Question: Why are jellyfish kept in a tank without any plantation or soil at all? They are always kept in a totally empty tank.

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 Why are jellyfish kept in a tank without any plantation or soil at all? They are always kept in a totally empty tank.

They are very delicate and extremely hard to keep in tanks for that reason. They are mostly water with very thin membranes as their body structure. Any sharp object can rip them apart fairly easily. Of course, there are lots of larger jellies that have evolved to be more durable, or can grow big enough to withstand damage (like the Stygiomedusa gigantea, or the larger fried egg jellyfish specimens). But the vast majority are small and mostly helpless, except for their unique stinging cells, but that doesn't affect their ability to survive in a tank. In their natural environment, they usually just float freely with the currents in the open ocean, so there's nothing for them to bump up against (except predators). They aren't strong swimmers either, so they can get stranded or trapped easily if the current washes them onto the shore or pushes them into a confined area. In order to most closely replicate their natural environment, jellies need tanks with rounded edges to keep from getting stuck in corners, a gentle current to propel them around the tank, and a small amount of food suspended in the water. They have very specific requirements for temperature and water pH, but I don't know those details, you could probably find them on an aquarist website, though. No gravel since they could scrape against the grains and tear up their membranes. No plants since they could get stuck in the leaves. I don't think the jellyfish stings would be good for the plant either, but maybe it would be fine. Anyway, there ya go! If you want to know more just look up a jellyfish keeping guide & they'll have a lot more info. I also totally recommend looking up Stygiomedusa gigantea and fried egg jellyfish if you've never seen them before!


Question: Why is Golf the go to sports for rich and/or powerful people like Presidents, CEOs? What is special about it?

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 Why is Golf the go to sports for rich and/or powerful people like Presidents, CEOs? What is special about it?

It costs a lot of money to play, it's played in a space that is exclusive, which allows for privacy, and it is a slow paced game that allows for conversation and socializing. The slower pace also allows people to play into much older age than other sports. It's basically the perfect game for wealthy people who want to have something to do while having an informal conversation.


Question: Why is it that all our other muscles become stronger from tensing them for long periods of time but our bladder becomes weaker and causes incontinence if we hold our pee?

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 Why is it that all our other muscles become stronger from tensing them for long periods of time but our bladder becomes weaker and causes incontinence if we hold our pee?

If you'd only hold your hand in a certain position without moving it, even if the muscles are engaged, it would lead to atrophy. Because muscles aren't meant to stay engaged all the time. Also it isn't the bladder that is in charge of keeping urine in you, it is the sphincter muscle between it an urinary tract. All bladder does it push stuff out with sufficient pressure that it get through the tract. Bladder doesn't grow stronger with stress, it grows bigger. And here is the problem, since it can grow bigger but not really stronger. It can lead to situation where it isn't strong enough to push the urine out when peeing. Incontinence isn't just a problem where urine just floods out of you. It is a term for a set of complicated problems. Each of them having a specific cause. One of the causes can be the fact that you can't pee it all out when you do.


Question: Why isn’t Braille just raised letters? Wouldn’t it make more sense if it was?

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 Why isn’t Braille just raised letters? Wouldn’t it make more sense if it was?

Not for reading it quickly. It's designed so that each letter is distinctive by touch - Braille readers don't have to feel each letter individually, they can just run their fingers over a row and read it all at once. Another thing is, for someone who's born blind, they might never have learned what "normal" letters looked like - and would not need to. Also, Braille is easy and cheap to produce. You just have a grid of 3x3 or whatever punches, and for each letter, you only activate part of the needles - actually a lot easier to "type" than a regular typewriter where you need dozens of buttons and individual arms.


Question: How do google services like google maps, google translator, google photos, google classroom, gmail and others make money if there are no ads in them and they are 100% free?

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 How do google services like google maps, google translator, google photos, google classroom, gmail and others make money if there are no ads in them and they are 100% free?

there is a quote "if it's free, then you are the product". Nowadays, everything is linked, so they can provide you something free, then use the data you provide alongside the time you use it for other services. For e.g google photos is unlimited and free, and I bet they will use your photos for their AI learning, which they can then sell to other parties. The things you search in Google, they collect it and sell to manufacturers. Or, use it to run the ads of the products you are looking for etc.... Those people will pay Google to advertise for them, and with the data it knows exactly who it will run the ads...


Question: What is the constitution of antimatter and why is that antimatter gives off way more energy than normal matter?

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 What is the constitution of antimatter and why is that antimatter gives off way more energy than normal matter?

When it contacts matter both are annihilated, which releases a huge amount of energy. This is not specific to antimatter, but rather a property of both matter and antimatter. All by itself, antimatter behaves normally. It requires a tremendous amount of energy to produce and cannot be stored, making it difficult to study. You need to blast particles down to their subatomic bits and then let them reassemble, with a 50/50 shot of generating an antiparticle. Why the very early universe preferentially produced matter is a mystery.


Question: Why do humans find creative things more interesting than things in the real world?

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 Why do humans find creative things more interesting than things in the real world?

I think that humans find realistic representations of natural things interesting because of the amount of skill and attention to detail it takes to achieve high degrees of realism. To a monkey brain, a artistically talented individual is probably an excellent mate because they notice so much detail and they can communicate it so well. Observation and communication are keys to survival. There's probably something deep in the brain, some pathway, that rewards us for looking at these artistic creations. I am an artist who specializes in realistic dolls - model babies, if you will. I find my work in others fascinating to look at, but I know there are others that become uncomfortable but the realism. It's called The Uncanny Valley theory. I think that humans enjoy hyper-realistic art until it reaches the point where they can't discern art from reality easily and at that point the experience feels threatening/ too much like psychosis. I no expert, I just like to think about these things and I would love to hear from somebody who actually knows what they're talking about


Question: Why did Lehman Brothers go bankrupt?

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 Why did Lehman Brothers go bankrupt?

Lehman created and sold a lot of contracts based on pools of mortgages. The way these work is that you put together thousands of mortgages and then split them into tranches, with the top tranches getting paid first in the event of default on those mortgages. These contracts are, in general, a pretty standard thing - they are called collateralized debt obligations, and there are broadly good reasons why you may want the financial system to have them. However, the ones that Lehman made were particularly bad for two reasons: 1) the quality of the loans backing those contracts was very bad (you may have heard of subprime mortgages, given to people who essentially couldn’t afford them) 2) the people who were supposed to assess the quality of these CDOs (rating agencies) thought that they were really good. Explaining why is pretty complicated, there is no ELI5 way imho, but if you’re curious let me know and I’ll elaborate So to recap Lehman makes a ton of these contracts that are very high quality in theory but very toxic in practice. Now, as the housing downturn hits, they want to keep selling these, but people are getting squeamish with what they’re buying. So they will only buy the higher quality tranches of these obligations. Therefore, Lehman starts keeping the bottom tranches in their books. This is again, standard behavior for a bank: if you originate a crappy loan, part of what you get paid for as a bank is that if you cannot sell that loan, you will take the hit and keep it in your books. However, because rating agencies think these contracts are actually good, Lehman can keep a ton of them on their books. So by the time it’s about to go bankrupt, its capital has a ton of these toxic assets. As they stop paying, its capital gets eroded, Lehman runs out of money, and bankruptcy happens


Question: How is it possible that we don't have a system set up that allows voting electronically in 2020?

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 How is it possible that we don't have a system set up that allows voting electronically in 2020?

Security. Such a online ballot system would be an extremely valuable target to anyone seeking to manipulate an election. Without some system to assign every eligible voter some form of unique online authentication that can't be easily stolen (which would be massively opposed for political reasons), it would be extremely difficult to reliably prove that each person who submitted a ballot is actually the person the ballot was intended to be sent for. Many states use electronic voting machines for convenience, but for example, in my state, a printed ballot is printed as a paper backup, and that paper record is scanned and stored securely as another backup. If the voting machine totals differ from the electronic ballot storage totals, the paper ballots can be manually counted.


Question: In the video, why does the game call checkmate after those two moves?

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 In the video, why does the game call checkmate after those two moves?

Black queen D8 to H4 is a checkmate. The queen cannot be captured and there are no pieces that can move in between her and the white king who cannot move out of the way. This is called the fools mate or idiot mate, and is the fastest way black can win a game possible requiring only four moves, two per player.


Question: What is happening in a person's eyes when they are seeing "stars"?

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 What is happening in a person's eyes when they are seeing "stars"?

The "stars" or "flashes" you see are called phosphenes, which is basically a phenomenon that involves seeing light without any light hitting your eye. The most common phosphenes are pressure phosphenes. For example, when you see "stars" after rubbing your eyes it's due to these pressure phosphenes stimulating the cells of the retina. The optic nerve then translates these signals into flashes or various images. ELI5: when eyeball pressure changes, brain gets confused and shows what it thinks it sees


Question: why does toilet water lower when it's a windy day?

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 why does toilet water lower when it's a windy day?

There's a vent system connected to your plumbing. Its purpose is to keep air pressure neutral in your plumbing, so that the bad stuff can go down freely, and to make sure it doesn't come back up into your fixtures (toilets refilling with waste or fumes). However, if it's a windy day, you can have air pressure changing across the vent, which in turn can travel down the stack. The pressure 'behind' the water can rise or lower in response, alternatively pushing or pulling the water, with a change in the visible water level accordingly. Enough pull, and it may even drain some of the water from the basin into the plumbing. For further information, this is a consequence of [Bernoulli's principle]( URL_0 )


Question: How Exactly Are Smartphones Designed For Planned Obsolescence? In Terms of Hardware.

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 How Exactly Are Smartphones Designed For Planned Obsolescence? In Terms of Hardware.

"Planned Obsolescence" is a poorly misunderstood term. Many people seem to think it refers to evil corporations trying to milk the public by having their products self-destruct in some fashion. In reality, it's reflective of the fact that when you engineer *anything*, you need to make decisions about how long it needs to last. It makes no sense to spend money ensuring one part will last 100 years when another critical part only lasts 6 months. The reason the products you buy today are so cheap is largely a result of designing products with a more precise sense of how long they'll last - and calibrating that time against the standard use of the product. With your cellphone, the product lifetime is normally determined by the battery. Batteries only have so many recharge cycles and the cost of increasing the number of recharge cycles is prohibitive. If you know how long your battery is likely to last, then you can select components that last a similar amount of time.


Question: Why does the flame of a candle go up?

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 Why does the flame of a candle go up?

The flame of a candle is about 1200 F. Hot air rises because it is less dense so this pulls the flame upward. Fun Fact: There have been experiments conducted on the space station testing flames in microgravity. Since there isn't really an "up" without gravity, the candle flame spreads out in all directions and eventually starves itself of oxygen. [image]( URL_0 )


Question: How are statistics calculated for events influenced by multiple variables/parameters?

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 How are statistics calculated for events influenced by multiple variables/parameters?

By making a multi dimensional function, we can define some outcome by multiple inputs. For example, z = x + y, z is defined by two inputs, x and y. For probabilities involving multiple steps, or probabilities that involve previous conditions, we refer to Bayes theorem, which tells us the relationship between two statistical events.


Question: Why can we easily destroy things but it's impossible to put them back together?

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 Why can we easily destroy things but it's impossible to put them back together?

Short answer: Entropy ELI5 answer: Everything is made up of energy. Light, air, dogs, cats: all different arrangements of energy. One of the rules of energy is that is naturally moves to the lowest form of energy possible, like how water rolls down a hill until it reaches the ocean. If you think about a piece of paper, so much energy had to go in to make that piece of paper. A seed had to be planted, then water and air and sunlight had to grow it into a massive tree. Saws had to cut it down and go through all the different processes to turn it into the perfect little piece of paper. Even it it might seem so simple, and piece of paper is a very "high" energy state. Crumbling it up or tearing reduces it down to a lower energy state and that energy is released in forms of some sound and heat. To make those pieces whole again, you'd have to revert the paper back into mulch and form a new piece of paper i.e. put a lot more energy back into the pieces to form the whole again. Lighting that paper on fire would release a whole lot of energy that it was storing and would reduce it to a much lower energy state (carbon ash).


Question: Why is it common for someone to spend a long time debating with themself on what to do but then ultimately end up doing nothing?

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 Why is it common for someone to spend a long time debating with themself on what to do but then ultimately end up doing nothing?

For some people debating is doing. I mean they spend four hours thinking something through and they receive a hit of satisfaction equal to doing that thing they planned. So the feeling of completion and accomplishment that drives some people to completing a task, well they already got that, nothing further can be gained.


Question: How do people come to power?

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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people come to power?

Took AP World (lol). Depends on the government. For example, Hitler was an excellent speaker and was able to convince his party to give their power all to him. On the hand, Trump won the presidency through the money he spent campaigning. Now that I think about it, you can come to power just by being a good speaker or having more resources. In slavery, whites were more powerful than the blacks because if the blacks fought back they would be killed. I don't really know. Take this answer with a grain of salt.


Question: Why are CCTV cameras such low quality when even the cheapest video cameras are a much higher quality?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are CCTV cameras such low quality when even the cheapest video cameras are a much higher quality?

Storage. The issue with security cameras isn't taking the video, but storing the footage. Yeah, you can film in 4k, but at 375MB for 30 fps for 1 minute x 60 minutes/hour x 24 hours/day = 270 GB/day x number of cameras. If you need to retain video for 1 month, that's \~8TB per camera. Drop the resolution, drop the framerate and you reduce your storage needs immensely.


Question: How does cancer actually kill you?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does cancer actually kill you?

Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells in an organ, and these cells have a mutation where they don't function (as in, they don't perform liver function or heart muscle job or neuron firing etc.) but just multiply and consume food and oxygen from the blood supply. So eventually the organ starts to shut down because more and more of it is not doing its job, because these non-functional cells take over. So you lose your liver or your heart or some brain function etc. Most of the organs inside your body are critical and you die if you lose their function.


Question: why do we eat maple syrup but not pine syrup or elm syrup or oak syrup?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do we eat maple syrup but not pine syrup or elm syrup or oak syrup?

We can and do eat birch syrup, walnut syrup, and the syrups of a few other trees. The key isn't as much the sugar content, the key is that the sap needs to be relatively neutral tasting, because of how much it has to be reduced to thicken it. The saps of deciduous hardwoods (maple, birch, etc) seem to work especially well here. As far as why maple, I suspect it just tastes the most pleasant, although certainly it is to a large degree cultural as well - consider by analogy how almost any grain or fruit can be used to make alcohol, yet the large majority of world alcohol is made only using a few specific grains and fruits.


Question: Why do circles tesselate hexagonally?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do circles tesselate hexagonally?

It's all geometry. Assuming equal radii between all circles, if you place them in a way that they don't intersect but touch each other at exactly one point (tessellating) and you start with just 3 circles, those circles form a triangle shape. If you connect the centerpoints of those circles, it forms an equilateral triangle (equal length sides, each corner is 60°). So if you continue placing circles the same way around that center circle, you can do that a total of 6 times because 360°/60°=6. A hexagon has 6 sides. Hope this helps.


Question: how can a cellular tower receive many messages a second while still being able to differentiate the data coming from each device?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how can a cellular tower receive many messages a second while still being able to differentiate the data coming from each device?

They can do two things; either use different frequencies, or take turns. For a given second you can divide it into lets say 1,000 different sections and assign each phone a section during which it can talk to the tower. That way even if they are all using the same frequency to communicate they don't get in each other's way.


Question: Why does the same flavor of soda taste so different from a can, bottle, and fountain drink?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the same flavor of soda taste so different from a can, bottle, and fountain drink?

Cans of Soda are usually colder because they're stored in aluminum, so that affects the taste. Also more often then not you immediately drink cans of soda. While large bottles of soda are stored in plastic and don't retain cold quite as easily, so it changes the taste. Also you usually don't consume an entire bottle at once, it loses gas (nitrogen I think? I don't drink soda) over time so that changes the taste. Finally, fountain sodas are stored as separate ingredients. Fountain soda is usually just soda syrup which is stored in a bag, which is then mixed with water and then poured out of the nozzle. Not all water is the same. On a summer day water can get hot, and sometimes it can get too cold, which when mixed with the syrup changes the taste. Also all drinks come out of the same nozzle, so your Mountain Dew gets mixed with small amounts of Orange Juice and Coca Cola which can affect the taste. Also, depending on small malfunctions or how the machine is programmed, the machine might put more syrup then water or vice versa, which changes the taste.


Question: Why is it so unlikely to represent yourself and win in court even if you are clearly in the right?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so unlikely to represent yourself and win in court even if you are clearly in the right?

Lawyer here: Here's a real simple example. You come to court to sue a guy for smashing your car with a bat. Best part is, you've got him dead to rights--you have a video of him smashing your car with a bat. It was captured by your neighbour's surveillance camera. And you lose, because the court won't accept your video. Why? Well, in my area to admit a video you need to authenticate the video--ie, to show that it's accurate, that it hasn't been tampered with, to tell the court what it is (ie, that this is a surveillance camera that points to the street and not a staged film or whatever), and so on. Now, you can try to testify about those things, except that it'd be hearsay, because it wasn't your camera, and you just got it from your neighbour. A lawyer would spot this issue right away and solve it.


Question: What’s the deal about Roko’s basilisk?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s the deal about Roko’s basilisk?

It's a thought experiment: * Let's say that, at some point in the future, a super-powerful AI will be created. * Once it comes into existence, it will punish everyone who *didn't* help bring it into existence. * One way it could punish them is by creating a perfect simulation of those people and then torturing those simulations forever. Those simulations wouldn't know that they were simulations - they'd believe that they're real people, living in a real world, and they'd feel the torture as if it were real. * Therefore, you must start working right now to help bring that AI into existence, to prevent the future eternal torture of those simulations. If you think that that's a dumb idea for numerous reasons, then...yeah, I'm with you.


Question: How is milk basic if it contains lactic acid?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is milk basic if it contains lactic acid?

“It's easy to get confused about whether milk is an acid or a base, especially when you consider that some people drink milk or take calcium to treat an acidic stomach. Actually, milk has a pH of around 6.5 to 6.7, which makes it slightly acidic. Some sources cite milk as being neutral since it is so close to the neutral pH of 7.0. However, milk contains lactic acid, which is a hydrogen donor or proton donor. If you test milk with litmus paper, you'll get a neutral to a slightly acidic response.” URL_0


Question: In stories, people trapped alone on a deserted isle tend to make a something to talk to. Would this be actually helpful, or would it cause more psychological problems?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 In stories, people trapped alone on a deserted isle tend to make a something to talk to. Would this be actually helpful, or would it cause more psychological problems?

This is sometimes used as a way for a fictional story in third person to describe to the reader what the subject thinks when they are alone. It would be quite challenging to tell a story about someone stranded on a deserted island if they had nothing to talk to or share their emotions with. And while humans do like to tie emotional bonds with others and in a lack of people to bond with we do easily bond with animals or objects we rarely give them names and talk out loud with them. But it would be able to satify some of the psychological need for companionship.


Question: What makes sensitive skin (that requires sensitive skin soap/lotion) different from normal skin?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes sensitive skin (that requires sensitive skin soap/lotion) different from normal skin?

Skin has different layers. On the top, there is one layer kind of like a tiled roof made of skin cells and some extra stuff. This top layer can be relatively sealed or have cracks like a bad roof. With a leaking outer layer, your skin can't hold on to moisture as well as with a tight layer, thus you lose moisture fast, causing the skin to be dry and, therefore, more irritable. Also stuff can get through more easily, so irritants (alcohol, fragrances) might have a bigger effect.


Question: Why aren't orbits thrown off when two planets get near each other?

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 Why aren't orbits thrown off when two planets get near each other?

It absolutely does. The change is just small that over the course of human existence which is only a few hundred thousand years, let alone the few hundred years that we've been able to reliably measure, the difference is too small to matter. The orbits of the planets are stable over long periods of time, but dynamic over cosmic time-scales. We can only predict them with any confidence out to a few tens of millions of years.


Question: How does the entire staff of a major motion picture get paid? Are they salaried or job-to-job?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the entire staff of a major motion picture get paid? Are they salaried or job-to-job?

It depends. The movie itself will only have a set budget and pays for the 'wages' out of that. So there's only enough money to pay for that job. So technically everybody is getting paid job-to-job. But movie studios want to keep good workers available so may be prepared to offer people contracts for set periods of time to keep them around. A lot of work is also outsourced to other companies who will also have a mix of permanent staff, contract workers and short term/day labourers. They will often have a set amount paid to these companies, who then decide how to split it amongst their workers. Often a lot of people/companies (esp back of house stuff like editing, effects, etc) will be working on multiple projects at once. Then you have situations where production/technical companies are also financial backers of the project and how much everybody gets paid will depend on how much the movie makes. In short - it's complicated and each studio, movie, company, and worker will have a different way of doing things. But the more technical your job is the more likely it is you have a favourable deal. The coffee guy for example probably gets paid daily (or works for free to get a foot in the door). The labourers like riggers, set builders, etc would probably be contracted for the length of the movie. The technical labourers like the camera crew, lighting, sound, etc are usually studio employees shifted around between projects. Ironically enough the top end workers like directors, producers, editors, casting agents, (and actors) are hired from job to job. But also paid enough to make it worthwhile. But none of this is set in stone and working in the 'entertainment industry' is one of the most unstable jobs you can have.


Question: When something has a 25% chance of success, how can it fail four consecutive times?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When something has a 25% chance of success, how can it fail four consecutive times?

Each individual occurrence isn't impacted by the previous or subsequent occurrence. If you flip a coin and it lands on heads 9/10 times. What is the chance it lands on heads the next flip? 90%? Nope, still 50%. The coin doesn't give a shit about the results of the previous flips.


Question: Octonions - what exactly are they?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Octonions - what exactly are they?

The complex numbers are a sort of two-dimensional extension of the real number line, with an imaginary axis (i, 2i, 3i, ...) along with the ordinary real axis (1, 2, 3, ...). It turns out that you can extend this idea even farther to have four distinct axes ("quaternions"), or eight ("octonions"), or sixteen ("sedenions"), and so on for any power of 2. While a real number might just look like 3, and a complex number might look like 3+2i, a quaternion could look like 3+2i+4j+6k, where i, j, and k are distinct values with the property that i^2 = j^2 = k^2 = -1. Octonions would then have eight distinct components, one "real" component and seven distinct "imaginary" components. The farther you go with this, the more nice properties about numbers you lose. When you go from the real numbers to the complex numbers, you lose the fact that numbers have a neat linear ordering. When you move from the complex numbers to the quaternions, you lose the fact that multiplication is commutative: for quaternions, it need not be the case that x\*y = y\*x. When you move from the quaternions to the octonions, you lose the fact that multiplication is associative: for octonions you aren't even guaranteed to have x\*(y\*z) = (x\*y)\*z. Despite the fact that the octonions are both rather abstract and lack many of the properties we expect number systems to have, they show up occasionally in theoretical physics.


Question: How exactly do leap days work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How exactly do leap days work?

Leap days are because of the earth’s revolution, not rotation. A year is actually 365.25 days, so we just add an extra day every 4 years. So sure by the 4th year before we do the extra day our season will be off by about a day, but nobody is going to say “it’s November 3rd but it really feels cold enough to be November 4th”


Question: How do scientist prove the existent of atoms when we cant even see them with our naked eyes?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do scientist prove the existent of atoms when we cant even see them with our naked eyes?

So you can see atoms with scanning electron microscopes. Second, the paper that proved molecules (and atoms) existed was written by Albert Einstein in 1905 (in the same week that he published his paper on what will become known as special relativity and when he provided an explanation for black body radiation, two very very groundbreaking papers). However, to understand how he proved molecules exist we need to jump back to 1827 when a botonist named Robert Brown observed, with a microscope, that pollen grains were moving in perfectly still water. Brown assumed that pollen itself was alive (being a biologist) but he disproved that by using sand grains and observing the exact same phenomenon occur. This motion that was seen was called Brownian motion (or it is now). Now Einstein did this same experiment, he put pollen into a sample of water that was perfectly still. Now, Einstein first calculated the force acting upon a pollen grain in order to move it at certain speeds and then he observed it and watched its motion and in doing so we was able to determine the mass of whatever was pushing on the pollon grain. The paper that he published his findings was titled: "Movement of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid Demanded by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Heat." Now, ultimately what this did wasn't exactly prove the existence of atoms but it acted as evidence (very strong evidence) for the Atomic Theory that is considered to be fathered by John Dalton. Ultimately we credit Einstein's explanation of Brownian motion as being the final nail in the coffin for proving the atomic theory, however for those that don't believe it there are heaps of evidence from its predictive capabilities all the way to different atoms react with different forms of radiation allowing identification through means like xray scattering and infrared scattering and such. TL;DR we prove the existence of atoms via mathematics, physics, and chemistry along with its predictive power. However one of the biggest nails in the coffin to prove the existence of atoms comes from Einstein providing an explanation for Brownian motion. Edit: now how we know water is made of 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen, first if we apply an electrical current to it then the water dissociates into hydrogen and oxygen and it does so in a 2:1 proportion. We can prove it is hydrogen or oxygen via the absorption spectrum, and using basic math/chemistry (redox chemistry) we can explain why it separates it. Beyond that we can use xray crystallography and mass spectroscopy to determine the structure of atoms (along with multiple other techniques that I don't know the name of off the top of my head) Edit 2: spelling


Question: why does fast moving air create low pressure?

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 why does fast moving air create low pressure?

Pressure is exerted spherically, in all directions. This is because the particles are bouncing around randomly in all 3 spacial dimensions. When a fluid is moving, particles are "bouncing" much much more in the direction of travel than in any other directions. Because of this, it exerts less pressure. The other perspective is that there is a conservation of energy. Pressure is 2 dimensional energy density. When fluid begins moving, some of that energy is converted into kinetic energy.


Question: How does a country lend money to another country?

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 How does a country lend money to another country?

Countries rarely set up specific loans at all. Most debt is that the country creates a treasury bond and says "buy this for 100 dollars and in 5 years you can turn it in for 105 dollars" type deal. Then one country just buys a bunch of those. Very rarely is it set up as a specific loan like you'd take from a bank.


Question: Why does only half of a wine cork expand when removed from the bottle?

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 Why does only half of a wine cork expand when removed from the bottle?

Because the part that doesn’t expand is the top which is dry, the bottom portion absorbs moisture from the wine and expands, or tries to but the bottle holds it tight. In fact this expansion helps the cork seal better. Once you pull the cork out the part with the moisture can now expand.


Question: Why is it recommended to have 8 hours of sleep when sleep cycles happen every 90 minutes, wouldn’t waking up at 8 hours be in the middle of your cycle?

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 Why is it recommended to have 8 hours of sleep when sleep cycles happen every 90 minutes, wouldn’t waking up at 8 hours be in the middle of your cycle?

There's a natural variation in amount of time adult humans need to sleep, but 7-9 hours is now the recommended sleep length (but this varies by age). Even if we keep to the traditional 8 hours of sleep, your first sleep cycle (consisting of all sleep stages) is usually around 2 hours. The longer you are asleep, each cycle gets shorter, and the proportion of time spent in each sleep stage (N1, N2, N3, REM) changes, shifting to longer and longer time in REM/dreaming sleep. How groggy you feel when you wake up depends on which stage of sleep you were in when you woke up. At 8 hours, it's often easier to wake up not groggy because even if you are in the middle of a cycle, you are more likely to be in REM/dreaming sleep which looks a lot like your awake brain leading to less grogginess, generally.


Question: We have two ears, so surely two decent headphone drivers and some good software on the part of the game or film can perfectly replicate surround sound? Why do headphones come out with "virtual surround sound"?

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 We have two ears, so surely two decent headphone drivers and some good software on the part of the game or film can perfectly replicate surround sound? Why do headphones come out with "virtual surround sound"?

It is possible to have more or less "perfect" surround sound with headphones - it's called binaural recording. But it requires the recording to be made live and in a special way: two microphones are placed inside a dummy head complete with dummy ears to simulate exactly how the sound would reach our eardrums. Binaural recordings also have to be played back on headphones or earbuds - not speakers - for optimal effect. Music and movie soundtracks are engineered for optimal playback on home theater/stereo systems, where some of the sound from each speaker always reaches both ears, but after reflecting around the room and getting "filtered" through your ear structure. Virtual surround sound on headphones simulates this effect to convey the illusion that the sound is actually coming from speakers all around you instead of the typical "inside your head" sound from headphones.


Question: How does wireless transmission penetrate through walls?

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 How does wireless transmission penetrate through walls?

The same way light passes through glass. Lots of things are transparent on different wave spectrums. In the wave of x-rays, the skin is transparent but the bones are not. Coke is actualy transparent in the UV spectrum but oil distorts uv rays. Radiation goes through most things but is blocked by lead and other dence materials Wireless transmission is just a part of the eletro magnetic spectrum and all things act differently there


Question: How is genetic memory encoded in DNA?

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 How is genetic memory encoded in DNA?

It isn’t? Genetic memory is an idea that’s been proposed to explain certain perceived phenomena in individuals’ psyches. But really it’s just a speculative term for what evolutionary biologists call “behavior.” Behavior is clearly heritable, so there is a genetic aspect to behavior. (But the link between cognition and genes is... complicated, to say the least.) An inherited behavior might seem like a “memory” encoded in one’s genes. If your parent was alcoholic, it’s possible that you would inherit, genetically, this behavioral trait. You don’t “remember” the alcoholism, you’re just expressing the same behavior as your parent.


Question: What does non-ionising radiation mean?

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 What does non-ionising radiation mean?

There are basically two classes of radiation. Ionizing radiation is the high energy stuff like UV Rays, X-Rays, and Gamma Rays. These particles have enough energy that they can basically knock electrons off of atoms they hit. Or in human body terms, they can basically punch holes in your DNA. That's why it can cause things like cancer, or, in the case of UV, give you a sunburn. Then there's non-ionizing radiation which is stuff like visible light, infrared, microwaves, wifi, etc. Which doesn't have enough energy to ionize particles it hits. So it either gets absorbed or reflects off of surfaces it contacts. It can transfer heat, but you'd need a lot of it to transfer a noticeable amount of heat, so, in spite of people who like to pretend anything with the word radiation in it is super dangerous, it's pretty much harmless so far as we can tell.


Question: why aren't ovens white on the inside? Since black absorbs heat the best, wouldn't that be the worst color?

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 why aren't ovens white on the inside? Since black absorbs heat the best, wouldn't that be the worst color?

Black does not necessarily absorb heat the best. It absorbs light best. The color of different materials comes from what colors they absorb and what colors they reflect. White reflecting all visible colors and black absorbing all visible colors. The color spectrum extends in both ends. Heat at the temperatures you would typically set an oven to is in the infrared spectrum. So the ideal paint to use in an oven is black but white in infrared. The reason you want it black is because it hides all the dirty stains from the food. The heat will make it hard to remove and white paint will make it stick out more. So you want your cooking surfaces to be dark. There are also lots of other things to consider. The paint have to be able to withstand the heat and the different chemicals in the food and in the cleaning agents, it have to withstand hard mechanical cleaning so you can clean it with a scrub, it have to be safe to prepare food in and lastly it have to be cheap to coat the ovens in it.


Question: What makes permanent markers permanent?

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 What makes permanent markers permanent?

Washable markers use pigments that are soluble in water. When you draw something with the marker, the water evaporates and leaves the ink behind. If you want to wash it later, that ink will just dissolve into the water you scrub it with. Permanent markers use pigments that are soluble in alcohol, but not water. Once you have drawn something, washing it with water won't work because it can't dissolve the ink. You can scrub some of it away, but that only works because of the rubbing. The water doesn't really help. Alcohol markers are best cleaned off a surface using rubbing alcohol first to dissolve the ink, followed by a wipe with a damp cloth to wipe it away.


Question: How did we end up with the Plank units and what do they mean?

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 How did we end up with the Plank units and what do they mean?

They're a system of units used for measurement, but unlike most other systems they were designed purely using physical principles. In the metric system and most other systems of units, a lot of physical constants have ugly-looking numeric values. The speed of light, for instance, is an awkward 299792458 meters per second. The Planck units come from taking several of the most commonly-appearing constants and asking "what units of measurement would we have to use for all of these constants to just be 1?" The five specific constants that were chosen were: * The speed of light in a vacuum * The gravitational constant, describing the strength of gravitational forces * The Coulomb constant, describing the strength of electrical forces * The reduced Planck constant, which relates the frequency of a photon to its energy * The Boltzmann constant, which relates kinetic energy to temperature in gases It turns out that the units you get are rather unwieldy for everyday use: the unit of length is about 1.6\*10^-35 meters, the unit of time is about 5.4\*10^-44 seconds, the unit of mass is about 2.2\*10^-8 kilograms, the unit of electric charge is about 1.9\*10^-18 coulombs, and the unit of temperature is about 1.4\*10^32 kelvin. However, in theoretical physics where everyday use doesn't matter as much the fact that all of the 5 listed constants are just 1 can be quite mathematically convenient.


Question: Why does a high-resolution image have to load, but a high-resolution video can play thousands of frames without having to load each one?

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 Why does a high-resolution image have to load, but a high-resolution video can play thousands of frames without having to load each one?

[This video explains quite well how it works online, specifically Youtube]( URL_0 ) TL;DW: Youtube only sends information about changes between frames of a video. Since there is usually very little difference between 2 frames the server can just say "ehhh take what you had last time, shift this part a tiny bit that way, job done". For example, if you are watching a black screen, it doesnt have to send any new information, simply instructions to repeat the frame over and over. With images, there is no way to predict the future content in advance so every single pixel is sent.