Question: Why is it stressed that after skin contract with certain chemicals that you need to rinse with water for 15 to 20 minutes? Why such a long length of time? Wouldn't whatever it is be gone within 5 minutes?

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 Why is it stressed that after skin contract with certain chemicals that you need to rinse with water for 15 to 20 minutes? Why such a long length of time? Wouldn't whatever it is be gone within 5 minutes?

Many chemicals are dangerous even in extremely small amounts. You need to rinse with water for such a long time to make sure any trace of the chemical is gone from your skin. In addition, a lot of chemicals don't dissolve in water very well, so they are difficult to rinse off. You shouldn't use soap to try and wash them off, because the soap might react with the chemical and just make the problem worse. Using a long water rinse will eventually get these poorly soluble chemicals off your skin.


Question: If we know what chemicals make us happy and how, why cant we create a food or something that keeps us in a good mood permenantly without ruining our dopamine receptors?

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 If we know what chemicals make us happy and how, why cant we create a food or something that keeps us in a good mood permenantly without ruining our dopamine receptors?

We are only just scratching the surface in our understanding of how the brain works. We have seen that activating the dopamine and serotonin receptors tends to make people happy. But, there is an ocean-sized gap between that basic understanding and making a drug that will always make people happy with no side effects. It's entirely possible that the human brain simply isn't capable of maintaining a permanently happy mood without long-term damage. It might be like trying to run a car at top-speed all the time and not expect the engine to break down.


Question: Can’t any random person broadcast at the same frequency as a radio station and show up when someone tries to tune to that frequency? What do stations do to stop this? Do they have to?

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 Can’t any random person broadcast at the same frequency as a radio station and show up when someone tries to tune to that frequency? What do stations do to stop this? Do they have to?

They can. The issue is that it's very expensive to broadcast a frequency that goes any reasonable distance. Also, the FCC will come down on anyone who does that like a ton of bricks. It's pretty easy to triangulate a signal to find out exactly where it is, so getting caught is fairly inevitable.


Question: What is a viral vector?

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 What is a viral vector?

A vector, terms of biology, is an organism that transmits something from one place to another. In the case of a viral vector, a virus is being used to transmit genetic elements or the production of some biologically-relevant component between cells or organisms. One example of a viral vector would be a non-harmful virus (only a small fraction of viruses cause harm during infection), which has been genetically modified to deliver DNA encoding a protein that a person otherwise lacked.


Question: How is life expectancy calculated?

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 How is life expectancy calculated?

> Is it a simple average of the age in which all people die including babies who die young, e.g. SIDS? More or less, yes. > What got me thinking about this was the fact that the life expectancy would be pulled downward by things like babies dying or college guys doing stupid shit. However, once you make it past those stages are 40, then your life expectancy is higher than that average that includes these folks. Again, yes. This is why life expectancy long ago was so low. High infant mortality. Once you survived past childhood, your life expectancy was very similar to what it was today, but the high death rate among the young drew the average down.


Question: if we've only explored 5% of the ocean, how do we know that the Mariana trench is the deepest point?

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 if we've only explored 5% of the ocean, how do we know that the Mariana trench is the deepest point?

We can map depth fairly accurately, but exploring means actually looking and observing several key points down there. Imagine it as flying over an island at 10 kilometers height versus actually being on the island, walking around and exploring the area. We sort of know how it looks and such, but we don’t know whether there are insects or people down there. Of course there are larger areas of ocean we haven’t really mapped yet. Such as non commercial shipping lanes and vast ocean waters. But we can make some assumptions and estimate depth by taking samples. If we take two points of reference, 200 kilometers apart, where we observe depths of 2000 meters. And there isn’t any larger objects in between such as continental plate borders and such, we can fairly surely say that there isn’t going to be a large trench there.


Question: What is rate setting and how does it effect the public?

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 What is rate setting and how does it effect the public?

Instead of allowing a doctor/hospital to charge whatever they want, specific rates are established for procedures. An MRI costs $XXX and an append removal costs $YYYY, vs. now where it might cost $2000 for an MRI at one hospital and $5000 at another, but one insurance company might pay $300 and another $1000. The lack of consistency and transparency are a big part of the reason why healthcare costs so much in the U.S. Of course the businesses profiting from that will be against it, and so they pay to run ads trying to sway public opinion in their favor.


Question: How does the derivatives market work?

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 How does the derivatives market work?

Derivatives are based off of, but do not consist of, another asset A call option means you pay a little up front for the *option* to buy an amount of a certain stock at a set price on or before a certain date. If the price goes above the set price you can *exercise* your option and buy the goods at that price, you can also close your position without taking possession of the stock, basically buying at the set price and instantly selling at the higher market price Put options are the option to sell at a fixed price. If the price drops below the set price you make money. In both the options, if the price is unfavorable at the end you don't have to follow through and are only out the small premium A Futures contract is an agreement to buy/sell at a fixed price on an agreed upon date. There is no option to back out if the price is no longer favorable You can invest in derivatives, but if you're asking here you're not ready yet. Derivatives increase your leverage so you can take a small pile of money and make it bigger quicker, but you can also lose it a lot faster.


Question: Where do old e-car batteries go?

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 Where do old e-car batteries go?

Lithium batteries are among the most difficult to recycle, given their unique chemistry. However, they can be reprocessed and the technology is rapidly improving with the advent of electric vehicles. You've got two big ways of doing it. Both are focused on extracting the precious metals- lithium, copper, cobalt, nickel, and others. Everything else is waste. One method, smelting, involves literally putting the battery in a furnace to burn off anything that's not made of metal. Then you can smelt out all the different metals in a conventional smelter and reuse them elsewhere. It takes a lot of energy and recovers only a fraction of the battery material. Another involves putting the battery in a corrosive acid bath, dissolving the metals and leaching them into an aqueous solution that they can be extracted from later one. More efficient, but also difficult and expensive. The problem is (currently) that it's cheaper to mine new metal for batteries than it is to recycle them. However, with the explosion of electric vehicles, the scale of battery recycling is expected to increase greatly and hopefully refine these techniques.


Question: is there any truth to the idea that cooked vegetables are “less good for you” than raw vegetables?

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 is there any truth to the idea that cooked vegetables are “less good for you” than raw vegetables?

Because of plant cell wall structure some raw veggies are difficult to digest. They’re still useful as fiber. When you cook them, you break down some of the cell walls and it’s easier for you to get the nutrients out of them. Ultimately, it’s a trade off. For example cooking can rob food of vitamin C, but it makes beta carotene available for digestion. Boiling drains the most nutrients from foods. Steaming and roasting loses much less. Nutritionists typically recommend eating a variety of fruits and vegetables—cooked and raw.


Question: How can we sustain 300+ million people constantly using water every day? Talking USA only.

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 How can we sustain 300+ million people constantly using water every day? Talking USA only.

There is a gargantuan amount of water in the air, ground and rivers/seas etc. There is just so much water, practically every piece of the environment has water in it. Water, thankfully is mostly a solvent and not chemically changed by being used. It just moved stuff around, so water isn't really ever "used up" since its rarely destroyed. Water is the car and most things are just hitching a ride alongside the water on its way. It can become unuesable from contamination. When the car is filled up with trash, can't really use it for a lot of our hygenic purposes so it has to he treated or "washed".


Question: Why dont we go to the moon anymore?

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 Why dont we go to the moon anymore?

Long story short, lack of will. Apollo was more than a space project, it was an international pissing contest with the Soviets. It's easy to throw nearly unlimited funds at that. Once you get there, though, with a country facing a recession and basically "more of the same" each trip, the willpower got sucked away. NASA started focusing more on projects in low orbit with tangible benefits, and developed the Space Shuttle project for science and satellite maintenance, and the lunar program basically withered and died.


Question: Are humans the only species that become aroused when viewing their own species have sex or are there other animals that experience similar things?

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 Are humans the only species that become aroused when viewing their own species have sex or are there other animals that experience similar things?

I saw some study a while back in which apes were given tokens to trade for food or watch "porn" of their species. Most chose the porn. Edit: It was macaques not apes. Juice was the currency that they were using. [Here's an article.]( URL_0 ) They also "paid" to see photos of high status males.


Question: if an object accelerates in space without slowing, wouldn't it eventually reach light speed?

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 if an object accelerates in space without slowing, wouldn't it eventually reach light speed?

Nope. Because of mass-energy equivalence, as something gains speed (kinetic energy) it actually becomes more massive. Any object will gain less and less speed per unit of force applied to it, to the point where reaching light speed (referred to in physics as *c*) requires an infinite amount of energy. Continuing to accelerate it would just add more decimal places to the end of its percentage of *c*. So something going 99% of light speed can be thrusted to 99.99999999...% until all the energy in the universe is exhausted, but never actually hit 100. Reaching *c* is not just beyond our current ability to produce thrust. It's literally impossible to do with conventional physics.


Question: how does a TV remote control when a television turns on and off?

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 how does a TV remote control when a television turns on and off?

Aim your phone camera at it, specifically the shiny black part at the front. You'll see a purple dot glowing there. That's a very near infrared LED light. Just outside of human vision, but within the range of your camera. Purple because it causes the red and blue sensors on your camera to react. Not intentional or anything, but we just don't care about about this near IR light so let it do whatever. At least not with cheap cameras, good ones have a filter so this doesn't get in and slightly distort colours. If you don't see it on your phone camera, you have some fancy phone with an expensive camera that has this filter. Anyways, you'll note it flashes when you hit buttons. That's literally it. Just some Morse code (sort of, not literally the same patterns) flashes to your TV. A camera like sensor on your TV that is always on watches, and turns the rest of the TV on when it sees the right flashing code. A visible LED would work as well, but would annoy people with the flashing. This also explains why you don't need to point directly at the TV to make it work, but if you point the opposite way or completely block the remote it fails to work. It's not radio waves, doesn't go through things. It's more like a flashlight that just need enough of the beam to hit the TV. Also explains why you can bank it off a mirror or window while facing the wrong way. As well why sunlight sometimes interferes and makes it so you have to point very precisely at the TV and might need multiple tries, while it's very reliable at night.


Question: how and acid or base causes burns to the skin. What happens at a chemical level?

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 how and acid or base causes burns to the skin. What happens at a chemical level?

Typically, what happens is the breakdown of fats and proteins in the skin. Many parts of the body have carbonyl groups, which in the context of skin means a carbon double bonded to an oxygen, single bonded to a carbon, and single bonded to one other thing. That other thing might be a nitrogen with other stuff attached in the caste of protein, or an oxygen with other stuff in the case of fats. When a strong acid or base gets on skin, it attacks the carbonyl, and replaces the "other thing" with either the base, or water in the case of acid. So by sort of "kicking out" an essential part of the chemicals that make up skin, acids and bases break down tissue and cause burns. With acids, this is somewhat reversible, but with bases it's essentially irreversible, which is why bases cause much worse burns


Question: Why has the progress and development of human society sped up so much in the last 150 years or so?

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 Why has the progress and development of human society sped up so much in the last 150 years or so?

We are standing on the shoulders of giants. As we create new technologies (or other advances in society), we are able to use those technologies to then create other newer technologies and so on. We built crappy computers that helped us build faster computers that helped us build even faster computers and so on. Ever heard of The Singularity? It's basically the implied "endpoint" of the rapidly accelerating nature of technology you are asking about. One interpretation is that when we create AI it's going to be able to create a better AI and so on and so forth until the speed at which it evolves at becomes so fast that one day it will basically become advanced way beyond us (and evolving almost near instantly from our PoV) and society/humanity will change almost immediately as a result. URL_0 > The first use of the concept of a "singularity" in the technological context was John von Neumann.[4] Stanislaw Ulam reports a discussion with von Neumann "centered on the accelerating progress of technology and changes in the mode of human life, which gives the appearance of approaching some essential singularity in the history of the race beyond which human affairs, as we know them, could not continue".[5] Subsequent authors have echoed this viewpoint.[3][6] Edit: RIP inbox. Loving all the discussion! FTR I'm not claiming this is definitely gonna happen, it's just a ton of fun to think about.


Question: Why do some wounds get just stitches or staples to heal while others get packed with sterile gauze?

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 Why do some wounds get just stitches or staples to heal while others get packed with sterile gauze?

You want the wound to heal from the bottom up; if the skin heals itself closed before the sides of the wound have joined back up, the bubble that's trapped under the skin can turn into an abscess, which is bad news. So you pack the wound with gauze so that only the deepest part can knit itself back together; then when you replace the gauze, you can't push it in as deep, and the the wound gets a little shallower, bit by bit, until, finally, it closes at the top.


Question: Why is phonecall audio still low quality, despite the fact we can stream much higher quality audio via the internet?

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 Why is phonecall audio still low quality, despite the fact we can stream much higher quality audio via the internet?

Because a significant portion of the phone network is still running on the POTS, or Plain Old Telephone System. That is, still the straight up no computers involved wires relays super basic system that's been around since the late 19th century. No doubt any call from a big city nowadays that is any distance, at some point your voice will be turned into bits, and transmitted as data, but for a lot of the phone network, particularly in more remote areas, it'll just be pure wires, and a few basic electronic components more or less. Purely analog. The quality is down to the interaction with those old electronic parts - and it was done like that because it's enough to transmit the spoken word, which is what the phone system was designed to do. Edit to clarify slightly - I'm talking any call that is done as a normal phone call, be it from a cellphone or a landline phone, all of those were designed with interoperability in mind and so they work to the lowest common denominator of quality - i.e the POTS system. With a VOIP based call (Skype, Telegram, Whatsapp, any other online service) those limits no longer apply because for a lot of the calls you're talking across the Internet, everything is just data. So those calls can be much higher quality.


Question: Why can't windows uninstall more than one application at a time?

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 Why can't windows uninstall more than one application at a time?

Windows absolutely can, but the software is told not to. This is so two unrelated programs don’t mess with each other’s settings or try to modify the same files at the same time. Since you can’t control every other companies in the worlds software, it’s easier to just tell other applications they have to wait.


Question: Why do airlines force people to keep their seat belts on for so long when people in private planes can lay down, sleep, party, etc.?

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 Why do airlines force people to keep their seat belts on for so long when people in private planes can lay down, sleep, party, etc.?

Seatbelts aren’t just for collisions or sudden stops while taxiing. They are primarily there to keep you in your seat in the event of bad turbulence. Turbulence can happen suddenly and without warning. If you’re not secured you can easily fly up and hit the ceiling. On your way back down, you can land on another passenger and injure them too. On private planes, it’s more of a “your house your rules” deal as no one will be liable for injury but you, but I can guarantee the pilots up front who know what’s up are wearing theirs at all times. Edit: pilots are required to wear seatbelts at all times. Even in private aircraft. What I meant to imply was that given their awareness of clear air turbulence, I’m sure they would do so regardless of requirement.


Question: How can an object in motion decelerate in speed forever and never fully stop? For example a car that decreases in speed by half, every 1 second never stops?!

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 How can an object in motion decelerate in speed forever and never fully stop? For example a car that decreases in speed by half, every 1 second never stops?!

Practically it can't. Mathematically it can. It basically relies on the fact that there are an infinite number of numbers between any two points. Or more ELI5: Once you get below 1 mph you move to fractions like 1/2. Each time the number on the bottom gets bigger, twice as big. So 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, ... Since the top number never changes and there are always bigger numbers for the bottom, you can never get to zero. Clear enough?


Question: When we look at the sun, are we looking at it 8 minutes in the past? How does light travel in a vacuum if sound doesn't?

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 When we look at the sun, are we looking at it 8 minutes in the past? How does light travel in a vacuum if sound doesn't?

Technically you are looking at light that left the sun 8 minutes ago, and due to the density of the sun the radiation that became the light you see might have been generated hundreds of thousands of years ago. Sound is a mechanical wave. it needs a means to travel through. Light are wave/particles that travel without a mean.


Question: Why do most some modes of public transportation (i.e busses) not have seatbelts when all private vehicles are required to have seatbelts?

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 Why do most some modes of public transportation (i.e busses) not have seatbelts when all private vehicles are required to have seatbelts?

They've done studies on buses in crashes using crash dummies— passengers in a bus are actually safer and better protected in a crash when they are not using a safety belt. The way the overall bus is shaped, combined with the trajectory of the passengers on impact, combined with the speed most buses go in transit, all come together to cause *more* damage to passengers from the seatbelt during a crash, than lurching forward into the seat in front of them does. In private vehicles like cars the opposite is (usually) true, so the govt mandates that they are provided in cars.


Question: Why are saturated fats bad for you, but coconut oil which is 80% saturated fat good for you?

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 Why are saturated fats bad for you, but coconut oil which is 80% saturated fat good for you?

It's not good for you. From wikipedia: > Due to its high levels of saturated fat, the World Health Organization, the United States Department of Health and Human Services, United States Food and Drug Administration, American Heart Association, American Dietetic Association, British National Health Service, British Nutrition Foundation, and Dietitians of Canada advise that coconut oil consumption should be limited or avoided. > Marketing of coconut oil has created the inaccurate belief that it is a "healthy food". Instead, studies have found that coconut oil consumption has health effects similar to those of other unhealthy fats, including butter, beef fat and palm oil. Just another example of the false equivalence of "natural" and "healthy."


Question: How does our body know the difference between a nap and a full nights sleep?

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 How does our body know the difference between a nap and a full nights sleep?

Basically your brain has a 24 Hour cycle clock which relies on certain aspects to help tell what time it is using hormones and different signals. “A part of your hypothalamus (a portion of your brain) controls your circadian rhythm. That said, outside factors like lightness and darkness can also impact it. When it’s dark at night, your eyes send a signal to the hypothalamus that it’s time to feel tired. Your brain, in turn, sends a signal to your body to release melatonin, which makes your body tired. That’s why your circadian rhythm tends to coincide with the cycle of daytime and nighttime” [ URL_0 ]( URL_1 ) Edit: Summary added. Edit 2: I hope this helped, but I realise it does not fully answer the question from OP although a rhythm or cycle could help explain the difference between napping and night sleep.


Question: Where do scammers send the money to?

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 Where do scammers send the money to?

Money like that is gonna get laundered somehow. There are different ways and methods of doing this but it typically would work like this: (this is simplified to just give the general gist) They send that money to another bank account or analogous financial account that yes, could hypothetically be traced. But, that account will have no personal ties to the actual scammer, as in it was set up with a fake identity, or a stolen identity, or with an institution that doesn’t require identifying information. So now they have the money in an account, they’ll withdraw that money to cash. They will then cycle that cash, which is much harder to trace/untraceable in through other things, like say take it to a casino, exchange it for chips, play a couple games, and then go exchange the chips they have back for cash. But the pro gal cash they had is lost somewhere in the casino and the cash they have now is new cash (if they were tracing something like serial numbers). This new cash is not effectively untraceable and clean. Not tied to the original 40k, and then can be deposited into a normal account if they wanted to. Again, that’s just like a really basic possible method, which might have its flaws that law enforcement can crack, and there definitely other more complex methods that maybe don’t involve cash at all that exist.


Question: Why do some people lack self-awareness?

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 Why do some people lack self-awareness?

I don't think it's a black and white thing, I would guess everyone lacks self-awareness, it's just dramatic between people with apparently none, and people with *some*. Psychological literature just drones on endlessly about how we have absolutely no clue who we are, how inaccurate our memories are, how we don't know why we like/dislike things, how biases almost totally obscure who we really are from who we think we are, and so on(a good book that encapsulates this is "Strangers to Ourselves" by Timothy D. Wilson). But we're talking about awareness of what we do *in the moment*. There are so many variables, like development(we start with the basics when we're a few months to a year old). Education/Intelligence probably play a role-- I would guess that just knowing the *term* "self-awareness" has a greater likelihood of improving self-awareness than being totally oblivious. Experiences with psychedelic drugs can have profound effects on self-awareness, as can long term mindfulness meditation(because you literally train awareness like a muscle). Trauma can have an impact, or things like dissociation/derealization/depersonalization(these can be responses to trauma). The last thing that comes to mind is, I'm guessing the question is provoked in a specific way. It's not "Why don't people have self-awareness" so much as "Why don't people have self-awareness regarding the ways they hurt themselves and others"-- this is what most people are concerned with that triggers the question, right? And social skills/emotional intelligence play a role here, since this sort of self-awareness is pretty much social. Sorry I don't have one specific answer for you, just clues and hints in some different directions. People are *extremely* complicated.


Question: Why are there different types of snow?

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 Why are there different types of snow?

The main difference is the temperature. The warmer it is, the slushier the snow. Slushy snow is great for packing, so snow forts and snowballs. Powdery snow happens when it's colder, which is nice for winter sports. There are other atmospheric factors that can change how snow falls, but temperature generally has the most impact on what you're describing.


Question: Why do people refer to their babies in terms of months after a year, or in weeks after months?

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 Why do people refer to their babies in terms of months after a year, or in weeks after months?

A 22 year old is no different than a 21 year old, and not much from a 28 year old. But a 12 month old cute toddler learning to walk upright is VASTLY different from a 24 month old 2T hellbeast toddler who has learned the word ‘no’ and won’t eat their peas. Kids develop so quickly from baby to infant to toddler that you have to define the age range differently. They outgrow their god damn $30 target shoes by the time you drive home with them or Prime can ship a new pair for to you.


Question: Why do bodybuilders take insulin if insulin suppresses human growth hormone?

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 Why do bodybuilders take insulin if insulin suppresses human growth hormone?

Insulin is an anabolic hormone that shuttles nutrients like glucose and amino acids into the muscles. This helps them grow. Muscles need exercise, nutrition and sleep to grow. Anabolic steroids increase the rate at which protein synthesis occurs. But they do not increase the rate of amino acid uptake into muscle cells. Insulin however does increase the rate of amino acid uptake. Imagine if you wanted to build a building so you hired a bunch of extra construction workers but didn't give them extra building supplies. The extra construction workers are anabolic steroids and the extra building supplies are insulin. Both work better together than just one.


Question: Why is that some Americans move different states for a job?

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 Why is that some Americans move different states for a job?

Certain industries are concentrated in certain states, so sometimes you have to move if your job is industry specific. For example, most airplane design and production takes place in the Pacific Northwest, so you're most likely to find a job in Washington State for that (though I think some of the production plants may be moving). That only accounts for a small percentage of moves, though. Most of the time people move it's because they found a better job and it just happens to be in a different location. Say you're a lawyer in London and make 100,000 pounds/year. You get offered another position in another part of London at 120,000 pounds/year or a position in Glasgow for 150,000 pounds/year. Unless you have a strong connection to London, why wouldn't you take the Glasgow job?


Question: Why do colours look different in artificial light to the way they appear in sunlight?

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 Why do colours look different in artificial light to the way they appear in sunlight?

Artificial light doesn't produce the same spectrum of colors (which combine to form "white" light) as natural sunlight does. Imagine if the frequency of light that we perceive as red was missing from sunlight - nothing outdoors would appear red to us, as no red light from the spectrum would be reflecting off those objects for us to see. The same thing happens indoors - artificial lights may have a little more yellow or less blue or whatever in their spectrum; not enough for us to notice right away, but enough to make objects appear to be a slightly different color.


Question: How do you encrypt something like a phonecall where there aren't physical characters you can change like in a text message?

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 How do you encrypt something like a phonecall where there aren't physical characters you can change like in a text message?

In the end it's all just data, 1s and 0s. Most encryption methods don't particularly need to know or care about what the data is. As far as it's concerned it's just a stream of numbers. So how does audio become a stream of numbers? Sound is a wave travelling through the air. Microphones detect these waves and turns them into electrical waves. These can be turned into digital data by sampling the amplitude of the wave at regular intervals. So each sample is a number describing the amplitude or "height" of the wave at a given time. This is usually then compressed. Unlike encryption, the compression used for audio is typically specialised for audio. Rather than preserving the data exactly as it is, it knows what data it can throw away while still sounding about right. There are lossless audio compression methods, but I don't think a cellphone call uses them. At that point it's just data, and you can use various encryption techniques just like you can with text or any other types of data.


Question: Why is special relativity still valid if it doesn't include gravity?

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 Why is special relativity still valid if it doesn't include gravity?

The Theory of General Relativity generalizes the results of Special Relativity to curved spacetime. Thus, the limitations of special relativity can be overcome – when needed – by using General Relativity. That is, Special Relativity is the limit of General Relativity for flat spacetime. In many cases, however, such as when doing particle physics on Earth , gravity is negligible. Therefore Special Relativity is still useful.


Question: what evidence was used to support the claim that breakfast is the most important meal of the day?

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 what evidence was used to support the claim that breakfast is the most important meal of the day?

There isn't much to be honest. See this stared in 1917. There was an article in on of the oldest health magazine that talk about breakfast and how it's the most important meal because we should start on the right foot. That would have probably stay an obscure quote in history, but cereals company jump on it and started massive advertisement campaign based on that quote. And that's why we are still saying that. Advertisement campaign can have HUGE impact on how people view the world. There is plenty of example of that. Like how sunkist in 1907 change the orange industry from a small fruit industry to a massive orange juice one. Or how the ads like I want you and We can do it affect how the US view their military even today. Or how diamond used to be like any gemstone and almost nobody use them on engagement rings and now you would be view as a bad husband if your engagement ring don't have a diamond on it.


Question: What is the difference between (mathematical) interpolation and (mathematical) extrapolation?

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 What is the difference between (mathematical) interpolation and (mathematical) extrapolation?

The difference is in the first bit, extra vs inter. With interpolation you come up with some intermediate values between data points, whereas with extrapolation you come up with some points outside of your current range. E.g. if we have the following series [2 8 32 128] we could interpolate it by taking the average between samples so we'd get [2 4 8 16 32 64 128]. Whereas if we'd extrapolate the original series we would find [2 8 32 128 512 2048], i.e. values outside of our original range that has the same pattern.


Question: Why is is so hard for goverments/groups to shut down The Pirate Bay completely while they managed to shutdown KickAssTorrents in 1 hit completely?

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 Why is is so hard for goverments/groups to shut down The Pirate Bay completely while they managed to shutdown KickAssTorrents in 1 hit completely?

Imagine a bully at school. It's the same one each day, taking the lunch money of the same handful of kids. You take note that kids seem bullied, and it's very easy to identify who the bully is, after all you only have to talk to a handful of kids to get something of note, plus everyone is pointing the same direction. You do something about it. Now you shut down KickAssTorrents. But imagine that you have a school, a very very large school, and there's *hundreds* of bullies. They're all called Marc. So every time you get someone to tell you who bullies them, it's 'Marc'. They also all look very similar, so you never know who did it today. You never know who is actually to blame. Worse yet, some of these Marcs live in other states, and due to bureaucracy you can't even get a hold of their parents! And every time you finally shut someone down, a new Marc transfers over to your school! :o That... is basically Pirate Bay.


Question: What is the benefit to a company to enact a policy that prohibits promotion of employees from within?

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 What is the benefit to a company to enact a policy that prohibits promotion of employees from within?

I've never heard of a company that flat-out didn't promote from within. That would be a fantastically terrible policy. However, it would be a great excuse for middle managers to give an internal candidate for said promotion when an external candidate was chosen by upper managers. That said, there have been good case studies that can show why promoting internal candidates becomes a rarity. For example, Wal-Mart famously always promoted from within. Almost all of their store managers came from floor managers who all started as stockers/checkers. This is a fantastic marketing story, and gives the rank & file workers something to aspire to if this is the best job they can get. But there's the problem. The vast majority of Wal-Mart floor workers don't aspire to make a career of it. Anyone worth keeping is usually picked up within months by any other employer with double the wage, steady hours, and benefits. So the only people that stick around the two to three years it takes to land that first promotion are the ones milking an easy job with flexible hours, or simply couldn't find anything that paid more a little over minimum wage. So now your floor managers are the best of the bottom of society's barrel. Your true best left $8/hr for $16/hr 3 months after they were hired. A couple of years later you need a new store manager, who is selected from the best of that bunch. Now your local-level store leadership is largely comprised of uneducated people who (when they started) couldn't land a job literally anywhere else. Even though most of their corporate staff are college educated, experienced negotiators helping feed a god-tier supply chain and can calculate the exact right amount of workers and product to put where, the uneducated store-level management doesn't understand enough of these concepts to properly execute within a 1% margin. This creates inefficiencies, and when Wal-Mart is already only expecting a 1% gross margin on their stores, these little things add up. That's why they've started relaxing their "promote from within" philosophies and started seeking out and favoring college kids to start at a floor manager level. It's still a tough sell because you're ultimately a glorified stock-boy with an economics degree, but you are being actively groomed to be proper management. Walmart *could* solve their problem by being not a shit employer and paying their rank & file what it takes to stick around. However, their own studies say that's not as econoimically efficient. Fun fact: A seven year veteran cashier/stocker costs Wal-Mart 55% more than a 6-week newbie due to benefits and tenure raises, but is just as productive as the new kid. They actually have a financial incentive to push their employees to quit so long as they can always find more newbies to take their place.


Question: When should bitwise operators be used?

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 When should bitwise operators be used?

Bitwise operators allow you to manipulate the values of individual bits in a word. It is useful when you're working with limited memory (typically because of simple hardware) because you can then pack 8 values in a single byte instead of using 8 booleans (which costs 8 bytes, because in many languages, a boolean is implemented using 1 byte).


Question: How is Google able to create Google Earth street view?

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 How is Google able to create Google Earth street view?

The map data is freely available from the government. What Google is doing is to package it up nicely and putting ads on it. The satellite photos and arial photos are taken by third party companies that specialize in this and is then selling the data to Google and others who wants to buy it. But the Street View is made by Google on their own. They have built a number of cars with a bunch of survailance systems on it and hire drivers to drive it through every street on the map. They even have more mobile versions that can be used while on foot for more difficult to access paths and trails.


Question: How did America get so insanely WEALTHY? I looked up GDPs by country and the U.S. is no. 1 at 18 and a half TRILLION dollars

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 How did America get so insanely WEALTHY? I looked up GDPs by country and the U.S. is no. 1 at 18 and a half TRILLION dollars

America is the third largest country in the world by population, and the third largest by size. Europe's population is slightly larger, but the United States has a single dominant language and internal free markets and free movement. It has enormous coal deposits as well as significant petroleum and other natural resources. And it is the only major Western power that was not decimated in WWI and WWII. And, it happened to be the wealthiest and most prosperous nation at a time when economic development began to compound on itself via the information revolution.


Question: How is the death of American John Allen Chau viewed by other Christian missionaries?

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 How is the death of American John Allen Chau viewed by other Christian missionaries?

I am a somewhat liberal Methodist pastor and not a missionary, but nobody's answered you yet so I thought I'd give my two cents. In my opinion, John Allen Chau had no business approaching the Sentinelese. I understand the desire to share the Gospel, the good news of life in Jesus Christ, don't get me wrong, but this is a group of people that has consistently refused contact with other groups. We don't know their language, and they generally refuse to accept gifts. You want to share the Gospel? Build a relationship. You want to build a relationship? You cannot impose your values and ideas. The Sentinelese deserve to be honored, respected, and left alone.


Question: Does destroying large amounts of cash add value back into the economy? Does it decrease inflation?

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 Does destroying large amounts of cash add value back into the economy? Does it decrease inflation?

No. The reason being is the over 99 percent of our money doesn’t actually physically exist. Most of it exists only in computers at the bank and the federal reserve. Back in the 90s there was only 400 dollars of physical currency in circulation for every person in the country. I don’t know what the amount is now, but it hasn’t changed much. So even if you were to destroy ALL of the paper money in circulation, it would affect less than one percent of actually currency in the economy. It would be expensive to print more money, but it wouldn’t necessarily have a huge impact on the over all economy. Besides the immediate panic at there being no dollars around for buying lottery scratch off tickets and whatnot.


Question: With all of the technology we have, why isn’t there an eye surgery that can correct color blindness?

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 With all of the technology we have, why isn’t there an eye surgery that can correct color blindness?

The causes of colorblindness are pretty deeply ingrained in the eyes and brain. Someone who is colorblind is either missing one of the cells that pics up one of the primary colors of light or isn't processing the feedback from those cells correctly, right now there isn't a way to remedy that.


Question: how do stores like Poundland manage to maintain a consistent price even through recession or currency changing in value?

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 how do stores like Poundland manage to maintain a consistent price even through recession or currency changing in value?

They have a profit margin built into their items, and they are willing to decrease the profit margin in order to keep customers. They'd rather make less money on each sale, than annoy customers and stop selling anything at all. Sometimes stores also have loss leaders. For example, supermarkets will often have very cheap milk, and lose money on every liter of milk they sell - but people who come in to buy milk will usually also buy other things. So the store's profit margin is not calculated on each item, but on each customer's total shopping basket, or the average shopping basket across every time that customer comes into the shop. (It's worth losing money a couple of times to generate a habit in the customer of shopping at your store, not your competitor's.) Of course, eventually they do have to raise their prices.


Question: how can kids fight off some diseases better than adults?

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 how can kids fight off some diseases better than adults?

So they aren't actually 100% sure why this seems to be the case, but two ideas seem to make the most sense. One idea is that as we get older, our immune systems send out less of these big cells called phagocytes that basically just eat up anything in our bodies that shouldn't be there. Another idea is that our bodies learned over time to adapt to diseases commonly found in our environments, but not always by making us immune, but rather making sure that if we were exposed to it during a certain age, it wouldn't be as lethal. An example of this would be the polio virus. If you caught polio as an infant, there was a better chance at a full recovery. Older children were more at risk of dying and biologists believe it may be because of this concept.