Question: How do muscle contractions make it possible for a person to exert more pressure on something than their own total body weight without lifting themselves into the air?

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 How do muscle contractions make it possible for a person to exert more pressure on something than their own total body weight without lifting themselves into the air?

Hey, mechanic here, I'm guessing you missed something. Engine hoists require almost no effort to work the lever and lift an engine. A small child should be able to pump the lever. Now there are pins that lock the lift arm in different positions, if it was locked when you tried it, then it will never move and you could hang off it all day. Some pins are pulled out, while there are some that work like a button that pressed for a short time when you begin to pump the lever.


Question: how do we get gasoline, kerosene, and diesel from the same crude oil?

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 how do we get gasoline, kerosene, and diesel from the same crude oil?

Crude oil is a mixture of a ton of different hydrocarbons (long chains of carbon atoms with hydrogens hanging off them). The very short hydrocarbons, methane/ethane/propane/butane, are gasses, and make up natural gas. The rest of them are liquid-ish at room temperature but they all boil at different temperatures. The longer the molecule, the higher the boiling point. Gasoline, kerosene, and diesel are just different fractions of the crude oil. You heat the crude until most of it turns to gas and the slowly cool it in a big tower called a "distillation column". The heaviest/longest molecules will condense out first (highest temperature), that's the super heavy stuff like fuel oil. Diesel and kerosene are lighter and come out next. Gasoline is last and is the lightest/lowest boiling point. The crap left at the bottom that never evaporated is tar.


Question: I have read that steel manufactured before atomic testing began is sought after for various purposes because it isn’t tainted by radiation. How would steel that exists on the surface be less affected by radiation than iron deposits in the ground?

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 I have read that steel manufactured before atomic testing began is sought after for various purposes because it isn’t tainted by radiation. How would steel that exists on the surface be less affected by radiation than iron deposits in the ground?

The iron deposits we find in the ground is just fine. Even refining the iron ore to iron metal does not contaminate it, mostly because this process uses fossil coal. The problem is that converting the iron to steel involves pumping compressed oxygen into the molten iron to make it react. And the compressed oxygen is made from the atmosphere and is therefore contaminated with various different isotopes. Most notable small quantities of cobalt-60 which binds to the iron in the steel.


Question: How the hell does anything to the power of zero equal one...?

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 How the hell does anything to the power of zero equal one...?

From the initial definitions of powers it may seam like powers is only defined for positive values. So we have to look for a new definition that fits the properties. One obvious property of powers is that x^n-1 = x^n /x. If we set n=1 then we get x^0 = x^1 /x = x/x = 1. The same way can also be used to define negative powers of numbers.


Question: How does colonialism differ from imperialism?

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 How does colonialism differ from imperialism?

Imperialism: extending your government to control peoples beyond your own, usually by military force. E.g. the Roman empire conquering modern France and extending Roman law and policies to the local Gauls. Colonialism: putting your own people in a territory to control its resources, usually displacing other peoples as they do so. North American colonies from France, Britain and the Netherlands, for instance. These colonial governments did not attempt to rule native Americans, but colonists from home or descendants of colonists.


Question: Why are birds scared of scare crows in a field?

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 Why are birds scared of scare crows in a field?

According to the internet: “The traditional scarecrow is a decoy made in the shape of a human. It is dressed in old clothes and placed in an open field to discourage crows, blackbirds and starlings from feeding on seeds and sprouting crops. The loose clothing flaps in the breeze, giving the illusion of a real, moving person.”


Question: Why do men have a refractory period making them unable to continue having sex after their orgasm while women don't?

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 Why do men have a refractory period making them unable to continue having sex after their orgasm while women don't?

If I remember correctly it’s all about procreation. Not sure if it’s the same for humans but I read about in the animal kingdom most animal penises are shaped to basically scoop out other males sperm so they can impregnate the female and pass their genes on. Assuming it’s the same for humans, you wouldn’t want to scoop it all out while trying to impregnate. Give it some time to work.


Question: You can locate an airplane when you hear one with reasonable accuracy. Why is it so much harder to locate a helicopter?

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 You can locate an airplane when you hear one with reasonable accuracy. Why is it so much harder to locate a helicopter?

I’ve heard that with bass and lower frequencies you can’t tell where it is coming from. So you could put a subwoofer anywhere in the room and you can’t tell which direction it is coming from. I would assume because a helicopter sounds much lower in frequency the same applies here.


Question: what causes bruxism (night grinding)?

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 what causes bruxism (night grinding)?

Dentist of 25 years here. There is no definitive cause of bruxism. There are many theories on possible links to bruxism and there may in fact be different causes for different people. It is mostly an unconscious habit and can occur in young and old. It does sometimes run in families so there maybe a genetic component. There are certain bite patterns (especially bite interferences) which seem to be more prevalent in bruxers but there are people with perfect bites who grind like crazy as well. It seems to be heightened during stressful life events. It is not always nighttime as people often catch themselves doing it during the day as well although this is more common among clenchers . Some people don’t grind they just clench their teeth very tightly. Some common signs of bruxing/clenching are: Bone growth called tori around the roots of teeth especially inside the bottom jaw and in the middle of the palate. Notches or root exposure at the gum line. Flattening of the cusps of the teeth. Increased sensitivity. Increased mobility in teeth (side to side) Muscle tension/fatigue or pain. Jaw joint pain. Headaches especially first thing in the morning. There is no definitive way to stop. It tends to be cyclic and has spurts of varying intensity. Some people have had moderate success with hypnotism. Mostly we try to protect against the effects of grinding by using a night guard. It is important to use a night guard made and adjusted by a dentist because over the counter solutions can cause more harm than good such as altering your bite,over-eruption of teeth or trauma. Anecdotally, it seems to have become more common in the last 5-10 years, but that maybe because people are keeping their teeth longer and my clientele is getting older. I think that covers it...Probably not ELI5 but the best I can do. Cheers!


Question: Why is the equation for Kinetic Energy 1/2mv^2 when the equation for Momentum is mv?

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 Why is the equation for Kinetic Energy 1/2mv^2 when the equation for Momentum is mv?

They are completely different measurements that describe different physical properties. The momentum describes how much force wee need to apply and for how long we need to apply it in order to change the objects velocity a certain amount (F•t) . Just like forces, the momentum has a direction vector. The kinetic energy describes how much work (energy) is needed to stop the object's movement. The kinetic energy has no direction.


Question: What is 'The Great Reset'?

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 What is 'The Great Reset'?

Taken from this answer by u/inadaptado: & #x200B; > Answer: the \[World Economic Forum\] is a non-profit foundation whose main purpose is connecting influential people (politicians, journalists, CEOs, etc...) in order to look for solutions for the world's problems. Their very nature makes them suspicious in the eyes of many people, and they are an easy target for conspiracy theories about secret cabals running the world. Their last initiative, "The Great Reset", wants to use the pandemic as an opportunity to rethink the way we do things and improve the lives of everyone, because the current system is clearly not working that way. Problem is, on the surface this sounds quite similar to the New World Order idea that's been floating around for decades, so conspiracionists are having a field day with it.


Question: Can someone please explain to me what exactly is IOT? I read about it a lot but I still couldn't really get it.

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 Can someone please explain to me what exactly is IOT? I read about it a lot but I still couldn't really get it.

Internet of Things. Basically, the idea that as tech has advanced, we can now cheaply stick a CPU with wifi and networking ability into pretty much anything. Some ideas for making use of this include: * Thermostats. Forgot to turn heating off? You can remotely turn it off from work. * Program your window blinds to open and close as needed. * Use your phone to tell your coffee maker to start brewing, so that you have hot coffee by the time you are home. * Be able to see when the Amazon delivery guy rings your bell, and remotely unlock a storage box for them to place your package in. So, at least in theory, potentially cool and useful stuff, at least for some people. The downside though is that we're often talking about poorly designed devices, with little attention paid to security, and no ability on the part of the owner to deal with those issues. Being able to unlock your door from work because a family member forgot the keys? That's pretty cool. A thief being able to do the same because the security is complete crap? Not so cool. The lock being forgotten by the manufacturer and being forever insecure? Awful. **Edit:** IOT devices are also a potential entry point into your home network. Even if you don't have a smart door lock that allows thieves with the right app to get in, you might have a thermostat or coffee maker that allows an interested person to figure out when you're home. If you have such things, you could be watched through your own cameras, or listened to through your own device's microphone. It could also be a starting point to attack your personal computers in case they're interested in your data or credit card number. **Edit 2:** Now some people might wonder, what's the big deal? After all, somebody getting into your laptop has always been a possibility. True. However, most people's laptops don't intentionally offer remote access over the internet. Such things today are usually a result of either OS bugs (which get patched), or personal carelessness (installing the wrong thing from the internet). The IOT is different in that such devices are made to be accessed remotely. Also they're consumer products, and I don't think any company is going to maintain their coffee maker firmware for a decade, even though having a 10 year old coffee machine or toaster is a perfectly normal thing. Things like Windows get far more attention and updates than such devices can be expected to get.


Question: Why is it that sometimes (after minor injuries) you can have bruising that doesn't really hurt, but other times you have areas that feel very sore and aren't showing any sign of bruising?

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 Why is it that sometimes (after minor injuries) you can have bruising that doesn't really hurt, but other times you have areas that feel very sore and aren't showing any sign of bruising?

2 things here- pain and bruise. Let's handle both seperately Bruise- it's because the tiny vessels carrying blood(often cappilaries) have torn and blood has seeped to the area surrounding it. If this happens in the skin, you can see it as a reddish/purplish tinge, hence a bruise. If it's deeper, you can't see it. Pain - this is if there is a stimulus at nerve endings(tips of nerves that have tiny signal receptors) which your brain perceives as 'pain'. But really it could be anything- too hot, too cold, too spicy , physical/chemical tissue damage, accumulation of a substance in certain areas( soreness is due to this). A bruise is essentially tissue injury coz vessels are broken but tiny tiny veseels don't really have nerve endings and the little pain is mostly because leaking blood is putting pressure on the nerves surrounding it. So superficial bruises just less. Over time, if the pain stimulus is very mild and lasts for a long period of time, your brain can get used to it and tune it out, so there is no constant pain but can flare up if touched/moved. So if both of these (blood vessel injured and nerve stimulation)occur due to an injury, you'll have a bruise that hurts. If only one of it does, you have the scenarios that you are asking about. P.s. it's my first time on this sub-reddit. Hopefully this helped. Sorry if just confused you more.


Question: When you see an amount of something is “adjusted for inflation,” how do they calculate that?

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 When you see an amount of something is “adjusted for inflation,” how do they calculate that?

The practical calculation of inflation involves actually sending someone to the store to record the price of a "market basket" of goods. The percentage increase in the total cost of the basket is inflation. The main idea is to keep track of the amount of money it takes to buy some standardized amount of goods. Then you can talk in terms of "1965 dollars" because you know how much you could buy with a certain amount of money in 1965. There are lots of complexities to measuring the market basket. Which market are you going to? (The US uses a national sample meant to reflect prices paid by "urban consumers") What goes in the basket? How do you account for brand new categories of good, like the smartphone? How do you adjust for changes in quality? Government statisticians do their best to address these concerns, but it's a tricky business. You question might have a pretty simple answer though because it's dealing with just one good. We know the (average) price of a movie ticket in 1965 was about $1. We know the (average) price of a movie ticket in 2019 is $9. Therefore, if people bought the same number of tickets to the Sound of Music today as they did in 1965, it would make about $2.5b.


Question: Plants are also made up of proteins (they express DNA etc), so why are veggies and stuff so low in protein?

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 Plants are also made up of proteins (they express DNA etc), so why are veggies and stuff so low in protein?

People use the word protein slightly different in different contexts. Every cell in everything is made of protein but when talking about food people use the word to mean 'the specific proteins that the human body doesn't make but can use" so you can eat a pile of nothing but protein and have it be zero percent dietary protein. & #x200B; sugar is the same way, a food can be 100% chemically made of sugars and be 0% sugar because none of the sugars are anything your body cares about or can use for anything.


Question: Why didn't this bottle of water freeze?

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 Why didn't this bottle of water freeze?

Basically way I understand it is that if the water is too still and in a smooth container (like plastic), ice crystals won't be able to form. As soon as it is disturbed it will "snap freeze" where basically it all freezes at once. You should have filmed it for Reddit karma.


Question: What is the difference between microplastics and microfibers?

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</answer>
 What is the difference between microplastics and microfibers?

Micro in this context means just small. Microfibers are small pices of fibers as opposed to the big threads of fiber that most clothes are made from. When you use and wash clothes you regularly tear off tiny pices of fibers from the clothes. You often see this as dust or lint. Microplastic is a similar thing but instead of fibers it is plastic. When you wear plastic items you get tiny pices of plastic tearing off creating a fine dust of microplastic. These things are not mutually exclusive though. If you have clothes made of plastic fibers then as it wears down it will turn into microplasticfiber. However jeans is made of cotton fiber and will give off mostly microcottonfabric. The big controversy with microplastic is that it is very hard for bacteria and insects to break down plastic. And due to the small size of the microplastic it is invisible to the naked eye and very hard to notice. But it turns up almost everywhere we look. This is also the case for other microfibers as well but for example cotton is biodegradable and will get broken down by bacteria and dissapear after a while in nature. So the planet is not getting covered by a layer of cotton or other natural fibers.


Question: Why do employers delay paychecks to their workers?

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 Why do employers delay paychecks to their workers?

It is called being paid in arrears, and it is a common practice for just about all forms of employment, "lower ranks" or not. It takes time and effort to figure out all the sick time, vacation, and overtime, cut checks, and order money transferred. You also want to build in an approval process and error checking. It is a lot easier and more cost effective to do this a couple a time a month, and give payroll a week to do it. Also, if only getting paid every two weeks vs. every day makes a big difference to you, that speaks more to your personal finance skills than to how your employer is treating you.


Question: How do scientists determine the age of Old structures like Stonehenge?

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 How do scientists determine the age of Old structures like Stonehenge?

My expertise is not on Stonehenge, and I’m not sure which of these techniques has or hasn’t been done at that particular site, but I can give some insights into how we do this kind of stuff in general. Dating stone structures is very difficult but there are a number of approaches. One relatively recent technique is called cosmogenic exposure dating. Basically (ELI5) once a rock is exposed at the surface, it’s continually bombarded by particles that are created in the upper atmosphere from cosmic rays. The flux of these particles is relatively steady over time and you can measure how much of them have accumulated on the surface and work out the age since the stone was quarried. Another approach: If rocks have been coated with carbonate minerals, (which is common in caves and rockshelters...I’m not so sure this would be valid at Stonehenge) you can do something called Uranium Series dating that is based on the decay of uranium into lead and can tell you how much time has elapsed since the carbonate coating began to form. There’s also something called Optically Stimulated Luminescence dating that can date the time since a soil that contains particles of quartz was last exposed to sunlight. If you could get a sample from beneath some of the stones, it could tell you when the holes were dug to set them in place. Finally, in a more traditional approach, people don’t actually date the structures themselves, but rather look for artifacts that are associated with the structures that can be dated. Carbon dating only works on organic material, not rocks. This could be bone or charcoal or other organic remains that can be dated by radiocarbon, or it could be things like stone tools or pottery that are known to be distinctive to a particular time period. There are a lot of details and caveats I didn’t go into for the sake of ELI5. Again, I wish I could speak more to what people have done specifically at Stonehenge, but those are some of the ways we generally try and do this type of thing.


Question: Why is the advantage to bacteria/viruses that kill a host?

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 Why is the advantage to bacteria/viruses that kill a host?

> Would it not be more advantageous to be relatively benign and keep on spreading itself around rather than kill the host? Yes. The vast majority of viruses/bacteria don't kill the hose for this very reason. It is mostly the ones that jump from one species to the other that become deadly. As an analogy: Cats prey on birds. Birds that evolved along side cats have evolved ways to evade them like putting their nests in high branches where the cats are too heavy to reach or being hyper alert for ambushes. So the cats may catch enough to survive, but never really end up eating them all. When cats are brought to an island were all the birds nest on the ground and have evolved no fear of cats, the cats will thrive for a while until they eat all the birds and then die off themselves. They didn't evolve side by side, so they haven't reached a balance. That isn't to say it is impossible for a virus/bacteria to reach some sort of balanced life cycle where the host dies. What's most important is that the virus/bacteria reproduces, not necessarily that it lives as long as possible in it's host. A rabid animal's hyper aggression may get it killed sooner than usual, but if it passes on rabies using that aggression, that's still a win for the rabies virus.


Question: - why can certain animals (like octopuses) regrow limbs but humans cannot?

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 - why can certain animals (like octopuses) regrow limbs but humans cannot?

Our limbs are way more complicated than an octopus tentacle. Much of the initial development of our limbs happens in the womb when the embryo and fetus are undergoing development. In the womb, your stem cells are specializing and creating all of the different tissues needed to make your organs. After you are born, your limbs are already intact for the most part. From there they grow. If you lose a limb, it doesn't regrow because the stem cells needed to grow the tissues don't reactivate. As a result, the wound just heals and forms scar tissue. Many believe that the complexity of the limb and the way the wound heals are factors in why the stem cells don't reactivate.


Question: How come the US has been the only country to send deep space probes out (past Mars)?

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 How come the US has been the only country to send deep space probes out (past Mars)?

Imagine you land on a deserted island after a maritime accident with a group of people. One guy prioritises building a low powered beacon that is basically a needle in a hay stack. On the off-chance something comes of it then all of you will benefit from it. It wouldn't then be much of a point in another person building another beacon. Sure, there is some ego in showing "I can do it too", but honestly there are other and better things to prioritize. I suspect this is also a reason for the slow replacement of a US shuttle. The US can instead catch a ride with the Russians to the international space station and do whatever experiments up there.


Question: - why are fire extinguishers kept behind glass? Why do we need to break glass in case of emergency?

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 - why are fire extinguishers kept behind glass? Why do we need to break glass in case of emergency?

It is, physically and metaphorically, a barrier to use. The idea is it prevents people from screwing around with the equipment for no good reason. There are plenty of people who might decide to touch it or play with it or even discharge it "just because". But with the glass there, they have to take the extra step of breaking the glass to get to it -- something that requires some bit of effort, will make a mess and is somewhat loud, attracting attention. None of that is something that would bother anyone if something was actually on fire, but it will very often prevent misuse of the gear other times.


Question: What makes a port and connector on a computer’s limit for data transfer and why? (Ex. Usb, hdmi, thunderbolt)

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 What makes a port and connector on a computer’s limit for data transfer and why? (Ex. Usb, hdmi, thunderbolt)

Three things: 1. Physics. There is only so much information you can pump down a particular kind and length of cable and still have it be usable on the other end (bandwidth). To get more information across, you need a better cable (or multiple cables), which is more expensive, larger, thicker, etc, or you need to limit your length. It boils down to how high a frequency you can send down the cable (the higher the frequency, the more information you can send across), and how much noise is introduced, both from imperfections in the cable and outside sources. For example, you can buy very thin and flexible HDMI cables, but perhaps only up to 3 meters, while you can buy thick ones up to 10 meters easily. This is because the thin cable is worse at transmitting the information, so a 3 meter but thin cable might have the same performance as a 10 meter but thick cable. If you try to extend the thin cable to 10 meters, the signal will be degraded too much and it won't work. 2. Modulation. In order to actually use all that raw bandwidth of the cable, we need to somehow encode the raw digital data (ones and zeroes) into some kind of voltage that gets sent down the cable. The way this is done can be extremely simple, like literally just saying "1 is 1 volt, 0 is 0 volts", or extremely complicated schemes using many frequencies and hundreds of voltage levels. This is called modulation, and if you've ever used a *modem*, that's what it stands for (**mo**dulator/**dem**odulator) There is no way to use absolutely 100% of the theoretical maximum bandwidth of a cable, but we can get pretty close with more and more complicated modulation schemes. However, those also require more expensive hardware on both ends, and more power to make work. Simpler modulation schemes are cheaper and lower power, but might only be able to utilize a fraction of the bandwidth of a cable. For example, USB 1.1 has two speeds (1.5Mbps and 12Mbps), and USB 2.0 added a third speed (480Mbps). All of these use the same cables. Why have the 1.5Mbps speed when you could always just use 12Mbps in the first version? Because the 1.5Mbps modulation is simpler, so you can use simpler and cheaper electronics, and it's good enough for things like a keyboard or a mouse. When USB 1.1 was designed, even the 12Mbps scheme was pretty simple, so it wasn't using the full potential of the cables. Therefore, USB 2.0 came up with a third scheme that could run 480Mbps over the same cables. There's actually a cheat in USB 1.1: devices are allowed to use lower-quality (cheaper) cables that only support the 1.5Mbps speed, but *only if they are permanently attached to the device* (like a mouse with a cable that is not removable). This is so that you can't accidentally use a cable that is only capable of 1.5Mbps on a 12Mbps or 480Mbps device. USB 3.0 added a 5Gbps speed, but that wouldn't work over the existing cables, so USB 3.0 requires new cables (with more and higher quality wires inside) to be able to achieve that speed. It's just not possible over USB 2.0 cables, due to physics. 1. Protocols. Above all this hardware dealing with getting the data across (what we in the business call the *physical layer*), there are a bunch of complicated rules for how data is to be formatted, broken into packets, how different devices agree on what data to send, what timing is allowed (it's okay if a hard drive slows down a bit, it's not okay if a video frame does not get to your monitor in time), how to combine multiple transmissions into the same wire when multiple devices are sharing it (like using USB hubs or Ethernet switches), etc. All of these things are different for each protocol/standard (USB, HDMI, Thunderbolt, etc) because they are designed for different things, and they also further limit the speed at which the system can run. For example, although USB 2.0 is 480Mbps at the physical layer (bits on the wire), in *practice* you're going to get up to about 340Mbps transferring data to/from a single device on a USB 2.0 connection, due to all the extra complexities in the system (70% efficiency). Some protocols are better than others - for example, Ethernet by default is about 94% efficient, and with a special configuration called *jumbo frames*, can go up to 99% efficiency.


Question: How do trees talk to each other using mycorrhizal fungi?

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 How do trees talk to each other using mycorrhizal fungi?

The mycelium stretch out across the root systems of multiple plants and plant species, and help to carry chemical messages between them. It's hypothesised that the fungi help to maintain the health of the trees in order to ensure they (the fungi) get the carbon and sugars they need to thrive. Two authors to read on this are Peter Wohlleben (who coined the term 'wood-wide web') and Suzanne Simard.


Question: If geysers have a opening at the top how do they become pressurized?

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 If geysers have a opening at the top how do they become pressurized?

Water pressure from the water column inside. Higher pressure = water boils at a higher temperature. So the bottom of the geyser is actually much hotter than 100 °C when it starts boiling. When it does, the steam starts pushing out the water above, which lowers the pressure (since part of the water is gone now), which lowers the boiling point, which makes more water boil, which in turn pushes more water out.


Question: Why does checking your credit score lower your credit score?

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 Why does checking your credit score lower your credit score?

Checking your own credit score (soft inquiry) doesn’t lower your credit score. A company or business checking your credit score (hard inquiry) can potentially lower it, but in the short-term: it’s because it is assumed you are looking to take on a new financial obligation which makes you more of a risk temporarily.


Question: What would happen if corporations actually paid their taxes?

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 What would happen if corporations actually paid their taxes?

Likely if multi-national corporations in America were forced to pay taxes on exports unlike any other country on Earth you'd see them pick up shop and move to a friendlier country. Then they'd try to pass rules preventing it, which would result in American companies becoming noncompetitive with foreign ones and losing all their business.


Question: Why is diet soda more bubbly/carbonated than regular soda?

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 Why is diet soda more bubbly/carbonated than regular soda?

Sugar increases the viscosity of the liquid. A more viscous liquid will have enough surface tension to form larger bubbles with the carbonation instead of many smaller bubbles. A larger bubble has a greater strain on it’s surface to they pop easier. Smaller bubbles are more stable since they aren’t under that much strain so they stick around for a bit. Consider a balloon. The more you blow it up, the easier it is to pop. The acid in lemon juice helps break the bonds that are holding together the surface of the bubble. This is like poking the balloon with a needle. When you break these bonds, the bubbles pop.


Question: How do Magic Erasers (those little sponge-block things made by many companies including Mr. Clean) work?

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 How do Magic Erasers (those little sponge-block things made by many companies including Mr. Clean) work?

They are abrasive (like steel wool or sandpaper), just a very fine grit. Their amazing cleaning comes from physically scraping dirt off on a very small scale. As an aside, Magic Erasers are way overpriced, you can buy the exact same sponges in bags of like 100 for a few dollars on Amazon (or other online retailer). Search "melamine sponge".


Question: When a body is found and they identify it with dental records - where do they get these records from? Is there a dental database? Or is this just to confirm the identity of a known person?

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 When a body is found and they identify it with dental records - where do they get these records from? Is there a dental database? Or is this just to confirm the identity of a known person?

It's to confirm the body is actually who they think it is by asking the dentist of the missing person (who usually has some xrays and maybe treatments in his archive so you can check if they match the teeth of the corpse) It won't help If they don't have a clue, or the person isn't even missed by anyone in the vicinity


Question: What is Elon Musk's new company Neuralink, and what is its goal?

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 What is Elon Musk's new company Neuralink, and what is its goal?

Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) already exist, and are used for a variety of medical purposes. Cochlear implants can restore some hearing, retinal implants can offer low-resolution sight, and vagus nerve stimulation can reduce the severity of epileptic seizures. However, for as wonderful as they are, all of those things kind of suck. They're bulky and obtrusive and not especially effective (although they're far better than any alternative). So, a part of Neuralink's mission is to develop more convenient, effective, and cheaper BMIs (which may sound familiar if you've been following SpaceX's development of cheaper, faster, more frequent rocket launches). As they miniaturize, implants should be able to work at a finer resolution and produce better effects. Retinal implants with more smaller "pixels" might be able to offer full, baseline-level sight, rather than the fuzzy, blocky "at least I'm not running into things" vision they produce right now. That's what we know for certain. Anything beyond that is speculation. This blog post, which has extensively covered Musk's businesses, suggests that the ultimate goal is the classic sci-fi merger of artificial intelligence and computing with our brains. The argument is that Musk is deeply worried about the development of AI and sees it as inevitable (both of which he's on record stating), so our best chance for a good outcome is to *become* that AI by integrating it with our brains. Some choice quotes from Musk at the end of the article: > We’re going to have the choice of either being left behind and being effectively useless or like a pet—you know, like a house cat or something—or eventually figuring out some way to be symbiotic and merge with AI. A house cat’s a good outcome, by the way. > The pace of progress in this direction matters a lot. We don’t want to develop digital superintelligence too far before being able to do a merged brain-computer interface. URL_0


Question: How does soap work at a chemical level?

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 How does soap work at a chemical level?

Water is polar, fat is not. So the cant Connect with each other. So the soap molecules build micells. Theyre polar on the outside and not polar on the inside. These micells take tiny parts if fat into them and can get washed away by water , because the outside of the micells can Connect with it. I learned this in german so im sorry I didnt get the words right


Question: Why do some states require you to reveal your identity when you win the lottery?

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 Why do some states require you to reveal your identity when you win the lottery?

It's to prove that it wasn't a scam. The lottery is generally regulated by the government to some capacity and so they want to ensure that it's transparent. If you didn't require to reveal the identity of the winner it would be very easy to see a situation where the governor's siblings all just happen to be the winners each time and no one would be able to find out. This was the case for McDonald's Monopoly game for many years when it first came out.


Question: bouyancy, and how far does something sink?

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 bouyancy, and how far does something sink?

> When you see a floating object, is the bouyant force counteracting the entire weight of the ship? **In that the weight of the water displaced by the part under water, is equal to the entire weight of the ship - so that the buoyant force is able to keep it afloat?** Therefore, that dictates how much needs to be submerged in order for a ship to float (as long as its less dense than the water obviously). So, a heavier, more dense ship will need to have more of its body submerged, than a less heavy and dense ship of equal volume? Exactly this. A floating ship will displace exactly its weight in water, and will rise and fall in the water according to how much weight is carried with the major variations being cargo, fuel and ballast. This is most clearly seen with cargo ships like tankers or bulk carriers, which often sail full in one direction and empty in the other. They'll carry some ballast water for stability purposes, but will still be much lighter when not carrying cargo, and thus much higher in the water. An important point is that the point at which a ship floats also involves the density of water. Sea water is more dense than fresh water, so a ship will float higher in sea water than in fresh water despite no changes in its weight.


Question: What Role did Accountants play in the financial crisis of 2008?

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 What Role did Accountants play in the financial crisis of 2008?

Well, fair value AKA mark-to-market accounting involves booking the underlying asset at its market price (what you could sell it for on the open market) at the end of every quarter. Overall, accounting had little to do with the financial crisis, but rather risk assessment. Accounting played some role, especially when it came tumbling down and pricing the assets became impossible on a mark-to-market system as people stopped buying them (which notably led to crises in PNB Parabis & Countrywide Financial). The job of accountants is not usually to assess the risk of an asset, that’s usually reserved for risk analysts who tell the accountants what the “expected value” (potential value - value at risk) is. Remember, accountants simply keep track of where money is, what assets are worth according to the market, depreciating tarnishable assets, etc etc but accountants themselves do not usually forecast. I get the feeling you don’t specifically want an explanation about accountants but more of a reason why theoretical failures in valuation lead to the crash. As I’m sure you know, it was centered around the collapse in prices of mortgage-backed securities. Investors buy mortgage backed securities to make money when people repay mortgages. These were split into separate “tranches” or slices based on risk preference. The highest rated tranches (the least risky) paid the least out but had the lowest risk of defaulting. The lowest rated ones were the riskiest but paid out the most. A lot of these tranches were packaged together into other security products (other MBSs). The analysts figured if they combined a lot of the riskiest tranches, the chance of them all defaulting at the same time was extremely low (since home prices in California are usually independent of, say, Massachusetts), so they should be low on risk while offering higher returns. The primary problem was that the assumption home prices were not correlated was based on past data, and home prices came tumbling all at once which led to the total default of most of the financial systems most popular investment. Because these securities were mainly comprised of the lowest-rated mortgages, they were extremely susceptible to rising mortgage defaults. It only took 7% of the mortgages in the usual subprime (subprime means bad) mortgage-backed security to make it totally worthless. TL;DR: Risk models were based on the assumption home-prices aren’t correlated across the country, but they did correlate negatively for a while there which caused the crisis, in addition to the complexity and nascency of the securities making it hard for people to figure out their true value. Accountants valued them on what other people would pay, and not necessarily their expected value from cash flow which compounded the issue to a small extent. Be cautious! Every time a question about 2008 gets asked, a lot of people who saw The Big Short like to hop on here and give a lot of misinformation. If you read a comment that involves “CDS” in it somewhere, completely ignore it! It has nothing to do with the question you asked. Appendix: Mortgage-backed security: A security comprised of mortgage loans. Subprime: A mortgage given to a person that’s at risk of not repaying it. Tranche: The word used to describe the different sections of a mortgage-backed security you could invest in. The point of a tranche is to provide different levels of risk (and return) depending on investors risk preferences. Default: When somebody does not repay their mortgage. It can also be used in the context of a security “defaulting”, ie when it loses its value. Further reading: “Mark-to-market” “Asset-backed security” “Liquidity” “Beta (finance)”


Question: Why does temperature vary so drastically on earth?

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 Why does temperature vary so drastically on earth?

It doesn't really vary that much in the absolute sense, the Earth is well insulated by the atmosphere and oceans and temperatures don't wander too far from average. The higher latitudes get the biggest yearly swings from ~250K to ~310K due to how they angle in and out from the sun over the course of the year. Equatorial areas barely budge. Over on Mercury the temperatures swing violently from 100K at night to 700K at "noon" since it's just rock exposed to the sun's fury and frozen deep space.


Question: Why does breathing smoke make your chest hurt?

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 Why does breathing smoke make your chest hurt?

Your entire respiratory tract needs to stay moist, so it is covered in mucus. Smoke is very very dry, and dries out your respiratory tract. To compensate, you need to produce more mucus. You can also achieve this by coughing, which pushes mucus from deeper in the lungs (where the smoke may not have reached) up towards the affected area (e.g. the windpipe). Excessive coughing, like what happens when a non-smoker tries to smoke, can cause chest pain because you are overexerting your chest muscles by coughing.


Question: Why do water temperatures feel different before, during, and after swimming?

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 Why do water temperatures feel different before, during, and after swimming?

Your body can only sense the difference in temperature, not the actual temperature like a thermometer. You can try this out by having 3 bowls containing warm, room temperature, and cold water. Put one hand in the warm water and your other in the cold water for about a minute. Then move your hands into the room temperature water. The hand in warm water will feel cold while the hand cold water will feel warm despite the fact that your hands are in water of the same temperature. The same happens at the pool. Your skin temperature is normally higher than the water temperature. When you first dip in, your skin feels the huge temperature difference and it feels cold! But over time, the skin's temperature adjusts to the water's temperature and you don't feel any difference. You still have to move around and generate more heat from playing and swimming. Remaining stationary in cool water can lead to hypothermia as water can remove heat faster than air. Getting out of the water feels cold because of evaporative cooling, the same effect where sweat cools you down. The pool water on your skin starts to vaporize and carry heat with it, cooling the skin. If you get back in the water, it stops this effect, making you feel warmer. Drying yourself off also stops the evaporative cooling and can also make you feel warm despite no changes in air temperature.


Question: Do light sources produce infinite number of photons?

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 Do light sources produce infinite number of photons?

No. No light source produces an infinite number of photons. Number of photons corresponds to intensity or brightness of a light source. The Sun appears very bright from Earth. it would appear less bright the further you get from it. That's because the closer you are to it, the more photons are 'hitting' you. Stars burn energy and release it as light and heat. They do have a finite amount of energy though. One day every star will run out of energy and die.


Question: Roe v Wade concluded that the right to abortion follows from the right to privacy. What was the reasoning behind this?

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 Roe v Wade concluded that the right to abortion follows from the right to privacy. What was the reasoning behind this?

A lot of people don't understand Roe v. Wade. There is no such thing as a "right to privacy" - rather, that phrase is just an easy way of explaining the limitations of the government's police power. In the US governments don't have any power by default. In order to do anything, a government needs to be able to point to a constitutional provision that explicitly grants them that power. For example, if the government wants to outlaw theft then it has to have some constitutional provision that gives it the right to do that. In the case of theft (and most other criminal laws) that power is the police power. Every state level constitution has a clause granting that state government the right to regulate the "health, safety, and well being" of the citizens of that state. We call this phrase the "police power" and it grants state governments wide ranging power to regulate your personal life. But an important limitation of the police power is that it only allows the government to pass regulations that increase the health, safety, or well being of society. If someone's personal actions don't affect society, then the police power does not grant the government the right to regulate them. Roe v. Wade was not about establishing a right to privacy. Roe v. Wade established when a fetus becomes a legal human being. Before a fetus is a legal human being, it is legally no different than a tumor and the government has no more right to regulate a medical procedure to remove it than it would to regulate a medical procedure to remove cancer. However, once a fetus becomes a legal human being, then harming it causes harm to society and the government is free to regulate such harm (IE, by outlawing abortion). This is where you get the "right to privacy" from - its very, *very* difficult to make an argument that actions which only affect consenting adults are harming society. Therefore, the police power does not grant the government the right to regulate such actions. But the right to privacy isn't a right like the 1st Amendment. The 1st Amendment grants you a personal right to free speech. The government can overcome that right in certain instances, but its very difficult to do and requires the government to have some overwhelming need to do so. The right to privacy is not a personal right - its a *lack* of a right to do something on the part of the government. This means that it is much easier to overcome. What constitutes a harm to society changes over time. For example, only a handful of the most extreme people who are opposed to gay marriage actually believe that gay sex causes any harm to society, and as a result gay sex is modernly protected by the right to privacy. But that wasn't always the case - for most of US history most people legitimately believed that homosexuality was a virulent plague that destroyed lives and could spread - similar to how society views drug use today. Much in the way that drug use today is not protected by the right to privacy, gay sex was not protected by the right to privacy until 2003. People tend to think of rights as a one way street - that your ability to act without government regulation is constantly increasing. But this isn't true historically - society's views on what constitute a societal harm are constantly shifting, and the right to privacy is only as strong as society believes it to be.


Question: How can sweden, denmark (and GB too sorta) keep their currency when it’s law to change to the euro?

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 How can sweden, denmark (and GB too sorta) keep their currency when it’s law to change to the euro?

It's not law that European Union countries must change to the Euro. There are lots of risks associated with switching to the Euro and with letting a country switch to the Euro There are multiple levels to the EU. The basic EU provides for open borders with other EU member states but doesn't include the Euro. Only the 19 countries which are part of the Eurozone use the Euro which leaves 9 EU countries using their own currency


Question: what's the simplest way to explain higher special dimensions to someone?

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 what's the simplest way to explain higher special dimensions to someone?

A spatial dimension is literally just a direction. As far as we know, the universe has three such dimensions: you could call them forward/backward, left/right, and up/down; or north/south, east/west, and up/down; or whatever else you wanted. The important thing is that no matter which labels you use for the directions, there are always three of them. But there's no reason you couldn't imagine a universe with only two directions to move in, or four, or twenty-seven. You can describe them all equally well with mathematics, so we can reason about them logically even though we can only ever experience three-dimensional space.