Question: Why does tobacco contain harmful chemicals like arsenic and tar and marijuana doesn't, when both are natural plants?

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 Why does tobacco contain harmful chemicals like arsenic and tar and marijuana doesn't, when both are natural plants?

Marijuana smoke has just as much, if not more, harmful stuff than tobacco smoke - URL_0 The difference is *how* people smoke. The "average" for cigarette smokers is a pack a day - 20 cigarettes. For some people it's less, for some people it's much more, but whenever you see statistics about smoking, it's usually based on that pack a day number. People are *not* smoking 20 joints a day. So, they're still getting harmful chemicals in their lungs, just a *lot* less of 'em.


Question: Why do we tend to get angry when we are hungry?

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 Why do we tend to get angry when we are hungry?

When you haven't eaten for a while, the level of sugar (glucose) in your blood decreases, When your blood sugar gets too low, it triggers a cascade of hormones, including cortisol (a stress hormone) and adrenaline (the fight-or-flight hormone). These hormones are released into your bloodstream to raise and rebalance your blood sugar and the release of cortisol can cause aggression in some people!


Question: Why are heartbreaks so damn painful ?

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 Why are heartbreaks so damn painful ?

Because you are grieving a loss. Some say that "grief is the price we pay for love". If you have loved, and lost, you will grieve that loss. The more you loved that person, the more painful the breakup will feel to you. And just like grieving a death, you can never return to your previous state. You must create a "new normal"; one where eventually you can move forward with your life. But it takes time, effort, and courage. This is why some people just avoiding love and connection altogether; so they'll never have to experience heartbreak. But that's a hollow existence. Love is worth the risk of heartbreak.


Question: if I bet a fiver on black in roulette, and just kept doubling my bet if I lost, and take my winnings if I win, will I make money every time unless I literally call wrong so many times in a row I have no money?

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 if I bet a fiver on black in roulette, and just kept doubling my bet if I lost, and take my winnings if I win, will I make money every time unless I literally call wrong so many times in a row I have no money?

This system does work, but you can potentially lose a lot of money for very little gain if you get unlucky many times in a row. Your bets would be 5, 10, 20, 40, 80... $155 for the chance to win $5? Also the odds are slightly worse than 50/50 as 0 and 00 are neither red nor black.


Question: Why do pots sometimes fall in the middle of the night, even if you put them away just fine?

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 Why do pots sometimes fall in the middle of the night, even if you put them away just fine?

Fall in what way? Are you hanging them up, or putting them away in a cupboard? Heavy vehicles (especially the kind that typically are used at night) can cause vibrations in the ground, which could disturb them. The ground and your house itself will contract a little bit as well due to the lowering temperature at night, which can cause small shudders that could jostle things. This is from what most of the old creaky house noises originate, alongside the wind and combined with the relative silence of the time it occurs compared to the noisier daytime where similar noises would simply go unnoticed. Or you could have rats.


Question: what determines whether a #2 will be a sinker or a floater?

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 what determines whether a #2 will be a sinker or a floater?

According google. “Poop Should Sink. Listen for the sound of your stool as it hits the water in the toilet. Floating stools are often an indication of high fat content, which can be a sign of malabsorption, a condition in which you can't absorb enough fat and other nutrients from the food you're ingesting.”


Question: On foggy days why are we able to see a short distance in front of us but decreasingly so the farther ahead you look?

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 On foggy days why are we able to see a short distance in front of us but decreasingly so the farther ahead you look?

Imagine a screen window. You can see through it, because the screen only blocks a little bit of light. Most of the light still gets through. Now, imagine a hundred screens all on top of each other. Now, you probably can't see through that, because each screen blocks a little bit more and all of the screens put together block most of the light. It's the same with fog. The water particles are small and spread apart, so light can still pass through, but a little bit gets blocked. The more space there is between you and what you're looking at, the more fog there is and the more light gets blocked.


Question: Why is it that the constant orbit of electrons around the nucleus of an atom is not classed as an example of perpetual motion?

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 Why is it that the constant orbit of electrons around the nucleus of an atom is not classed as an example of perpetual motion?

When people talk about "perpetual motion machines" they don't mean the literal "moving forever" they mean a system that runs forever but you can keep extracting energy from, or generates more energy than was put in without any other loss. a rock could orbit another rock and both could hurtle through a vacuum forever. No work is being done no energy is being taken from the system. So it's happy to just keep moving forever. but if you want to make those rocks do some work or touch them in any way they will stop moving or slow down. same with an Atom, while there might be "movement" of sorts inside that motion does not perpetually generate energy.


Question: Why is the concept of infinite incomprehensible to the human brain?

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 Why is the concept of infinite incomprehensible to the human brain?

We don't experience any infinities in the real world, so there has never been any evolutionary advantage to having an understanding of infinities. It's a bit like how we can do maths in four or more dimensions, but the real world that we interact with has three spatial dimensions, so we can't visualise any more than that. Even mathematicians treat many infinities as not being real, though some are such as the number of integers (whole numbers) starting from 0.


Question: How do they justify using government money to help build new sports stadiums?

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 How do they justify using government money to help build new sports stadiums?

decisions about money are often determined by whether or not the people making the decision think that decision will make other people spend more money on things they profit from. if enough people in city planning / government think a new stadium will bring more people to the city to spend money there, then they do it in the hopes that eventually the city will have a profit overall.


Question: How does someone become a stunt-person?

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 How does someone become a stunt-person?

Stunt Performers have a union, called [SAMP]( URL_0 ). On their website they discuss the skill areas identified for their members, and other aspects of their industry. It's a high-fitness and high-knowledge profession, planning stunts to maintain safety is much more of the work than actually shooting takes in front of the camera. When a producer is looking for a stunt performer, they might work with the union or it might be a task assigned to the casting director.


Question: What causes the brain fog and dizziness often experienced while ill, and what is its purpose?

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 What causes the brain fog and dizziness often experienced while ill, and what is its purpose?

So the easiest way to answer this question is to first very quickly talk about a process called homeostasis. Very broadly speaking homeostasis is when all conditions are optimal for a certain function to occur. Homeostasis in the body is incredibly important. All organs function best when they are around 37 degrees Celsius. Whenever you are ill, the body attempts to generate an immune response via your lymph nodes. The lymph nodes, and generally the immune response, function better when the temperature is higher than 37 degrees. As the body prioritizes getting rid of the infectious element rather than how you feel about it your body temperature rises. Unfortunately the hemoglobin in your blood that carries around oxygen throughout your body does not necessary like this increase in temperature and is slightly less efficient in binding and depositing oxygen to where it needs to go. Add to this an increased oxygen demand from your lymph nodes. This results in your brain getting less oxygen/glucose (And ketone bodies but lets skip this for now) to function. This ever so slightly causes the brain to function less optimally, resulting in dizziness and what you describe as brain fog. Although this is not the only reason behind this phenomenon it is by far the most prevalent factor in causing this dizziness. As such the dizziness does not have a purpose but is an effect of the body to get rid of the invading pathogen.


Question: How can online games like first person shooters be so in sync across all users without hardly any delay?

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 How can online games like first person shooters be so in sync across all users without hardly any delay?

Fast internet and faster servers. Human reaction times are on the order of 100ms or so. Ping time, which is round-trip packet flight time is often on the order of half that or so. Round trip is therefore on the order of human reaction if you give the server a little time to do stuff. Also, the server only sends back just enough to run the game. For example it may just send back Headshot and some points, and your client has to take care of the headshot animation, credit, sound and then tell the server when it's done because it's not really sync-critical.


Question: How does call tracking work and how different is it from tracking calls in movies?

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 How does call tracking work and how different is it from tracking calls in movies?

Call tracking works by determining the distance between the phone and nearby cell towers. The tower sends a message to the phone, and the phone sends one back. By measuring the time between sending and receiving a circle can be drawn around the cell tower. So the phone can be anywhere on (or near) the circle. If the phone does this with multiple towers, the most likely position is where the different circles meet. If they do this with 2 towers, there are two points where they meet and two possible locations. If they do this with 3 towers then the location can be pinpointed and we know where the phone is. This interaction between phone and tower usually happens once someone calls 911 or if the phone is bugged. In the movies they show fancy live tracking, but this is only really possible if the connection is perfect and the person has done nothing to hide the phone from such connections. The secret service has ways to track phones a bit more movie-like but I keep in mind the fact that they don’t need to track the phone if they have eyes on, so they usually track the phone until they find the person or can follow the car, at which point they don’t need to know the location anymore.


Question: 0K (Kelvin) is supposed to be the lowest temperature reachable but it's only theoretical. In definition it means there is absolute zero motion. But why is that, that some elements are still not "solid" in this temperature?

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 0K (Kelvin) is supposed to be the lowest temperature reachable but it's only theoretical. In definition it means there is absolute zero motion. But why is that, that some elements are still not "solid" in this temperature?

The protons and neutrons in atoms are made up of particles called quarks. Quarks have a very low mass and what is ultimately giving a proton/neutron most of its mass is that fact that the quarks inside of them are spinning at close to the speed of light. There are three quarks in a proton. Two of those quarks have a charge of +2/3. One of them has a charge of -1/3. The quarks themselves are arranged in a sort of triangular shape. At large distances these charges cancel out so that a proton appears to have a net charge of about 1, and for nearly all applications we can consider that charge to be 1. But its not *exactly* 1 - it varies depending on the position of the quarks relative to you. When the negatively charged quark is on the opposite side of the proton you experience a charge that is very, very slightly stronger than 1. When it is on the side of the proton facing you, the charge is very, very slightly less than 1. Neutrons work the same way, except the one of the quarks in a neutron has a charge of 2/3 while the other two have charges of -1/3. So depending on the position of the quarks in a neutron, you will experience a charge either slightly higher or lower than 0. This extremely slight net charge is sufficient for a proton or neutron with "0" energy to, nonetheless, cause other nearby protons and neutrons to wobble a bit, resulting in them having some very minimal amount of energy. This, in turn, causes atoms to have a constant, slight wobble (which will also result in the wobbling atoms very slightly "bumping" into nearby atoms). We can't stop this wobble because on a very fundamental level we don't have any mechanism to influence the quarks inside of proton/neutron, so we can't slow them down. Also, because the speed of the quarks is, itself, responsible for most of the mass of the proton/neutron, if you did somehow manage to slow those quarks down they would stop being a proton/neutron and start being something else, which doesn't necessarily solve the problem if what they turn into can't be measured, like dark matter - or if the energy in the quarks ends up getting liberated, such as through the transformation of a quark into high energy electrons or positrons.


Question: Why do drugs speed up or slow down your heart rate?

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 Why do drugs speed up or slow down your heart rate?

Simple explanation: The heart has numerous receptors to which different drugs bind and cause a response. Some drugs bind to the receptors that cause slowing of heart rate which decreases the workload on the heart. Muscarinic receptors in the heart work in this manner. Drugs like epinephrine bind to the receptors which cause an increased heart rate. There are also drugs which block certain receptors and have an opposing effect. Beta-blockers, for example, block the beta receptors which are normally responsive to adrenal stimulation, which, in turn, causes slowing of the heart rate. [Cardiac receptor physiology]( URL_0 ) is as complex as the many drug classes which act on them.


Question: If light rays are independent, why lights from the city blocks our view of stars at night?

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 If light rays are independent, why lights from the city blocks our view of stars at night?

Lights from the city doesn't block the light from the stars, they just make them less noticeable for our eyes. The lights of the city are just too bright compare to the stats. If our eyes receive 100,000 photons from the light of the city, you won't notice the 5 photons from a particular star. P.S. the number of photons here are just for scale, they are made up numbers.


Question: How come people in comas don’t get blood clots but you hear stories of people playing their gaming consoles for too long and dying from a blood clot?

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</answer>
 How come people in comas don’t get blood clots but you hear stories of people playing their gaming consoles for too long and dying from a blood clot?

People in comas are rotated (well, supposed to be anyway) every 2 hours minimum so that helps relieve pressure points/promotes circulation/decreases risks of bed sores, also someone in a coma might be put on a blood thinner to prevent such an occurrence, depending on the situation. Basically a hospital is a controlled environment where, if procedure is properly followed, little can go wrong (unless it's a natural occurrence).


Question: Why does Europe have some better laws regarding health, education, social welfare than America?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why does Europe have some better laws regarding health, education, social welfare than America?

Europe has multiple, small nations with a handful of political parties all forming coalitions and blocs to help things go their way. This leads to more compromises, and more "what works for the most folks?" types of thinking. Since no one political entity can steer the entire EU "their" way, good ideas rise to the top. In the US, we have a very large, powerful economic engine coupled with 2 political factions in power and a couple mosquito parties that crop up now and then. This means that usa politicians can be less collaborative and more "us VS them" than Europeans folks. Couple this lack of need to collaboration with the resources for corporations and business to give and make lots of things, and it's a lot harder for government to control and regulate industry. It's sort of like the USA is a sports team where we rely too much on one or two star players, and have forgotten how to work well as a bigger team.


Question: Why do Sharpies stain so much?

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 Why do Sharpies stain so much?

[Capilary Action]( URL_0 ) means that porous things (thin tubes, paper, cloth towels, etc.) will actually suck water in, with quite a bit of suction. You can see this if you have a puddle of water on the floor, and you suspend a towel over it, with only a corner touching the water; the water will be sucked UP into the towel, against gravity. It's because water molecules like to stick to things, and porous surfaces like paper and towels have A LOT of surface for water to stick to, so the water kinda climbs up and can overcome gravity a little. In any case, the tip of the Sharpie is made of a porous sponge, and the point is that it will suck the ink out of the reservoir inside the Sharpie and remain wet for a long time, and thus able to smear the ink over whatever you're writing. If you touch the Sharpie to paper or your clothes, those are porous materials too, and will suck the ink out of the tip. You're basically creating a flow of ink into the porous paper or clothing that you're touching the Sharpie to. The ink will be sucked in, creating a rather large stain. Crayola crayons don't have ink, they have a gelatin that's more like dry soap. You can smear it over surfaces to write, but it doesn't get sucked in like liquid ink does.


Question: Why do different alcohols make people act differently?

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 Why do different alcohols make people act differently?

There's no science behind this, or at least, there's no inherent difference in the chemistry or biology that should cause this effect. What is happening however is to some degree a placebo effect around what you expect that alcohol to do. There's also your current mood and what you want out of an evening. If you think that tequila makes you a party animal, you're probably going to drink that when you want to party, not when you're having a chilled evening in. So in a nutshell, your intentions and expectations impact the effect an alcohol has on you a lot more than the type of alcohol.


Question: Why did it take so long to start making cars that turned off their lights when the car turned off?

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 Why did it take so long to start making cars that turned off their lights when the car turned off?

Without the electronics being computer-controlled it becomes difficult to essentially turn off the light with a timer that starts when the car is turned off. It'd be easy to just turn the lights off automatically when the car is off but there's cases where you might want to keep the lights on without the keys in the ignition.


Question: Why is cockroach shown in fiction to survive major apocalypse? What's so special about it that other insects do not have to survive?

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 Why is cockroach shown in fiction to survive major apocalypse? What's so special about it that other insects do not have to survive?

The premise is that cockroaches are relatively hardy with regards to toxins and ionizing radiation. Moreover, they are an easily identified pest that people understand is hard to get rid of. In reality, cockroaches would be casualties of any apocalypse that killed human beings for the simple reason that they're adapted to surviving off human civilization. Without human garbage, cockroaches wouldn't have anything to eat and would mostly die off.


Question: why does our eyeballs move upwards when we close our eyes?

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 why does our eyeballs move upwards when we close our eyes?

It's an awesome protective feature. As your lids go down, your eyes go up. That means as something like a chemical comes toward your eyes, there's a good chance the center part of your cornea (line of sight) will be protected. Your brain really depends on your eyes a lot so it developed many protective measures. We are amazing creatures !!


Question: How do people find digits of graham's number?

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 How do people find digits of graham's number?

The exact method depends on what kind of number you're trying to calculate, but here's an easy to follow example. Suppose I want to compute the last digit of the number 3^(3723139463824547766) (the exponent is just your username, interpreted as a number in base-36, so it's effectively random). This number is absolutely enormous: the *number of digits* in this number *itself* has 18 digits. But if we think about powers of 3, it's actually relatively easy to figure out. If you write out the powers: 3^1 = 3 3^2 = 9 3^3 = 27 3^4 = 81 3^5 = 243 If we continue this for a while, we notice a pattern: the last digits go **3, 9, 7, 1**, *3, 9, 7, 1*, 3, 9, 7, 1... If we think about this a bit, it's easy to tell why: if you write out multiplication by hand the way you did in elementary school, you'll see that only the units digit of the things you're multiplying ever affects the units digit of the output. So in effect, by multiplying by 3 at each step, we're really computing ...3\*3 = ends in a 9, and then ...9\*3 = ends in a 7, and then ...7\*3 = ends in a 1, and then ...1\*3 = ends in a 3 again. In other words, if the power is a multiple of 4, the last digit will be a 1. If it's not a multiple of 4, we just figure out how far off it is. As it happens, the exponent we actually have, 3723139463824547766, is 2 more than a ~~power~~ (EDIT: multiple, sorry) of 4. So the pattern around it goes ...1, 3, **9**, 7, 1, 3, 9, 7... In other words, 3^3723139463824547766 ends in a 9. ---- Graham's number is computed through a similar sort of repeated process, so this kind of logic can be applied there too.


Question: Why does it start to feel like you’re looking at someone else when you stare at yourself in a mirror for too long?

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 Why does it start to feel like you’re looking at someone else when you stare at yourself in a mirror for too long?

Urban legend says it's because you are seeing the faces of yourself in past lives. Most likely it is really because you are focusing on your eyes so intensely that your brain puts the rest of your face in your peripheral vision from what you remember it to be and not necessarily what it is.


Question: Why are some USB cables better at charging than others?

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 Why are some USB cables better at charging than others?

USB cables contain power lines and signal lines. Some very cheap cables don't contain signal lines, so the charger and device can't talk to each other and negotiate the supply power. In addition to this, for higher power levels the cables contain a chip, this signals to the attached devices how much current and voltage can safely flow through the cable. Without this chip, charging will default to 5v 1.5A (or lower).


Question: Is there any difference from iron in your body and foods to iron in the ground? Could you theoretically make an ingot of spinach iron? Could you dilute and absorb raw iron?

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 Is there any difference from iron in your body and foods to iron in the ground? Could you theoretically make an ingot of spinach iron? Could you dilute and absorb raw iron?

Iron is iron, but it makes lots of compounds. Your body contains about 4g of it, mostly in hemoglobin but also ferritin and a few other compounds. You can metabolize many compounds (like ferrous sulfate or iron fumarate) into those things. The measure of how easily/if an organism can use an element or compound is called bioavailability. Spinach does not have massive amounts of iron in it. The myth that it does is usually thought to be because of a misprint in the assays done by von Wolfe in 1870. It's really attributable to bad methods, as the containers and the charcoal used in the assays (by SEVERAL scientists) returned the same high results at the time. Iron from spinach is also not as bioavailable as iron from animals. You're going to poop out more iron from spinach than you would from a steak, because our bodies aren't very good at absorbing iron oxalate, and other compounds in the plant inhibit absorption. And yes, you can absolutely dilute and absorb raw iron. In lots of impoverished areas, getting enough dietary iron into people is a public health challenge. One solution is the [lucky iron fish]( URL_0 ), a chunk of iron you toss into your food as you cook it to fortify your meals. If you want to make an ingot of spinach iron, you'll need to decompose the iron oxalate into iron oxides, then reduce them to get iron metal. And you'll need a LOT of spinach, since a literal TON of spinach will yield less than an ounce of metallic iron.


Question: How do companies such as LaCroix, Bubly, Perrier etc... Have flavors, but contain no fruit juice, no sweeteners and no calories?

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 How do companies such as LaCroix, Bubly, Perrier etc... Have flavors, but contain no fruit juice, no sweeteners and no calories?

They typically contain something called “natural flavors” which La Croix states is “from the natural essence oils from the named fruit used in each of the flavors” which is created by heating the fruit at very high temperature to create a vapor that is then captured. Basically, they heat the fruit so it releases the oils/water into the air, and that is condensed into a scented (and arguably flavored) liquid. It creates just enough of something that you can taste and smell it, but since it isn’t really from the fruit directly, it has no calories.


Question: What’s so hard about solving a rubik’s cube if there’s a certain way/formula to solve it?

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 What’s so hard about solving a rubik’s cube if there’s a certain way/formula to solve it?

Solving a Rubik's Cube isn't hard once you've memorized the formulas. If you don't know the formulas at all, the difficulty comes from your brain trying to figure them out, despite not realizing that you're figuring them out, if that makes sense. For Rubik's Cube experts, the difficulty is associated with doing it *quickly*. You know all the formulas, but have to analyze every side of the cube in seconds, and decide which formulas you'll need in which order, without stopping to check your progress, while not making mistakes due to your speed.


Question: If friction causes heat, why does moving air create a cooling sensation against skin?

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 If friction causes heat, why does moving air create a cooling sensation against skin?

Normal wind doesn't move fast enough to cause significant skin friction. The cooling sensation is caused by something called convection. Basically, since air doesn't conduct heat very well, the heat from your body stays in the air pretty close to your body, and the best way to carry the heat from your body is to take the warmer air near your body away, and replace it with cooler air, which is what wind does.


Question: The observable universe..how did they know that it is there?

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 The observable universe..how did they know that it is there?

We can see our observational universe because it is billions of years old, and the light has had time to travel to us. Radio waves from us have only traveled some 100 years. As for outside our observational universe, it is our best guesses among many different fields. But we never will know for sure.


Question: Why does an 'off' lightbulb seem to glow more when I'm not looking directly at it?

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 Why does an 'off' lightbulb seem to glow more when I'm not looking directly at it?

You have two kinds of vision. The retina at the back of your eyeball has to kinds of light receptors: cones that see color in bright light, and rods that see black-gray-white in dark conditions. The very center of your vision is almost entirely cones to give you very good image quality for whatever you're looking at. However, your cones only work for bright light. When it's dark, you have a sort of "blind spot" right in the middle of your vision because you have very few rods there. Airplane pilots are taught specifically to use "averted vision" at night. Whatever they want to see, they look off to the side so that they can see it with their rods. You've just discovered this technique. :)


Question: How are sudokus created and how do the creators know how many numbers can be removed so that its solvable?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 How are sudokus created and how do the creators know how many numbers can be removed so that its solvable?

Having done this for a programming assignment, my solution was to vary the solving algorithms I used. To create my puzzles, I would randomly fill in boxes until the solving algorithms said it was a solvable valid puzzle, and then I'd store the solution. From there I would randomly erase boxes until my algorithms started having trouble solving it. If only easy/straightforward algorithms were needed to solve it, it was an easy puzzle. If complicated/advanced algorithms were necessary it was hard. One more thing: technically, a Sudoku is only valid if there is exactly one solution. One must be careful when removing numbers not to leave the puzzle in a multi-solution state. If that happens, you put one number back in and remove a different one until the puzzle is valid.


Question: Considering the huge profits to be had from cannabis, how does it "hurt big pharma"?

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 Considering the huge profits to be had from cannabis, how does it "hurt big pharma"?

Because right now they have pretty much zero infrastructure to get into the pot game; they don't have the facilities to grow, harvest, process or package it. When pot came out of the shadows, a whole school of cladestinely developed technique and art came with it, and as a result their competition isn't starting from zero, and is locking itself into a dramatically unexploited niche with a product that the big companies can't directly match without significant work and investment. In other words, someone other than them has an advantage in one particular field, and it's pissing them off.


Question: Why does very hot water feel cold when you first touch it?

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 Why does very hot water feel cold when you first touch it?

I learned way back when that there were different nerves responsible for different sensations from the skin. Heat and cold each have different receptors. You feel heat when that particular receptor is activated, however extreme heat actually triggers both the hot and cold nerves simultaneously. That means your brain is getting the combination of both hot and cold and has to sort it out. From experience you eventually learn that when you feel this hot/cold mix that it’s an extreme hot. [Experiment that uses the cold/hot mix to simulate pain. ]( URL_0 )


Question: What exactly does the Queen of England do?

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 What exactly does the Queen of England do?

Theoretically, the Queen has the power to dissolve government aka fire everyone; however the day would most likely never come to where the power is used. More than anything, she’s a diplomatic head of state who owns a lot of property and is the focus of a ton of international tourism


Question: When a sunset makes the sky purple and pink, why do photos you take of this with your smartphone always end up in reds and yellows?

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 When a sunset makes the sky purple and pink, why do photos you take of this with your smartphone always end up in reds and yellows?

For the same reason why an old turn of the 20th century photograph doesn't look right. It's a crude representation of what we actually see. Don't fool yourself into thinking your phone is different, it's still a crude representation. Just a better one, much better. No photo your phone takes, nor an image it displays is correct, it's a crude attempt at it. A few reasons why it is still crude though. To start with, you're viewing this on an screen. The screen can't show all the colours you can see, nor all the contrasts you can see. [See here for various red-green-blue (RBG) colour gamuts]( URL_0 ). That funny shape is all the colours your eyes can see. The colors are obviously on the screen so are washed out from what they really could be, but gives an idea. As you can see, RGB three primary colours only draws a triangle that captures part of the colours we can see. That whole thing you were taught in school about three very fundamental and fixed primary colours? A total lie. It's good enough, most of the colours we name are on there. But not all their shades, not all their hues. Some RGBs are better. Different and more pure blue, green, and red pixels can get more covered, but never all. A four primary colour based display and image would be better, but would also make displays much more expensive and files much larger. You'll note the one RGB triangle actually goes outside of the visible gamut, and its triangle tries to cover more of it. It relies on an impossibly red red, but that's fine for the mathematical storage of the image, just means you need to select values that are possible to actually display, and this imaginary extension allows for more of those. Assuming you have a display that can do it, which you probably don't. A very high quality printer, with a lot more than three primary colour inks, might be able to. The rainbow pure colours are actually the curved edge of that shape, not a single true rainbow can be show on a RGB screen. They all look wrong, faded out. The red, green and blue colours a screen can make aren't as pure as a rainbow, and anything they make through combination won't be as pure either. That means a small triangle within that fill possiblity of colours. Why do some displays look better? Because they use high quality pixels that push more to the limits of a very pure red, green, or blue on the edge, a larger triangle. And that's assuming an analog view of just colours. Digital information is stored as bits, there's jumps in it. Not only can you only go within that triangle, you can only go within a grid on it. More missed colours. Then there's brightness and contrast. Again, it's digital so there's fixed brightness steps too, not any brightness is possible. As well, a screen is limited in contrast. Blacks are a dark grey, and whites are not as bright as they could be. A high dynamic range, HDR, display can improve this, both with more bits (so more fine steps) and more brightness on the actual display output. And that's just the display and the file being shown on it, this would all apply to only a computer generated image. Next is the camera. Again, same issues doubled up now. It's digital, it has RGB based sensors. It has all the same limitations. On a phone, your display is probably better than your camera, photos taken with real cameras (or 'shopped) will look better than what it takes. Additionally, the RGB sensors are just best approximation of human cone cells. They don't have the same sensitivity to each colour, and they don't even pick up the same spectrum. Go aim your TV remote at your phone camera and hit a button, you'll see a purple glow that your eyes can definitely not see. There's IR light out there, especially from a sunset, and your camera is going to pick this up and it's going to distort the colours. Then there's more photography related tricks. There's things like white balance, focal length, field of view, saturation. Adjusting all of these makes for better photos. You with your phone are a bad photographer. A professional photographer could get a better photo by playing with these, even without better equipment.


Question: Ive looked it up but i still don’t get it, what exactly is an NFT? Why do people pay so much for some? What does it have to do with crypto?

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 Ive looked it up but i still don’t get it, what exactly is an NFT? Why do people pay so much for some? What does it have to do with crypto?

It’s a non fungible token. Fungibility is when things are exchangeable and nothing is different. For example my one dollar bill is the same as all other dollar bills. Non fungible means this token is not the same as another token. People pay so much for some because either they are super rare or the buyers are stupid. Cryptography is used to make non fungible tokens exist.


Question: Why is Hydrogen bomb way more powerful than classical nuclear fission type bombs ?

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 Why is Hydrogen bomb way more powerful than classical nuclear fission type bombs ?

Per mass of reacting material, nuclear fusion fuel releases more energy than nuclear fission fuel. And because nuclear fusion fuel will not spontaneously explode if you put too much of it in the same place (unlike fission fuel, where you have to avoid creating a critical mass until you are ready for it to blow up), you can put as much as you want in there. For every kilogram of uranium/plutonium that fissions completely, you get about 18 kilotons of TNT worth of energy. For every kilogram of deuterium-tritium that fusions completely, you get about 50 kilotons of TNT worth of energy. So that by itself translates into a quite a lot additional energy! Additionally, the fusion reactions release high-energy neutrons that you can use to do even more fissioning, even in otherwise inert U-238, which you can add quite a lot of to the bomb. So at least half of the energy of a hydrogen bomb comes from a final fission stage.


Question: What is bleach made from and how does it kill germs?

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 What is bleach made from and how does it kill germs?

Household bleach is actually a mixture of chemicals, Its main constituent is a solution of ~3-6% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), which is mixed with small amounts of sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, and calcium hypochlorite. Sodium hypochlorite is used on a huge scale in agriculture, and industries such as chemical, paint, lime, food, glass, paper, pharmaceuticals, synthetics and waste disposal. hypochlorous acid, the active ingredient in bleach, causes the unfolding of proteins in bacteria in much the same was that heat stress or fever does. Those denatured proteins then clump together irreversibly into a mass in living cells, similar to what happens to proteins when you boil an egg


Question: If the moon were closer to Earth, would the shadow it casts during an eclipse be bigger or smaller?

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 If the moon were closer to Earth, would the shadow it casts during an eclipse be bigger or smaller?

In a way it depends on what you mean by shadow, it can be Smaller and Bigger at the same time. The moon is at just the right distance to block the entire sun in an area called the Umbra. And to partially occlude it in a large torus around it called the penumbra. If the moon were closer the Umbra (where there is a total eclipse would grow even as the penumbra shrinks. Farther away, the penumbra grows and the umbra shrinks (until it is gone and there is no total eclipse anywhere. The shadow of the penumbra would get lighter and lighter the closer the moon got to the sun, until it could not be distinguished with the unaided human eye. But this is not to say the penumbra ever fades entirely. When they search for exoplanets using the transition method, they are actually searching for the planet's penumbra. So it would not be correct to day the shadow disappears. The shadow is a really small dip in energy, that takes sensitive specialized equipment to detect, but is enough to allow exoplanets to be detected from light years away.


Question: Ibuprofen - why is it recommended to take 2 x tablets every 4 hours but not allowed 1 x tablet every 2 hours. Surely it would make the pain relief longer lasting?

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 Ibuprofen - why is it recommended to take 2 x tablets every 4 hours but not allowed 1 x tablet every 2 hours. Surely it would make the pain relief longer lasting?

There's a few reasons. First, there's the convenience. It's much easier to remember every four hours to take two tablets than it is to take one every two, plus it gets it over with. Most people don't want to set an alarm every two hours to keep the dosage proper, they just wait for the signal to take more pills if after four hours the pain starts coming back. Then there's the dosage level. If you take one, and then take another two hours later, you're only getting 50% of best possible pain relief for the first two hours. When you're hurting enough for two tablets as the "full dose", you're going to want that pain relief NOW, so you take the full dose at the start. Next, a lot of reasons to take Tylenol are completely solved by the first dose. A lot of headaches or other aches go away completely on a single two-tablet dose, so you don't have to come back two hours later to dose up again. And you should really only take pain meds when you actually need them, not take them sequentially over a period of hours if the pain has already been taken care of.


Question: Why do vacuum insulated containers insulate cold beverages longer than hot beverages?

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 Why do vacuum insulated containers insulate cold beverages longer than hot beverages?

They don't. It's a difference in your perception of what constitutes "hot" and "cold", and the way thermal transfer works. Room temperature is ~70F; a hot beverage might be ~170F. A 100F difference. A cold beverage isn't going to be any colder than ~32F, about a 40F difference. So you need to heat your beverage up a lot for you to think of it as truly hot...much more so than making a beverage cold. Then there's heat transfer. Heat transfer happens the fastest when the temperature difference is the greatest. So your "hot" beverage initially loses heat faster than your "cold" beverage gains it. So there are two factors working against the hot beverage. It cools faster due to the greater temperature difference, and you don't think of it as "hot" when it cools down just a bit. If you were to take 2 beverages and cool one 20 degrees below room temperature and heat another 20 degrees above room temperature, you'd find that they both approach room temp at the same rate. EDIT: Note that to do this correctly, I should have represented all temperatures in Kelvin. The conclusions are still correct, but the numbers are not quite right as I wrote it.


Question: Why do spirits stop burning (as much) after you get used to drinking them?

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 Why do spirits stop burning (as much) after you get used to drinking them?

ELI5: You got "used to it" and changed the way you drink. ELI21: As a whiskey, especially bourbon, fan I would conjecture it's a combination of the following: * You have become accustomed to the "burning" sensation. Knowing what to expect has a huge impact on how we taste things. Imagine drinking what you think is a glass of water only to find out it's beer or milk or diet sprite. Now that you've had many liquors, your mouth and mind are ready for it. * You have changed the specific whiskeys you drink to ones that less "burny". While no one is going to confuse water with 80 proof whiskey there is a significant difference between two alcohols with the same proof. Often times people will describe this as "smooth finish" or inversely a "strong bite". People with much more sophisticated palates than I will also talk about how different whiskeys impact various parts of the tongue as well. (Seems like a little bit of pompousness to me, but what do I know?) * You've manipulated your memory. First/early experiences are much more memorable than the dozens or hundreds that follow. That surprise the first time you took a shot of whiskey, that time a friend got you your first "cask strength" bottle, the first time you ordered a whiskey neat at a bar. Everything seems brighter and and more poignant. * You do drink differently. You breathe out slightly when the glass nears your mouth (or more likely your nose). When it's in your mouth you taste it on the top of your tongue, but you rarely let it flow under your tongue and never outside your teeth. (Between the gums and cheek) When you first started drinking it's likely you drank it much like a soda, beer, wine, coffee or whatever your choice was. Now you've adopted your own whiskey drinking style. I'd recommend playing with that. When you find a drink you like and you want to savor it, experiment with different ways of taking a sip. * Finally, you just "want" it to burn less. Perhaps you think it looks cool, maybe you've got a good friend who's an aficionado, or who knows...maybe you just have a nice tumbler glass that you're dying to use. The mind is particularly good at convincing oneself of things. "If I go jog a half mile today, I can totally eat an extra cheeseburger." "No, I actually \_like\_ salad." "Oh, I know he cheated on me...but he's totally changed now." We can convince ourselves of quite a lot if we want to. & #x200B; In the end, it probably doesn't matter. Just keep enjoying it, sharing it, and be safe. :)


Question: Why can fully cooked (crisp) bacon be safely left out at room temperature all day in restaurants?

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 Why can fully cooked (crisp) bacon be safely left out at room temperature all day in restaurants?

Bacon is a cured food. It was designed to be preserved via salt curing. This salt content kills most bacteria and fungi and means that proper bacon is safe to store uncooked at room temperature for a significant period of time. (not safe to consume raw though). Cooked bacon has almost no water content left it it. Particularly if it is properly crisp. Any harmful things in it have been killed so we are looking at harmful things that can fall onto it. As such it can last for days at room temp without posing any real issue and does not have "the window" other cooked foods have.