Text Classification
Transformers
Safetensors
English
modernbert
legal
glam
digital-humanities
jim-crow
north-carolina
legislation
Generated from Trainer
Eval Results (legacy)
text-embeddings-inference
Instructions to use davanstrien/dhd-demo with libraries, inference providers, notebooks, and local apps. Follow these links to get started.
- Libraries
- Transformers
How to use davanstrien/dhd-demo with Transformers:
# Use a pipeline as a high-level helper from transformers import pipeline pipe = pipeline("text-classification", model="davanstrien/dhd-demo")# Load model directly from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForSequenceClassification tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("davanstrien/dhd-demo") model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained("davanstrien/dhd-demo") - Notebooks
- Google Colab
- Kaggle
Replace auto-generated card with full model card
Browse files
README.md
CHANGED
|
@@ -1,73 +1,143 @@
|
|
| 1 |
---
|
| 2 |
-
library_name: transformers
|
| 3 |
license: apache-2.0
|
| 4 |
base_model: answerdotai/ModernBERT-base
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 5 |
tags:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 6 |
- generated_from_trainer
|
| 7 |
metrics:
|
| 8 |
-
- accuracy
|
| 9 |
- f1
|
| 10 |
-
-
|
| 11 |
-
-
|
| 12 |
model-index:
|
| 13 |
- name: dhd-demo
|
| 14 |
-
results:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 15 |
---
|
| 16 |
|
| 17 |
-
|
| 18 |
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 19 |
|
| 20 |
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 21 |
|
| 22 |
-
|
| 23 |
-
It achieves the following results on the evaluation set:
|
| 24 |
-
- Loss: 0.0949
|
| 25 |
-
- Accuracy: 0.9832
|
| 26 |
-
- F1: 0.9709
|
| 27 |
-
- Precision: 0.9615
|
| 28 |
-
- Recall: 0.9804
|
| 29 |
-
- F1 Macro: 0.9796
|
| 30 |
-
- Roc Auc: 0.9980
|
| 31 |
|
| 32 |
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 33 |
|
| 34 |
-
|
| 35 |
|
| 36 |
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 37 |
|
| 38 |
-
|
| 39 |
|
| 40 |
-
|
|
|
|
| 41 |
|
| 42 |
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 43 |
|
| 44 |
-
##
|
| 45 |
|
| 46 |
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 47 |
|
| 48 |
-
|
| 49 |
-
|
| 50 |
-
|
| 51 |
-
- eval_batch_size: 32
|
| 52 |
-
- seed: 42
|
| 53 |
-
- optimizer: Use OptimizerNames.ADAMW_TORCH_FUSED with betas=(0.9,0.999) and epsilon=1e-08 and optimizer_args=No additional optimizer arguments
|
| 54 |
-
- lr_scheduler_type: linear
|
| 55 |
-
- lr_scheduler_warmup_steps: 50
|
| 56 |
-
- num_epochs: 4
|
| 57 |
|
| 58 |
-
##
|
| 59 |
|
| 60 |
-
|
| 61 |
-
|:-------------:|:-----:|:----:|:---------------:|:--------:|:------:|:---------:|:------:|:--------:|:-------:|
|
| 62 |
-
| 0.0856 | 1.0 | 101 | 0.1061 | 0.9553 | 0.9273 | 0.8644 | 1.0 | 0.9475 | 0.9960 |
|
| 63 |
-
| 0.0353 | 2.0 | 202 | 0.0538 | 0.9777 | 0.9615 | 0.9434 | 0.9804 | 0.9729 | 0.9989 |
|
| 64 |
-
| 0.0015 | 3.0 | 303 | 0.1310 | 0.9777 | 0.96 | 0.9796 | 0.9412 | 0.9722 | 0.9980 |
|
| 65 |
-
| 0.0019 | 4.0 | 404 | 0.0949 | 0.9832 | 0.9709 | 0.9615 | 0.9804 | 0.9796 | 0.9980 |
|
| 66 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 67 |
|
| 68 |
-
##
|
| 69 |
|
| 70 |
- Transformers 5.7.0
|
| 71 |
-
-
|
| 72 |
- Datasets 4.8.5
|
| 73 |
- Tokenizers 0.22.2
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
---
|
|
|
|
| 2 |
license: apache-2.0
|
| 3 |
base_model: answerdotai/ModernBERT-base
|
| 4 |
+
datasets:
|
| 5 |
+
- biglam/on_the_books
|
| 6 |
+
language:
|
| 7 |
+
- en
|
| 8 |
+
library_name: transformers
|
| 9 |
+
pipeline_tag: text-classification
|
| 10 |
tags:
|
| 11 |
+
- text-classification
|
| 12 |
+
- legal
|
| 13 |
+
- glam
|
| 14 |
+
- digital-humanities
|
| 15 |
+
- jim-crow
|
| 16 |
+
- north-carolina
|
| 17 |
+
- legislation
|
| 18 |
- generated_from_trainer
|
| 19 |
metrics:
|
|
|
|
| 20 |
- f1
|
| 21 |
+
- accuracy
|
| 22 |
+
- roc_auc
|
| 23 |
model-index:
|
| 24 |
- name: dhd-demo
|
| 25 |
+
results:
|
| 26 |
+
- task:
|
| 27 |
+
type: text-classification
|
| 28 |
+
name: Text Classification
|
| 29 |
+
dataset:
|
| 30 |
+
name: biglam/on_the_books
|
| 31 |
+
type: biglam/on_the_books
|
| 32 |
+
split: train (held-out 10%)
|
| 33 |
+
metrics:
|
| 34 |
+
- type: accuracy
|
| 35 |
+
value: 0.9832
|
| 36 |
+
- type: f1
|
| 37 |
+
value: 0.9709
|
| 38 |
+
- type: precision
|
| 39 |
+
value: 0.9615
|
| 40 |
+
- type: recall
|
| 41 |
+
value: 0.9804
|
| 42 |
+
- type: f1_macro
|
| 43 |
+
value: 0.9796
|
| 44 |
+
- type: roc_auc
|
| 45 |
+
value: 0.9980
|
| 46 |
---
|
| 47 |
|
| 48 |
+
# dhd-demo: ModernBERT Jim Crow law classifier
|
| 49 |
+
|
| 50 |
+
Fine-tuned [`answerdotai/ModernBERT-base`](https://huggingface.co/answerdotai/ModernBERT-base) on
|
| 51 |
+
[`biglam/on_the_books`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/biglam/on_the_books) to classify North
|
| 52 |
+
Carolina session-law sections (1866–1967) as Jim Crow laws or not.
|
| 53 |
+
|
| 54 |
+
Built as a live demo for the *Digital Humanities & Discovery* webinar
|
| 55 |
+
(2026-05-05) showing end-to-end fine-tuning via `hf jobs`.
|
| 56 |
+
|
| 57 |
+
## Labels
|
| 58 |
+
|
| 59 |
+
- `0` = `no_jim_crow`
|
| 60 |
+
- `1` = `jim_crow`
|
| 61 |
+
|
| 62 |
+
## Training data
|
| 63 |
+
|
| 64 |
+
[`biglam/on_the_books`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/biglam/on_the_books) — 1,785 expert-labeled chapter/section pairs from NC session
|
| 65 |
+
laws, 512 positive / 1,273 negative. Split 90/10 (stratified) for train/eval.
|
| 66 |
+
Class imbalance handled with inverse-frequency cross-entropy weights.
|
| 67 |
+
|
| 68 |
+
## Training setup
|
| 69 |
|
| 70 |
+
| | |
|
| 71 |
+
|---|---|
|
| 72 |
+
| Base model | `answerdotai/ModernBERT-base` |
|
| 73 |
+
| Epochs | 4 |
|
| 74 |
+
| Batch size | 16 |
|
| 75 |
+
| Learning rate | 5e-5 |
|
| 76 |
+
| Warmup steps | 50 |
|
| 77 |
+
| Weight decay | 0.01 |
|
| 78 |
+
| Max sequence length | 1024 |
|
| 79 |
+
| Precision | bf16 |
|
| 80 |
+
| Loss | weighted cross-entropy |
|
| 81 |
+
| Seed | 42 |
|
| 82 |
+
| Hardware | 1× NVIDIA L4 (24 GB) via `hf jobs` |
|
| 83 |
+
| Train runtime | 223 s |
|
| 84 |
|
| 85 |
+
## Evaluation (held-out 10% split, n=179)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 86 |
|
| 87 |
+
| Metric | Value |
|
| 88 |
+
|---|---|
|
| 89 |
+
| Accuracy | 0.9832 |
|
| 90 |
+
| F1 (positive class) | 0.9709 |
|
| 91 |
+
| Precision | 0.9615 |
|
| 92 |
+
| Recall | 0.9804 |
|
| 93 |
+
| F1 (macro) | 0.9796 |
|
| 94 |
+
| ROC-AUC | 0.9980 |
|
| 95 |
|
| 96 |
+
### Per-epoch results
|
| 97 |
|
| 98 |
+
| Epoch | Train loss | Val loss | Accuracy | F1 | Precision | Recall | ROC-AUC |
|
| 99 |
+
|------:|-----------:|---------:|---------:|----:|----------:|-------:|--------:|
|
| 100 |
+
| 1 | 0.0856 | 0.1061 | 0.9553 | 0.9273 | 0.8644 | 1.0000 | 0.9960 |
|
| 101 |
+
| 2 | 0.0353 | 0.0538 | 0.9777 | 0.9615 | 0.9434 | 0.9804 | 0.9989 |
|
| 102 |
+
| 3 | 0.0015 | 0.1310 | 0.9777 | 0.9600 | 0.9796 | 0.9412 | 0.9980 |
|
| 103 |
+
| 4 | 0.0019 | 0.0949 | **0.9832** | **0.9709** | 0.9615 | 0.9804 | 0.9980 |
|
| 104 |
|
| 105 |
+
## Usage
|
| 106 |
|
| 107 |
+
```python
|
| 108 |
+
from transformers import pipeline
|
| 109 |
|
| 110 |
+
clf = pipeline("text-classification", model="davanstrien/dhd-demo")
|
| 111 |
+
clf("All schools for the white and colored races shall be kept separate.")
|
| 112 |
+
```
|
| 113 |
|
| 114 |
+
## Limitations
|
| 115 |
|
| 116 |
+
- Trained on **North Carolina** laws, 1866–1967. Will not transfer cleanly to
|
| 117 |
+
other jurisdictions or modern legal language.
|
| 118 |
+
- The training labels reflect what named expert sources / project staff
|
| 119 |
+
flagged. The negative class is "not flagged," not "verified
|
| 120 |
+
non-discriminatory."
|
| 121 |
+
- OCR noise from period scans is present in training and will be present at
|
| 122 |
+
inference time on similar corpora.
|
| 123 |
+
- Eval set is small (n=179); treat the high metrics as encouraging but
|
| 124 |
+
bounded by sample size.
|
| 125 |
|
| 126 |
+
See the [dataset card](https://huggingface.co/datasets/biglam/on_the_books) for full
|
| 127 |
+
context, including the *Algorithms of Resistance* framing of the original
|
| 128 |
+
**On the Books** project at UNC Chapel Hill Libraries.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 129 |
|
| 130 |
+
## Citation
|
| 131 |
|
| 132 |
+
Please cite the original project:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 133 |
|
| 134 |
+
> On the Books: Jim Crow and Algorithms of Resistance.
|
| 135 |
+
> University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Libraries.
|
| 136 |
+
> https://onthebooks.lib.unc.edu — DOI: https://doi.org/10.17615/5c4g-sd44
|
| 137 |
|
| 138 |
+
## Framework versions
|
| 139 |
|
| 140 |
- Transformers 5.7.0
|
| 141 |
+
- PyTorch 2.11.0+cu130
|
| 142 |
- Datasets 4.8.5
|
| 143 |
- Tokenizers 0.22.2
|