Question: Why does burnt food generally have the same taste even if the foods are different?

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 Why does burnt food generally have the same taste even if the foods are different?

All the complex and varied organic compounds making different foods tend all to decay into more or less the same basic blocks (i.e. charcoal and simple organic molecules) when overheated, giving the universal burnt taste. Think of it like ice sculptures - they can be of varied shapes, sizes and impressiveness, but they all turn into puddles of water after a warm spring weekend.


Question: Is it possible, theoretically, to fill an enclosed space with enough light photons to break the enclosure as a result of volume within?

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 Is it possible, theoretically, to fill an enclosed space with enough light photons to break the enclosure as a result of volume within?

Photons don't have volume. *But* they have energy. So if you cram enough light into an enclosure, the pressure from the light hitting the walls will eventually break the walls. Alternatively, since energy and mass are two sides of the samwe coin, cramming enough energy into a small enough space *might* result in the creation of a black hole. *However*, those are theoretical musings. For example, long before you could cram enough light into a tight space for a black hole to form, the mass of the lamps would have done so. Similarly, how would you fill the space with light? If you're using lamps in the walls, they'd be able to withstand more radiation pressure than they emit, so breaking the walls likely wouldn't work, either. Or they'd melt before breaking. The two things are meant as hypothetical "what if the photons appeared there out of thin air" szenarios.


Question: Whenever one nation gives another a loan for a large sum of money, how does this money get transferred to the other country?

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 Whenever one nation gives another a loan for a large sum of money, how does this money get transferred to the other country?

In most cases, then actual money does not change hands. The amount is transferred electonically and appears on the balance sheet as a credit and debit respectively. In some cases, a tangible asset is transferred, in the form of gold or some other asset of value with an assessed value equal to that at the time of the exchange. In some cases where the IMF is involved, the loan is in the form of a letter of credit in the amount appoved. This means that the IMF is acting as a third party between the countries involved, guaranteeing that the sum is accessible. The concept of money itself is a trust relationship. The money itself has no real value if the country issuing the money is not believed to be able to stand behind their currency with some form of tangible asset. In the US, the tangible asset is the gold supply. In some middle eastern countries, oil is the asset.


Question: How come people in comas don’t get blood clots but you hear stories of people playing their gaming consoles for too long and dying from a blood clot?

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 How come people in comas don’t get blood clots but you hear stories of people playing their gaming consoles for too long and dying from a blood clot?

People in comas are rotated (well, supposed to be anyway) every 2 hours minimum so that helps relieve pressure points/promotes circulation/decreases risks of bed sores, also someone in a coma might be put on a blood thinner to prevent such an occurrence, depending on the situation. Basically a hospital is a controlled environment where, if procedure is properly followed, little can go wrong (unless it's a natural occurrence).


Question: What are the Weak and Strong nuclear forces? I get gravity and electromagnestism, but how do these two work?

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 What are the Weak and Strong nuclear forces? I get gravity and electromagnestism, but how do these two work?

Protons all have a positive electric charge, so why do they cluster so tight inside atoms? There must be a force stronger than electromagnetism holding them in place. We call this the strong nuclear force. The weak force, also sometimes called the weak interaction, is less intuitive, but basically describes how a neutron can "split" into an electron and a proton, in radioactive decay. Again, you'd expect the positive and negative charges to stick close together, so there must be some other force causing them to split.


Question: Why are eggs such an important cooking ingredient in a lot of recipes, including baking?

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 Why are eggs such an important cooking ingredient in a lot of recipes, including baking?

The biggest reason is eggs are a natural source of lecithin. Lecithin is an emulsifier that binds both fats and water together. With out it, many foods wouldn't have the texture that it has. Unfortunately my chemistry knowledge is rather weak, hopefully someone else can explain more about it, because i'd also like to know more.


Question: Why can’t we just pump man-made ozone into the atmosphere in order to fix the holes in the ozone layer?

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 Why can’t we just pump man-made ozone into the atmosphere in order to fix the holes in the ozone layer?

A couple of reasons. First, ozone is quite unstable. It breaks down quickly in the atmosphere. The ozone layer is constantly replenished, but any individual ozone molecule lasts a matter of ~~weeks~~ (edit: days! The lifespan is shorter than I thought.) Two, the ozone layer is very high up. It takes a long time for air at the ground to mix up to that altitude - longer, as it turns out, than ozone lasts. We actually do create a lot of ozone at ground level: it's a significant pollutant. But it doesn't get up to the ozone layer. And three, the problem isn't *getting* the ozone: the problem is that certain pollutants, which *do* last a long time, speed up the rate at which it breaks down.


Question: when it comes to production of consumer products, why do some technologically advanced products go down in price after a while but some products seem to only go up in price?

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 when it comes to production of consumer products, why do some technologically advanced products go down in price after a while but some products seem to only go up in price?

Depends on the market segment. For internet service, the cost of doing business hasn't decreased dramatically: laying down and maintaining a wide physical infrastructure still costs a ton of money, and consumers demand more and more as time goes on. For vehicles, the market doesn't favorite low end new cars: the second hand market competes strongly with the lower end new market, and profit margins on new cars in the low end aren't enormous, and increasing emmisions/efficiency/safety standards and mandatory equipment drives up costs a lot.


Question: Why do sleep-aids make me restless?

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 Why do sleep-aids make me restless?

This also happens to me with certain brands of diphenhydramine (Benadryl, AdvilPM, a lot of other OTC sleep aids). I don’t know the mechanism that specifically causes restlessness but I can tell you a thing or two about why people may feel different effects from the same drug. When you take a drug, the body metabolizes it, which changes its chemical properties so that it can be eliminated or used by the body. This is done through various steps and involves a bunch of different enzymes. Because of this, only a certain percentage of the original dose will make it to its destination (the receptors that cause the intended effects). This is accounted for in the design of the drug and the recommended doses, but everyone is a little different. Some people can have enzymes that are *really good* at metabolizing a particular substance, others can have rather “lazy” enzymes that work a bit slower. Some people may have more (or less) of an enzyme. Other drugs that you take and even certain foods that you ate that day can effect how many enzymes are available to work on this drug. For diphenhydramine, restlessness and agitation occur when too much active drug was absorbed by the body — more drug molecules survived this “first pass” than was expected. We like to think of chemical reactions as pretty straightforward: A binds to B and you get C. But that’s not usually the case. More realistically, A *prefers* to bind to B to produce C, but if there’s no more B available, A doesn’t want to just wander around all by its lonesome. So A may also bind to D and produce E. This is where those weird “off-target” side effects can come from. You’ve got extra drug floating around but fewer available targets so that drug may start interacting with other nearby receptors that it wouldn’t normally interact with at lower concentrations


Question: why are countries sometimes referred to with female pronouns?

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 why are countries sometimes referred to with female pronouns?

So, English as a language doesn't really differentiate between masculine and feminine words and conjugation. However, a lot of the languages that English borrowed pretty heavily from (particularly the Latin languages, and Latin itself) *do* have differences in conjugation that will use masculine or feminine forms (e.g. the generic term for cat in French is "la chat", which is the feminine form). Latin, in particular, had a tendency to gender countries and landmasses as feminine (e.g. Terra Firma), and English sort of inherited that from Latin, particularly in more formal linguistic settings.


Question: Do Doctors really work "24 hour shifts" as is a whole day with only a few breaks, no sleep? If so, does this not make more susceptible to errors?

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 Do Doctors really work "24 hour shifts" as is a whole day with only a few breaks, no sleep? If so, does this not make more susceptible to errors?

Yes, they do. Some states have passed laws not allowing this. FYI: this type of training schedule was initially implemented by a guy who was a drug addict—amphetamines or cocaine, I forget which. So staying up for huge stretches of time was not strange for him. For people who are not drug addicts, it can be grueling.


Question: How can people play chess against themselves, if they know what move their “opponent” is going to make?

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 How can people play chess against themselves, if they know what move their “opponent” is going to make?

If you've ever seen those "grandmaster plays 100 opponents simultaneously" stories, it's because the past moves and mind games with the opponent aren't much of a factor. They make a move, forget what happened, and go to the next board. A given board state often has a small handful of "correct" moves, so playing both sides yourself is an exercise in solving board states rather than exploiting an opponent's tendencies.


Question: Why does 60 degree Fahrenheit air feel so much warmer than 60 degree water?

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 Why does 60 degree Fahrenheit air feel so much warmer than 60 degree water?

The sensation of warmth or coldness is based around heat leaving or entering your body. Air does not conduct heat particularly well, so heat doesn't leave your body very quickly. Water conducts heat much better, so your body heat can leech out into the water much faster, and as a result it feels colder. This is the same reason why steel feels colder than wood, even if both are at the same room temperature.


Question: How does the U.S. government owe money to itself?

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 How does the U.S. government owe money to itself?

The Federal Government "borrows" money from the people by issuing Federal Bonds and printing more cash, which devalues whatever money you have in your pocket. Hypothetical situation. 2017 budget rolls around, we have a $1 trillion deficit. The Fed issues $1 trillion in bonds and prints that much in cash. If there's $100 trillion dollars in circulation, printing that $1T just devalued your dollar by 1%. This is a result of the official abolishment of the gold standard in 1971


Question: How do they determine the speed at which extinct animals used to walk?

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 How do they determine the speed at which extinct animals used to walk?

This was actually explained in the original post you linked to. It's determined by the depth of the prints across their length, and the distance between the prints. If a print is deep, it means the impact was heavier; if there's a long distance between prints, it means the creature was going faster. This is all based on an assumed height and weight of a creature, which can in part be determined from fossil records.


Question: why do restaurants as a whole have an atrocious failure rate, but chain restaurants consistently stay open?

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 why do restaurants as a whole have an atrocious failure rate, but chain restaurants consistently stay open?

Have you ever made cookies from scratch before? I have, man sometimes it just doesn't work out. Other times its great and works perfect, its not a super easy thing. Now, but when I make them from those tubes of premade cookie batter and they give me all the instructions and stuff, they always come out just right A chain restaurant is like that pre-made cookie dough. Its a pre-set package, that we already know it is successful, it doesn't require a lot of ingredients or knowledge or skill to make, you just buy the package and you're all set for a good experience at a very reasonable rate, other people have already figured it out before you, and you just have to bake the cookies is all, and they even tell you how!


Question: Why curve a bowling ball?

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 Why curve a bowling ball?

Wikipedia's reason: hook in ten-pin bowling is a ball that rolls in a curving pattern (versus straight). The purpose of the hook is to give the ball a better angle at the 1-3 pocket (right-handers) or 1-2 pocket (left-handers.) When a ball is rolled straight, hitting the pocket must be precise. By hooking the ball, the ball will hit the pins with more force, producing better carry - especially on the 5-pin during a strike ball. Straight roll - even when it hits the pocket, will tend to leave a tap, such as the 5-pin on a light hit, or the 10-pin if the ball was just slightly right of the head pin. A hook ball can create strikes with less precise hits at the pocket. A hook ball can also help the bowler shape the shot on challenging oil patterns.


Question: Why are the stickers vendors put on products so hard to peel off?

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 Why are the stickers vendors put on products so hard to peel off?

Stickers are made hard to peel off, and will often break up when removed to keep customers from changing price tags of items. A checkout person isn't always expected to know the price of every item in the store, and if a customer tries to check out a $100 item with a price tag of $9.95 the store would loose money. If the price tags didn't break up, they could be removed from a cheap item, and re-attached to a more expensive item


Question: What is the P versus NP problem?

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 What is the P versus NP problem?

So we have problems that can be solved, for example, 15x=75, and we have methods to solve them, in our example we have algebra that tells us x=5 easily. We call these P time problems. Some other kinds of problems aren't so simple, like solving prime factors. What's the prime factorization of 3640? It's really hard to do that without checking every available combination. We call these harder problems NP time problems. The last thing is that we can sometimes find that an NP problem is actually a P problem, we just didn't know the easy solution. A recent example is that we found a P solution to determining if a given number is prime. The P vs NP problem is this. "Can all NP time problems be collapsed into P time problems?" This is difficult because as it turns out, the P vs NP problem is itself an NP problem, which is a weirdly provable statement.


Question: What exactly happens in old video games when you hold a direction on a controller when you start the game?

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 What exactly happens in old video games when you hold a direction on a controller when you start the game?

It's common to use [potentiometers]( URL_0 ) in analog sticks. The value coming from them can be off by a little bit. It's different for each device and can change as it ages. But with a self-centering stick, you can measure its apparent center. This is exactly what some devices do: they record the center position at power-on and report positions relative to that center. That way the center is really the center, even if analog components are acting up a little. And if the stick isn't centered when it's performing its center reading, you mess it up.


Question: What Is the Federal Funds Rate?

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 What Is the Federal Funds Rate?

The federal funds rate is the interest rate that banks charge each other to borrow or lend excess reserves overnight. Law requires that banks must have a minimum reserve level (held by the Fed) in proportion to their deposits, so if they are below this minimum reserve, they can short-term borrow from other banks that have excessive reserves. The rate matters because an overnight loan between banks is probably one of the _safest_ loans one can make (beaten only by US government bonds, but those are for longer duration). When evaluating whether or not to make _other_ loans to non-banks, the bank does a risk/return analysis - does the amount of money that I will make from the loan offset the risk the lendee won't pay me back, and how does that amount of money compare to my other loan options? Since bank to bank loans are low risk, banks would only want to loan to others if the rate of those loans is _higher_ than the interest rate the banks would pay for the overnight loans. The higher the funds rate, the higher the interest rate for other loans has to be in order to compensate for that risk. In practice, this means that when the Fed Funds Rate changes, every other interest rate is going to change in accordance.


Question: If a 3.5mm audio jack is also referred to as a 1/8" jack, why is a 1/4" audio jack also referred to as a 6.3mm jack?

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 If a 3.5mm audio jack is also referred to as a 1/8" jack, why is a 1/4" audio jack also referred to as a 6.3mm jack?

> [The outside diameter of the "sleeve" conductor is 1⁄4 inch (6.35 millimetres). The "mini" connector has a diameter of 3.5 mm (0.14 in)]( URL_0 ) The 1/4" jack was defined as being a quarter inch because it's an old American invention dating back to the 19th century. Calling it a 6.3mm plug is an accurate conversion. The 3.5mm jack was invented much later and is defined as being 3.5mm. Calling it an "1/8th inch" connector is not terribly accurate but it conveys the idea that it's "half" of a quarter inch connector. Americans aren't really all that picky and, since nobody has to actually create phone plugs/jacks, it's not important for the common name to be accurate. It also rolls off the tongue better than a "9/64ths connector"


Question: What does safe harbor mean in business and finance?

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 What does safe harbor mean in business and finance?

In general, a safe harbor is a law or regulation which explicitly makes an action legal so long as certain conditions are met. For example, a law might say if you build a fence a certain height, you are not responsible if your dog bites someone reaching over from the other side. In finance, this refers to US laws about how a company discloses its financial projections to the public. So long as they follow the correct procedure, they are not liable if those projections don't come true and people lose money. Otherwise, companies wouldn't make those projects and investors would have less to go on.


Question: Americans went to the moon, but how did they come back with so little fuel and a much weaker engine ?

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 Americans went to the moon, but how did they come back with so little fuel and a much weaker engine ?

A few reasons: * For multi-stage rockets, each stage needs to carry the weight of the stages before it, and its' own weight in fuel; this is a fundamental problem of rocket science and is sometimes called the tyranny of the rocket equation: basically, the more mass you have, the bigger an engine and more fuel you need to propel yourself, but that extra fuel *also* has mass, and so you need even *more* fuel... but that's why we need such big rockets to get to the moon: we're carrying everything we need to get back, plus everything we need to get up in the first place. * Landing on the moon requires fuel because there is no atmosphere, and so you need to burn fuel to slow your descent onto the surface. However, there's also no atmosphere to slow down your lift-off, and much less gravity to boot, *and* much less mass carried, so you overall need much less fuel to lift off from the moon. * Because the moon orbits the earth, if you lift off from the moon and point away from the way it's headed around the earth, you effectively A) escape from its' gravity well, and B) get captured by the earth's gravity well at the same time, saving fuel. * Remember that gravity that was making us have problems lifting off at the start? Well it's helping us come home now. But it does pull us helluva fast, which is why... * Remember that air friction that was giving us problems on liftoff? Well, it's slowing us down a bit now, so instead of using fuel, we can use parachutes and ablative heat shields (that is, special materials that absorb heat and burn off some material as the friction from re-entry heats up the space craft, to avoid having charbroiled astronauts and explosive re-entry). * There's also a note here: in atmosphere/on Earth, we need big inefficient boosters that provide lots of thrust in a short time, to have a positive *thrust to weight ratio*, so that we can move at all; once in orbit, we can use much more efficient engines with less thrust, since there isn't really another force pulling against us at that point. Similarly, landing on the moon will require a positive thrust to weight ratio, but your weight goes down by 1/6 when on the moon, so you're ultimately going to end up not needing a big heavy booster like you need to get off of earth. Basically though, the big thing is that we could do with much smaller rockets if it were a 1-way trip, since we wouldn't need to pack for the return trip.


Question: Why do hotel room prices differ between websites?

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 Why do hotel room prices differ between websites?

Some websites work on a commission basis with the owner or another website and company who have a contract with the accommodation owners. The commission percentage ranges differ as well as prices they are allowed to display. Also date ranges selected affect the price and so do some possible "handling fees" and such that a website might use to make more than they would purely based on their commission. This gives them worse chances when people research heavily but might net them more on bookings from existing clientele who trust their brand. It's a balancing act and A/B tests are carried out to see how their transactions suffer least while maximizing earnings per bookings. Source: 3 yrs of experience in the rental industry online (holiday homes)


Question: How do dolphins swim so fast if they barely move?

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 How do dolphins swim so fast if they barely move?

Dolphins swim in a way where most of the thrust comes from their tail moving. It's powered by muscles in their body, but the tail moving up and down is the only real movement. That sort of swimming is very efficient for high speed, but less agile than some other forms. If you compare them to something like a tuna, it's the same idea, just rotated 90 degrees.


Question: How do binary systems (pcs etc.) handle decimal points ?

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 How do binary systems (pcs etc.) handle decimal points ?

There are two possible interpretations of your question: A ) How do non decimal bases represent a decimal point (I.e what is "a half" in binary") B ) How to computers (or other systems that use binary or have a fixed number representation) represent fractions? I'll answer both. A : The 'decimal point' is not something the decimal base has sole ownership of. All bases have a fractional component, it just works in different powers. In decimal 3.21 means "3 'ones', 2 'tenths', 1 'hundreth' In binary 1.011 would mean "1 'one", 0 'halfs' 1 'quarter', 1 'eigth', or 1.375 in decimal. Each 'binary fraction' is half as large as the one that came before it. In ternary each point is a third as large, in hex it's one sixteenth. It works just the same as in decimal, just uses N as the base instead of 10. B : There are two main methods computeres use. A fixed point representation or the more common floating point representation. A fixed point simply states "In ever X bits, the decimal point is there". If you see a number '01100111' you simply just decide to see it as '0110.0111' and interpret that as a binary number. the upside is it's simple. The downside is you're limiting yourself to a very fixed range and representation. A floating point representation means that the decimal point isn't fixed. The common standard uses scientific notation, essentially. Instead of going "25.5" it goes the equivalent of "255 x 10^-1" by storing the binary equivalents of 255, and -1. The upside is that you have versatility and range. You can express a large range of numbers with a lot of power over what ranges or precision you need. The downside is that you can't always hit all the fractions you want and it's a bit more complicated, but that's something fixed point also has. Floating point doesn't deal well with very large or very tiny numbers.


Question: If 2 rivers meet, who decides which one is the main river and which one a tributary, on what basis?

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 If 2 rivers meet, who decides which one is the main river and which one a tributary, on what basis?

The "official" rule is that the main course of the river is the one that travels the longest path from source to sea. But if you look at actual rivers in, say the United States, you'll find that that's a custom honored in the breach. The branches of a river often got named before their upper reaches are mapped, and sometimes the question of which of them is the main channel got leaned on for political or financial reasons. Consider the Potomac river; at a place called Harper's Ferry (famous for John Brown's insurrection), it splits in two. Which side was the main river, and which was the tributary? After all, the two branches were about the same size when they met. Well, the surveyor who was drawing the maps was being paid by the Virginia colony, and their charter said that all the land south of the Potomac belonged to their colony. The surveyor, knowing which side his bread was buttered on, just *decided* that the north branch of the river was the main one, and the south branch (now called the Shenandoah) was the tributary. That meant that all the land in between them belonged to Virginia, instead of Maryland. By the time the rivers were more fully mapped, and it was clear that the Shenandoah actually flowed along a much longer course than the (upper) Potomac, the question was moot, and the Virginia colony was firmly in control of the land in question. (Well, compared to Maryland, anyway. The Indians were still putting up a fight.)


Question: The origins of money: where did the idea originate? How were differing rates between countries first established?

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 The origins of money: where did the idea originate? How were differing rates between countries first established?

The idea originated as soon as people started realizing that the barter system sucks once services start existing within a community. Here's an example I like to use from an early human settlement: > CM: Hey, Repair Dude, my roof has a hole in it. Want to fix my roof for two chickens? > RD: Sure thing, Chicken Man. > *Two weeks later* > RD: Hey Chicken Man, I'm pretty hungry. Can I have some more chicken? > CM: Go away Repair Dude, nothing I have needs fixing. RD starves to death if his services aren't needed in that situation. And money solves the problem - he gets the money for doing his work and uses it whenever he's hungry, or needs some other service. As far as exchange rates between countries go, that's complicated, but the starting point is always the basic value of the money. Every country values 1 unit differently (1 dollar, 1 peso, 1 yen, etc). For example, a dozen eggs costs somewhere around $2 in US dollars, but is around ¥300 in Japan (if my google is doing good work). So obviously, ¥300 and $2 are a comparable value, and it would never make sense to trade ¥1 for $1. Once that standard is in place, those exchange rates start to move around due to all kinds of factors - how stable a country's economy is, how much of the world actually *wants* their money, etc.


Question: How do satelites that are important for tracking GPS location not rotate around the earth? Or is the rotation somehow calculated into them?

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 How do satelites that are important for tracking GPS location not rotate around the earth? Or is the rotation somehow calculated into them?

The GPS satellites are in a medium earth orbit, so they go around the earth twice a day. Their exact locations are tracked very accurately by control stations on the ground on a regular basis, and the orbits are predictable enough to calculate where each satellite will be at any moment. The satellites send out a signal that says "here's what time I sent this signal, and here's how you calculate where I was when I sent it." Your GPS receiver gets these messages from several satellites and figures out their location at the instant the message was sent. Simplifying slightly, what happens after that is your receiver figures out how far it is from each satellite. It knows when a message was sent, and knows what time it was received, and knows how fast the message travels (the speed of light). So it can figure out from all that how far each message must have gone through the air from each satellite's location. That means your receiver knows it's somewhere on a sphere at a certain distance from a satellite. When it does the same for a second satellite, it knows it's somewhere that those two spheres intersect, which would be somewhere on a circle. A third sphere around a third satellite intersects that circle at two points, one of which is usually clearly wrong, thus the receiver knows it must be at the other point. Ok, so why do you need to receive 4 satellites instead of 3? The clocks in the satellites are incredibly accurate atomic clocks, so the "here's when I sent this message" information is pretty much perfect. But the clock in your receiver is cheap and inaccurate, so the "here's when we received the message" information starts out wrong. You get a whole range of possible distances from each satellites depending on how wrong the receiver's clock is. A fourth satellite allows you to rule out all the wrong positions and figure out which one is right. So, your receiver figures out not just where it is, but WHEN it is, to get a correct position.


Question: How a USB hub works? How can 1 USB carry the bandwidth of 5 or more? Wouldnt it be split?

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 How a USB hub works? How can 1 USB carry the bandwidth of 5 or more? Wouldnt it be split?

It is split, but most usb devices don't actually have high enough bandwidth for that to matter. Devices like mice and keyboards and stuff like that barely need any bandwidth at all. USB 2.0 has a max bandwidth of 480 Mbit/s which is enough for almost anything that used it many times over. Modern USB 3 /USB-C can have between 5 and 20 Gbit/s depending on the version and future versions of USB will have more. This is more than enough to handle any I/O a regular computer might want. The bandwidth isn't shared equally between all devices, so a mouse or keyboard will not take the same share of the total bandwidth as an SSD or an Ethernet connection via USB. One limitation is that a single controller can only talk to up to 127 devices and is you are daisy chaining usb hubs a lot of that will be taken up by the hubs themselves as there may be several hubs hidden within one physical casing. (For example a 7-port usb hub is usually just two 4 port hubs plugged into another in a single case and counts as two device by itself.) Another limitation is the fact that the host computer will talk to each device one at a time and can't be permanently talking back and forth with all devices, but that isn't really an issue for most use cases.


Question: Why is it that traits like skin tone mix to make a combination tone in a child of parents that are two different races/ethnicities?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Why is it that traits like skin tone mix to make a combination tone in a child of parents that are two different races/ethnicities?

Skin tone is polygenic, meaning it is controlled by multiple genes. This is the reason why there is a gradient of skin tones. There isn't always a reason *why* something is dominant/recessive, but I would hazard that skin tone is the way it is because it is something that has evolved to be on a gradient.


Question: How and why does glass explode when placed in the freezer for an extended time?

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 How and why does glass explode when placed in the freezer for an extended time?

Water is unusual in that it actually expands when it freezes, because on a molecular level water molecules form a sort of honeycomb lattice when frozen due to strong intramolecular forces (electromagnetic repulsion in this case). If you put a glass of water or another liquid that contains a lot of water (milk, orange juice, etc.) when the water freezes it will expand, pushing against the walls of the glass container. If the container is sealed, or if it's simply too full, the increased pressure from the expanding water causes the glass to crack and eventually shatter.


Question: Why or why can't we use cloud seeding to fight forest fires?

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 Why or why can't we use cloud seeding to fight forest fires?

You need clouds to start with. Cloud seeding just gives the moisture in clouds something to form drops around, so it just makes sense in the narrow band of conditions between rain clouds forming and it raining anyway. Seeding the Australian air to make rain works as well as throwing seeds at your blow drier to make crops.


Question: how chains on tyres help maintain traction on icy roads. Don’t they make the ride bumpy and isn’t metal more skiddy?

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 how chains on tyres help maintain traction on icy roads. Don’t they make the ride bumpy and isn’t metal more skiddy?

The chains sink into the snow and act like spikes or grips. As to making it bumpy, you’re not supposed to use chains when there isn’t snow on the ground, otherwise, yes, it can get bumpy. But the chains aren’t super thick so it’s not overly noticeable. It just wears the chains down faster. Super polished metal with a big surface area would slide all around. But the snow chains are galvanized metal, in fairly thin chains so they don’t cause slipping on the snow.


Question: What happens to a nerve in your finger when it is cut and medical treatment is not performed?

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 What happens to a nerve in your finger when it is cut and medical treatment is not performed?

They grow back most of the time. Peripheral nerves can take a lot of damage and keep coming back. So long as some part of the axon or connective tissue remains, it'll grow back. If those things are destroyed though, it cannot grow back. This is much different from the central nervous system, which has a lot of trouble regenerating.


Question: Why do airplanes fly at such a high cruising altitudes?

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 Why do airplanes fly at such a high cruising altitudes?

The lower an airplane flies the more expensive it is because the lower the altitude the more air pressure. The more air pressure, the harder the engines need to work to propel the airplane through it. The harder the engines work, the more fuel they require. > Is it to avoid bad weather? Is there less air resistance the higher you go? Yes. Yes.


Question: - Why and how are babies so strong? What advantage does having a strong core give babies?

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 - Why and how are babies so strong? What advantage does having a strong core give babies?

This is explained by the square-cube law. In short, strength and durability are proportional to the size squared (X*X) and weight is proportional to the cube of the size (X*X*X) so if you take a human and shrink him proportionally to half size, he will become 4 times weaker but 8 times lighter, so in total it would be twice (8/4) as easy for him to lift his own body. Babies have different proportions and their muscles are less developed, of course, but still they are much smaller than adults so it's easier for them to do these tricks. Babies appear to have lots of strength, but it's realistically only in relation to their size. They are super good at clinging to their parent. Their strength doesn't "go away" as they age, it just doesn't grow proportionally to their size. They do get stronger as they age, but they get a lot heavier too so some of that "innate strength" (and the strength they gain) goes towards just lifting their increased bodyweight rather than feats of strength like holding their legs up easily.


Question: How can water evaporate from lakes and seas etc if the boiling point of water is 100 degrees?

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 How can water evaporate from lakes and seas etc if the boiling point of water is 100 degrees?

I answered this on ELI5 just last night: > So, molecules in a liquid are moving around all the time, right? That's heat, and as long as you're above absolute zero, there's going to be movement. Well, occasionally, molecules near the surface of the liquid get bumped hard enough that they break free from the main body of water and get launched into the air. As long as the air isn't already saturated with as many water molecules as it can hold, it's going to just carry that molecule away. And so, little by little, as long as the water still has any heat, it's going to keep popping molecules up into the air until either the air can't hold any more water, or all the water has evaporated. > > Warm air can hold more water than cold air, and if you take warm air that's nearly saturated and cool it down, you'll hit a point where the excess water falls out of the air. This is called the condensation point, and it's responsible for all kinds of things, like dew, the moisture on the outside of a cold drink glass, and moisture on your windows on a cold day.


Question: What’s the cause and effect of an iceberg breaking off?

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 What’s the cause and effect of an iceberg breaking off?

Ice sheets move. As new snow falls in the elevations it compresses into ice and gravity carries it downhill. Slowly, but inexorably. The end of the ice sheets stick out over water. Ice has weight, even though it can float. When it extends to a point where enough of it extends past land the weight can contribute to it, quit literally, snapping off. Warmer temperatures can and do contribute to and potentially aggravate this process, but the basic mechanics are above. As for what happens, the new iceberg drifts, melts, breaks up, drifts more and eventually melts.


Question: Durag, is it just a fashion accessory or does it have function?

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 Durag, is it just a fashion accessory or does it have function?

**Waves** are a hairstyle for curly hair in which the curls are brushed and/or combed and flattened out, creating a ripple-like pattern. The hairstyle begins with a short-cropped haircut and frequent brushing and/or combing of the curls, which trains the curls to flatten out. Pomades and moisturizers can help hold the hair in place while preventing the hair from getting too dry. A durag is worn to preserve moisture while compressing the hair and holding it in place.


Question: What's the black side of a tennis table paddle for ? And the red side ?

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 What's the black side of a tennis table paddle for ? And the red side ?

Players can choose different rubbers for each side that have different effects on how the ball interacts with the paddle but the color lets their opponent know which side they're hitting with. The color and the type of rubber are completely independent, they just let the opposing player tell them apart. The rule that there had to be a black side and a red side was created by the ITTF, the governing body for table tennis.


Question: why does cold remove pain?

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 why does cold remove pain?

Pain is a result of signals from little receptors on the surface of your body (and mouth) called nerve endings. When you put something cold against those nerve endings, it numbs them and reduces their ability to receive pain signals, essentially by overwhelming them with a "cold" signal. Therefore putting something cold on an area that's in pain will reduce the feeling of pain. The other effect of putting something cold on an area that's in pain is that it reduces the blood flow to the area by causing your blood vessels to contract. This can reduce inflammation.


Question: How much does gasoline contract when it's cold?

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 How much does gasoline contract when it's cold?

Good question. Because of how much a liquid will contact and expand because of temperature, fuel volume at large depots is calculated to a standard temperature of 15c. Some petrol stations now calculate the fuel to what the volume would be at 15c. When filling your tank in the cold the fuel is more dense, so they take the metered amount and apply a standard equation. When you calculate the higher temperature for a metered volume you end up with a larger volume, and a higher price. I can't remember the name of the equation but it is a global industry standard method of calculating petroleum volumes. It shouldn't make that much of a difference in your car, but when you're buying/selling thousand of gallons at a time you could lose or gain a lot of fuel. I'd try a different petrol station mate.


Question: Why is the passage of time instant when we are asleep?

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 Why is the passage of time instant when we are asleep?

It's not. You just usually don't remember the time when you're asleep, because your brain knows that whatever happened was ultimately unimportant and doesn't retain that information. Also, there have been studies about dreams where they wake up people in the middle of dreams and ask them how long they think they've been asleep, and the person almost always gives a time that is pretty close to the time elapsed. Related note: those studies are how we know the "dreams move faster than reality" claim is completely false.


Question: why do some gases, like oxygen or hydrogen form a molecule with a pair of atoms, while others like helium are just single atoms flying around?

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 why do some gases, like oxygen or hydrogen form a molecule with a pair of atoms, while others like helium are just single atoms flying around?

It has to do with the number of electrons available for bonding. The first "orbital" can contain a maximum of two electrons. The second "orbital" can contain a maximum of eight electrons. Helium has two protons and two electrons, and is happy all by itself. Hydrogen has one proton and one electron, so it bumps up against another hydrogen, and the two hydrogens share the two electrons, and they're both fairly happy. Oxygen has eight electrons total. Two of them are happy in the first orbital. Another four are fairly happy in the second orbital, and the remaining two choose to tango with the loose two from another oxygen. Or with two hydrogens. I can go into better depth, but this is ELI5


Question: water rings are much harder to remove from marble surfaces than others. How come?

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 water rings are much harder to remove from marble surfaces than others. How come?

Two reasons: 1) Marble is a relatively soft, porous surface, and the mineral crystals that water leaves behind can embed themselves physically in the surface. 2) Marble is composed primarily of calcium carbonate family minerals. Your typical municipal water supply will evaporate and leave calcium carbonate family minerals. The rings and the marble are chemically similar so you can't rely on cleaners that attack calcium deposits. That's why we use the silica-based granite for counters and high-traffic areas, it's much tougher and resistant to calcium stains.


Question: Why do eyeglass lenses cast shadows when they're transparent?

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 Why do eyeglass lenses cast shadows when they're transparent?

They change the path of light going through them. They take the light that would have fallen in the area of their shadow and project it into a larger or smaller area. Some area seems a shadow by comparison, but take a close look. Often some area is by the edge brighter as well. That area is getting all the normal light plus the light that made the shadow.