, and now it's difficult to change."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why are Saturn's poles Hexagonal and blue?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are Saturn's poles Hexagonal and blue?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Only the north pole of Saturn is hexagonal. It turned from blue to gold during the Cassini probe (2012 - 2016). As to why it's a hexagon: no one really knows. One theory is that the edges of the North pole hexagon are extremely cold with a very hot spot at the center. This combination of extreme temperatures could cause the hexagon to appear as the planet rotates, and has been [successfully duplicated in a lab]( URL_0 ). As to why it's blue or gold: it's blue when it's facing away from the Sun, and gold when it's directly reflecting the Sun's light. So it's a little like a change of seasons."} {"category":"Other","question":"how are the intensity and speed of wind related to the time of day? Aka why are winds calmer in the morning and pick up throughout the day?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how are the intensity and speed of wind related to the time of day? Aka why are winds calmer in the morning and pick up throughout the day?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The sun generates heat and moisture in the atmosphere. Heat changes air pressure and energy. Changes in air pressure can generate wind. One of the reasons it\u2019s often coolest just after sunrise as the air above you gets sun and warmth first, starts to rise, and the cool air come in under it to replace it (convection)."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How does moisture sometimes generate more friction (aiding better grips then dry hands for example) but other times generate less friction (slippery floor for example)?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does moisture sometimes generate more friction (aiding better grips then dry hands for example) but other times generate less friction (slippery floor for example)?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Water sticks to surface. Water glides over water. When there is a lot of water, water acts as a gliding film between two surfaces. When there is little water, water sticks to a surface on one side, sticks to another on the other side, but there's not enough water to form the gliding film, thus 'increasing friction' not unlike a double sided tape."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why is it that live TV doesn't buffer as an internet stream does?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it that live TV doesn't buffer as an internet stream does?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"* Live TV via broadcast or cable network is sent directly to you via a dedicated system that only exists to send the audio and video to you. * The internet sends all kinds of data via a web of different companies and locations. Each stream of data is broken up into different little packets that can each take a different route to your computer. Then they have to be put back together in the right order. If some get lost along the way, your computer asks them to be resent. * Also internet streams are individual connections where your computer and the server have a back and forth conversation. Broadcast TV, on the other hand is one transmission tower blasting out a signal. You TV can choose to listen to it or not, but the number of TVs trying to listen has no effect on the tower's ability to send out the signal."} {"category":"Biology","question":"When we become overly emotional our chests\/throats tighten up, why?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When we become overly emotional our chests\/throats tighten up, why?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"We\u2019re not totally sure, but this article gives some suggestions: URL_0 But how do emotions trigger physical sensations? Scientists do not know, but recently pain researchers uncovered a possible pathway from mind to body. According to a 2009 study from the University of Arizona and the University of Maryland, activity in a brain region that regulates emotional reactions called the anterior cingulate cortex helps to explain how an emotional insult can trigger a biological cascade. During a particularly stressful experience, the anterior cingulate cortex may respond by increasing the activity of the vagus nerve\u2014the nerve that starts in the brain stem and connects to the neck, chest and abdomen. When the vagus nerve is overstimulated, it can cause pain and nausea."} {"category":"Physics","question":"if I look at a far-away object in a mirror without my glasses on (near sighted), will the image appear blurry because the object is far or clear because the mirror is close? Why?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n if I look at a far-away object in a mirror without my glasses on (near sighted), will the image appear blurry because the object is far or clear because the mirror is close? Why?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Blurry because far. A mirror preserves the angles of light which strikes it, and simply redirects it. So as far as your eyes are concerned, a mirror is a window through which you are viewing the reflected object. So the distance to a reflected object is the distance from your eyes, to the mirror, to the object. Something like a photograph does *not* preserve the original angles of the light of the scene it has taken. So instead of diverging from the objects in the picture, they diverge from the surface of the picture. So as far as your eye is concerned, the content of a photograph is at the distance from your eyes to the photograph."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why are prion diseases so deadly?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are prion diseases so deadly?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"We all have a high level of prion proteins in our central nervous system. But these are healthy, called PrPC. If infected, we get a misfolded version called PrPSc. This misfolded version can impose its conformation on other healthy PrPC, converting it and recruiting it to the aggregate. Eventually you have these long fibers of PrPSc in your brain that disrupt neurons physically (necrosis) and actually induce them to kill themselves (apoptosis) in ways we don't fully understand yet. PrPSc is extremely stable, we can't degrade it with our protease, heck not even acid, combustion or gamma radiation can fully destroy them. So they stay, wreak havoc all over the brain until you die. Source: did my MSc in prion disease Edit: English"} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why can't our brains determine who a person is if the image in turned negative, but the moment it's a color image we instantly can process the subject? Isn't a negative the same photo with just a different color scheme?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why can't our brains determine who a person is if the image in turned negative, but the moment it's a color image we instantly can process the subject? Isn't a negative the same photo with just a different color scheme?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"memory like this is designed around identifying patterns. when you flip a image to a negative, often a lot of the markers you would use to form the recognition pattern are either changed or obscured, so it makes it far more difficult for us to recognise. with training you can probably learn to mentally process the image as to the point you could reasonably quickly still recognise things in the same way. but for the most part it's not something we have to deal with often, so it's a process our brain isn't ready to deal with."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"Why is it that a planet with a lot of technosignatures would mean the Great Filter is in the past, but a planet with life and no technosignatures would mean that the Great Filter is in the future?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it that a planet with a lot of technosignatures would mean the Great Filter is in the past, but a planet with life and no technosignatures would mean that the Great Filter is in the future?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The \"Great Filter\" concept is an explanation of the Fermi Paradox, which says essentially \"If there are billions of billions of stars how come there are no alien civilization we can join?\" The GF presumes that somewhere in the process from \"a star forming\" to \"an alien civilization spanning the Universe\" there are a series of steps and each step filters out some of the stars. For example, maybe the first step is forming rocky planets in the zone where water is a liquid. This might be an optional step, if some life doesn't use water in its chemistry, but we've got no evidence for that. So, your star gets \"filtered out\" of the race to civilize the Universe if you don't have rocky planets in the right region. This filter doesn't explain the paradox, as we've been able to find planets in the right region with even our crude tools. So, it's a filter, but not The Great Filter. Maybe the Great Filter is life, or multicellular life, or intelligent life, or control of fire, or electric power control, or nuclear energy control, or fusion energy control, or warp drive, or ... . The real question behind the GF theory is \"Is Humanity past the Great Filter?\" Are we the civilization that will some day in the future rule the Universe?? Finding rocky planets, which we have on Earth, indicates that the GF is forward from that. Funding radio communication (which we have not yet done), indicates that the GF is forward from radio. Since we don't find radio communications, that's sorta evidence that the GF is behind us and we are on our way to being Masters of the Universe. But, our ability to detect radio communication at distance is pretty poor, and we've only had radio for 100-ish years, so this evidence is pretty weak. Finding a techsignature would be excellent evidence that we are not yet through the GF."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Is there any one food that's nutritious enough for a human to survive indefinitely eating only that food?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Is there any one food that's nutritious enough for a human to survive indefinitely eating only that food?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Potatoes. The caveat is you'd probably need at least two types of potatoes (white potatoes + sweet potatoes) to work. They have the necessary carbs, fats, and proteins as well as some minor but necessary nutrients like Vitamin K. Unfortunately you'd run into some issues with certain vitamin and mineral deficiencies like iodide and Vitamin A for example. In those cases you'd need something like cheese or iodized salt for the former and some butter or something for the latter. It wouldn't be ideal but you could definitely survive for a long time. I don't know about \"indefinitely\" though. There really isn't a single food that provides everything you'd need to be healthy."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How does reaction time develop or improve?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does reaction time develop or improve?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The same way any skill or ability does. Imagine a bucket with a hole in the bottom. If you pour a gallon of water into the bucket, it'll take a minute to drain. That's your average, lazy, unattuned, slow-reaction-time brain. As you do things that require quick reactions, you start to poke more holes in the bottom of the bucket. It might have taken a full minute to drain a gallon of water with one hole, but with 10, it only takes a few seconds. That's what your brain and muscles do - they develop more(and more efficient) neural pathways which allow you to process inputs faster, and thus, react faster."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How do metal detectors not detect themselves?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do metal detectors not detect themselves?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"the easiest way to think of it is like a flash camera. so the flash is a bulb with a casing that only allows the light to leave in one direction. It then reflects back into the lens and a picture is formed of everything that reflected light in that direction within a set time. In our scenario we are creating a magnetic field and using [magnetic shielding]( URL_0 ) we build a casing which guides the field in one direction. it then interacts with any metal (creating it's own different magnetic field) and we have a sense that looks for any magnetic fields which do not match what we sent out."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"I've heard many times that honey is actually a superb home remedy for burns. How true is this, if at all? What's the science and chemistry behind it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n I've heard many times that honey is actually a superb home remedy for burns. How true is this, if at all? What's the science and chemistry behind it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's at most *maybe* true. There was a metastudy conducted in India on whether honey was useful for healing burns, and its findings were that honey can be effective for improving the healing of minor, surface burns; its effectiveness was not proven on deeper or more serious burns, however. Since there's only one study, and the results have not been repeated, it's difficult to say how accurate the results were. The study did not explain why it may be effective, but honey does have mild antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties which *may* help promote healing."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"why does pop\/soda \"expand\" and blow up my sealed water bottle?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why does pop\/soda \"expand\" and blow up my sealed water bottle?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Just like you can dissolve solids (salt, sugar) in water, you can dissolve gases like CO2. And the amount you can dissolve depends on pressure (more pressure = more dissolved gas) and temperature (higher = less dissolved gas). So in a chilled, closed container where the pressure is higher than outside, the gas is stable in its dissolved state. But once you remove the pressure, it becomes oversaturated, meaning it's now an unstable state and wants to release some of the gas."} {"category":"Physics","question":"What happens to a photon when it hits your retina?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What happens to a photon when it hits your retina?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Your retina has photoreceptors with specialized pigments which get modified by the inciding light. They change in conformation and affect nearby receptors, closing them and stopping a previously active influx of Na+ and Ca2+. Without the entrance of these positive ions, the cell membrane undergoes hyperpolarization (becomes more negative). This change in electrical potential is propagated until it reaches the end of the photoreceptor, upon which neurotransmitter vesicles sit. These neurotransmitters are usually released into the synapse on depolarization (the cell becoming positive), so in this case they will be *less* released. Nevertheless, the postsynaptic cell will detect this *alteration in neurotransmission* and will relay the signal to yet another cell, the ganglion cells. These ganglion cells take the signal to the lateral geniculate nucleus in your pons (part of your brain) which has another neuron that takes the signal to your visual cortex. There is more to it than that. For example, when one photoreceptor receives light, it hyperpolarizes, but it sends signals to the photoreceptors around it so they will do the opposite and depolarize. The neurons in the visual system aren't connected only vertically, but also horizontally, and these patterns are helpful for discrimination of contrast, geometric forms, and movement. Your nervous cells use several ion pumps to keep the electrical resistance greater on the outside of the cell membrane than on the inside. This increases the propagation of the current through the cell with minimal loss. Bigger nerves in your central nervous system also have myelin sheaths, which are layers of fat that make it even more likely that the currents will flow thorugh the inside. Note that not all cells in your retina are sensitive to a single photon, only those in the fovea, the place of highest visual acuity in the eye."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How do you find the line of best fit on a scatterplot?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do you find the line of best fit on a scatterplot?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There are different ways to do it depending on what you care about most. The most common way is doing a least squares regression. Basically you use calculus to figure out the line that makes the square of the distance from that line to each point the smallest. The math of it is a bit above an ELI5 but you can look up least squares."} {"category":"Other","question":"in the military, what happens when a lower ranking officer has to arrest\/detain a commanding officer?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n in the military, what happens when a lower ranking officer has to arrest\/detain a commanding officer?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"This is a movie magic trope, not reality. If some weird crazy thing happened where a senior officer was being arrested (probably for being accused of some major crime, like maybe they are accused of rape for example) the military police, would come in and arrest them. These are basically the same situation as any police force so rank doesn't matter, they're cops. It would not be his own unit, they aren't cops, the cops would do it. If you're thinking some crazy scenario where a junior officer thinks their boss is doing something weird and has their troops detain him, thats movie magic."} {"category":"Economics","question":"If the military chooses the lowest bidder when purchasing products why is \"Military Grade\" considered a superior quality product?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If the military chooses the lowest bidder when purchasing products why is \"Military Grade\" considered a superior quality product?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's something civilians think is superior based on \"if the Military uses it, then it must be top of the line!\". Terms like Military Grade or Mil-Spec doesn't exactly mean lowest bidder - more like the cheapest that will still work enough. Make sense? Hopefully someone will have a better explanation."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Physiologically, what's happening differently inside our bodies when we speak vs. whisper vs. yell?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Physiologically, what's happening differently inside our bodies when we speak vs. whisper vs. yell?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Speaking vs whispering is the difference between engaging your vocal chords or not. The vocal chords are what give you your \"voice\". It's your lips and tongue and mouth shape that actually control the air flow to give it the sounds that give your voice meaning. When you whisper, you're simply relaxing your vocal chords so that they don't vibrate and don't create sound. You still make all the same mouth shapes, though, so the air moving through still makes all the same sounds needed to be understood. Yelling is just shoving more air past your vocal cords. More air means more volume. If you push *too much* air and don't have the kind of strength and control over the muscles that control your vocal cords, the yell ends up sounding rough because although the cords are tight enough to produce sound, they're flapping around more than they normally should."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why is k-12 a state issue when most citizens look to the federal government?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is k-12 a state issue when most citizens look to the federal government?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"In the US if the Constitution does not specifically give the power over something to the Federal Government it belongs to the State. Education is not specifically given to the Federal Government so they are only allowed to put a few regulations on it. And what do you mean by \"most citizens look to the federal government\"? They look to it for what?"} {"category":"Technology","question":"How does the newer generation of captcha determine I'm not a robot? (The one where all you must do is click)","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does the newer generation of captcha determine I'm not a robot? (The one where all you must do is click)","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It tracks mouse movement. If it was a bot it would immediately click the checkbox after it was loaded. You as a human have to move your mouse cursor to the checkbox and this movement is not in a straight line. So basically they just check mouse movement and time between checkbox being rendered and when it is clicked. There sure is much more going under the hood but thes is the basic idea."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why is there a statute of limitations?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is there a statute of limitations?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The difficulty of prosecuting a crime years after the event is absolute pain in the backside. Do you recall what you had for breakfast a week ago Do you recall what you had for breakfast a week and 21 years ago. Human memory is fragile. that's the first point Then we get into the logistic of a trial 20+ years after the event now officer Murphy the officer who discovered the crime and took information is in Alaska and retired officer jimmy has degenerative brain disorder, officer jones was on his first few days and had no idea what was going down. officer tom died three year after the crime Getting them in for this case also cost money and court time that is needed for all of today's crimes (all of today's crimes that the state or crown can win other wise the DA or CPS will drop the case) The witnesses are even harder to track, even if they can recall it. and we do kinda need them to have the look of a trial that any defense lawyer can't just break over his knee. Edit can you tell I did one of these..."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How are Open World Games like Red Dead Redemption 2 made in such detail?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How are Open World Games like Red Dead Redemption 2 made in such detail?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"\"Is every square foot of the open world actually created by a programmer\" - not a programmer. For any large game, the asset creation is a major task, and people working on that tend to greatly outnumber the programmers. Good tools can help automate a lot, but still there's a reason why there's 3000 people on RDR2 credits list - it does take a *LOT* of manpower to make games in such detail."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why are we told to lean forward and put your head towards your legs in the event of an airplane crash?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are we told to lean forward and put your head towards your legs in the event of an airplane crash?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Ducking forward will protect your face from anything that may become airborne during a plane crash, while hands on your head provides an extra layer between debris and your precious brain. It's about protecting the head. One does not have an emergency position for a car crash because cars are built to try to save occupants when they are sitting normally in the chair. Leaning forward could cause you to get slammed against the dashboard even with a seatbelt on. At best, you should tuck your arms into yourself to avoid them flailing and being struck by things outside your body, potentially cover your face."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"what happens exactly when you blow out a candle or shake a match in order to extinguish the flame?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what happens exactly when you blow out a candle or shake a match in order to extinguish the flame?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The candle is surrounded by a pocket of flame that keeps it warm. Since it doesn't have very much mass, it doesn't take very much cold air to cool it down until it's too cold to burn. Shaking the match pushes this hot air away and replaces it with cold air. It's the same thing that happens when you blow on it."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"What\u2019s the difference between infant formula for 0-6 month olds and formula for 6-12 months old?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What\u2019s the difference between infant formula for 0-6 month olds and formula for 6-12 months old?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's essentially a marketing ploy and therefore depends on the manufacturer. There is a single set of FDA (or equivalent) requirements for infant formula, but the age-specific formulas may have differing amounts of vitamins, corn syrup, etc. It's perfectly fine to use newborn formula until 12 months (at which point babies should ideally be consuming family foods and have no need of formula, though they may still be breast fed). **Update**: here's some [medical advice]( URL_0 ) confirming this > Research shows that switching to follow-on formula at six months has no benefits for your baby. Your baby can carry on having first infant formula as their main drink until they are one year old."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"my Keurig coffee maker has a \"strong\" setting, what makes the coffee stronger if it's the same amount of coffee with the same amount of water?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n my Keurig coffee maker has a \"strong\" setting, what makes the coffee stronger if it's the same amount of coffee with the same amount of water?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It allows the coffee to extract longer by increasing the time that the coffee is in the hot water physically. By increasing the time that the coffee grounds sit in hot water, the stronger the water is flavoured with coffee. A longer soak is a thicker bev. The same principle works for socks and old ladies."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"From where does plants and trees get their mass?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n From where does plants and trees get their mass?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Literally \"out of thin air\". Plants are, as all life, mostly made from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Carbon comes from the CO2 in the air, hydrogen and oxygen from the water in the soil. \"Photosynthesis\" is just the process of grabbing CO2 out of the air and making useful stuff out of it, using sunlight as the energy source. edit: Soil is important for the other elements life needs. Phosphorous and nitrogen are 2 important ones here, that's why we fertilize crops with ammonia and phosphate compounds. Interestingly, while the air contains vast amounts of nitrogen, plants can't use directly it because it's extremely hard to break the N2 molecule apart, and only very specialized bacteria can do it."} {"category":"Technology","question":"In computer science, how do packets get lost in the first place?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n In computer science, how do packets get lost in the first place?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Many ways including: 1. Packet filtering due to policy rules 2. Routing errors causing loops resulting in the time to live TTL expiring 3. Link errors causing corrupt frames that can not be self repaired 4. Queue buffers getting full on routers 5. Software errors on routers such as the bloody VSS issue with have on our 6870XL at the moment and Cisco Tac are being slow resolving it ( not an ELI5 but a rant )"} {"category":"Other","question":"Why is money taken instantly from your bank account for online purchases, but it takes several days, or weeks for a full refund?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is money taken instantly from your bank account for online purchases, but it takes several days, or weeks for a full refund?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Your bank immediately puts the money into a giant holding account to be transferred during the giant end of day batch transaction. The other bank will have to process the incoming money and put it in the appropriate accounts accordingly. As a result, the retailer doesn't actually see the money from your sale for several days. When you do a refund, the same is true in reverse. The retailer will see their money disappear instantly, but it will be in a banking buffer for a little while until it gets deposited into your account. The reason for all of this is that banks want to manage as few inter-bank transactions as possible. Having every $5 transaction between banks have its own link just adds a lot of room for error, and doesn't really add any value on the banks side."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How come when it is extra bright outside, having one eye open makes seeing \u201cdoable\u201d while having both open is uncomfortable?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How come when it is extra bright outside, having one eye open makes seeing \u201cdoable\u201d while having both open is uncomfortable?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"You have a blink reflex when exposed to bright light. Ideally, you're exposed to a light that's too bright and you squint or close your eyes to prevent any damage. You might ask, \"Surely only closing one eye shouldn't help, since the open eye could still be damaged, right?\" And you'd be absolutely correct. This is a glitch of the human nervous system. Essentially, this glitch occurs because your brain registers bright light by adding together the amount of light received in both eyes. If one eye is closed, that eye is receiving the same amount of light, but the brain is only registering half of the original amount. Fun fact, some people (Ze Frank is a notable example) don't have this glitch. You can (but don't, it's not good for your eyes) test this by shining a light in one of your eyes, blocking the light from getting to the other eye, and watching to see if your non-lit pupil constricts. Normal people's pupils will both constrict if one eye is exposed to bright light. In the case of Ze Frank and others, only the pupil receiving the light will constrict."} {"category":"Other","question":"In the early twentieth century smoking and drinking during pregnancy was fairly common. Now it is heavily emphasized that these practices are terrible for prenatal health, although babies were born normally for years despite these practices. How were so many babies born without birth defects?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n In the early twentieth century smoking and drinking during pregnancy was fairly common. Now it is heavily emphasized that these practices are terrible for prenatal health, although babies were born normally for years despite these practices. How were so many babies born without birth defects?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because they weren't born all that normally. And a lot of kids died very young. Looking at the statistics, back in the 1930s, per 1000 births, 80 kids died before being one year old. These days that is 6.5 per 1000 (and the USA is at the high end with that number). And seeing as disabilities were not as accepted and heavily disabled children were often hidden away and not talked about, it is easy to get the impression they just weren't around."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do people sometimes get runny noses when they eat?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do people sometimes get runny noses when they eat?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's called 'gustatory rhinorrhea' - in some cases a reaction to spicy foods which are an irritant; in other cases, like if your nose runs no matter what you're eating, its a mistaken stimulation of the nerves running to your nose that create mucous - the nerves that control saliva flow upon thinking about eating, or eating, or smelling food smells. The mouth glands are normally stimulated into producing saliva, but in these cases, your nose gets involved by mistake also."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why do people talk backwards sometimes? Swapping the first letters of a two word phrase or name. Ex: Brain Damage= Dain Bramage. Butterfly= Flutterby","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do people talk backwards sometimes? Swapping the first letters of a two word phrase or name. Ex: Brain Damage= Dain Bramage. Butterfly= Flutterby","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When it is not intentional it is a type of Literal Paraphasia. There are several types of paraphasias but this type of letter switching can be one. It can happen to a normal healthy person on rare occasions just like word dropping, meaning we cannot think of the next word of a sentence and it is 'just on the tip of the tongue'. But if it occurs frequently it can be the symptom of a neurological problem like a stroke or turmor, or induced by brain trauma."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How do amateurs keep long exposure astonomy shots from blurring?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do amateurs keep long exposure astonomy shots from blurring?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A ten-hour single exposure is difficult, requiring good equipment and experience. These days you can \u201cstack\u201d a series of shorter exposures in software to reach the same total exposure time. This has the advantage of being able to throw away bad exposures so a single adverse event doesn\u2019t ruin everything. The software can also align all the shots, effectively correcting for any long-term drift in the tracking system."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How do they fit 6.9 billion transistors on a 7 nanometer chip? Additionally, how do they connect them up correctly?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do they fit 6.9 billion transistors on a 7 nanometer chip? Additionally, how do they connect them up correctly?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"7 nanometer technology refers to the smallest feature they can make. As for how they can be made they are produced through a process called lithography. Individual layers are made and projected onto the material with light, interacting with chemicals to either stay put or wash away to mask areas so other material can be deposited. Think about making art on a wall by masking things off with tape or paper, then rolling or spraying paint on the wall to stick wherever isn't covered. Then you take it off and repeat again many times to make complex pictures. With chips they can actually be 3D structures as each pass lays down a tiny layer of metal or other material."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Why are there only 10 digits?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are there only 10 digits?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The decimal system, which uses ten digits, is only one of several number systems that have been invented, so it's not accurate to say \"there are only ten digits\". Binary (2 digits), octal (8 digits) and hexadecimal (16 digits) are commonly used in computer programming. It's likely that decimal is the system most commonly used throughout the world because we have ten fingers, like you said. I'm not sure what you mean about the number zero being invented to differentiate from Arabic numerals - Arabic numerals are the symbols we *do* use (1234567890)."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"how is a wildfire's containment percentage determined?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how is a wildfire's containment percentage determined?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Let's say the circumference of a fire is 10,000 feet long. At 31% containment, that means they have secured line around 3,100 feet of that fire. Wildland fires are contained by denying fuel for the fire to grow. That means that they literally dig down to the soil, clearing the ground around a fire of anything that could possibly be burned. When the fire reaches that containment line, it has nothing to burn so it doesn't spread. So when a fire is X% contained, that means that X% of the perimeter has containment lines of a quality high enough to prevent the fire from growing in that direction."} {"category":"Physics","question":"My science teacher said, in physics 5x5=30 but in traditional mathematics 5x5=25. However in physics 5.0x5.0=25. why?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n My science teacher said, in physics 5x5=30 but in traditional mathematics 5x5=25. However in physics 5.0x5.0=25. why?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Your teacher is talking about something called \"significant figures\". Significant figures talk about precision or accuracy in a measurement. Imagine measuring the length of an object with a ruler. This type of measurement isn't necessarily precise, right? You might measure something out to be 4.9 millimeters but your friend might guess it's closer to 5.0 When you say something is \"5\" centimeters, you're saying it is 5 whole centimeters but aren't talking about how many 10ths of a centimeter it is past those 5. The notation \"5.0\" says something like, \"we're certain it is 5 centimeters and 0 whole tenths of a centimeter\". Carrying it out further, \"5.01\" would be, \"5 whole centimeters, 0 tenths of a centimeter and 1 hundredth of a centimeter\". Now this is where 5.0x5.0 and 5x5 give different answers. You want to use the *least precise* number when doing calculations. The number 5 has one significant figure. When you multiply two numbers with one significant figure together, your result should be written with one significant figure. Basically, if you're doing a calculation, your answer can't suddenly be more precise than the measurements going into that calculation if that makes sense. Therefore, that answer is 30. There are a lot of rules for when a digit is considered significant or insignificant. You can read a lot more about it [here]( URL_0 ) 25 as an answer would say it's \"two whole 10 units and 5 whole single units\". The number \"30\" just says it's \"three whole 10 units and we can't be exact about how many single units it is\". Hopefully that starts to explain it."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How do Rubik's Cube speed records work if the starting cube can have so many different variations?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do Rubik's Cube speed records work if the starting cube can have so many different variations?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When you scramble a Rubik's cube, you're never more than 17 or 19 moves away from a solution(I don't remember the exact number, but it's around there). In practice, this isn't how speed cubers work, but the principle is similar. Speed cubers have different processes and memorized patterns of moves to get solve the Rubik's cube. Step one might be get all the edge pieces for one side solved, then solve the corners for that one side, and so on. These moves take about the same amount of time no matter how scrambled the cube is. The only time there is any variance is when solving one step also accidentally solves part of the next step."} {"category":"Economics","question":"How does a Roth IRA work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does a Roth IRA work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Basically it's a normal account, but you are exempt from capital gains, interest, and other taxes within the account (provided it stays there until you retire). This is in contrast to a traditional IRA where you are exempt from income tax on any money your put in, but then owe income tax on the money you take out when retired. Both types of IRAs have various contribution limits and requirements that force you to keep the money in the account until you retire. The benefit for both types if you owe less taxes overall by using an IRA (you don't get taxed for saving money). A traditional IRA is better if you pay more in taxes today than you pay when you retire (most people expect to go on SS [untaxed] and take a pay cut, so most people expect a low tax rate). A Roth IRA is better if you pay more taxes in retirement than you do when you're retired (typical if you're currently an intern and expect your pay to quadruple over the next 10 years, in that case a retirement pay cut is still more than you make now)."} {"category":"Other","question":"What exactly have Man City done and haven\u2019t Real\/Barca\/PSG been doing this for years?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What exactly have Man City done and haven\u2019t Real\/Barca\/PSG been doing this for years?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The biggest thing is their parent company (essentially the royal family of Abu Dhabi) also owns some of their sponsors. The rules state there's a specific ratio of income to expenditures to be eligible to compete. Since the club and the sponsors are owned by the same people, the sponsors were paying heavily inflated sponsors fees as a way to inject cash into the club while looking like its coming from their sponsors. At its core, it's essentially money laundering to circumvent financial rules."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why are karats only up to 99% purity and not 100%?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are karats only up to 99% purity and not 100%?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"You aren't able to remove every little bit of the various metals which are in a gold bar. By in large, no chemical process produces 100% purity. When they 'filter' out the different metals, some are left over due to random disorder in the system. The metal alloy slowly gives a higher content ratio of gold as others are processed out, but you can not say its 100% gold. Imagine you have a ball-pit with walls full of red, green, and yellow balls. This ball pit has a fan below it, and so the balls fly up and down, and hit the sides, hit each other and are just moving all over the place. You've found that the yellow balls have Velcro on them, so when you drop a large Velcro ball in there, they all bind to it. This large ball is easy to take out, because you've tied a string to it, and when you remove it, there is a lower amount of yellow balls than before. There are still yellow balls, but there is a lower amount. If you do this for every colour, you'll soon find you can't remove all of the balls, and so it is not worth your time. The second thing you notice is that the yellow balls add a preferred property to your metal; say they make it more colourful in the ball-pit. You would want to keep some to preserve this property, because it creates a better ball pit. For some alloys (metal mixtures), they do this as well, as things such as gold are very malleable, and an alloy can make it stronger. *This is not really what they're doing when purifying gold, but its a good relevant thing to note."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why is politics considered a sensitive topic to talk about?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is politics considered a sensitive topic to talk about?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Many people have very passionate opinions about political subjects. So bringing it up at a casual affair like a party or work lunch can get people upset and angry. If you believe that the people opposing your political views are literally getting people killed, a common belief these days, then it's hard to have a calm and reasonable discussion about it."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How polygraph test detects a person lying? Is there any way to cheat the test?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How polygraph test detects a person lying? Is there any way to cheat the test?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Polygraph doesn\u2019t detect lies. They take find a baseline by asking you normal questions to see how you react when they know you\u2019re telling the truth (what\u2019s your name?). Once they have a baseline, they ask harder and more dubious questions. They compare this to the baseline And determine whether you are nervous or not. Polygraph proves nothing. It\u2019s pseudoscience."} {"category":"Psychology","question":"Why can't our inner voice shut up?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why can't our inner voice shut up?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It can. Try mindfulness meditation. It takes a lot of practice but you can turn down the inner dialogue. This may or may not be called for in a given situation, but it's nice to have the choice if only for a few moments. As to why the inner voice always seems to be going by default, I am afraid I have no idea."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"Why does wind die down right before a storm hits?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does wind die down right before a storm hits?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"To form and thrive, storms need warm, moist air that they suck in from their surrounding environment. This warm, humid air rises from the surface, cooling and condensing into water droplets which in turn become clouds. The rising warm air actually creates a partial vacuum with sucks colder, drier air from higher in the atmosphere towards the ground. This actually helps to push the rain towards the surface. With the more air being sucked in from all around the storms, the air moving away from the storm actually gets pulled back towards the storm creating calm ahead of it. [source]( URL_0 ) It doesn\u2019t always happen but it is absolutely a real thing."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why does it seem that big things move slowly?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does it seem that big things move slowly?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"1. Some big things do move slowly. Elephants for example move a lot slower than humans normally do. 2.The main reason we perceive it that way is to do with angular velocity. We look at how much of an angle an object covers in a certain amount of time or better: We perceive how much of our field of view a moving object passes. With big things, you have to stand quite far away to see the whole thing, so at that point it will move by a far smaller angle than it would if you were standing right beside it. Idk if that's a good explanation, hope that helped"} {"category":"Economics","question":"how does it work with copyright laws when someone does a cover of a song and makes money off it?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how does it work with copyright laws when someone does a cover of a song and makes money off it?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"There is a thing called a compulsory license. Once a song has been released publicly, anybody can cover it if they are willing to pay a fixed license fee. The fee is currently 9.1\u00a2 per digital download. However, most record labels don't like the compulsory license system and would rather get paid directly. So you can use a site like URL_0 to clear the song and setup the payments."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why are court cases named (e.g. \u201cRoe v. Wade\u201d) instead of just given an alphanumeric code? Are all cases that go through courts given a name or just the famous ones? Is it the same practice in all countries?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why are court cases named (e.g. \u201cRoe v. Wade\u201d) instead of just given an alphanumeric code? Are all cases that go through courts given a name or just the famous ones? Is it the same practice in all countries?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"\"Roe v. Wade\" refers to *Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973)*. The \"full name\" is \"Jane Roe, et al. v. Henry Wade, District Attorney of Dallas County\". US court cases are generally identified as \"plaintiff versus defendant\" (or, in criminal cases, e.g. \"state versus accused\"), but are also identified by numbers. In the above, 410 refers to volume 410 of the SCOTUS' collected cases, and Roe v. Wade is case 113 in that volume. Famous cases become known by the \"short form\" of *plaintiff vs. defendant*."} {"category":"Other","question":"Did prehistoric humans cut their nails?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Did prehistoric humans cut their nails?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Specific nail trimming implements do extend into ancient history, possibly prehistory. Beyond that, ancient peoples tended to have a lot of work with their hands, which would contribute to general wear on the nails themselves, and even relatively primitive tools (or even unmodified objects) would be capable of cutting or wearing down nails without too much difficulty."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"What causes alkaline batteries to leak when mixed with other types of batteries?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What causes alkaline batteries to leak when mixed with other types of batteries?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"All batteries of the same size pretty much always put out the same voltage regardless of what they're made of, so I think it may be a case of the other batteries may leak and they just copy-pasted the same safety warning. Those cheap \"Heavy Duty\" batteries you see in dollar stores are I believe Carbon-Zinc or Zinc Chloride batteries, an older, cheaper battery technology that has a lower capacity, and, more importantly, leaks when it is fully discharged. If you mix alkaline cells with these cheaper ones, because their capacity is lower, they will deplete first, but because the alkaline batteries will still have power left, your TV remote might still work, but one of the batteries is rotting it's guts out and is a out to spray acid all over your lap because, of course, you lost the battery cover. Its most likely a warning because if you mix battend types, one type may start leaking when it dies, but you won't be warned by all the batteries running down."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why does Facebook seem to be overrun with still images as videos lately?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does Facebook seem to be overrun with still images as videos lately?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Facebook Slideshow - it is a feature they released last year. Facebook wants you to share more stuff on Facebook - so it's rolling out a new feature designed to do just that. The social network thinks video is the answer to all its woes. According to The Information, Facebook has experienced a decline in original, personal sharing (it's down 21 per cent year over year as of mid-2015), but Live Video and video seem to be helping. People are no longer keen to post text statuses about what's going on in their lives, but they will post stories full of videos and pics to their Snapchats, for instance. Facebook isn't Snapchat, though. Users aren't limited to 10-second clips they can overlay with doodles, text, filters, etc. But they can post 20-minute videos and boring, static photos to albums. While Facebook Live is slowly adding some Snapchat-like features, the social network still has to make the process of posting videos and pics much more fun not only for users but also for people looking at this stuff in their feeds. That's why Facebook is now pushing an automatic movie-maker feature called Slideshow. It's similar to the new Memories feature coming to iOS 10's Photos app, and it's also a lot like the Movies Assistant feature in Google Photos. Slideshow, which originally launched in August as part of Facebook's photo-sharing app Moments, basically takes your recent videos and pics and spices them up a bit. You don't need to download an entirely new app to use Slideshow. The Facebook app will sync with your phone's libraries and is able to detect when you've taken five or more videos\/pics in the last 24 hours. Facebook will then gather the media into a slideshow and create a preview of it at the top of your News Feed. You can ignore it or post it. The choice is yours. You can even customise it. The idea is you can now jazz up your lame videos and pics and turn them into something worth sharing (and watching). __________________________________________________________________________________________________ [Source]( URL_0 )"} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"Why does a harmonic series diverge while the sequence converges?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does a harmonic series diverge while the sequence converges?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The clearest way to see this is with a comparison test. The harmonic series is 1 + 1\/2 + 1\/3 + 1\/4 + 1\/5 + ... Now consider the sum: 1 + 1\/2 + 1\/4 + 1\/4 + 1\/8 + 1\/8 + 1\/8 + 1\/8 + 1\/16 + ... + 1\/32 + ... + 1\/64 + ... This sum is clearly smaller than the harmonic series. But you can group the terms of this sum as 1 + (1\/2) + (1\/4 + 1\/4) + (1\/8 + 1\/8 + 1\/8 + 1\/8) + (1\/16 + ... + 1\/16) + (1\/32 + ... + 1\/32) + ... which equals to 1 + (1\/2) + (1\/2) + (1\/2) + ... This is an arithmetic series which always diverges, but is less than the harmonic series at the same time, so the harmonic series must also be divergent."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Why is the solar system always illustrated co-planar and all. Like since the Sun is spherical isn't it logical that some planets might revolve sun in plane perpendicular to what earth revolves? Why is the northen hemisphere always represented on top? There is no Top and bottom in the space.","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is the solar system always illustrated co-planar and all. Like since the Sun is spherical isn't it logical that some planets might revolve sun in plane perpendicular to what earth revolves? Why is the northen hemisphere always represented on top? There is no Top and bottom in the space.","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"If you live in the southern hemisphere, you're more likely to see maps with south at the top. As for why it's coplanar, lets say you start with a bunch of dust, each particle moving randomly. as it coalesces into larger bodies, angular momentum is conserved, so if your starting cloud was on average orbiting counterclockwise when looking down on the north pole, the whole system will end up like that as the particles that started north of the plane will collide with and cancel out the particles that started south of it. If you look at other solar systems and galaxies, they don't orbit in the same plane as our solar system."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"If valence electrons determine how an atom reacts to the atoms around it, why do different atoms with the same number of valence electrons not act the same?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If valence electrons determine how an atom reacts to the atoms around it, why do different atoms with the same number of valence electrons not act the same?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I assume that you\u2019re thinking about elements like Fluorine and Chlorine - if they each have seven valence electrons ordinarily, why aren\u2019t they exactly the same? Well they\u2019re both very reactive and will form compounds with many of the same elements, but the reason that they aren\u2019t exactly the same in terms of reactivity and properties is more subtle and it\u2019s helpful to think of it as their size and shape. Chlorine, for example, has a whole electron \u201cshell\u201d more than fluorine. This means that electrons are hanging out a bit further away from the nucleus than for fluorine. This gives it a slightly different size and shape, and therefore changes the way that it interacts with the world. And the number of protons matters as well - imagine a Cl- ion with 8 valence electrons and an O(2-) ion with the exact same number of electrons. The Chlorine ion has one extra proton pulling on those electrons, changing the size and shape of the ion, meaning that the two will react and behave differently."} {"category":"Other","question":"How does housing in England work? What are flats vs semis vs houses? What is a \"council\" and how does that work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does housing in England work? What are flats vs semis vs houses? What is a \"council\" and how does that work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Flats are usually single floored homes that are on top of each other, so numerous homes in one building. Semis are two houses joined together, then a space, for a drive etc, then two more houses A council is the local authority, providing local services eg bin collection, road surfacing, tax etc Council houses are houses for local people which are owned and rented out by the council at lower than market rate. There are also terraced houses which are rows of houses joined together, and detached houses which as the name suggests aren't connected to any others"} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"does organic material (aka food) help break down the non-organic material that end up in landfills? In other words, if a landfills were just non-organic material then would they take longer to decompose?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n does organic material (aka food) help break down the non-organic material that end up in landfills? In other words, if a landfills were just non-organic material then would they take longer to decompose?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They don\u2019t really interact. For all practical purposes, the inorganic stuff will never break down. It\u2019ll stick around until the landfill is full and then be covered over. Hence the reason recycling and moving towards 100% reusable or biodegradable is so important. The only reason to put them in the same space is because it all has to go somewhere."} {"category":"Physics","question":"If photons are massless, how can they have momentum?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If photons are massless, how can they have momentum?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The full version of E = mc^2 is: E^2 = (mc^2 )^2 + p^2 c^2 Where _p_ is momentum. Photons have no mass _m_ so the (mc^2 )^2 part of the equation becomes zero, but they still have energy\/momentum. ELI5: the definition of momentum is different for photons, but they still carry energy and still impart that energy _in a specific direction_ when they hit something."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"If I choose a random number between 0 and 1, shouldn't the probability of choosing 1 number out of infinitely many be 0 and in turn prevent me from choosing any single one of them?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If I choose a random number between 0 and 1, shouldn't the probability of choosing 1 number out of infinitely many be 0 and in turn prevent me from choosing any single one of them?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The probability of getting any particular number is probability 0, but that doesn't mean it's impossible. The reason for this is that we're dealing with a continuous set of numbers, not a discrete set, and the rules for dealing with probability are different here. In this context, we don't ask 'what is the probability that x is precisely 0.45', because it's 0. Instead, for example, we look for the probability that 0.44 < x < 0.46. We deal with probability densities over a range, not of discrete numbers. It is a bit weird that you can have a range of numbers where each individual number has a probability 0, but the range as a whole does not. But that is the case. Using probability densities is more sidestepping the problem than it is solving it, but it's the practical solution. If you want to know more, 3blue1brown did a very good video on probability densities [here]( URL_0 ) Another thing to keep in mind is the difference between asking about the probability of x being _precisely_ 0.45, rather than being 0.45 to an accuracy of 3 significant figures. 0.450001 isn't precisely 0.45, but if you only care about the accuracy to three significant figures, that doesn't matter to you. So you could write this as the probability of 0.445 < x < 0.4549, and still get a meaningful answer"} {"category":"Technology","question":"How come when you film a computer or TV screen it appears to have black bars running through it that you never normally see?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How come when you film a computer or TV screen it appears to have black bars running through it that you never normally see?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Simplest explanation is because of the way old monitors\/TVs display their image at a slow frame rate and how the camera is recording at a different frame rate. During playback they\u2019re out of sync so you start to see partial scans on the display. Kinda like how a fast spinning wheel can look like it\u2019s spinning backwards."} {"category":"Economics","question":"when someone dies, what happens to their debt? Does it go to their executor to be paid off with money from selling their estate? What happens if there is more debt than money in the estate?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n when someone dies, what happens to their debt? Does it go to their executor to be paid off with money from selling their estate? What happens if there is more debt than money in the estate?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"When someone dies, all of their assets and debts become part of their estate. The executor of the estate then pays off all of the debts using the estate assets (selling assets if\/as required). Once all of the debts are paid, the remaining assets are then given to the beneficiaries of the estate (either through the will or applicable laws). If debts are greater than assets, the debts are paid to the extent possible and then are discharged (e.g. negated) once the assets run out."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"how are lava lamps used to model random behavior for computers?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n how are lava lamps used to model random behavior for computers?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Computers are deterministic machines. Given the same input, they will always produce the same output. One simple way around this is a \"random number generator\" that starts with one number (the \"seed\"), then performs a bunch of mathematical operations on it to get a new number. You can then chain this process together to create a lot of \"random\" numbers. To someone who doesn't know exactly what mathematical operations are used by the random number generator, all of these numbers appear to be completely unrelated to each other. This is fine for something like video games or statistical simulations. However, it's usually not good enough for cryptography, where you assume a very smart person is always trying to crack your code. That smart person, if they saw all the random numbers you generated, could probably figure out how your generator worked and start being able to guess the next number it will generate. (People who are *really* into video games have figured out how to do this too). To foil them, you need to include a source of randomness from the real world. In theory, you could use lots of different things for this, but a classic example is lava lamps. All you need is a lava lamp and a camera that watches the lava lamps. The camera checks for various things (bubble speed and position, etc.) and sends that information back to the computer, which uses them as random numbers. It's not important that the camera be all that precise. In fact, you get even more \"randomness\" if it's not that precise. Insofar as someone actually wanted to use a lava lamp in cryptography, however, they wouldn't tell you exactly what the camera is looking for. That would defeat the purpose."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"What is a musical \u201ckey\u201d and what does it mean to change the key of a song or play it in a different key?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is a musical \u201ckey\u201d and what does it mean to change the key of a song or play it in a different key?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A Key is the root note in the major 7 note scale. In the key of C the notes in that scale are simply: C D E F G A B. If you change key to D, the scale is not simply D E F G A B C because a major scale is defined by how many steps between each note. The key of D would scale as: D E F# G A B C# All Major scales follow the same pattern: W W H W W W H (whole, whole, half, whole, whole, whole, half). It's easier to visualize this on the keys to a piano, each key (white and black) is a half step above the previous. Pick any note on the piano, and to play that note's major scale, you'd follow the pattern above. Because of how we hear and interpret music, it matters less what the absolute values of the frequencies of each note is, but more that the intervals between them are maintained, in order for us to recognize a particular melody. If someone sings \"Happy Birthday\" in the key of G, or C, or D#, we can recognize it just as easily. So singers and musicians may play or sing a song in a different key if it's easier to do so. For example, a singer with a lower ranged voice might want to drop a song to a lower key in order to sing it without straining."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How can humans be allergic to eggs, but not chicken?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can humans be allergic to eggs, but not chicken?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Hi there! So, the proteins and substances in chicken meat and eggs are different. Your friend may be allergic to either the albumin (the white of the egg) or something inside the yolk. None of these substances are in the meat itself. It\u2019s mainly actin and myosin (muscle fibers). Yes they come from eggs, but they\u2019re made of completely different material once the chicken is grown. P.s I\u2019m allergic to chicken dander but not chicken eggs or meat. It\u2019s all about the specific substances."} {"category":"Physics","question":"When lighting hits the ocean, does it kill the fish in that area? If not, why?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When lighting hits the ocean, does it kill the fish in that area? If not, why?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Salt water conducts electricity very well, and generally better than living animals. Electricity follows the path of least resistance, so unless a fish is really close to the strike, most of the electricity flows through the water and disperses very quickly, and animals don't take much of the charge, because the resistance is higher through the body. Most of the energy is scattered across the surface of the water as well, as things that conduct electricity well usually have this characteristic."} {"category":"Economics","question":"If store brand medicines have the same ingredients and dosages as some of the higher end brands, how do the companies that charge almost triple the price remain profitable?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If store brand medicines have the same ingredients and dosages as some of the higher end brands, how do the companies that charge almost triple the price remain profitable?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"They have to have the same pharmaceutical incredients and dosages. They don't necessarily have the same other components like binders, fast-dissolving tablets for quick action, coatings to prevent stomach irritation etc. Not saying they don't charge a lot for the brand name though. They're not going to pay for TV ads and other marketing from a couple of cents\/pence per tablet that generic aspirin goes for."} {"category":"Other","question":"What exactly is REALLY going on in the American political scene right now?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What exactly is REALLY going on in the American political scene right now?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"We have a controversial president. He didn't win the popular vote but because he won the right states to win, he beat his opponent. Some argue that he's crass, sexist, and racist and doesn't know what he's doing. Some argue that he's incredibly smart. Some argue that he won because of Russian hacking. Some argue that he has secret ties with Russia that dictate his actions. Some argue that the Russian story is made up by his opponents."} {"category":"Physics","question":"How does splitting an atom harness so much power?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does splitting an atom harness so much power?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"This question was answered on this sub in 2014. Here is a link explaining it. Basically splitting one atom only results in a little bit of energy, the objective is to split many of them very very fast. Link here to archived post. Hopefully it won't get removed by bots or pedantic mods. URL_0"} {"category":"Technology","question":"How does a GPU differ from a CPU?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How does a GPU differ from a CPU?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"specializaton. Chips have hardware in them that perform various tasks. CPUs have to be very general because they need to be able to do everything. With a GPU, you know what tasks you're going to do frequently and you can design hardware to do it. So a GPU might require less instructions for the same tasks. Additionally, GPUs have a LOT more cores than a CPU (my CPU has 4 while my GPU has 1664). A GPU can split the screen up into a bunch of tiny chunks and work on each task independantly. You can typically do this to some extent with CPUs but typically not as much. Doing this allows you to have slower cores while still completing tasks faster."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"what are batteries made of?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n what are batteries made of?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Two different types of metal, and a liquid between the two. The exact materials differ depending on the type of battery. In your standard Alkaline battery, you typically see Magnanese dioxide on one end and zinc on the other, with an alkaline (that is, opposite of acidic on the pH scale) solution in the middle (this can vary, but the standard at least used to be potassium hydroxide); The liquid is sometimes also called \"battery acid\" which in the case of these batteries is a bit incorrect (but there are batteries which do use an acid), but still apt with the non-scientific definition that a lot of people know of \"a liquid that harms your skin on contact\" or just a caustic chemical (which, strong acids or strong bases are going to be very caustic as a general rule)"} {"category":"Biology","question":"why is drinking our own blood bad for our health?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n why is drinking our own blood bad for our health?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It is and it isn't. Fundamentally, there's nothing dangerous in healthy blood but you can't survive on blood alone. Especially not your own blood as there's some losses involved. Rather, the danger comes from unhealthy blood or things blood has picked up along the way. Germs are the biggest threat here as blood is a near perfect environment for things to grow. There's also the risk that the person giving the blood was sick but didn't know it. Also, drinking blood has cannibalistic implications and society tends to break down when we see each other as a source of food."} {"category":"Physics","question":"Could scientist be able to stop time in a single contained space?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Could scientist be able to stop time in a single contained space?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Not with our current understanding of physics. For something to appear frozen in time from an outside perspective, that thing would need to be travelling at the speed of light. Since our current understanding of physics is that nothing with mass can reach the speed of light, we can't ever get anything other than light itself to \"freeze\" in time. However, if we can get things moving at a significant fraction of the speed of light, it would appear from an outside perspective to be moving slower in time. However, making a box in which the contents are moving at relativistic speed but the box itself is not would be a significant technological challenge if it is even possible."} {"category":"Other","question":"How come movies and TV shows don't film at actual locations? Why do they use different locations and make it look like the intended location?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How come movies and TV shows don't film at actual locations? Why do they use different locations and make it look like the intended location?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Money and convenience. It's much cheaper to build a set that looks like a snowy tundra than to actually fly out cast, crew, etc. to a *real* snowy tundra. Not to mention that then you'd have to deal with the weather. And your cast and crew would not be so happy about spending months away from their families. And this goes for just about everything. Say you have a show that takes place in one city. It's cheap and easy to get a few exterior shots of the city, buildings, etc. and then when it's time to actually film, do it from a studio in LA."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"How exactly is recycling good for the environment when it almost always requires a source of fuel to break down and re-purpose the materials(in turn creating more air pollution and also requires the excavation of more fossil fuel)?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How exactly is recycling good for the environment when it almost always requires a source of fuel to break down and re-purpose the materials(in turn creating more air pollution and also requires the excavation of more fossil fuel)?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It is less harmful than excavating new material deposits, by far. It's also the fact that if you just throw it out, it has to go to a landfill, which uses up land and can take hundreds of years to even start to decay (if it ever really does - look at the Pacific Garbage Patch). In order of benefit to the environment, Reduce > Reuse > Recycle. Reducing means you need less to begin with, and thus don't even add any pollution from the start. Reusing something means you only need to create pollution once - when it's first made. Recycling means you create pollution more than once, but it's less than if you just went out and bought more unrecycled material to begin with."} {"category":"Economics","question":"If recessions are a normal part of the business cycle\/economy, why are governments not prepared for them?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If recessions are a normal part of the business cycle\/economy, why are governments not prepared for them?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Some governments do prepare. They maintain large sovereign wealth funds that help smooth out the effect of the bang and bust cycle on government revenues. This is especially helpful (and most prevalent) in countries that depend heavily on a single resource (like oil or gas) for revenue. In most countries though saving money is politically very difficult. It is always popular to spend money on the things voters want, and many politicians are willing to spend lavishly in the hopes it buys them a safe seat."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"The geometric \"what comes next?\" type of questions on IQ tests.","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n The geometric \"what comes next?\" type of questions on IQ tests.","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It's all about recognizing patterns, which is a crucial part of learning ability and thus IQ. Since you asked for a stream of consciousness on a solution, lets look at the first link for an example. I look for a pattern, the first thing I focus on (on a whim) is the circle in the middle of each image. I see that in the top two rows, one each is white, split vertically and split horizontally. This leads me to believe the answer could be (d). To verify my answer, I check to see what is up with the arrows surrounding the circles. I start with color and notice that in the top two rows one set of arrows is white, the other two mixed. Since (d) is mixed and we already have one white and one mixed set, this supports my answer. Looking at the positions, there are three options - let's call them \\, \/ and ^ for brevity. The top two rows have one of each and the bottom one has \/ and ^. Solution (d) has \\, which again confirms the pattern. The faster you can find patterns like this, the faster you will also be able to find existing patterns in everyday life."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why does exercise build stamina?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does exercise build stamina?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Stressing a muscle tears it down. Given the right nutrients and some rest, it will be repaired, and will be built up to better withstand that stress next time. Why should that be? Consider that not every animal may have that biological feedback loop to improve, or that there are varying degrees at which that happens. The greater the ability to improve, the greater the ability to survive and pass that ability on to offspring. That's evolution."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why do we sometimes yawn and feel really sleepy, go to the bed but don't fall asleep as soon as we expected we would?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do we sometimes yawn and feel really sleepy, go to the bed but don't fall asleep as soon as we expected we would?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Perhaps you are not distinguishing between \"sleepy\" and \"tired.\" Feeling **sleepy** is part of a physiological cycle. Your body clock is saying that \"now would be a good time to get the required amount of sleep.\" You do not necessarily have to have run out of energy at that point any more than you have to be starving to death before you feel hungry. **Tiredness**, however, is different. It is not part of a cycle and can be caused by a number of things: using up a lot of energy and not replacing it, lack of oxygen, boredom, illness. Unfortunately, the symptoms of both are similar and sometimes you can confuse the two. Yawning is frequently a sign of tiredness rather than sleepiness. Consequently you might go to bed thinking you are sleepy when in fact you are just tired (or \"fatigued\"). A few moments rest may be enough to replenish you energy levels and sleep is neither wanted nor necessary. Just to contrast the two: People can spend the whole day doing nothing but watch TV. Nevertheless, at a certain time they will fall asleep easily despite not really having tired themselves in the least. Conversely, after, say, running a marathon, the runner is probably extremely tired but that doesn't mean that what he wants to do is curl up under the sheets and snore."} {"category":"Biology","question":"We can freeze human sperm and eggs indefinitely, without \"killing\" them. Why can't we do the same for whole people, or even just organs?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n We can freeze human sperm and eggs indefinitely, without \"killing\" them. Why can't we do the same for whole people, or even just organs?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Because sperm and eggs are just single cells. Organs and organisms are collections of cells that must operate in unison or the entire organism dies. If you have 5 million sperm cells and your freezing\/thawing process kills half of them, you still have 2.5 million viable sperm cells to rely on, and only need one for success. If you freeze\/thaw a person and kill half their cells, you end up with a mess."} {"category":"Physics","question":"- Why is space cold when the suns heat is currently roasting me like a pig whilst I sit outdoors in Spain?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n - Why is space cold when the suns heat is currently roasting me like a pig whilst I sit outdoors in Spain?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"That heat is not heat when it's traveling to earth, it's high intensity light from the sun that becomes heat as it gets absorbed by particles in the atmosphere\/on the earth's surface. There is virtually no matter in outer space to absorb that light and convert it to heat, which is why it's able to get all the way to earth and warm everything up."} {"category":"Technology","question":"A lot of outrage comes from \u201ccompanies stealing our data\u201d, what is an actual harmful outcome to me from a company taking my data?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n A lot of outrage comes from \u201ccompanies stealing our data\u201d, what is an actual harmful outcome to me from a company taking my data?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Well, they can target their advertising very specifically, manipulating your behaviour by knowing how to subconsciously alter your spending habits. The data can be used to alter things like your chances of being approved for a loan, or how much your insurance will cost. They might reveal information you'd rather keep secret, for example gay people have been outed because their social media began sending adverts and messages related to that based off of their search history... there can be a lot of consequences."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Can someone explain an Existential Forgery Attack against RSA Digital Signature?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Can someone explain an Existential Forgery Attack against RSA Digital Signature?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The attack is just a means of producing something with a technically valid signature. However what that \"something\" is, well, it is essentially garbage most of the time because you're forcibly constructing something with a valid signature out of parts with valid signatures. What you get in the end will be effectively random. In most cases it would be a case of \"Look, he signed this document!\" \"This looks like something produced by an infant who'd never seen a crayon before.\" \"Yes, but he signed it, and I can prove it mathematically!\" The math is fairly simple. RSA signatures are essentially done by raising a number to an exponent. EncryptedText = OriginalMessage^e (modulo N) and the decryption process is OriginalMessage = EncryptedText^(d) (modulo N). For signing you just swap e and d, and replace EncryptedText with SignatureOfMessage. e is the public exponent and d is the private exponent in both situations. Now modulo arithmetic can often be treated as simple integer arithmetic and then apply the modulo at the end rather than at each step in a long calculation. I can do all the math without considering of the modulo and then fix it at the end. So I can really just abuse the usual rules of multiplication and exponents to build a technically valid signature by combining 2 (or more) other known signatures. SignatureOfMessage1 = Message1^(d) and SignatureOfMessage2 = Message2^(d). Not knowing what d is but having the originals and signatures of any old messages, I can still combine these into a valid combination, SignatureOfMessage1 * SignatureOfMessage2 = Message1^d * Message2^d = (Message1 * Message2)^d = A valid signature for message Message1*Message2 (modulo N) In most situations this isn't very useful, but you have technically constructed a new message and its valid signature without breaking the private key."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Does having multiple injuries affect how your body heals itself?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Does having multiple injuries affect how your body heals itself?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Your body requires synthesis of material for activities like exudation (anti bacterial response), epithelial regeneration (skin healing from bites), collagen fibers (bone healing from bruise), etc. Each of these pieces require material synthesis. The body is like a factory that can make it's own materials. However, there is always a maximum throughput value. The speed at which any two bodies can create requires materials will not be the same. However, seemingly different materials may require similar inputs. If two injuries require the same material for healing at a rate greater than the body can produce then your healing will be delayed. I'm not aware of many studies that target the bodies ability to parallel process, but it's a very good question that I would like to read more about."} {"category":"Biology","question":"In what sense does one food or drink 'go' with another?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n In what sense does one food or drink 'go' with another?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The main thing that you want in a food and drink pairing is for both to have a similar intensity in the mouth. For instance, if you were eating something very light like a quiche, you don't want to then drink a very heavy red wine. The taste of the red wine will linger in the mouth, and so the next bite of quiche will be muted. Similarly, if you have a really heavy food like sharp cheeses, a wine that is too light will still have hints of cheese as you sip it since it's not strong enough to override it. Beyond that is flavour pairings, which is really just complimentary flavours. Often this is about balancing the different things the tongue can sense, like acidity, sweetness, etc., so that all of them are somewhat triggered, but none of them are overwhelmed."} {"category":"Biology","question":"In nature, why is it the generally the responsibility of the male to prove its fitness to the female? Is the offspring not just as susceptible to poor genes being passed from the female?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n In nature, why is it the generally the responsibility of the male to prove its fitness to the female? Is the offspring not just as susceptible to poor genes being passed from the female?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Males can mate with a lot of females in a gestation period. Females can only (usually) mate with one male per gestation period, so they make it count. Consider a generic species. For males, the genetic 'best option' is to spread their seed far and wide, the idea being that *some* of their offspring will survive. If they can impregnate fifty females? Great! Their genetic legacy is secure. For females, the best option is to only accept the best they can get, to improve the chances of fit offspring. If they mate with a weak male, their offspring is going to have a hard time of it, and will probably die early -- not good, if you're putting a lot of energy into setting up a lineage. Females in this generic species have to know that the investment they're making -- in food, in time, in energy, and in the risk to their own health during pregnancy and birth -- is worth it, so they're likely to only accept the best they can get."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why do certain product categories, vape stores or amazon mattresses, have such a positive review bias?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do certain product categories, vape stores or amazon mattresses, have such a positive review bias?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Reviews make the sale. Amazon has been fighting off fake reviews for a long time. Sellers know that you will pick the best rated at the price point you pick. Sure not all of them are fake but I follow tons of Amazon sellers podcasts and this is common practice. They used to pay for reviews, then Amazon banned that. Then they would give away stuff for good reviews, then Amazon banned that too. Shilling is on everywhere. Reddit is really bad with it right now. Monsanto threads and audiophile threads are perfect examples to look at. Video game systems used to be king if this but thankfully that's over with for the most part."} {"category":"Biology","question":"If a person were underfed to the point of stunted growth and delayed puberty, what would carbon-dating their bones reveal?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n If a person were underfed to the point of stunted growth and delayed puberty, what would carbon-dating their bones reveal?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It would still reveal about when the person died. I don't think current carbon dating methods are going to be accurate to within a decade for example. Carbon dating allows us to deduce when the living material was grown. Dating bones will tell us when the bone was formed but not necesssarily when the organism died. That information can be found through other methods but hardly matters when carbon dating might not be accurate to within the lifespan of the organism itself: If we can date a dog skeleton to 30,550 years old plus or minus 50 years, it doesn't matter if the dog was old or young when it died as dogs don't generally live for 50 years anyway."} {"category":"Biology","question":"What is the difference, in terms of impact on health, between 'processed sugar' (i.e. sugar in sweets) and sugar from fruit?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is the difference, in terms of impact on health, between 'processed sugar' (i.e. sugar in sweets) and sugar from fruit?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Sugar that is naturally found in fruits is chemically not even the same substance as table sugar, and both table sugar and fruit sugar are different substances than the sweetener used in \"sweets\". Naturally-occurring fruit sugar is called fructose, and it includes six carbons in a row but it makes a 5-member loop with a few parts sticking off. Table sugar is called sucrose, and it includes twelve carbons arranged in two six-atom rings, and a few parts sticking off. \"High fructose corn syrup\" is a commercially convenient sweetener -- it's cheap and easy to produce, and it is particularly sweet. It contains fructose but also a lot of glucose (another simple sugar, six atoms in a ring). But our bodies don't exactly recognize HFCS. When we something like an apple, our bodies recognize the natural fructose, and after a bit, the body says, \"Okay, that's enough. Thanks!\" But since our bodies don't exactly recognize HCFS, they don't turn that signal on, and we overeat this high-calorie stuff. edit: spelling"} {"category":"Other","question":"Why is it harder to get glitter off your skin than dirt?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it harder to get glitter off your skin than dirt?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Glitter is kind of 2D whereas dirt is kind of 3D. As your skin is almost always a tiny bit moist (with sweat and oils) it's harder to get the 2D stuff off than the 3D stuff. Try this experiment: 1) Lightly spray a concrete floor with water 2) Drop some grapes on the floor 3) Drop some notecards on the floor When you try to sweep up which is easier?"} {"category":"Other","question":"What differences are there between male and female brains? Of those which (so far) have been tested to always been the case and which vary depending on the subjects?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What differences are there between male and female brains? Of those which (so far) have been tested to always been the case and which vary depending on the subjects?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Here is a page describing some of the difference between male and female brains, specifically an very interesting brain structure call the anterior hypothalamus. URL_0 I think the differences are pretty well established,.. I recall this being discussed during my undergrad back in the 90's. The article explains pretty well the 'severity' of the differences, how it related to hormonal development, sexual orientation. etc."} {"category":"Other","question":"When an insect gets trapped in a car and transported miles away, is the insect able to find its way back? If not, will insects who live in groups be able to join a new hive\/colony in the new location or will they get rejected?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n When an insect gets trapped in a car and transported miles away, is the insect able to find its way back? If not, will insects who live in groups be able to join a new hive\/colony in the new location or will they get rejected?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Generally speaking such an insect would not be able to find its way home unless it was still within the normal range of its community (going several miles might not do that for a bee). Communal insects do not accept members from other groups except under unusual circumstances (adopted bee queens) so they would likely just die in short order."} {"category":"Other","question":"How was Nazi Germany able to control most of continental Europe during WWII? Germany was only one country, and they only had so many soldiers, how do you maintain control over an area that large?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How was Nazi Germany able to control most of continental Europe during WWII? Germany was only one country, and they only had so many soldiers, how do you maintain control over an area that large?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"First Germany was not alone. The Axis in Europe was Germany, Italy, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria,Slovak Republic, and the Independent State of Croatia. There was alose Finald that was a Co-belligerent. In many countries, they used the local police for control and Vichy France controlled a large part of France. That said there was lots of problems especially in the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia where they were partisans group that controlled large part of the country. You had uprising later to like in Warsava and France after the allied landings. So they did not manage to control all of it. The Axis had lost of people and manage to control, to a high degree, large part Europe the help of locals. There were more or less efficient resistance movements everywhere."} {"category":"Economics","question":"What is happening with r\/wallstreetbets driving up the price of GameStop stock?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is happening with r\/wallstreetbets driving up the price of GameStop stock?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"a bunch of investors saw gamestop as a losing business and expected the price to go down. they shorted gamestop stock. that means they borrowed the stock and sold it, intending to buy it back at a lower price, and returning it. a bunch of redditors banded together and kept on buying the stock, driving the price higher and higher. eventually when the contract expires, the people that shorted the stock will be forced to buy back those stock at much higher price than they borrowed it at, losing money. e.g. if I borrow 10k shares of your GME when price is $100\/share, sell it, expect it goes down to $50\/share, buy 10k shares back and give you back your stocks, I make $500k profit. however if the price goes up to $200\/share, then I have to cover the short and buy 10k shares at $200 price, costing me $2mil buy and holding a stock, you can only ever lose at most 100% of your investment. shorting a stock, you can lose much more."} {"category":"Economics","question":"Why do some politicians say the military needs more money when the military itself says it doesn't need more money?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do some politicians say the military needs more money when the military itself says it doesn't need more money?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"It is in the same vein as politician speak on crime\/drugs. Even if we have law enforcement, criminologists, data scientists telling us year after year that the war on drugs has failed and is doing more harm than good, politicians will always run on a tough on crime, tough on drugs policy because the average voter won't be reading research papers on the drug war. Instead they are more susceptible to populist rhetoric about crime and drugs ruining their neighborhood. So as a result, regardless of party affiliation, if the politician is from a large, national party they will be \"tough\" on drugs and crime because otherwise, it allows their opponent a free means to accuse them of having a weak stance on the law and protecting your streets and families. This applies to military spending. The average person for the most part is against war but they are not against the military\/it's soldiers. If a politician takes an active stance of cutting military spending especially in a period of uncertainty, that politician leaves him\/herself open for a free attack on being against the troops and against national security regardless of whether the attacking politician wants to start a war or not."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How and why do glasses work?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How and why do glasses work?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"You know how things look like they're an a different place when they're underwater? Like how a straight stick seems to bend when you stick it in a pond? Different materials have different densities, and light bends when it the density of the materials it's going through are different. Glass in your windows are flat and thin, so when it jogs to the side it then jogs back. But glasses are curved. Just a bit, so they change how the light goes through them. They're lenses. Your eyes have lenses too. Most folks eyes help to focus all the light into the right spots, sort of like a magnifying glass focuses the sun. But the lenses in some folks eyes aren't quite aimed right. So their glasses re-aim the light coming in to their eyes to match the bloopers in their eyes lenses."} {"category":"Technology","question":"What gives an auto-tuned voice that distinctive sound?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What gives an auto-tuned voice that distinctive sound?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Think of autotune as a hypothetic lane assist in a car: You're supposed to be in the right lane, but actually driving with one wheel in the left lane. Autotune will move your car to the right so you're perfectly centered. Now if you atually move towards the left lane, autotune will realize that and pull you to the left until you're perfectly centered. On the dashboard, there's a dial that lets you adjust how aggressively it will pull you to the center of the lane. You can set it to 10, and it'll just give you a slight nudge. 1 will aggressively pull at your steering wheel instead. But the dial doesn't stop at 1, you can move it to 0 - which, instead of moving your car between lanes, teleports the car between lanes. So if you move the steering wheel to the left, you'll remain fixed on the right lane, and at some point you're instantly on the left lane. Instead of lane assist, it's of course pitch correction. But the idea is the same: The regular modes of autotune just make sure you hit the notes correctly, but they still sound more or less like an actual human voice. The \"0\" mode completely eliminates smooth transition of the pitch from one note to another, causing the robot-like sound effect now known as autotune."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why does poaching an egg (in a silicone pouch) take longer than boiling an egg in its shell?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why does poaching an egg (in a silicone pouch) take longer than boiling an egg in its shell?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Silicone is a very good heat insulator. That is good if you want to poach the eggs slowly and get a soft, oozy texture but it also slows down the cooking to a snail\u2019s pace. When hardboiling an egg, you just want to blast as much heat into it as possible, which is the exact opposite of poaching."} {"category":"Other","question":"Why is it that when you sleep, having a leg out from under the covers helps to regulate your body temperature better than having your entire top half uncovered?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is it that when you sleep, having a leg out from under the covers helps to regulate your body temperature better than having your entire top half uncovered?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Capillary action, and your legs have this giant artery called the Femoral Artery. As the blood moves through the leg and foot (that is uncovered) it is cooled by the outside air easier, and returned to the body a bit cooler. With the capillaries spread over the feet, and skin it gets more surface area to cooler air. You are effectively using your leg as a heat exchanger. At least this is what I have always attributed it to. I am sure someone can break it down better than I can."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How do computers generate randomness?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do computers generate randomness?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Various ways 1. They use a [pseudorandom number generator]( URL_2 ). As the name says, this isn't *true* randomness, but it's good enough for most purposes and it will give you as many random numbers as you want. 2. They collect randomness from various sources relating to the computer's operation and mix it together. Mouse movements, disk access times, network traffic, etc. This also isn't *true* randomness, but it's better than the above. But you can only get so much randomness this way, so you may need to wait for more or fallback to pseudorandom. 3. It uses a special piece of hardware called a [hardware random number generator]( URL_1 ). These devices use a physical source of randomness like thermal noise, shot noise, radioactive decay, [lava lamps]( URL_0 ), etc. This gives you *truly* random numbers, but you need to buy that extra hardware and again, they only produce a limited amount of random."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Can astronauts catch a cold?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Can astronauts catch a cold?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Yes. It is possible they got infected on the ground or shorty after liftoff. It is also possible to be infected with something without showing any symptoms and then infect other crew members. And lastly you can get infected by something that is present in the spacecrafts living in water droplets in air filters and in hidden places. It is a serious issue and have caused problems in previous space missions. The lack of gravity is making the immune system less effective as the fluids in the body does not go where they usually go."} {"category":"Physics","question":"The two most likely scenarios for the end of the universe, The Big Freeze and The Big Crunch...how will they happen?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n The two most likely scenarios for the end of the universe, The Big Freeze and The Big Crunch...how will they happen?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The big crunch is practically ruled out since the discovery that the universe expansion is accelerating. For the Big Crush here how it will happen as far as we know. The universe is 13.7 x 10^9 years. Star are formed in gas cloud, where gravity regroup that gas into what will eventually become a new star. That will continue for a few more billions years. After that, the creation of new stars will slow down as these cloud run out of gas. Galaxy collision will trigger more star formation, but not by much. It the end it doesn't matter because red dwarf can fuse their material for near 1 trillions years or 1 x 10^12 years. More or less a few billions years is irrelevant compare to a trillion years. As time pass out, the bigger blue and white star will die first, the colour of galaxies will shift to red as red dwarf will be the only star left. But after about a trillion years, those red dwarf too will star to die out after burning all of their fuel. Btw the Trillion years is an estimation it could be as high at 10 trillions years. When the last star die out, the only objects still emitting energy will be corpse of death star (white dwarf, neutron star and black holes) and brown dwarf (object between a super gas giant planet and a low mass star). Most of these object at this point won't emit light in the visible spectrum. They still have residual heat from when the were formed, but they will bellow 3 000 degree Celsius, so they will only shine in Infrared. Binary white dwarf orbit decay so from time to time, those will collide and go supernovae. Binary neutron star could collide too, forming gamma ray burst. Binary brown dwarf are a bit more interesting, if they merge, they could form a low mass red dwarf. During that time, Dark Energy and gravity will continue their work. The local group (a group for galaxies close to our own) will all merge into one big galaxy (but that galaxy will be mostly black by that time). Everything else will continue to accelerate until they go out of the observable universe for what used to be our galaxy. Every galaxy will only be able to see itself and no other galaxies. But by 10^40 years, that residual heat will have fade off, what could merge had merge and fade off too. But our model predict that proton have an half life of 10^34 years maybe more. So by that time, there will be no atoms left in the universe as all of the protons will have decayed. Matter will disintegrate, same with planets, brown dwarf, white dwarf, etc. Those object stopped emitting energy long ago, but now they dissolve completely. Only black holes would be left, but even black holes evaporate over time. The bigger the black hole, the slower they lose mass. The biggest of those black holes will evaporate in a ridiculous 10^92 years. At this point only subatomic particle and proton with so low energy that they are basically non-existent. The universe is pretty much death at this point."} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"How do we know there isn't a final number for pi, but that it goes on forever?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do we know there isn't a final number for pi, but that it goes on forever?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"At the most basic level, the most common way to prove a number is irrational is to first assume that it's actually rational (i.e. can be written as a\/b where *a* and *b* are both whole numbers) but show that this assumption leads directly to a contradiction (e.g. 0 = 4 or similar). As for the specifics to pi, there's several different proofs that pi is irrational, but unless you're quite familiar with university-level math (calculus and beyond), they're neither easy to understand nor intuitive. Here is one such proof by [Timothy W. Jones of the University of Washington]( URL_2 ). That said, I believe Lambert was the first person to prove pi is irrational, in 1761. Essentially, he showed that: * tan(x) = x \/ (1 - x^(2) \/ [3 - x^(2) \/ (5 - x^(2) \/ [7 - ...])]) where tan(x) is [the tangent function]( URL_0 ) which you might remember from geometry classes in middle school or high school. Basically, the above expression is a continued fraction. It may be difficult to parse out in-line like that, but it should look [something like this]( URL_1 ). Lambert also proved in a separate result (unfortunately I don't think I can really ELI5 this part) that if *x* is any non-zero rational number then the above expression is irrational. If we assume that pi is rational then it follows that pi\/4 must be rational as well. However, tan(pi\/4) = 1 and 1 is not irrational, so we've reached a contradiction and thus we know our assumption is false."} {"category":"Technology","question":"What exactly is 'Youtube-dl' , why was it taken down by RIAA and what does the DMCA takedown of youtube-dl affect?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What exactly is 'Youtube-dl' , why was it taken down by RIAA and what does the DMCA takedown of youtube-dl affect?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Youtube-DL is a little program that downloads videos and\/or audio from basically anywhere that hosts them. This means you could go on YouTube and download videos with it. This is a form of digital piracy and technically also falls under hacking; you're using a website in an unauthorized manner and making digital copies of something you do not own. For example, you could pay the $2.99 rental fee on any of the movies hosted on YouTube, and then you could download that video and own a copy. You aren't authorized to make a copy, and you're bypassing legitimate channels to purchase and own that movie. You could also go to somewhere like Netflix and download anything you like off of that. Again, bypassing the legal channels that you would otherwise be required to use. It's all very much like going into a movie theater with a video camera and recording the movie you're watching, except this is in HD. The takedown just means that Youtube-DL had to be taken off of Github (the place it was hosted and downloaded from). That's it. You can't harass people who use the program (because it's basically impossible to track), but you can make it harder to download the program."} {"category":"Biology","question":"How do blood and nutrients get to cells that aren't right up against blood vessels and capillaries?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do blood and nutrients get to cells that aren't right up against blood vessels and capillaries?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Blood as a whole doesn't normally get out of blood vessels, if the vessels are intact. Blood *cells*, on the other hand, sometimes do, especially white blood cells. They do this by being able to change their shape enough to fit through small gaps between the cells lining the blood vessel (called the \"endothelium\"). Nutrients (and other stuff that's not cells) can use the same route, or be transported *through* the endothelial cells in a process called \"transcytosis\" (basically, the nutrient \/ stuff enters a cell, passes through it, and exits on the other side). EDIT: Formatting."} {"category":"Earth Science","question":"Why is there such a thing as a \u201cfeels like\u201d temperature? For example, in NYC, it\u2019s 91 degrees today but the weather app says it \u201cfees like\u201d 99 degrees","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is there such a thing as a \u201cfeels like\u201d temperature? For example, in NYC, it\u2019s 91 degrees today but the weather app says it \u201cfees like\u201d 99 degrees","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A large portion of that has to do with the humidity in the air. 90\u2070 with 10% humidity feels way different than 90\u2070 with 95\u066a humidity. The air can only absorb so much moisture based on its temperature. If it's hot and humidity, it's hard for the sweat on your body to evaporate. Since it's not evaporating and cooling you, it feels hotter than it would if the air was dry."} {"category":"Technology","question":"Why do CFL bulbs turn on almost instantly, but tradition fluoro tubes still need to flicker on?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do CFL bulbs turn on almost instantly, but tradition fluoro tubes still need to flicker on?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Good question. The design is basically identical to fluoro tubes: A tube containing a mercury vapour, with heated electrodes at both ends. The answer is that the technology has progressed from the old-fashioned switch-start, magnetically controlled systems, and has moved to electronic starting and control. Fluoro tubes equipped with a modern electronic start and control system, start very rapidly and don't flicker, and are also dimmable, etc. The difference is that in a tube system, the start and control system is in the light fitting. In a CFL, the tube and control system are integrated into a single replaceable unit. The result is that people with fluoros tend to keep the same light fitting, and just change the tube, so the old technology stays around longer. The traditional control system worked by routing power through a magnetic ballast - the job of the ballast is to limit the power available to the tube. While a filament bulb takes a fixed amount of power from the mains, a fluoro tube doesn't, and without some sort of system to throttle the power, it would explode due to overload. Fluoro tubes also have another problem, which is that they need a very high voltage to start - thousands of volts. So, if you just connected a tube to the mains, nothing would happen, because the tube needs a kick to start. To help with starting the tube electrodes are warmed up to red-heat in order to get the starting voltage down to a sensible level (about 1000 volts). So, there is a specific sequence to starting a fluoro tube: 1. Warm up tube electrodes 2. Generate high voltage pulse 3. Apply throttled power to tube 4. If tube is not active, go back to 1. Every time, a high voltage pulse is applied to the tube, the tube flashes. The magnetic system, is controlled by a very clever mechanical switch system, which is quite complex so I won't describe it here. However, the mechanical control of the magnetic system isn't able to give a consistent voltage pulse or a consistent electrode heat-up time. Sometimes, you get a small pulse, sometimes you get a large one. Sometimes, the electrodes are well heated, sometimes they're a bit cold. This means it often takes 2 or 3 attempts, before you get a good start. Because the system is mechanical, the timings are quite slow, so you see visible flashing, each time the system tries a start (and also the tube electrodes get a chance to cool down between attempts). With an electronic system, a microprocessor carefully controls the timing of the electrode heaters, and then triggers an electronic pulse generator which applies a very fast constant stream of pulses to the tube until it starts."} {"category":"Technology","question":"How can my external battery fully discharge when charging my phone's battery?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How can my external battery fully discharge when charging my phone's battery?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"A lithium ion battery has a nominal village of 3.7V. When you use an external battery pack to charge your phone, a circuit pulls power from the battery, converts it into 5V (for the standard USB voltage) and sends it to the USB port. Your phone takes that 5V and converts it to a specific voltage to charge the battery, usually around 4.2 volts. So, there is at least two circuits in between the batteries, not counting protection (to prevent overheating or overcharging). The external battery only sees the load imposed on it by the 3.7 to 5 volt converter. If you took two bare lithium batteries and connected them positive to positive, negative to negative, current will flow from the higher voltage battery into the lower voltage battery until they are the same voltage. (And then they'll both self-discharge due to internal resistance) One more thing, a lithium ion battery is fully discharged around 3.5-3.6 volts. There's almost no more usable energy, but the chemistry inside still produces a voltage. TLDR; there is circuitry between the batteries controlling the flow of electricity."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"What would happen if you introduced a flame to a gas giant planet?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What would happen if you introduced a flame to a gas giant planet?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The flame would likely go out very rapidly. I know this sounds like a cop out but.. yeah. The flame would go out due to lack of oxidizers. The centres of gas giants are likely hot due to immense pressures and friction down below the top lawyers of gas. So if they were to ignite or something then I. Suppose it would already have happened. (I take from your question you wanted to know if the gas giants would set on fire)"} {"category":"Mathematics","question":"What is an elementary function?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What is an elementary function?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"The elementary functions are a set of well known functions such as powers of x, roots of x, exponentials, trigonometric functions and their inverses, and most importantly any combinations of them, for example e^sinx + x^(2). Non elementary functions are those that can't be written like that. For example if I define the function: f(x) = 1 if x is rational and f(x) = 0 otherwise Then f is a non elementary function. This function has a specific name - Dirichlet function - but most non elementary functions don't have a name or an easy way to describe them."} {"category":"Other","question":"What's the difference between an adverbial and a complement?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n What's the difference between an adverbial and a complement?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Typically the defintion is that an adverbal is \"optional\" remove it and the sentence still makes sense. He got through. Makes sense. He got through *the window* so \"the window\" is an adverbial phrase. Complements, on the other hand are required for the sentence to make sense. He is getting. Does not make sense. He is getting *angry* therefore \"angry\" is the complement."} {"category":"Other","question":"How do companies\/brands work out how many grams is equivalent to one portion, and how many calories in the product?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n How do companies\/brands work out how many grams is equivalent to one portion, and how many calories in the product?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Calories are just a way of measuring energy. Scientists use calorimetry to determine caloric content, where, say, a gram of the substance is burned and the resulting heat carefully measured, giving you the calories of energy that substance contains per gram. From there , you would refer to the appropriate government serving size guidelines and calculate how many grams (calories) constitute a serving."} {"category":"Chemistry","question":"Why do cooked noodles and rice not continue to absorb water\/liquid in soups?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why do cooked noodles and rice not continue to absorb water\/liquid in soups?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"I think everyone kind of missed the point. Yes, noodles have a certain limit for how much they can absorb, but what decides that limit? The porosity (small holes) that a material has and its [chemical properties]( URL_0 ) decides how much water it can hold. Think of a sponge for the porosity part. The chemical part is a little more complicated, but the atomic structure (atoms are the tiny building blocks of everything) decide if the materials attracts or repels water, hydrophilic or hydrophobic respectively. So, noodles and rice have an ability to absorb water. The porosity (small holes) and chemical properties mean that there is a maximum amount of water that can go into the noodles. If you go over that limit, then the noodles and water around them will be out of balance. If there's too much water in the noodles, then the water will leave the noodles. If there's too much water around the noodles, then the water will enter the noodles. This will happen until the noodles and water are at \"equilibrium,\" and where this equilibrium point exists is defined by porosity and molecular properties."} {"category":"Biology","question":"Why is the esophagus not lined with the same tissue type as the stomach, to prevent damage from acid reflux or vomiting?","prompt":[{"content":"The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <\/answer> tags, respectively, i.e., ANSWER HERE <\/answer>.\nYour answer should follow these rubric criterias:\nFactual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.\nRelevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.\nClarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.\nDepth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.\nConciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.\n\nResponse Format rules:\n- Always start your response with tag and end with <\/answer>.\n- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening tag and after the closing <\/answer> tag.\nFor example, your response follow this format:\n\n[Your final detailed answer goes here]\n<\/answer>\n Why is the esophagus not lined with the same tissue type as the stomach, to prevent damage from acid reflux or vomiting?","role":"user"}],"ground_truth":"Ultimately because we're not engineered, we just happened. People misunderstand evolution. It doesn't create advantageous or clever mutations, it creates essentially random mutations, and beneficial ones often (not always) take hold. Detrimental ones die off, and neutral ones sometimes come through as well in a minority of the population. So first of all, there may never have been a mutation that would line the esophagus. If that doesn't happen, then it doesn't happen. Secondly, if it did occur, then it has to happen in the right circumstances to propagate - and has to be generally beneficial to eventually dominate in the populace. There are definite benefits to vomiting - it gets toxic stuff out of the system before it kills us. Maybe we evolved *away* from having a lined esophagus."}