Question: What technological advancements have occured for the 5G mobile network to be so much faster than it's predecessor?

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 What technological advancements have occured for the 5G mobile network to be so much faster than it's predecessor?

I used to be a patent lawyer for some of the companies doing this work (Ericsson, Qualcomm, etc.) so I feel pretty comfortable answering this. In my opinion, there haven’t been any truly groundbreaking technologies in this field that have allowed for 5G. Rather, 5G is a mix of a number of now relatively standard technologies that work in sync with one another. To understand why things are working out this way, you should realize that the number of devices that use wireless signals have increased exponentially, and that different types of devices work better in different configurations (i.e., different frequencies, different distances, different battery lengths, different amounts of data to transmit, etc.). While this all might seem relatively obvious, it is the big motivating factor for 5G. For example, if autonomous vehicles are going to work at a large scale, then there needs to be a network capable of handling their needs. These needs include large data transmission, high reliability, high speed, and high continuity. To meet these needs, an eNodeB (i.e., a radio tower) can transmit a high frequency signal to the vehicle because more information can be included in a higher frequency signal. However, high frequency signals tend to be disrupted by their surrounding environment more easily than lower frequency signals. For example, millimeter wave signals (i.e., high frequency signals) can be blocked by trees, human bodies, some buildings, etc. To counteract this type of path interference, you need to have more antennas over the same area. So instead of having an eNodeB every .5 km^2, you might place them every .1 km^2 (by the way, this is where the term "cell" in cell phone comes from, because each of these areas are considered a "cell"). While all of the above might cover the autonomous vehicle use case, we have also seen a major boost in internet of things (IoT) devices, like small sensors that are remotely located, not hooked up to a connected power source, and do not need to transmit a lot of data. For example, there are sensors that are attached to various portions of a bridge that transmit vibration signals, amongst others, back to a central server to monitor the structural integrity and wear on that bridge. Since these devices only need to transmit a small amount of information every so often, they can be set up to send very intermittent signals at a low data rate to conserve energy and battery power. Since they are usually remotely located, they also may be better set for low frequency signals, as those types of signals don't experience the same path interference that higher frequency signals usually do. Therefore, you might want to send lower frequency signals at a lower rate to these devices, but they might occur at a much larger volume because there are more IoT devices than there are self-driving cars. Your standard smart phone falls in the middle of these two use cases, but it is slowly creeping toward requiring more and more data with more and more reliability. So what does 5G do to accommodate all of these needs? Well, they do a bunch of things, almost none of which are super groundbreaking. One thing they do is use antenna arrays. Antenna arrays are devices that include a bunch of antennas, and different antennas in each array can be configured to emit a signal of a different frequency. The antennas in each array can also be configured to change the direction and/or intensity of its beam so that it can avoid potential interference along a path. 5G also uses something called MIMO (multi-in, multi-out) to increase bandwidth and/or reliability. This technology has been known for a while now (you see it in multi antenna wifi routers for example), but they are now applying it at a larger scale and across multiple users (referred to as MU-MIMO (multi-user MIMO). 5G technologies also include using machine learning technologies to understand user preferences so as to predict behavior of a user and needs of a device. Many 5G technologies also include energy harvesting (e.g., solar power) technologies so as to increase operation time for IoT devices, for example. These technologies also use various forms of coding, such as trellis modulation, turbo coding, and a number of other mathematical techniques to increase data transmission and/or reliability. In summary, 5G is really just adding a bunch of existing technologies together in a relatively new and complicated manner. If you get involved with this field, you find out pretty quickly that most of the researchers and engineers are throwing different combinations at the wall to see what sticks (i.e., what the 3GPP adopts to their standard). I really just grazed the surface here, so if you have any follow up questions I'd be happy to answer. **TL;DR:** There aren't many new technologies. 5G is just adding existing tech together in a complicated manner. **Edit**: I initially only posted the first paragraph, but I added the other four to provide some more detail.


Question: How come you can have a good or bad sleep?

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 How come you can have a good or bad sleep?

Simplest answer: variance. Better answer: there are multiple factors involved. Light sources in the room or before you go to bed mess with melatonin production, which signals your body to sleep. If you wake up in certain parts of your REM cycle, you'll feel groggy instead of rested. Nightmares can make you tense during sleep, which makes some people less rested. Alcohol interferes with sleep quality. And I've heard that sleep you get before midnight is twice as restful as sleep you get after midnight. The effects of stimulants shouldn't be underestimated. The half-life of caffeine is about 6 hours. This means that if you have a cup of coffee at 2 or 3 in the afternoon and go to bed at 8 or 9, half the caffeine from your afternoon coffee is still in your system, interfering with your sleep. And the list goes on...


Question: Why is it important to remove the bullet when someone’s been shot?

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 Why is it important to remove the bullet when someone’s been shot?

That’s a movie thing. Removing the bullet may eventually be important if it has perforated and become lodged in an important organ or near a joint, but it’s not immediately necessary and may even cause further harm. It’s not uncommon for bullets/fragments to be left alone rather than removed, it can be more trouble to extract them than it’s worth. First aid is to apply pressure to stop the bleeding, not cause more damage fishing around in a gunshot wound.


Question: The hottest temperature ever recorded was 5.5 trillion °C. How did scientists manage to measure it?

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 The hottest temperature ever recorded was 5.5 trillion °C. How did scientists manage to measure it?

There is a correlation between temperature and intensity of light. Astrophysicists use the Hertzsprung-Russel diagram ( URL_0 ). Temperatures that high are measured using this correlation. It's also important to understand that those measurements come with a margin of error usually proportional to the scale. So it's more likely that the temperature was 5.5 trillion °C, give or take a few billion. Edit: I am not an expert. Kindly refer to mfb-'s top level comment for another explanation.


Question: How did astrophysicists determine the planets we already know about?

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 How did astrophysicists determine the planets we already know about?

Back before electric lights, there wasn't much to do at night except look at the lights in the sky. People who looked at the stars noticed, thousands of years ago, that while most stars stay in the same place relative to each other (Orion's belt and the big dipper are there to see every night, always the same) a few of the lights wandered around around. Apparently the word planet comes from the Greek for "wanderer." Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are bright enough to see easily without a telescope, and people just watched them night after night, having nothing better to do, and saw them wander around among the "fixed" stars. It took a while for a clever mathematician to make sense of the wandering, but Kepler and his colleagues figured out that the wanderers were moving in almost-circles (ellipses) around the Sun.


Question: Would scientists be able to predict if an asteroid is going to hit Earth?

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 Would scientists be able to predict if an asteroid is going to hit Earth?

It's in a range. We are fairly confident that we know of most world-ending sized asteroids in the solar system, but there's still a lot of damage that can be done from asteroids smaller than that, and we don't know all of those are. It could happen "at any minute" but is still incredibly unlikely. There's plenty of other threats that we should worry about way more.


Question: The sun's rays shouldn't lose energy whilst they are travelling in space (as vacuum), but still, planets get colder and colder away from the sun. Is it related to the number of photons reaching a planet?

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 The sun's rays shouldn't lose energy whilst they are travelling in space (as vacuum), but still, planets get colder and colder away from the sun. Is it related to the number of photons reaching a planet?

Pretty much yeah. If you imagine the surface area of a sphere around the sun. As the radius of the sphere gets bigger, so the planets are further away, the total power from the sun will be spread over a much larger area, meaning that the intensity (power supplied to each unit area) will decrease following an inverse square law (as distance doubles intensity is divided by 4).


Question: Why is Apple suing Qualcomm?

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 Why is Apple suing Qualcomm?

Qualcomm developed a lot of the technologies behind LTE, and have patents on them. When a company's technology gets incorporated into a standard like LTE, they have to promise to let other people use those patents under "fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory" terms (which makes sense, but isn't exactly well defined). Apple is claiming that the terms Qualcomm wants aren't fair- they're charging too much and making them pay extra for patents they don't want in order to get the ones that they need in order to make phones with LTE. They're also claiming this as an anti-trust issue: Qualcomm makes their own processors (if you're in the US, pretty much any flagship phone other than the iPhone uses Qualcomm chipsets), so Apple is claiming that they're doing this in order to make it more expensive to use their competitors.


Question: Why is Australia so overwhelmingly dry when nearby places like Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, Indonesia, and Tasmania are all so wet and lush?

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 Why is Australia so overwhelmingly dry when nearby places like Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, Indonesia, and Tasmania are all so wet and lush?

There's a variety of factors Australia's geographical position has a lot to do with it. Australia is south of the high-moisture tropical belt that Indonesia and New Guinea are in. It sits under the subtropical high-pressure belt, which prevents the lifting of air required for rain. Another factor is sheer size. The coastal areas of Australia actually get a lot of rain, but this drains the moisture out of the air so there isn't any left to get to core of the continent. Where-as New Zealand is much narrower so the clouds get a chance to rain on the whole sub-continent. The other part of this is mountains, or the lack there of. Australia doesn't have any significant mountain ranges so there is no geography to force moisture laden air upwards to seed mountains and glaciers with snow. This prevents river systems from forming like we get in North+South America. The Amazon in the South and Prairies in the North only exist because of the climate caused by the mountain ranges to their West.


Question: How are we not wasting oxygen when we breathe out carbon dioxide?

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 How are we not wasting oxygen when we breathe out carbon dioxide?

We take in oxygen because when it chemically joins with something, it releases energy. We then use that energy to live. Once it has done that, when it has joined with carbon to make carbon dioxide, its job is done, The energy available has been released. You see, it isn't the oxygen we need. It is the chemical energy available in having oxygen and carbon/hydrogen as separate things - the carbon/hydrogen loosely bound into carbohydrates like sugar. It is a bit like how a hydro-electric plant doesn't 'waste water' when the water that flows out of the tail race at the bottom of the dam. The plant didn't want water - it wanted the energy in that water being up there at the top. Now the generator has been spun, the energy caught from allowing the water to fall to the bottom, the job is done and the low energy water released.


Question: How is a multilevel marketing scheme not illegal/not considered a pyramid scheme?

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 How is a multilevel marketing scheme not illegal/not considered a pyramid scheme?

> How is a multilevel marketing scheme not illegal/not considered a pyramid scheme? The distinction is that in MLM there is a real product being sold (in theory) and it can bring in profits legitimately. There is no fraud or misrepresentation of what is happening, it is just typically a really shitty deal.


Question: Why are there more visible air bubbles in tap water when it is cold outside?

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 Why are there more visible air bubbles in tap water when it is cold outside?

Gasses are more soluble in a liquid like water when it is really cold, and its solubility goes down as temperature increases. In hot water, a lot of those dissolved gas bubbles have left the water, whereas in cold water, the gas bubbles stay dissolved in the water easily. Thats why you see more bubbles in cold water than in hot water.


Question: Is there a maximum limit of how hot something can get before it just stops getting hotter?

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 Is there a maximum limit of how hot something can get before it just stops getting hotter?

-0 K. No, that's not a typo. So every answer that you've gotten here concerning the Planck Temperature or the motion of atoms is, bluntly, dead wrong. This is because temperature **does not** correlate directly with motion; that approximation only works on the lower end of the temperature scale, and is a result of the way in which we typically measure temperature. Bear with me cause this gets **weird**, but is the correct answer (inb4 muh 5 year olds). The *actual* way in which temperature is defined is through the interrelationship between a piece of matters' entropy (a measure of how "disordered" or "useless" it is, for lack of a better word), and its energy (which would include its motion). Don't worry about precisely what entropy is (that is honestly and ELI5 in-and-of-itself, and involves one of the more sorcerous scientific fields that confuses the hell out of everyone who studies it), just take it on faith that it's just a measurable thermodynamic quantity. If you're familiar with calculus, the actual definition is; T=dU/dS ~ ΔU/ΔS where U and S are the energy and entropy, respectively, and ΔU and ΔS are the *changes* in those quantities as you increase the temperature (or, more accurately, temperature is caused by how those two changes occur alongside one another). Starting at the low end of the temperature scale, as you increase an objects temperature, you gradually increase its entropy *and* its energy, but the entropy increase actually starts to diminish as you get to higher and higher temperatures. This is why temperature increases, mathematically; for constant steps of dU, the dS gets smaller, and so you're dividing a given number (say, 1) by another number that's getting smaller and smaller with each step you take. Thus, there is a given state where you add some finite amount of energy, and the entropy change is near zero. At this point, you're approaching a temperature of infinite, as the dU is basically not changing, while the dS is getting smaller and smaller, approaching zero. [Now lets get weird]( URL_0 ); give it more energy, and the entropy will **decrease**. Thus, you'll have the same dU, divided by a *negative* and very small dS, giving you a temperature approaching *negative infinite K*. Give it even more energy, and the dS term (while still negative) continues to get smaller and smaller in magnitude; thus, as you heat the object more and more, the temperature decreases in magnitude. Eventually, you reach a state where the entropy decrease becomes arbitrarily large, thus you get a finite dU divided by a really big dS, which will approach -0. As a result, the hottest possible temperature is -0 K, and the ordering from coldest to hottest is as follows; 0 K < 300 K < ∞ K < -∞ K < -300 K < -0 K This has shown up in both advanced thermodynamics and quantum mechanics, and has also been [experimentally verified.]( URL_1 ) It's important to note that this is a screwy scale that makes a lot of the math we use fall apart, but this is largely due to the fact that our entire concept of temperature, and how we measure it, is actually hilariously complicated and flawed (although still very useful, because you don't see those negative temperatures in your day-to-day existence).


Question: What does depth perception look like?

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 What does depth perception look like?

If you have an iPhone X or know someone who does, there's an app called The Parallax View that simulates depth perception by tracking your head and eyes. Super easy to use—change the settings to track one eye, open that eye only, and move the phone and/or your head. It creates the illusion of 3d stereoscopic vision.


Question: How can multiple gas stations right next to each other, with wildly different gas prices, all stay in business?

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 How can multiple gas stations right next to each other, with wildly different gas prices, all stay in business?

When approaching a cluster of fuel stations, as described, can you lawfully enter all of them from your position? Likely not. Maybe there’s two you can turn into safely and legally, but one has no exit going in your desired direction. So there’s four stations but only one option. That’s how it works here.


Question: how do insects survive long cold winters, specially the ones with a lifespan of less than a week?

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 how do insects survive long cold winters, specially the ones with a lifespan of less than a week?

If I had to use one word to describe insects, it would be "adaptive". Our resident insects are very well adapted to survive winter. In order to survive winter, insects push the pause button. During this pause an insect's metabolic rate drops to one tenth or less, so it can use stored body fat to survive winter. Also many insects produce alcohols for antifreeze. Their bodies can supercool (reach temperatures below freezing) without forming cell-damaging ice. Insects spend the winter in various life stages: egg, nymph, larvae, pupae or adult. Many overwinter as eggs. Aphid eggs can be found in the bud scales of woody plants [Sauce]( URL_0 )


Question: Why is it predators are reluctant to attack us?

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 Why is it predators are reluctant to attack us?

We're large enough that even a bear might get injured before it kills us, especially since it doesn't know what nasty tricks we may have up our sleeve. Since any injury can get infected and be fatal, the predator will not take that risk unless it is very hungry and has no other, more familiar prey available. And that's not even taking into account the fact that we usually come in groups, which multiplies the threat we represent.


Question: How do you grow thick skin mentally? How does a brain not care about someone's opinion?

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 How do you grow thick skin mentally? How does a brain not care about someone's opinion?

One thing that helps is experience, the first time someone expresses a negative opinion of someone, they have no idea what's going to result, and they're bound to wonder about all the potential results. When it's happened many times before with either nothing occurring or something positive happening (like bonding with anyone else who had the negative opinion expressed about them), the event isn't going to be as stressful. Another thing that helps is feeling secure in your position. If someone knows that they are highly valued by others, they're not going to risk losing that relationship over a external complaints or opinions. Finally, making the realization that when you do something embarrassing, many of the people you think noticed probably didn't actually notice, or only care for a short period of time.


Question: How come spent nuclear fuel is constantly being cooled for about 2 decades? Why can't we just use the spent fuel to boil water to spin turbines?

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 How come spent nuclear fuel is constantly being cooled for about 2 decades? Why can't we just use the spent fuel to boil water to spin turbines?

Spent nuclear fuel just doesn't produce enough heat to make it useful for producing steam. The amount of power you'd get out of it that way simply would never pay for the cost of building and running the system. It can be recycled however. Spent fuel still contains a lot of useful radioisotopes and there are types of reactors designed to recycle the spent fuel back into usable nuclear fuel. The problem is, that on top of the normal political concerns with nuclear reactors, recycling can produce plutonium, which is used in nuclear weapons. Because it is very difficult to tell the difference between a fuel recycling plant and a weapon-making plant from outside, many countries have decided to not recycle to avoid political and diplomatic troubles.


Question: Does the probability of a certain outcome change after several consecutive rolls of two dices?

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 Does the probability of a certain outcome change after several consecutive rolls of two dices?

Dice rolls are independent of each other, and thus the probabilty of rolling snake eyes is exactly the same regardless of whether your previous 100000 throws were snake eyes or 12 or any number in between. However if you ask a question differently - what is my probabilty to get at least one snake eyes after 100000 throws - then the answer is different too. But if the question is "If i roll dice now, what is the chance" then the answer is same every time. Your chance of rolling 10 snake eyes in a row is very low - but your chance of rolling snake eyes in any given roll, even if your previous 9 rolls were snake eyes, is still 1/36.


Question: How do trees decide where new branches grow and when they sperate from the main trunk?

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 How do trees decide where new branches grow and when they sperate from the main trunk?

The plant generates growth hormone within the stalk. When there's enough of it, a new bud is created at the center, and then migrates out toward the boundary of the stalk where it becomes a new branch. As it migrates, it consumes growth hormone. The next bud that forms will head out in a different direction where the growth hormone hasn't been depleted. That's why the first two leaves/branches/petals are almost always 180° away from each other. Subsequent buds will head out at different angles. Vi Hart does an excellent 3-part video series on the nature of plants, spiral growth and the Fibonacci sequence. [Part 3]( URL_0 ) explains the part about growth hormones and such.


Question: What's the difference between anthropology and social psychology?

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 What's the difference between anthropology and social psychology?

I'm a social psychologist, so I mostly can speak about what we do. I can only give my impression of anthropology, which may be wrong. I think the biggest distinction is method and purpose. We both want to "understand people and how they relate to each other." But I'd say anthropology is broader, like broadly about human culture, traditions and ways of living and ways of thinking. Social psychology is about the individual involved in those things (e.g., can I predict with Person A will do in situation X?" Where the situation is social in some way. An anthropologist may go live in the society they want to study, make observations, interview people, participate in customs, etc. The goal is to document and understand the context of human life. A psychologist interested in culture would consider what fundamental aspect of culture can be measured and how those measures correlate/cause specific behaviors, emotions or thoughts. And instead of taking a deep dive to live in the culture, we would run an experiment (in this case, usually a "quasi-experiment" because we can't actually randomly give you a culture) or collect quantitative data somehow (survey, video, picture etc) to test our theories.


Question: How come lightning strikes in the ocean but doesn't spread indefinitely? How is the radius of the electrically charged zone calculated?

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 How come lightning strikes in the ocean but doesn't spread indefinitely? How is the radius of the electrically charged zone calculated?

Imagine that you have a big glob of peanut butter on a knife. When that peanut butter is confined to the tip of the knife its bunched up into a small area and so it looks like there is a lot of peanut butter. If you spread that peanut butter onto a small piece of bread then the peanut butter gets spread out over a larger area, so there isn't as much peanut butter at any given point as there is when its on the knife. Now say you spread that peanut butter over the entire planet. Now the peanut butter is spread so thin that you can't even see it - at any given point all that's there is maybe a molecule or two of peanut butter. Lightning works the same way. Lightning appears to be very energetic because all of the energy in that lightning is concentrated into an area the width of a piece of pencil lead. Because the energy contained in the lightning is confined to such a small area, it vaporizes anything within. But as soon as the lightning hits the ground it begins to spread out. Once you expand that pencil lead sized area to, say, 100 cubic feet (which is maybe the size of 3 or 4 bathroom stalls in a public restroom), the energy in the lightning has been spread out so much that there just isn't enough enough energy at any given point to be dangerous anymore. That's what happens when lightning hits anything connected to the ground - the energy contained in the lightning spreads out over the entire planet. If you happen to be right at the point where the lightning hit, the energy hasn't had enough time to spread out and so the lightning is dangerous. But once you've gotten any amount of distance away from that point, the energy disperses. So when lightning hits somewhere in the Pacific Ocean that causes the ground underneath you to heat up a bit, regardless of where on the planet you are. Its just that there is so little energy that makes it to you that the temperature increase is so small that you can't measure it.


Question: If programs/app are made from codes, then if the codes are still there or still the same; why would programs/app get lagging and crashed sometimes?

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 If programs/app are made from codes, then if the codes are still there or still the same; why would programs/app get lagging and crashed sometimes?

Writing code is like building a maze for water to flow through. The maze will have little gates that will redirect the flow of water depending on the circumstance. When the maze is operating under normal circumstances, the water will go where it is supposed to and the app will perform fine. However testing every combination of gate opening can be very difficult, and over time some obscure combinations of gates opened and closed is bound to occur. In those cases the water may get blocked and overflow, or form unwanted reservoirs that impede the performance of the app. Usually it can be fixed by resetting all the gates to a known good position and flushing out the water (restarting the app). The more complex the maze the harder it is to make it error-free.


Question: Why can't web browsers block lightbox-style popups?

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</answer>
 Why can't web browsers block lightbox-style popups?

Popups, popunders, and autoplay videos are all very specific actions. The site's code has to ask the browser to make a new window or start playing the video, and the browser can easily respond to that. Lightboxes are different, they're just another element on the page. The actions that create a lightbox are no different than creating a colored box or button. In addition, there are many different ways this can be done that end up creating the same effect. It's certainly possible to detect some or all of these cases, but it's nowhere near as straightforward as popups or videos.


Question: What’s the difference between the degrees of burns and how would you tell them apart?

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 What’s the difference between the degrees of burns and how would you tell them apart?

Burns are categorized into 3 degrees 1st degree: red + hot + painful + usually heals with no scar -think superficial epidermis layer 2nd degree: white + painful + USUALLY blisters + longterm scar (hyperpigmentation) -think slightly deeper dermis layer 3rd degree: white + NOT painful -think all the way down to the nerve level and you basically fry your sensory nerves -Need medical intervention because you are likely to get a really bad bacterial infection in the skin or blood (sepsis)


Question: In a few billion years when the sun expands and grows into a red giant, how fast will it expand and "swallow" the inner planets?

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 In a few billion years when the sun expands and grows into a red giant, how fast will it expand and "swallow" the inner planets?

The sun is expected to last another 5.4 billion years before the hydrogen in the core runs out. When that happens, the core will start to collapse in on itself due to its own gravity, and will increase in temperature. This allows for hydrogen fusion outside the core to happen (the strong temperature gradient doesn’t allow the layers outside the core to mix with the core and supply more hydrogen to maintain it; the core needs to grow in size for the next step) This is when the sun enters the subgiant phase. In the subgiant phase, the core is having a battle with itself. On one hand, it’s so dense and heavy that it wants to collapse in on itself. But at the same time, it’s way too hot to make that possible (heat makes atoms move faster, so it’s harder to get them to collect at a single point). At this point, the core gets so hot, that even outside the core it gets hot enough for hydrogen to fuse. Hydrogen that fuses turns into heavier helium which then grows the core a little again (the boundary of the core isn’t very exact). The energy that’s produced in this process pushes the outer shells of the sun farther out. The sun grows to roughly three times it size, becomes a little dimmer as the same amount of energy is spread out over a larger outer surface to radiate off. This is called the subgiant state and this state lasts for about 2 billion years for our sun. After the sun has been a subgiant for a good long while, suddenly an event happens: the core does no longer contract. This is called core degeneracy. At this point, the repulsive force of the electrons around the helium nuclei give enough backpressure that gravity can no longer collapse the core any further. So now all the energy being fused around the edge of the core can’t go anywhere, what now? The sun starts to grow in size tremendously, growing to 100x it’s current size. Lots of hydrogen is fused into helium at the edge of the core and a lot of energy is convected to the outer layers of the sun. The sun becomes a lot more luminous, too. This is the first red giant phase, and lasts about 100 million years. As the core continues to gain more mass, slowly but surely it eventually reaches a point where the core reaches 100 million Kelvin, at which the core finally can start back up again, fusing helium into carbon. This happens in an impressive explosive called the helium flash. In a matter of minutes, most helium in the core is converted into carbon, releasing a tremendous amount of energy. Because of this energy, gravity is overcome and the core expands again. The star decreases in size to around 10 times the size it is today in a very short period and it stays this way for about 50 million more years, while it fuses helium into carbon in the core. When the helium is all used up and the entire core is made of carbon, the core once again goes into hibernation and something like the earlier red giant phase happens again. The core starts to collapse again and becomes hotter. Now there are two layers around the core, the inner layer is so hot that helium is fused into carbon, and the outer layer is fusing hydrogen into helium again. As this happens, a lot of energy is produced that’s not going in the core, but is used to expand the sun again. The sun now finally enters the real red giant phase, in which it grows to about 250x it’s size today. This is the point where the Earth may very well be taken up by our sun. This phase lasts about 20 million more years, in which the instability of the sun will make the sun pulsate, throwing off enormous amounts of its outer shell material until finally, the hot carbon core becomes visible, at which point we consider the sun to no longer be a red giant, but a white dwarf. The white dwarf is still tremendously hot and it radiates a lot of high energy UV light. This UV light pushes and illuminates the old outer shell that’s veered off into space, and that creates a planetary nebula. So, when and how fast will the planets be consumed? Mercury should be seriously concerned in the first growth. That’s in about 7.4 billion years. We have another 150 million years roughly until we’re finally taken into the outer edges of our sun. Which is really no time at all in astronomic terms. Better enjoy the sun the way it is today while it lasts.


Question: Why are some apples crunchy and some sandy?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are some apples crunchy and some sandy?

Apples are like sand castles. Sand castles stay up because they are built with wet sand. The water helps the sand particles stick together. If it dries out, the sand castle becomes crumbly and can easily fall apart. Once you pick an apple from the tree, the apple will start drying out. As the flesh of the apple loses water, the cells won't be able to stick to each other, becoming sandy or mealy when you bite into it. How crisp or crunchy the apple depends on the type of apple. Certain apples get mealy faster than others.


Question: How exactly is a stock price decided?How do we see a particular price on the screen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How exactly is a stock price decided?How do we see a particular price on the screen?

What we usually see on the screen is the price the last share was sold/bought for. So if someone decide to sell a share for less, than the value shown on the screen, the value goes down. If someone sells at a higher price than on screen, price goes up. So basically, the price is decided by how much the 1st person is willing to pay for it, then change over time with how much people are willing to buy afterward.


Question: Why, when cooling foods in water, do we have to bring it to boil first, then lower to a simmer before putting the ingredients into the water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why, when cooling foods in water, do we have to bring it to boil first, then lower to a simmer before putting the ingredients into the water?

Do you mean when *cooking* foods in water? Some recipes require this method, others don't. The idea is to ensure that the water is hot before using it, so your food doesn't sit in not-hot water a long time, getting soggy and gross. (Or just throwing off the calculation for correct cooking time.)


Question: Why are explosions more dangerous underwater?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are explosions more dangerous underwater?

In an explosion surrounded by air, the atmosphere will compress and absorb some of the explosive energy. This decreases the lethal range of the explosion. Water, however, is often described as incompressible. Technically, it can compress, but it takes a massive amount of pressure to apply a small amount of compression. This means that in an underwater explosion, the surrounding water doesn't absorb the pressure like air does, but moves with it. An underwater explosion doesn't propel objects through the water nearly as far as a surface explosion throws shrapnel because of the drag water exerts on objects. However, an underwater explosion transmits pressure with greater intensity over a longer distance.


Question: Why do liquids get even colder when shaken with ice? It seems even colder than the ice itself.

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 Why do liquids get even colder when shaken with ice? It seems even colder than the ice itself.

Shaking the mixture will pretty quickly bring it all into thermal equilibrium (bring the liquid down to ice temperature), since heat is exchanged by contact and circulation of the liquid and the ice. Shaking speeds that up. That's why the liquid is *as cold as* the ice. Why does it *feel* even colder? Well since it circulates, it can can also exchange heat with your body faster than a solid can. Your body doesn't really sense the temperature of things you touch, what it really senses is how fast heat is being transferred from you into them. A block of styrofoam that's been cooled in the freezer, doesn't feel as cold as a metal signpost that's just been outside in the shade on a cool day. The styrofoam might have a much lower temperature, but its very low thermal conductivity keeps it from feeling all that cold.


Question: How is the body heated exactly?

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 How is the body heated exactly?

When your cells process glucose into energy (simplified), they generate some heat as well. Multiply that by how many times it happens in each cell and then by how many cells are in your body to get an idea of how you produce heat. When you're exercising, your cells are going into overdrive, so they're making much more heat than normal.


Question: after a nights sleep, why do we wake up with random songs stuck in our head that we possibly haven't heard in a while?

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 after a nights sleep, why do we wake up with random songs stuck in our head that we possibly haven't heard in a while?

First, note that sleep itself is a curious thing that isn't understood that much. It seems to be a simple thing where you simply aren't awake, but even accepting that as true we know that the brain is still operating and doing complex neurological functions such as keeping our hearts beating. I mean, hell, the human brain can "solve" problems in seconds that computers thousands of times faster than the human mind designed specifically to solve the problems can take hours or even days to arrive at any sort of coherent answer let alone a "solution". What I'm trying to get at is that how the brain works isn't simple even when it's doing its most primitive and basic things. ----- Luckily with the comparison of a computer, we can kind of somewhat use an understandable example. When a computer goes into "standby mode", there are still background things running. The internet browser or files that you open keep the pages and work you are on, programs that are updating continue to update, and such. The human mind typically starts its "updates" before going to sleep, where it effectively enters "standby mode" while the updating process happens. When you wake up, the updates should be done. But as with normal computers, sometimes this pushes the internet into the background. To get back to the tab you want, you have to close the notifications that the updates happen and bring the internet back into the foreground. However, few "webpages" that the human mind opens are ever actually closed; and those which are, can be accessed by looking in the "Browser History". So you try to look at the "what to do when you wake up" page...and accidentally click on your brain's webpage that has, in this case, a song. Which plays the song.


Question: Why does fat melt when it is heated ( eg. fat cheese ) and does it act the same in our bodies ?

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 Why does fat melt when it is heated ( eg. fat cheese ) and does it act the same in our bodies ?

Within the human body, fat is contained inside cells. As long as those cells remain intact, the fats within cannot melt. Or rather, they're already liquid. Cheese is not made of cells, it's just a block of solid fat, so is free to melt and solidify as it wishes. Theoretically, you could solidify the fats inside human cells if you wanted to, for example, by putting a human in a freezer for an extended period of time.


Question: why and when does a bank collapse?

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 why and when does a bank collapse?

A typical bank collapse works like this: Banks lend out more money than they keep on reserve. For example, in the US, if you deposit $100 in a bank, $10 must be kept on reserve, while the other $90 can be loaned out. Once the loan is paid, the bank has effectively created the $90 that it loaned out, because it didn't actually exist before that (you could have withdrawn your full $100 in the meantime because the bank has enough on reserve to do this before the loan is fully paid). This system works well as long as most people just leave their money in their account most of the time. Usually this is the case. A bank run happens when for whatever reason, too many people try to withdraw money at the same time and it overwhelms what the bank keeps on reserve. News that the bank may be failing tends to further scare people into thinking their money isn't safe, and even more people try to get their money out. If something isn't done to bail out the bank, it collapses.


Question: How does the WWE determine who will win and who will lose, and do the wrestlers ever break from script?

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 How does the WWE determine who will win and who will lose, and do the wrestlers ever break from script?

WWE has a creative department full of storyline writers who plans the scripts in advance. They are heavily influenced by the top levels of management specifically Vince McMahon and Triple H however other people will also have some sway. The lesser wrestlers pretty much have to do what their told but top level talent like John Cena, Brock Lesner and the Undertaker have a bit more pull. Who wins and how a storyline plays out is generally decided based on how they want to tell a story and more importantly who can they use to sell merchandise. This in particular is why John Cena has the top spot, hundreds of thousands of kids around the world buy his merchandise and make the WWE money. As you can imagine this is a bit self fulfilling, you sell more gear, you get better story lines, you sell more gear, you get a belt, you sell more gear etc. It's also why the internet community can get very upset as they see actual good talent go to waste as the kids aren't buying their stuff and/or WWE isn't pushing them like they feel they should. Case in point Roman Reigns shifts a lot of merch but the vast majority of the internet wrestling community(ICW) dislike him. Talent can and do go off script. Generally this is dealt with very harshly backstage and can result in wrestlers being cut or given terrible terrible story lines as a punishment. Young stars are always told "pay your dues" ie accept the shit, show that you deserve better, don't try to stand on top of people who have worked hard to be in the industry and kiss ass to the boss(sometimes literally).


Question: Why is a negative times a negative positive?

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 Why is a negative times a negative positive?

When you multiply by a negative number you are removing a number that many times whereas when you multiply by a positive number you are adding it that many times. If you multiply -2 by -2 you removed two debts of 2 which means you are owed 4 (a positive number)


Question: How do sinkholes happen and not get noticed before building stuff like houses or streets on top of it?

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 How do sinkholes happen and not get noticed before building stuff like houses or streets on top of it?

If a hole is near the surface, you could do a test that is similar to sonar to find it, but this rarely happens because they cannot penetrate very far down. Another option is to bring a geotechnical company out and drill a bunch of test Boeing’s to see what the Stone is like (which happens anyways with most major construction) but even these will miss things because the Boeing’s are spaced out by dozens of meters, leaving plenty of space for stuff to hide. In generals sinkholes are only predicable by region. ie if you build in an area that has bedrock that is known to commonly get sinkholes (or just smaller holes in general which can wreck foundations even if the surface doesn’t cave in, the building can start to sink). You have a better chance of encounter a sinkhole. These areas typically have bedrocks with stones like limestone, that can dissolve from rain/acidic rain over decades. That’s the real problem with sink holes, even if you did do major testing a verified that there were no sinkholes or issues with the bedrock you’re building on. In 10-20 years there could be a sinkhole forming without anyone knowing, and 25-50 years, which is a common life span of a building/road/parking lot, you can have a sinkhole many feet across that is bout to collapse. The bedrock can just slowly dissolve out from underneath you. Edit: source, I work for a Foundation Engineering company that deals with sinkhole affected areas in the Northeast USA.


Question: Why do women need to be awake during childbirth?

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 Why do women need to be awake during childbirth?

Anesthesiologist here. 1) The pushing for a vaginal delivery, as mentioned previously. 2) Any systemic sedation or anesthetic that the mom gets, the baby gets too. A sedated baby has a higher risk of respiratory complications. 3) It's safer. Less women die in childbirth (vaginal or cesarean section) receiving spinal or epidural anesthetic, than a general anesthetic.


Question: Why do we get put off from doing things when someone tells us to do something?

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 Why do we get put off from doing things when someone tells us to do something?

People, especially in a culture where high levels individualism is valued/seen as a virtue, like believing that they have control. If you do something because you want to do it or you decide to do it, you are exercising your control over the environment. So, if you decide to do the dishes, some part of your brain is like "Cool, I get to decide when the dishes are done. This makes me feel in control and powerful.". So, you get up and walk to the kitchen to do the dishes, and on the way someone says "Hey, can you do the dishes?". That part of your brain now has a conflict - are you doing it because YOU decided to do it, or because someone else told you to do it? It doesn't make you feel as in control or powerful.


Question: ; why does the presence of air in food change its taste so much? Whether it’s scrambled eggs, bread, cake, chocolate, beverages, why is the difference in taste so dramatic with air/gas bubbles in the food?

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 ; why does the presence of air in food change its taste so much? Whether it’s scrambled eggs, bread, cake, chocolate, beverages, why is the difference in taste so dramatic with air/gas bubbles in the food?

A large part of the taste sensation is the smell of the food. Trapped air in the food ensures that the aromas become part of the eating process. Have you ever seen the experiment where you are blindfolded and have your nose sealed, and try to distinguish between pieces of apple and onion?


Question: how is more wealth created?

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 how is more wealth created?

Whenever you engage in a consensual trade of goods and services you are giving something you value less for something you value more - and so is the other party. Once the trade is complete, both parties have more 'wealth' than they had previously because they both have something they value more. Wealth can't be created by AI (at least any AI we know) because value is a subjective human concept. What Branson is probably getting at is that human capabilities exist along a bell curve. While almost anyone can mow lawns for a living, relatively few people can perform brain surgery. As you create better and better tools, you start reducing the need for low end jobs. For example, in ancient China, Emperors used to keep their lawns tidy by having peasants with miniature scythes cut the lawn. This was enormously labor-intensive. In modern-day China, the political elite instead hire a much smaller number of laborers who use lawn mowers. In future China, they'll probably just buy an automated lawn mower and perhaps a single technician to supervise dozens of those devices. If you're a person whose capabilities are limited to 'mow a lawn with a hand scythe', then you're out of a job and unlikely to find another. Likewise, if all you're capable of doing is operating a simple lawnmower, the elimination of your labor category is a big problem. This is also why people get upset about 'outsourcing' - the jobs outsourced are the sort of low-skill jobs that are at the limit of many people's capabilities. Basic income is intended as a way to deal with this problem. People whose jobs are displaced by technology (or outsourcing) are instead simply given money by the government so they can live. Unfortunately, the value of labor is not only in the money received but also the social and psychology value of earning that money. When you take away earning the money and replace it with a check, you tend to end up with a disruptive underclass that is inimical to a free, democratic society. Perhaps the best example of this process at work would be a place that has had basic income for years: Saudi Arabia. It is a hotbed of terrorism not because the elites want terrorism but because they have a vast underclass of bored, unemployed people who are deprived of the social and psychological rewards of work.