---
language:
- en
license: apache-2.0
tags:
- llama
- causal-lm
- from-scratch
- dpo
- chat
- text-generation
library_name: transformers
pipeline_tag: text-generation
model-index:
- name: Transformer-1B-Chat
  results: []
---

# Transformer-1B-Chat

A **1.1 billion parameter** decoder-only language model trained **entirely from scratch** -- pretraining, supervised fine-tuning, and preference alignment -- on 8x NVIDIA H100 GPUs.

## Model Details

| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Parameters | 1,105,827,840 (1.1B) |
| Architecture | LLaMA-style Decoder-only Transformer |
| Hidden Size | 2048 |
| Intermediate Size | 5504 (SwiGLU) |
| Layers | 22 |
| Attention Heads | 32 (Grouped Query Attention) |
| KV Heads | 8 |
| Head Dim | 64 |
| Max Sequence Length | 2048 |
| Vocab Size | 32,003 |
| Precision | BFloat16 |

### Architecture Highlights

- **RoPE** (Rotary Position Embeddings) with theta=10,000
- **Grouped Query Attention** (GQA) -- 4:1 query-to-KV head ratio for efficient inference
- **SwiGLU** Feed-Forward Network
- **RMSNorm** in a pre-norm configuration
- **Flash Attention 2** via PyTorch SDPA

## Training Pipeline

This model was built through a complete 3-stage training pipeline:

### Stage 1: Pretraining

| Detail | Value |
|---|---|
| Dataset | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu (sample-10BT) |
| Tokens Trained | ~20B tokens |
| Steps | 19,070 |
| Duration | ~12.3 hours |
| Optimizer | AdamW (lr=3e-4, betas=0.9/0.95, wd=0.1) |
| Schedule | WSD (Warmup-Stable-Decay), warmup=1000 steps |
| Batch Size | 512 sequences (8 GPUs x 8 micro x 8 grad accum) |
| Final Loss | 2.43 |
| Throughput | ~338K tokens/sec |

### Stage 2: Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT)

| Detail | Value |
|---|---|
| Dataset | HuggingFaceH4/ultrachat_200k (207,865 conversations) |
| Steps | 3,240 (2 epochs) |
| Duration | ~52 minutes |
| Optimizer | AdamW (lr=2e-5, cosine decay) |
| Batch Size | 256 sequences |
| Final Loss | 1.20 |

### Stage 3: Direct Preference Optimization (DPO)

| Detail | Value |
|---|---|
| Dataset | argilla/ultrafeedback-binarized-preferences-cleaned (60,917 pairs) |
| Steps | 952 (1 epoch) |
| Duration | ~14 minutes |
| Optimizer | AdamW (lr=5e-7, cosine decay) |
| Beta | 0.1 |
| Batch Size | 64 pairs |
| Final Loss | 0.49 |
| Final Accuracy | 72.5% (chosen preferred over rejected) |
| Final Reward Margin | 0.84 |

### Hardware

- **8x NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3**
- **Distributed Strategy**: PyTorch DDP (DistributedDataParallel)
- **Communication**: NCCL
- **Mixed Precision**: BF16 autocast
- **Total Training Time**: ~13.5 hours (all 3 stages)

## Chat Template

The model uses a simple chat template with special tokens:

```
<|user|>
Your message here
<|end|>
<|assistant|>
Model response here
<|end|>
```

### Special Tokens

| Token | ID | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| `<|user|>` | 32000 | Start of user turn |
| `<|assistant|>` | 32001 | Start of assistant turn |
| `<|end|>` | 32002 | End of turn |

## Limitations

- **1.1B parameters** -- smaller models have inherent limitations in reasoning depth and factual accuracy
- Trained on English data only
- May generate plausible-sounding but incorrect information
- The DPO alignment is single-epoch; additional iterations could improve quality
- Not safety-tuned beyond what the UltraFeedback dataset provides

## Training Code

The full training code is open-sourced alongside this model.

```
model/
  config.py          # Model and training hyperparameters
  transformer.py     # Full transformer implementation from scratch
  data.py            # Pretraining data pipeline (FineWeb-Edu)
  sft_data.py        # SFT data pipeline (UltraChat)
  dpo_data.py        # DPO data pipeline (UltraFeedback)
train.py             # Pretraining script (DDP, 8-GPU)
train_sft.py         # SFT script
train_dpo.py         # DPO script
chat.py              # Interactive chat interface
export_to_hf.py      # Export to HuggingFace format
```

## License

Apache 2.0