Question: When was the boundaries of the city last adjusted?

Cities of London and Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)
City of London and the City of Westminster. In introducing the amendment the Home Secretary James Chuter Ede noted that the alterations to the constituencies in Westminster, Chelsea and Kensington had been agreed unanimously at a conference between the Members of Parliament and representatives of the boroughs affected. These changes came into force from the 1950 election. History.:Boundary change proposals. No alteration was made by the First Periodical Report on constituency boundaries in 1954. In the Second Periodical Report in 1969, the Boundary Commission wrote that their initial feelings were that "except for a minor alteration to follow a new ward boundary" they felt that there was "no reason to disturb" the constituency, and they received no objections to this proposal. Westminster City Council later suggested that the

Shenzhen
existed before 2010. The border was known as 二线关 (). The border was set up since the establishment of the SEZ. Initially, the border control was relatively strict, requiring non-Shenzhen citizens to obtain special permissions for entering. Over the years, border controls have gradually weakened, and permission requirement has been abandoned. On 1 July 2010, the original SEZ border control was cancelled, and the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone was expanded to the whole city. The area of Shenzhen SEZ thus increased from to . Since June 2015 the existing unused border structures have been demolished and are being transformed into urban greenspaces and parks. On 15 January 2018, the State Council approved the removal of the barbed wire fence set up to mark the boundary of the SEZ.

Edmonton-Meadows
The western and southern boundaries saw adjustments as well.

Copenhagen Municipality
of government is the Copenhagen City Hall (). The Lord Mayor of Copenhagen is Frank Jensen, since 2010. The relationship between Copenhagen Municipality and the wider city of Copenhagen is one of an administrative unit within a significantly larger city, cf. the City of London or the City of Brussels. In the Middle Ages, Copenhagen was defined as the area enclosed within the city walls. The city centre lies in the area originally defined by the old ramparts, which are still referred to as the Fortification Ring ("Fæstningsringen") and kept as a partial green band around it. In 1856 the ramparts were pulled down allowing for growth and expansion. In 1901 the city expanded to include Amager and Valby, while Frederiksberg became an enclave within the municipality. The

New York City Charter
The New York City Charter is the municipal charter of New York City. As of January 2018, it includes a non-numbered introductory chapter, plus chapters identified by a number (1 through 75) or a number plus a letter suffix. As part of the 1898 consolidation of New York City, the New York State Legislature enacted a charter for the consolidated city (Laws of 1897, chapter 378, effective January 1, 1898). The Charter was overhauled in 1989, after the New York City Board of Estimate had been declared unconstitutional, to redistribute power from the Board of Estimate to the Mayor and City Council. See also. - New York City Administrative Code - New York City Rules

The boundaries of the city were last adjusted in 1969, as noted in the Second Periodical Report by the Boundary Commission.

Answer: The last adjustment to the boundaries of the City of London and Westminster was in 1950. For Shenzhen, the border of the Special Economic Zone was last adjusted on 1 July 2010 when it was expanded to the whole city. Copenhagen Municipality last expanded in 1901 to include Amager and Valby. The New York City Charter was last overhauled in 1989.


Question: What "X-Men" character is the star of the musical biopic "The Greatest Showman" famous for playing?

Hugh Jackman
Hugh Michael Jackman (born 12 October 1968) is an Australian actor, singer, and producer. He is best known for playing Wolverine in the "X-Men" film series from 2000 to 2018, a role for which he holds the Guinness World Record for "longest career as a live-action Marvel superhero". Jackman is also recognised for his lead roles in films such as the romantic comedy "Kate & Leopold" (2001), the action film "Van Helsing" (2004), the drama "The Prestige" (2006), the fantasy drama "The Fountain" (2006), the period romance "Australia" (2008), the film version of "Les Misérables" (2012), the thriller "Prisoners" (2013), and the musical "The Greatest Showman" (2017), for which he received a Grammy Award for Best Soundtrack Album. For playing Jean Valjean in "Les Misérables", he was nominated

The Greatest Showman
The Greatest Showman is a 2017 American musical biographical drama film directed by Michael Gracey in his directorial debut, written by Jenny Bicks and Bill Condon and starring Hugh Jackman, Zac Efron, Michelle Williams, Rebecca Ferguson, and Zendaya. Featuring 9 original songs from Benj Pasek and Justin Paul, the film is inspired by the story of P. T. Barnum's creation of the Barnum & Bailey Circus and the lives of its star attractions. Principal photography began in New York City in November 2016. The film premiered on December 8, 2017, aboard the RMS "Queen Mary 2". It was released in the United States on December 20, 2017, by 20th Century Fox, seven months after Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus ceased to exist, and grossed over $434million

James Marsden
James Paul Marsden (born September 18, 1973) is an American actor, singer and former Versace model. Marsden began his acting career guest-starring in television shows "", "Touched by an Angel," and "Party of Five". He gained prominence with his portrayal of Scott Summers / Cyclops in the "X-Men" film series and starred in 2006's "Superman Returns". In 2016 and 2018, Marsden starred as gunslinger Teddy Flood, a sentient android, in the HBO science fiction-western thriller series "Westworld", as part of the main ensemble. Following his breakthrough in comic book films, Marsden went on to star in various genre films including 2007's "Hairspray" which was a critical and commercial success and won many awards for its ensemble cast. As Corny Collins, he sang two songs for the film's soundtrack

X-Men (film)
X-Men is a 2000 American superhero film directed by Bryan Singer and written by David Hayter from a story by Singer and Tom DeSanto. The film is based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name and features an ensemble cast consisting of Hugh Jackman, Patrick Stewart, Ian McKellen, Halle Berry, Famke Janssen, James Marsden, Bruce Davison, Rebecca Romijn-Stamos, Ray Park, and Anna Paquin. The film depicts a world where a small proportion of people are mutants, whose possession of superhuman powers makes them distrusted by normal humans. It focuses on mutants Wolverine and Rogue as they are brought into a conflict between two groups that have radically different approaches to bringing about the acceptance of mutant-kind: Professor Xavier's X-Men, and the Brotherhood of Mutants, led

Hugh Jackman is famous for playing Wolverine in the "X-Men" film series, and he starred in "The Greatest Showman" as P.T. Barnum.

Answer: Hugh Jackman is famous for playing Wolverine in the X-Men film series, including the musical biopic "The Greatest Showman," for which he also produced.


Question: who wrote mama dont let your babies grow up to be cowboys

Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys
"Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys" is a country music song first recorded by Ed Bruce, written by him and wife Patsy Bruce. His version of the song appears on his 1976 self-titled album for United Artists Records. In late 1975 and early 1976, Bruce's rendition of the song went to number 15 on the Hot Country Singles charts. This song was featured on Chris LeDoux's album released January 20, 1976, "Songbook of the American West", a Volkswagen Passat TDI Clean Diesel commercial, and in the "" , on the fictitious radio station K-Rose. Most recently, it is the title song for Netflix’s "The Ranch", a show about the ups and downs of a family of ranchers in Colorado. Members of the Western Writers

1939 in country music
movement of the 1970s. - October 27 – Dallas Frazier, songwriter best known for "Elvira." - October 27 – Ruby Wright, daughter of Johnnie Wright and Kitty Wells and member of their touring show (died 2009). - December 29 – Ed Bruce, singer-songwriter, best known for writing "Mamas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys." See also. - Western music (North America) Further reading. - Kingsbury, Paul, "Vinyl Hayride: Country Music Album Covers 1947–1989," Country Music Foundation, 2003 () - Millard, Bob, "Country Music: 70 Years of America's Favorite Music," HarperCollins, New York, 1993 () - Whitburn, Joel. "Top Country Songs 1944–2005 – 6th Edition." 2005.

Gibson/Miller Band
Duo or Group. A second album, "Red, White & Blue Collar", was released in 1994. Serving as its lead-off single was a cover of Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson's "Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys"; Gibson/Miller Band's version was also featured in the soundtrack for the 1994 film "The Cowboy Way". "Red, White & Blue Collar" was less successful than its predecessor, however, and the Gibson/Miller Band was dropped from Epic's roster that same year, shortly before disbanding. Both Gibson and Miller continued to record solo, and as backing musicians for other artists. In 1997, Gibson married singer-songwriter Daisy Dern. External links. - Dave Gibson official website - Blue Miller official website

Keiser, Arkansas
About 10.4% of families and 10.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.7% of those under age 18 and 21.8% of those age 65 or over. Education. Public education for elementary and secondary students is provided by the Southern Mississippi County School District, which includes the Southern Mississippi County Elementary School at Keiser. Students graduate from Rivercrest High School located in Wilson. Notable people. • Ed Bruce - country music songwriter and singer. He is known for penning the 1975 song "Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys" • Narvel Felts – country music singer-songwriter (active 1957–1988); recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame

1978 in country music
This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in the year 1978. Events. - March 4 — The Public Broadcasting System (PBS) telecasts the first complete "Grand Ole Opry" show from the new Grand Ole Opry House as it happened from 6–9 pm. The show featured Del Reeves, The Willis Brothers, Billy Grammer, Lonzo and Oscar, Bill Monroe, Porter Wagoner, Roy Acuff, The Crook Brothers, The Fruit Jar Drinkers, Ronnie Milsap, Grandpa Jones, George Hamilton IV and others. The show would run over about 18 minutes the first night. The telecast would repeat from 1979 to 1981. - March 25 — "Mamas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys" by Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson becomes the last song for 12

Answer: Ed Bruce wrote "Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys." However, the most famous version of the song was recorded by Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson.


Question: The plural form of the Latin word datum is?

Data (word)
The word data has generated considerable controversy on whether it is an uncountable noun used with verbs conjugated in the singular, or should be treated as the plural of the now-rarely-used "datum". Usage in English. In one sense, "data" is the plural form of "datum". "Datum" actually can also be a count noun with the plural "datums" (see usage in datum article) that can be used with cardinal numbers (e.g. "80 datums"); "data" (originally a Latin plural) is not used like a normal count noun with cardinal numbers and can be plural with such plural determiners as "these" and "many" or as an uncountable noun with a verb in the singular form. Even when a very small quantity of data is referenced (one number, for example), the phrase

Data
terminology. The first English use of the word "data" is from the 1640s. The word "data" was first used to mean "transmissible and storable computer information" in 1946. The expression "data processing" was first used in 1954. The Latin word "data" is the plural of "datum", "(thing) given," neuter past participle of "dare" "to give". Data may be used as a plural noun in this sense, with some writers—usually scientific writers—in the 20th century using "datum" in the singular and "data" for plural. However, over the course of time this usage has vanished from the English language, and everyday writing, "data" is most commonly used in the singular, as a mass noun (like "information", "sand" or "rain"). Meaning. Data, information, knowledge and wisdom are closely related concepts, but

Datum (disambiguation)
Datum is, from its Latin origin, a singular form of "data", and may refer to a single item of data. Singular data point. - Geodetic datum, a standard position or level that measurements are taken from in geographic surveying - Datum reference, in carpentry, metalworking, needlework, geometric dimensioning and tolerancing - Chart datum, level of water depth on a nautical chart - Datum or datum point, a (possibly arbitrary) reference baseline or point from which scientific measurements are made (from a Latin meaning of "datum" as a "given", i.e. an accepted fact) Publications. - "Datum" (magazine), an Austrian monthly magazine - Omne Datum Optimum ("Every perfect gift"), a papal bull issued by Pope Innocent II in 1139 endorsing the Knights Templar Geography. - Datum Peak, New Zealand -

Double dative
In Latin grammar, a double dative is the combination of a dative of reference with a dative of purpose. A common translation is "As a (dative of purpose) to (dative of reference)." In an example from Caesar ("Gallic War" 7.50): "suis saluti fuit", "he was the salvation of his men", the dative of an abstract noun ("salus" "salvation") expresses purpose while the dative of reference expresses the person or thing affected ("suus", pl. "sui" "his [men]"). The best known example is "Cui bono?" This phrase, taken from Cicero, is usually rendered in English as something like, "Who benefits?", or more literally "To whose advantage?" The double dative construction sounds unnatural if translated literally, "to whom for an advantage", and is better rendered as "to whom as an advantage".

Datum (disambiguation)
Datum (Greece), a city in ancient Macedonia

The plural form of the Latin word "datum" is "data."

Answer: The plural form of the Latin word "datum" is "data".


Question: On what date did the British army arrive on Walcheren?

Walcheren Campaign
The Walcheren Campaign was an unsuccessful British expedition to the Netherlands in 1809 intended to open another front in the Austrian Empire's struggle with France during the War of the Fifth Coalition. Around 40,000 soldiers, 15,000 horses together with field artillery and two siege trains crossed the North Sea and landed at Walcheren on 30July. This was the largest British expedition of that year, larger than the army serving in the Peninsular War in Portugal. The Walcheren Campaign involved little fighting, but heavy losses from the sickness popularly dubbed "Walcheren Fever". Although more than 4,000 British troops died during the expedition, only 106 died in combat; the survivors withdrew on 9December. Background. In July 1809, the British decided to seal the mouth of the Scheldt to prevent the

Walcheren
of Dover, concluded in 1670 between Charles II of England and Louis XIV of France, England was supposed to get possession of Walcheren as well as the isle of Cadzand, as the reward for helping France in the then impending war against the Dutch Republic. In the event, the Dutch resistance - much stronger than anticipated - managed to repulse the French-English attack, and the treaty was not implemented. History.:Napoleonic Wars. Starting on 30 July 1809, a British armed force of 39,000 men landed on Walcheren, the Walcheren Campaign, with a view to assisting the Austrians in their war against Napoleon, and attacking the French fleet moored at Flushing (Vlissingen). The expedition turned into a disaster – although Flushing surrendered the Austrians had already been decisively defeated at

Walcheren Campaign
port of Antwerp being used as a base against them. The primary aim of the campaign was to destroy the French fleet thought to be in Flushing whilst providing a diversion for the hard-pressed Austrians. However, the Battle of Wagram had already occurred before the start of the campaign and the Austrians had effectively already lost the war. John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham commanded the army, whilst Sir Richard Strachan commanded the navy, the full expeditionary force of 37 ships, the greatest which had ever left England, leaving The Downs on 28 July. Commanders included Hugh Downman, Edward Codrington, Amelius Beauclerk, William Charles Fahie, George Cockburn and George Dundas. Campaign. As a first move, the British seized the swampy island of Walcheren at the mouth of river

Walcheren Barracks
of Colours to the 1st Battalion, 52nd Lowland Volunteers. The designation Walcheren, was in recognition of Operation Infatuate, part of the Battle of the Scheldt in which the Glasgow Highlanders of 52nd (Lowland) Division were involved in the capture of Walcheren Island on 8 November 1944. The barracks today forms the base of the headquarters and two companies of 52nd Lowland, 6th Battalion, The Royal Regiment of Scotland, the regular recruitment team for the Royal Highland Fusiliers, 2nd Battalion, The Royal Regiment of Scotland, as well as detachments of the Army Cadet Force and Air Training Corps. Lowland House, headquarters of The Lowland Reserve Forces and Cadets Association is also located at the site.

Thomas Grosvenor (British Army officer)
Field Marshal Thomas Grosvenor (30 May 1764 – 20 January 1851) was a British Army officer. After serving as a junior officer defending the Bank of England during the Gordon Riots he took part in the Flanders Campaign including the retreat into Germany during the French Revolutionary Wars. He served as a brigade commander at the Battle of Copenhagen and was then deployed to Walcheren in the Netherlands where he served as deputy commander of a division led by Sir Eyre Coote during the disastrous Walcheren Campaign. Military career. Military career.:Early career. Born the third son of Thomas Grosvenor (1734–1795) and Deborah Grosvenor (née Skynner), Grosvenor was educated at Westminster School and commissioned into the 1st Foot Guards on 1 October 1779. He was in charge of security

The British army arrived on Walcheren on 30 July 1809.

Answer: The British army arrived on Walcheren on 30 July 1809.


Question: When did the federal war end?

Federal War
was primarily a guerrilla war fought largely without a centralized command for the Federalists, who professed to ride on social resentment. Just three major conventional battles were fought: - The Battle of Santa Inés (10 December 1859), victory of the Federalist forces of Ezequiel Zamora and 3,400 men that defeated the Central Army of 2,300 men, with about 1,200 casualties altogether both sides; - The Battle of Coplé (17 February 1860), victory of the Government forces of General León de Febres Cordero over a Federalist army of 4,500 men, commanded by Juan Crisóstomo Falcón; and - The Battle of Buchivacoa (26–27 December 1862). The hostilities ended with the signing of the Treaty of Coche in April 1863. See also. - Politics of Venezuela External links. - Great War:

Federal War
The Federal War () — also known as the Great War or the Five Year War — was a civil war (1859–1863) in Venezuela between the Conservative party and the Liberal party over the monopoly the Conservatives held over government positions and land ownership, and their intransigence to granting any reforms. This drove the Liberals – known as the "Federalists" – to look for greater autonomy for the provinces: a new federalism for Venezuela, as it were. It was the biggest and bloodiest civil war that Venezuela had since its independence from Spain on 5 July 1811. Hundreds of thousands died in the violence of the war, or from hunger or disease, in a country with a population of just over a million people. Details. The Federal War

List of conflicts in North America
War - 1846–1848 Mexican–American War - 1854–1858 Bleeding Kansas - 1856 Sacking of Lawrence - 1856 Pottawatomie Massacre - October 29, 1859 John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry - 1861–1865 American Civil War - February 11–16, 1862 Battle of Fort Donelson - April 6–7, 1862 Battle of Shiloh - August 28–30, 1862 Second Battle of Bull Run - September 17, 1862 Battle of Antietam - December 31, 1862 – January 2, 1863 Battle of Stones River - April 30 – May 6, 1863 Battle of Chancellorsville - July 1–3, 1863 Battle of Gettysburg - July 13–16, 1863 New York City draft riots - September 19–20, 1863 Battle of Chickamauga - May 5–7, 1864 Battle of the Wilderness - May 8–21, 1864 Battle of Spotsylvania Court House - April

Tariff in United States history
well over a century the federal government was largely financed by tariffs averaging about 20% on foreign imports. Tariffs are now employed, among other cases, in the present trade war with China. Tariff revenues. Tariffs were the main source of all Federal revenue from 1790 to 1914. At the end of the American Civil War in 1865 about 63% of Federal income was generated by the excise taxes, which exceeded the 25.4% generated by tariffs. In 1915 during World War I tariffs generated only 30.1% of revenues. Since 1935 tariff income has continued to be a declining percentage of Federal tax income. Historical trends. After the United States achieved independence in 1783, under the Articles of Confederation, the U.S. federal government, could not collect taxes directly but had

The Federal War ended in April 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche.

Answer: The Federal War in Venezuela ended with the signing of the Treaty of Coche in April 1863.


Question: __ was established after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire.

Ottoman Turks
Caucasus, the Middle East (excluding Iran), and North Africa over the course of several centuries, with an advanced army and navy. The Empire lasted until the end of the First World War, when it was defeated by the Allies and partitioned. Following the successful Turkish War of Independence that ended with the Turkish national movement retaking most of the land lost to the Allies, the movement abolished the Ottoman sultanate on November 1, 1922 and proclaimed the Republic of Turkey on October 29, 1923. The movement nullified the Treaty of Sèvres and negotiated the enormously more favorable Treaty of Lausanne (1923), assuring recognition of modern Turkish national borders, termed "Misak-ı Milli" (National Pact). Not all Ottomans were Muslims and not all Ottoman Muslims were Turks, but by 1923,

History of the Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire was founded by Osman I. As sultan Mehmed II conquered Constantinople (today named Istanbul) in 1453, the state grew into a mighty empire. The Empire reached its apex under Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century when it stretched from the Persian Gulf in the east to Algeria in the west; and from Yemen in the south to Hungary and parts of Ukraine in the north. From 1699 onwards, the Ottoman Empire began to lose territory over the course of the next two centuries due to internal stagnation, costly defensive wars, European colonialism, and nationalist revolts among its multiethnic subjects. The empire came to an end in the aftermath of its defeat by the Allies in World War I. The empire was officially abolished by

Ottoman Empire
by the Allied Powers in the aftermath of World War I resulted in its partitioning and the loss of its Middle Eastern territories, which were divided between the United Kingdom and France. The successful Turkish War of Independence against the occupying Allies led to the emergence of the Republic of Turkey in the Anatolian heartland and the abolition of the Ottoman monarchy. Name. The word "Ottoman" is a historical anglicisation of the name of Osman I, the founder of the Empire and of the ruling House of Osman (also known as the Ottoman dynasty). Osman's name in turn was the Turkish form of the Arabic name "ʿUthmān" (). In Ottoman Turkish, the empire was referred to as "Devlet-i ʿAlīye-yi ʿOsmānīye" (), (literally "The Supreme Ottoman State") or alternatively

Outline of Turkey
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Turkey: Turkey – sovereign Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in Southwest Asia and Thrace (Rumelia) at the southeastern tip of the Balkan Peninsula in Southern Europe. Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic whose political system was established in 1923 under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, following the fall of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I. General reference. - Pronunciation: - Common English country name: Turkey - Official English country name: The Republic of Turkey - Common endonym(s), i.e., in - Official endonym(s): - Adjectival(s): Turkish - Demonym(s): Turks "(in Turkish language: Türkler)" - Etymology: Name of Turkey - International rankings of Turkey - ISO country

Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (; , ', literally "The Exalted Ottoman State"; Modern Turkish: ' or '), historically known to its inhabitants and the Eastern world as Rome (Rûm), and historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire or simply Turkey"', was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt (modern-day Bilecik Province) by the Oghuz Turkish tribal leader Osman I. Although initially the dynasty was of Turkic origin, it was Persianised to some extent in terms of language, culture, and literature. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe, and with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman

The Republic of Turkey was established after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire.

Answer: The Republic of Turkey was established after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I.


Question: How many solutions are needed at minimum to create an alloy?

High entropy alloys
isotope. Definition. There is no universally agreed-upon definition of a HEA. Yeh originally defined HEAs as alloys containing at least 5 elements with concentrations between 5 and 35 atomic percent. Later research however, suggested that this definition could be expanded. Otto et al. suggested that only alloys that form a solid solution with no intermetallic phases should be considered true high-entropy alloys, as the formation of ordered phases decreases the entropy of the system. Some authors have described 4-component alloys as high-entropy alloys while others have suggested that alloys meeting the other requirements of HEAs, but with only 2–4 elements or a mixing entropy between R and 1.5R should be considered "medium-entropy" alloys. Alloy design. In conventional alloy design, one primary element such as iron, copper, or aluminum

High entropy alloys
form a complete solid solution, ΔH should be between -10 and 5 kJ/mol. In addition, Otto et al. found that if the alloy contains any pair of elements that tend to form ordered compounds in their binary system, a multi-component alloy containing them is also likely to form ordered compounds. Both of the thermodynamic parameters can be combined into a single, unitless parameter Ω: where T is the average melting point of the elements in the alloy. Ω should be greater than or equal to 1.1 to promote solid solution development. Alloy design.:Kinetic mechanisms. The atomic radii of the components must also be similar in order to form a solid solution. Zhang et al. proposed a parameter δ representing the difference in atomic radii: where r is the

Solid solution
accordance with the Hume-Rothery rules, may form if the solute and solvent have: - Similar atomic radii (15% or less difference) - Same crystal structure - Similar electronegativities - Similar valency a solid solution mixes with others to form a new solution The phase diagram in "Fig. 1" displays an alloy of two metals which forms a solid solution at all relative concentrations of the two species. In this case, the pure phase of each element is of the same crystal structure, and the similar properties of the two elements allow for unbiased substitution through the full range of relative concentrations. Solid solutions have important commercial and industrial applications, as such mixtures often have superior properties to pure materials. Many metal alloys are solid solutions. Even small amounts

High entropy alloys
is chosen for its properties. Then, small amounts of additional elements are added to improve or add properties. Even among binary alloy systems, there are few common cases of both elements being used in nearly-equal proportions such as Pb-Sn solders. Therefore, much is known from experimental results about phases near the edges of binary phase diagrams and the corners of ternary phase diagrams and much less is known about phases near the centers. In higher-order (4+ components) systems that cannot be easily represented on a 2-dimensional phase diagram, virtually nothing is known. Alloy design.:Phase formation. Gibbs' phase rule, formula_1, can be used to determine an upper bound on the number of phases that will form in an equilibrium system. In his 2004 paper, Cantor created a 20-component alloy

Solid solution strengthening
Solid solution strengthening is a type of alloying that can be used to improve the strength of a pure metal. The technique works by adding atoms of one element (the alloying element) to the crystalline lattice of another element (the base metal), forming a solid solution. The local nonuniformity in the lattice due to the alloying element makes plastic deformation more difficult by impeding dislocation motion. In contrast, alloying beyond the solubility limit can form a second phase, leading to strengthening via other mechanisms (e.g. the precipitation of intermetallic compounds). Types. Depending on the size of the alloying element, a substitutional solid solution or an interstitial solid solution can form. In both cases, the overall crystal structure is essentially unchanged. Substitutional solid solution strengthening occurs when the solute

The minimum number of solutions needed to create an alloy is two.

Answer: To create a high entropy alloy, a minimum of five elements with concentrations between 5 and 35 atomic percent are required. However, the number of solutions needed at minimum to create an alloy depends on the specific alloy design and the formation of phases. Gibbs' phase rule can be used to determine an upper bound on the number of phases that will form in an equilibrium system. In some cases, a single solid solution may be sufficient, while in others multiple phases may form.


Question: Where is the Temple Israel Community Center located?

Temple Israel Center
Temple Israel Center is a traditional, conservative, fully egalitarian congregation located in White Plains, New York. Clergy. Clergy.:Senior rabbi. A native of New York City, Rabbi Gordon Tucker holds the A.B. degree from Harvard University and a Ph.D. (in Philosophy) from Princeton University. He was ordained a Rabbi in 1975 by The Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTSA). Since coming to Temple Israel Center, Rabbi Tucker has worked to strengthen three primary areas of Jewish life: education for all ages, the spirituality of worship, and the obligation to reach out to the less fortunate. Rabbi Tucker joined the faculty of JTSA in 1976 and has taught there continuously ever since. He is currently Adjunct Assistant Professor of Jewish Philosophy. From 1984 to 1992, he was Dean of the

Temple Israel (Tulsa, Oklahoma)
Temple Israel is a Reform Jewish congregation located at 2004 East 22nd Place in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Founded in 1914, the synagogue affiliated with the Union for Reform Judaism in 1915, and constructed its first building on the corner of 14th and Cheyenne Streets in 1919. Early rabbis included Jacob Menkes, Charles Latz, Samuel Kaplan, Jacob Krohngold, and Benjamin Kelsen. In 1932, Temple Israel constructed a new building on South Cheyenne. Rabbis there included Hyman Iola, Abraham Shusterman, Randall Falk, and Morton C. Fierman. In 1955 the congregation moved to its current home, a building on East 22nd Place designed by Percival Goodman. Rabbis serving in this building have included Norbert Rosenthal (1951–1976), Charles Sherman (1976–2013), and Karen and Micah Citrin (2013–2016), Jim Simon (2016-2018), and Michael Weinstein (2018–present).

Temple Israel
Temple Israel may refer to the following synagogues: Canada: - Temple Israel (Ottawa) United States: - Temple Israel of Hollywood (Los Angeles, California) - Temple Israel (Stockton, California) - Temple Israel (Leadville, Colorado) - Temple Israel (Westport, Connecticut) - Temple Israel (Lafayette, Indiana) - Temple Israel (Paducah, Kentucky) - Temple Israel (Boston, Massachusetts) - Temple Israel (West Bloomfield, Michigan) - Temple Israel (Minneapolis, Minnesota) - Congregation Temple Israel (Creve Coeur, Missouri) - Temple Israel of the City of New York - Temple Israel (Charlotte, North Carolina) - Temple Israel (Kinston, North Carolina) - Temple Israel (Columbus, Ohio) - Temple Israel (Dayton, Ohio) - Temple Israel (Tulsa, Oklahoma) - Temple Israel (Memphis, Tennessee) See also. - List of synagogues named Temple Israel - Temple of Israel (disambiguation)

Temple of Israel
Temple of Israel may refer to the following synagogues: - Temple of Israel (Amsterdam, New York) - Temple of Israel Synagogue (Rockaway Beach, New York) - Temple of Israel (Wilmington, North Carolina) See also. - Temple Israel (disambiguation)

Comunidad Israelita de El Salvador
The Comunidad Israelita de El Salvador () is the communal name for the Jewish community of El Salvador. The community is centralized at the synagogue in San Salvador, which is the only synagogue in El Salvador. History. The first synagogue was located in the city center in 1949. Currently, the community center is located in the San Benito, a very exclusive neighborhood of San Salvador. See also. - History of the Jews in El Salvador

The Temple Israel Community Center is located in San Benito, a very exclusive neighborhood of San Salvador, El Salvador.

Answer: The Temple Israel Community Center is located in San Salvador, El Salvador. It is the only synagogue in the Jewish community of El Salvador.


Question: Along with Roger Miller and Barbra Streisand, who was a successful Easy Listening artist in this era?

Adult contemporary music
songs, a move intended to give the stations more mass appeal without selling out. Some stations would also occasionally play earlier big band-era recordings from the 1940s and early 1950s. After 1965, differences between the Hot 100 chart and the Easy Listening chart became more pronounced. Better reflecting what middle of the road stations were actually playing, the composition of the chart changed dramatically. As rock music continued to harden, there was much less crossover between the Hot 100 and Easy Listening chart than there had been in the early half of the 1960s. Roger Miller, Barbra Streisand and Bobby Vinton were among the chart's most popular performers. One big impetus for the development of the AC radio format was that, when rock and roll music first became

Roger Miller
Roger Dean Miller (January 2, 1936 – October 25, 1992) was an American singer-songwriter, musician, and actor, widely known for his honky-tonk-influenced novelty songs and his chart-topping country and pop hits "King of the Road", "Dang Me", and "England Swings", all from the mid-1960s Nashville sound era. After growing up in Oklahoma and serving in the United States Army, Miller began his musical career as a songwriter in the late 1950s, writing such hits as "Billy Bayou" and "Home" for Jim Reeves and "Invitation to the Blues" for Ray Price. He later began a recording career and reached the peak of his fame in the mid-1960s, continuing to record and tour into the 1990s, charting his final top 20 country hit "Old Friends" with Willie Nelson in 1982.

Roger Miller
- Roger Miller interview on the Pop Chronicles

Barbra Streisand
and youngest new star. Groucho Marx, while hosting the "Tonight Show", told her that twenty was an "extremely young age to be a success on Broadway." Streisand received a Tony nomination and New York Drama Critic's prize for Best Supporting Actress. The show was recorded and it was the first time the public could purchase an album of her singing. Career beginnings.:Television appearances, marriage and first albums. Streisand's first television appearance was on "The Tonight Show", then credited to its usual host Jack Paar. She was seen during an April 1961 episode on which Orson Bean substituted for Paar. She sang Harold Arlen's "A Sleepin' Bee". During her appearance, Phyllis Diller, also a guest on the show, called her "one of the great singing talents in the world."

Frank Miller (singer)
Frank Miller (July 29, 1918 – December 15, 2015) was an American singer and songwriter. He was born in Brooklyn, New York. As part of a group called The Easy Riders, Dehr and Miller accompanied Gilkyson on the best-selling recording of "Marianne" in 1956. Subsequently, Miller, Jerry Yester, and Doug Myres formed another Easy Riders group. His wife Juanita died in 2005 at the age of 81. Miller died in Durham, North Carolina in December 2015 at the age of 97. Links. - Frank Miller signing an autograph in 2009

Answer: Frank Miller was also a successful Easy Listening artist during this era. He was part of the group The Easy Riders and had chart success with their recording of "Marianne" in 1956. Later, he formed another Easy Riders group and continued to have a career in the music industry.


Question: Which type of creature can reputedly uniquely disguise itself as at least fifteen different species in defensive camouflage?

Mimic octopus
The mimic octopus ("Thaumoctopus mimicus") is an Indo-Pacific species of octopus capable of impersonating other local species. They are notable for being able to change their skin color and texture in order to blend in with their environment, such as algae-encrusted rock and nearby coral through pigment sacs known as chromatophores. The mimic octopus possesses chromatophores as well as the unique behavior of taking shape of various objects and animals. The mimic octopus is the only currently known marine animal to be able to mimic such a wide variety of animals. Many animals can imitate a different species to avoid or intimidate predators, but the mimic octopus is the only one that can imitate as diverse a range of forms in order to elude predators. Origin and discovery.

Red-faced spinetail
predators by camouflage or "masquerade".

Deception in animals
the target's field of vision. Camouflage.:Mimesis. Katydids have evolved a wide range of camouflage adaptations so their body colouring and shape match entire leaves, half-eaten leaves, dying leaves, leaves with bird droppings, sticks, twigs, and tree bark. Other well-known mimetic animals include beetles, mantids, caterpillars, moths, snakes, lizards, frogs, and fish. A well known response of cephalopods when threatened is to release large volumes of ink. Some cephalopods also release pseudomorphs ("false bodies"); smaller clouds of ink with a greater mucus content, which allows them to hold their shape for longer. These are expelled slightly away from the cephalopod; they are roughly the same volume and look like the cephalopod that released them. Predators have often been seen attacking a pseudomorph, allowing the cephalopod to escape. Camouflage.:Active camouflage.

Mimicry in vertebrates
In evolutionary biology, mimicry in vertebrates is mimicry by a vertebrate of some model (an animal, not necessarily a vertebrate), deceiving some other animal, the dupe. Mimicry differs from camouflage as it is meant to be seen, while animals use camouflage to remain hidden. Visual, olfactory, auditory, biochemical, and behavioral modalities of mimicry have been documented in vertebrates. There are few well-studied examples of mimicry in vertebrates. Still, many of the basic types of mimicry apply to vertebrates, especially among snakes. Batesian mimicry is rare among vertebrates but found in some reptiles (particularly snakes) and amphibians. Müllerian mimicry is found in some snakes, birds, amphibians, and fish. Aggressive mimicry is known in some vertebrate predators and parasites, while certain forms of sexual mimicry are distinctly more complex than

Deception in animals
This adaptation functions to deceive prey as to the source of an attack. Camouflage. Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or behaviour that helps to conceal an animal by making it hard to see (crypsis) or by disguising it as something else (mimesis). Camouflage.:Crypsis. There are several methods of achieving crypsis. These include, resemblance to the surroundings, disruptive coloration, eliminating shadow, self-decoration, cryptic behaviour, motion camouflage, changeable skin appearance, countershading, counter-illumination, transparency, and silvering to reflect the environment. Many species are cryptically colored to resemble their surroundings. For example, "Uroplatus" geckos can be almost completely invisible, even to a nearby observer. Similarly, the katydids, a group of grasshopper-like insects found worldwide, are nocturnal and use their cryptic coloration to remain unnoticed during the day.

The mimic octopus can reputedly uniquely disguise itself as at least fifteen different species in defensive camouflage.

Answer: The mimic octopus is a creature that can reputedly disguise itself as at least fifteen different species in defensive camouflage.


Question: The Elgin Marbles, currently in the British Museum, came from which building?

Greece–United Kingdom relations
between Greece and the United Kingdom.:Elgin Marbles. A source of tension between the UK and the Greece is the dispute over the ownership of the Elgin Marbles, a collection of Classical Greek marble sculptures, inscriptions and architectural pieces that originally were part of the temple of Parthenon and other buildings on the Acropolis of Athens. Thomas Bruce, the 7th Earl of Elgin was given written permission by the then government of Greece to remove the Marbles between 1801 and 1812 and transported them by sea to Great Britain. In Britain, the acquisition of the collection was supported by many, while others likened Elgin's actions to vandalism. The Marbles are currently held in the collection of the British Museum. After gaining its independence from the Ottoman Empire, Greece began

Elgin Marbles
The Parthenon Marbles (Greek: Γλυπτά του Παρθενώνα) also known as the Elgin Marbles (), are a collection of Classical Greek marble sculptures made under the supervision of the architect and sculptor Phidias and his assistants. They were originally part of the temple of the Parthenon and other buildings on the Acropolis of Athens. From 1801 to 1812, agents of Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin removed about half of the surviving sculptures of the Parthenon, as well as sculptures from the Propylaea and Erechtheum. The Marbles were transported by sea to Britain. Elgin later claimed to have obtained in 1801 an official decree (a firman) from the Sublime Porte, the central government of the Ottoman Empire which were then the rulers of Greece. This firman has not been

Gloucester House, London
Gloucester House is a building at 137 Piccadilly, London, on the corner of Old Park Lane. The first house was built early in the reign of George III, and was where Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin briefly exhibited the Parthenon Marbles before selling them to the Crown, who now hold them in the British Museum. It was occupied by Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh from 1816 until his death in 1834, after which it was occupied by Prince George, Duke of Cambridge. The house was demolished in 1904 following the Duke of Cambridge's death. It was rebuilt as a luxury residence. The first Hard Rock Cafe opened here in 1971. References. Citations Sources

Marble
symbol of tradition and refined taste. Its extremely varied and colorful patterns make it a favorite decorative material, and it is often imitated in background patterns for computer displays, etc. Places named after the stone include Marblehead, Massachusetts; Marblehead, Ohio; Marble Arch, London; the Sea of Marmara; India's Marble Rocks; and the towns of Marble, Minnesota; Marble, Colorado; Marble Falls, Texas, and Marble Hill, Manhattan, New York. The Elgin Marbles are marble sculptures from the Parthenon in Athens that are on display in the British Museum. They were brought to Britain by the Earl of Elgin. Artificial marble. Marble dust is combined with cement or synthetic resins to make "reconstituted" or "cultured marble". The appearance of marble can be simulated with faux marbling, a painting technique that imitates

British Museum
The British Museum, in the Bloomsbury area of London, United Kingdom, is a public institution dedicated to human history, art and culture. Its permanent collection of some eight million works is among the largest and most comprehensive in existence, having been widely sourced during the era of the British Empire. It documents the story of human culture from its beginnings to the present. It was the first public national museum in the world. The British Museum was established in 1753, largely based on the collections of the Irish physician and scientist Sir Hans Sloane. It first opened to the public in 1759, in Montagu House, on the site of the current building. Its expansion over the following 250 years was largely a result of expanding British colonisation and

The Elgin Marbles came from the Parthenon.

Answer: The Elgin Marbles come from the Parthenon in Athens, Greece.


Question: What nations allow the withold of the royal assent?

Royal assent
Royal assent is the method by which a monarch formally approves an act of the legislature (either directly, or through an official acting on the monarch's behalf). In some jurisdictions, royal assent is equivalent to promulgation, while in others that is a separate step. Under a modern constitutional monarchy royal assent is considered to be little more than a formality; even in those nations which still, in theory, permit the monarch to withhold assent to laws (such as the United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein), the monarch almost never does so, save in a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government. While the power to veto a law by withholding royal assent was once exercised often by European monarchs, such an occurrence has been very rare

Royal assent
been approved by the required percentage of the voting populace at a referendum. United Kingdom.:Development. While royal assent has not been withheld for a Bill backed by the Government in the United Kingdom since 1708, it has often been withheld in British colonies and former colonies by governors acting on royal instructions. In the United States Declaration of Independence, colonists complained that George III "has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good [and] has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them." Even after colonies such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South

Royal assent
to measures has now been delegated to the lieutenant governor. A Measure does not require "promulgation". United Kingdom.:Historical development.:British overseas territories. The governors (or the acting governors) of British overseas territories grant, withhold, or formally refuse the grant of their own "Governor's assent", under their own official personal authority as governors, for "colonial" or local legislation. Although the governor's assent is also normally granted, this is altogether different in nature to the royal assent. United Kingdom.:Other Commonwealth realms. In Commonwealth realms other than the UK, royal assent is granted or withheld either by the realm's sovereign or, more frequently, by the representative of the sovereign, the governor-general. In federated realms, assent in each state or province is granted or withheld by the representatives of the sovereign. In Australia,

Parliament of Canada
fails. Once the bill is passed in identical form by both houses, it is presented for Royal Assent; in theory, the Governor General has three options: he or she may grant Royal Assent, thereby making the bill into law; withhold Royal Assent, thereby vetoing the bill; or reserve the bill for the signification of the Queen's pleasure, which allows the sovereign to personally grant or withhold assent. If the Governor General does grant Royal Assent, the monarch may, within two years, disallow the bill, thus annulling the law in question. In the federal sphere, no bill has ever been denied royal approval. In conformity with the British model, only the House of Commons may originate bills for the imposition of taxes or for the appropriation of Crown funds.

Royal assent
thanks her loyal subjects, accepts their benevolence and assents to these bills." The governor general or his or her deputy then depart parliament. Other countries. In some monarchies—such as Belgium, Denmark, Japan, Malaysia, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, and Thailand—promulgation is required as well as royal assent. In Sweden, however, the monarch is since 1975 removed from the process and the Government (i.e the cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister) officially promulgates laws. In both cases, however, the process of assent and promulgation is usually a formality, whether by constitutional convention or by an explicit provision of the constitution. Other countries.:Belgium. According to Article 109 of the constitution: "The King "sanctions" and "promulgates" laws". In Belgium, the royal assent is called "sanction royale" / "koninklijke bekrachtiging" (Royal Sanction), and

The nations that allow the withholding of royal assent are the United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein.

Answer: The nations that allow the monarch to withhold the royal assent are the United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein. However, in practice, the monarch in these countries rarely exercises this power.


Question: The closing ceremony of the 2015 Pan American Games took place on Sunday which date, beginning at 8:00 p.m. EDT at Rogers Centre, a multi-purpose stadium in Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, situated just southwest of the CN Tower near the northern shore of Lake Ontario?

2015 Pan American Games closing ceremony
The closing ceremony of the 2015 Pan American Games took place on Sunday July 26, 2015, beginning at 8:00 p.m. EDT at the Rogers Centre (Pan Am Dome) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The closing ceremony was produced and directed jointly by three companies B5C Productions, BaAM Productions and FiveCurrents. The tickets for the ceremony ranged between and . Production. In 2014 Live Nation was announced as a sponsor of the games; organizers stated that the company would leverage its resources to invite Canadian and international acts to perform at the ceremony. On July 15, 2015, organizers confirmed that American hip-hop artist Kanye West would headline the closing ceremony, joined by Pitbull and Serena Ryder. The announcement of West's participation was controversial, as critics and others believed that the

2015 Pan American Games opening ceremony
The opening ceremony of the 2015 Pan American Games took place on Friday July 10, 2015, beginning at 8:00 p.m. EDT at the Rogers Centre (Pan Am Dome) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The opening ceremony was produced and directed by Cirque du Soleil. The production was the largest event produced by the company ever, and cost approximately $30 million CAD to produce. An audience of 45,000 were in attendance at the venue (sold out crowd). There were 625 performers from 25 nationalities. The tickets for the ceremony ranged between and . It was later announced in January 2015 that tickets to the ceremony were sold out. Synopsis. The cultural segments of this opening ceremony were themed around the journey and aspirations of an athlete, from their dreams, to

2015 Pan American Games
as the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. The opening and closing ceremonies were held at Rogers Centre (renamed "Pan-Am Dome" due to sponsorship rules). Some of the competition venues in the Toronto area included BMO Field (renamed "Exhibition Stadium" due to sponsorship rules), the Pan Am/Parapan Am Fields, the Enercare Centre and the Toronto Pan Am Sports Centre. Competition venues outside the city of Toronto included Tim Hortons Field, Hershey Centre, Markham Pan Am Centre in Markham, the GM Centre in Oshawa, and the Royal Canadian Henley Rowing Course in St. Catharines. Development and preparation.:Financing. The Toronto 2015 Organizing Committee and three jurisdictions of government were to spend about million in upgrading and building new venues in the region. An additional million was to be spent in operating

2019 Pan American Games closing ceremony
The closing ceremony of the 2019 Pan American Games will take place on Sunday August 11, 2019 at the Estadio Nacional del Perú in Lima, Peru. Program. The ODPEA will handover by Jorge Muñoz Wells to Karla Rubilar Barahona, Mayor of Santiago per protocol for the next Pan American Games in 2023. Anthems. - – National Anthem of Peru - Instrumental Version – Anthem of ODEPA - – National Anthem of Chile

Rogers Centre
was renamed "Rogers Centre" following the purchase of the stadium by Rogers Communications, which also owned the Toronto Blue Jays, in 2005. The venue was noted for being the first stadium to have a fully retractable motorized roof, as well as for the 348-room hotel attached to it with 70 rooms overlooking the field. It is also the last North American major-league stadium built to accommodate both football and baseball. The stadium served as the site of both the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2015 Pan American Games. During the ceremonies, the site was referred to as the "Pan Am Dome" (officially as the "Pan Am Ceremonies Venue") instead of its official name; Rogers Communications did not have sponsorship rights to the games. History. SkyDome, called Rogers

The closing ceremony of the 2015 Pan American Games took place on Sunday, July 26, 2015.

Answer: The closing ceremony of the 2015 Pan American Games took place on Sunday, July 26, beginning at 8:00 p.m. EDT at Rogers Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.


Question: Do amphibians and reptiles maintain a constant body temperature?

Italian crested newt
metabolic activity. Newts are also greatly restricted in metabolic activities due to their anaerobic lifestyles, and because of this newts do not seem to meet their metabolic threshold. This cannot be fully determined due to their secretive lifestyle. Thermoregulation and metabolism.:Description of adaptations involved in temperature regulation.:Specialized organs or anatomy that relate to heat exchange. Amphibians and reptiles are poikilotherms, and as such are dependent upon external heat sources to regulate their body temperature, and unlike homeotherms do not actively maintain a constant internal body temperature. The main organ involved in amphibians’ heat loss and gain from the environment is their skin (Shoemaker, VH). Newts keep their integument permanently moist, and transitioning between terrestrial and aquatic habitats with such a good conductor of heat allows them to maintain

Poikilotherm
A poikilotherm () is an animal whose internal temperature varies considerably. It is the opposite of a homeotherm, an animal which maintains thermal homeostasis. While the term in principle can apply to all organisms, it is generally only applied to animals, and mostly to vertebrates. Usually the fluctuations are consequence of variation in the ambient environmental temperature. Many terrestrial ectotherms are poikilothermic. However some ectotherms remain in temperature-constant environments to the point that they are actually able to maintain a constant internal temperature (i.e. are homeothermic). It is this distinction that often makes the term "poikilotherm" more useful than the vernacular "cold-blooded", which is sometimes used to refer to ectotherms more generally. Poikilothermic animals include types of vertebrate animals, specifically some fish, amphibians, and reptiles, as well as

Elongated tortoise
in cold climates. Those exported to Europe and North America for the pet trade usually suffer, and soon die, if they are not given special indoor care. They also require a constant water source, for bathing and drinking. Being reptiles, which cannot control their body temperature internally, they require a varied area in which they can access both sun and shade. This allows them to move around and thus to regulate and maintain their body temperature constant. Further reading. - Blyth, E. 1854 Notices and descriptions of various reptiles, new or little-known. Part I. J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 22 [1853]: 639–655 - Gray, J.E. 1857 Notice of some Indian tortoises (including the description of a new species presented to the British Museum by Professor Oldham). Ann. Mag. Nat.

Ectotherm
An ectotherm (from the Greek ἐκτός ("ektós") "outside" and θερμός ("thermós") "hot"), is an organism in which internal physiological sources of heat are of relatively small or quite negligible importance in controlling body temperature. Such organisms (for example frogs) rely on environmental heat sources, which permit them to operate at very economical metabolic rates. Some of these animals live in environments where temperatures are practically constant, as is typical of regions of the abyssal ocean and hence can be regarded as homeothermic ectotherms. In contrast, in places where temperature varies so widely as to limit the physiological activities of other kinds of ectotherms, many species habitually seek out external sources of heat or shelter from heat; for example, many reptiles regulate their body temperature by basking in the

Thermoregulation
occurs in hot periods to allow animals to avoid high temperatures and desiccation. Both terrestrial and aquatic invertebrate and vertebrates enter into estivation. Examples include lady beetles ("Coccinellidae"), North American desert tortoises, crocodiles, salamanders, cane toads, and the water-holding frog. Daily torpor occurs in small endotherms like bats and hummingbirds, which temporarily reduces their high metabolic rates to conserve energy. Variation in animals. Variation in animals.:Normal human temperature. Previously, average oral temperature for healthy adults had been considered , while normal ranges are to . In Poland and Russia, the temperature had been measured axillary. 36.6 °C was considered "ideal" temperature in these countries, while normal ranges are 36 °C to 36.9 °C. Recent studies suggest that the average temperature for healthy adults is (same result in three

No, amphibians and reptiles do not maintain a constant body temperature. They are poikilotherms, meaning their internal temperature varies with the environment.

Answer: No, amphibians and reptiles are poikilothermic animals, meaning their internal body temperature varies with the environment. They rely on external heat sources to regulate their body temperature. The main organ involved in heat exchange for amphibians is their skin, which they keep permanently moist. Reptiles, like elongated tortoises, require access to both sun and shade to move around and regulate their body temperature.


Question: Leonard Rossiter and Joan Collins advertised what drink in the 1970s?

Leonard Rossiter
ten commercials for Cinzano. The iconic series of adverts was created by film director Alan Parker and, at Rossiter's suggestion, used an old music hall joke where he spills a drink over his wife (played by Joan Collins). In the Channel 4 programme "The 100 Greatest TV Ads" (2000) Terry Lovelock, the director of two of the commercials, said that Rossiter used to refer jokingly to Collins as "The Prop". In the animated adaptation of "The Perishers" (1978) Rossiter provided the voice for Boot the dog. He reprised Rigsby for a film version of "Rising Damp" in 1980, thus achieving the distinction of playing the same role on stage, television and film. His last television role was as the supermarket manager in another ITV sitcom, "Tripper's Day" (1984).

Cinzano
placed it a distant second to Martini. As a result of a 1997 merger, Grand Metropolitan became Diageo; two years later, Diageo sold Cinzano to the privately held Gruppo Campari. The Cinzano bicycling team had a central role in the film "Breaking Away". Advertising. Cinzano was well known in Britain for its humorous television advertisements featuring Leonard Rossiter and Joan Collins. One of these featured the pair on a plane journey, with Rossiter accidentally hitting the "recline" switch on Collins chair, causing her to spill a glass of the drink over herself. In popular culture. In popular culture.:In film. The Cinzano logo can be seen in the background during the celebration after Michael marries Apollonia Vitelli in Sicily (The Godfather 1972). The tractor trailer followed by Dave in

Joan Collins
Star" by Eddie Sanderson, Hodder & Stoughton (1987) - "Inside Joan Collins: A Biography" by Jay David, Carroll & Graf Publishers, Inc. (1988) - "Hollywood Sisters: Jackie and Joan Collins" by Susan Crimp and Patricia Burstein, St. Martin's Press (1989) - "Joan Collins: The Biography of an Icon" by Graham Lord, Orion (2007) TV commercials. In the early 1950s, Collins appeared as a teenager in a Gas Board commercial. In 1978, she began appearing alongside Leonard Rossiter in a very popular series of Cinzano TV commercials in which the drink was inevitably spilled down her dress. One of these was included among Top 100 British commercials in a poll by Channel 4. In the early 1980s, Collins appeared in television commercials and magazine advertisements for British Airways, in

Fearless (1978 film)
Poliziotto senza paura (internationally titled Fearless, "Fearless Fuzz", "Magnum Cop" and "Fatal Charm") is a 1978 Italian "poliziottesco" film directed by Stelvio Massi. The film is set in Vienna. Maurizio Merli stars in this crime drama from the late seventies. He had made several international movies including some in Hollywood and Pinewood Studios but was best remembered for starring in these types of Films. In an interview from 1979 he stated that working with Joan Collins was great fun and that not only was she very professional and easy to work with but that his favorite drink was Chinzano, especially poignant because Joan and Leonard Rossiter would star in a long running series of commercials for that brand of spiced Italian wines. At the time the Film was

Lilt
Lilt is a brand of soft drink manufactured by The Coca-Cola Company and sold in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Gibraltar, and the Seychelles only. During the 1970s and 1980s, Lilt was promoted with the advertising slogan, "the totally tropical taste". Between 2008 and 2014, the Coca Cola company reduced the number of calories in the soda by 56% as part of its efforts to make healthier products in response to the British Government’s Public Health Responsibility Deal. One advertisement in the late 1980s featured the "Lilt Man", a parody of a milkman, delivering Lilt in a "Lilt float", with a song bearing the lyrics "here comes the Lilt Man". In the late 1990s it was heavily promoted with advertisements featuring two Jamaican women, Blanche Williams and Hazel Palmer.

Answer: Leonard Rossiter and Joan Collins advertised Cinzano, an Italian spiced wine, in the 1970s.


Question: The Original of Laura, an incomplete novel by which Russian author was published 32 years after his death?

The Original of Laura
The Original of Laura is an incomplete novel by Vladimir Nabokov, which he was writing at the time of his death in 1977. It was finally published, after 30 years of private debate, on November 17, 2009. Nabokov had requested that the work be destroyed upon his death, but his family hesitated to carry out his wish to destroy an incomplete but perhaps important literary work. Over the next years its contents were viewed only by Nabokov's son, wife, and a few scholars. In April 2008, Nabokov's son Dmitri Nabokov announced plans to publish the work, in what BBC2 late night news programme "Newsnight" later said was "likely to be the literary event of 2009." Upon publication, however, critical response was strongly negative, with commenters lambasting the quality

Eugene Onegin
Eugene Onegin (pre-reform Russian: ; post-reform ) is a novel in verse written by Alexander Pushkin. "Onegin" is considered a classic of Russian literature, and its eponymous protagonist has served as the model for a number of Russian literary heroes (so-called "superfluous men"). It was published in serial form between 1825 and 1832. The first complete edition was published in 1833, and the currently accepted version is based on the 1837 publication. Almost the entire work is made up of 389 fourteen-line stanzas (5,446 lines in all) of iambic tetrameter with the unusual rhyme scheme "", where the uppercase letters represent feminine rhymes while the lowercase letters represent masculine rhymes. This form has come to be known as the "Onegin stanza" or the "Pushkin sonnet." The innovative rhyme

Ivan Turgenev
Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (; ; September 3, 1883) was a Russian novelist, short story writer, poet, playwright, translator and popularizer of Russian literature in the West. His first major publication, a short story collection entitled "A Sportsman's Sketches" (1852), was a milestone of Russian realism, and his novel "Fathers and Sons" (1862) is regarded as one of the major works of 19th-century fiction. Life. Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev was born in Oryol (modern-day Oryol Oblast, Russia) to noble Russian parents Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev (1793–1834), a colonel in the Russian cavalry who took part in the Patriotic War of 1812, and Varvara Petrovna Turgeneva (née Lutovinova; 1787–1850). His father belonged to an old, but impoverished Turgenev family of Tula aristocracy that traces its history to the 15th century when a

Vladimir Nabokov
Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov (; , also known by the pen name Vladimir Sirin (); 2 July 1977) was a Russian-born American novelist, poet, translator and entomologist. His first nine novels were in Russian (1926–38), but he achieved international prominence after he began writing English prose. Nabokov's "Lolita" (1955) was ranked fourth in the list of the Modern Library 100 Best Novels in 2007; "Pale Fire" (1962) was ranked 53rd on the same list; and his memoir, "Speak, Memory" (1951), was listed eighth on publisher Random House's list of the 20th century's greatest nonfiction. He was a finalist for the National Book Award for Fiction seven times. Nabokov was also an expert lepidopterist and composer of chess problems. Life and career. Life and career.:Russia. Nabokov was born on 22

Ayn Rand
Ayn Rand (; born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum; – March 6, 1982) was a Russian-American writer and philosopher. She is known for her two best-selling novels, "The Fountainhead" and "Atlas Shrugged", and for developing a philosophical system she named Objectivism. Educated in Russia, she moved to the United States in 1926. She had a play produced on Broadway in 1935 and 1936. After two early novels that were initially unsuccessful, she achieved fame with her 1943 novel, "The Fountainhead". In 1957, Rand published her best-known work, the novel "Atlas Shrugged". Afterward, she turned to non-fiction to promote her philosophy, publishing her own periodicals and releasing several collections of essays until her death in 1982. Rand advocated reason as the only means of acquiring knowledge and rejected faith and religion.

Answer: Vladimir Nabokov


Question: What did Oberhauser call himself after he faked his death?

Jarmil Burghauser
Jarmil Michael Burghauser (born Jarmil Michael Mokrý, October 21, 1921, PísekFebruary 19, 1997, Prague) was a Czech composer, conductor, and musicologist. After the short-lived Prague Spring, he incurred the disfavor of his country's Communist regime and had to adopt the pseudonym Michal Hájků in order to write a series of compositions in a style which evoked earlier periods of music, called "Storie apocrifa della musica Boema". The works of Antonín Dvořák are commonly referred to today (as an alternative to the often confusing or absent opus numbers) by their Burghauser numbers, based on an authoritative chronological catalog Burghauser prepared of Dvořák's œuvre. Dvořák's pieces were not published in the order he wrote them, and his publisher gave his works opus numbers corresponding to publishing date. Burghauser has helped

Klaus Schulze
for collaborative and less electronic albums, with known or unknown guest musicians performing along Schulze's synths. The pseudonym's etymology stems from Schulze's love for Richard Wagner: - Richard, evidently from Wagner's first name. Richard is also the name of Schulze's first son. - Wahnfried ("Peace from delusion and/or madness", in German), from the name Wagner gave to his villa in Bayreuth (and where he was later buried). In his 1975 album "Timewind" (four years before the first alias use), Schulze had already named a track "Wahnfried 1883" (in reference to Wagner's death and burial in his Wahnfried's garden in 1883). The other track on "Timewind" is called "Bayreuth Return". After 1993, the albums are simply credited to "Wahnfried", and namedrop Schulze ("featuring Klaus Schulze", "Produced by Klaus Schulze").

Political decoy
a return to the infantry. Political decoys in history.:Adolf Hitler/unknown (?–1945). Adolf Hitler is known to have employed at least one double, Gustav Weler. British surgeon and historical writer W. Hugh Thomas reported in his 1996 book "Doppelgangers" that Gustav Weler was found alive after the war and that Allied troops interviewed Weler following Hitler's death. Political decoys in history.:Heinrich Himmler/unknown (?–1945). Hugh Thomas claims that the man who committed suicide after his capture in Lüneburg in May 1945, was not in fact Heinrich Himmler. Thomas's book on this subject, "SS-1: The Unlikely Death of Heinrich Himmler", sets out the alleged deception in great detail. This theory is not generally accepted by historians. Political decoys in history.:Joseph Stalin/"Rashid"/Felix Dadaev (1940s–50s). Soviet leader Joseph Stalin is alleged to have

Last man
The last man () is a term used by the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche in "Thus Spoke Zarathustra" to describe the antithesis of his imagined superior being, the "Übermensch", whose imminent appearance is heralded by Zarathustra. The last man is tired of life, takes no risks, and seeks only comfort and security. The last man's first appearance is in "Zarathustra's Prologue." According to Nietzsche, the last man is the goal that modern society and Western civilization have apparently set for themselves. After having unsuccessfully attempted to get the populace to accept the "Übermensch" as the goal of society, Zarathustra confronts them with a goal so disgusting that he assumes that it will revolt them. Zarathustra fails in this attempt, and instead of repelling and manipulating the populace into pursuing

Ulenspiegel (magazine)
Satirical name. "Ulenspiegel" was a leftist-oriented political satire magazine in the tradition of "Simplicissimus" and other classic humor and satire publications and was a precursor of later magazines, such as "Pardon", "Titanic", and "Eulenspiegel". Called "one of the most important satirical journals of the postwar period", it was named after Till Eulenspiegel, a popular jester and hero from German folklore. His name is both innocuous and indicative of his character. In High German, "Eulenspiegel" means "owl mirror", but he respected no authority and played practical jokes, thus acting out the Plattdeutsch version of his name: "ulen", "to sweep" or "clean", and "Spiegel", which is hunter's jargon for "hind parts" or "backside", so that in the original Plattdeutsch, his surname means "wipe my ass", in essence, "kiss my ass".

The question contains a typo or confusion, as there is no mention of "Oberhauser" in the provided text. However, if the question refers to "Klaus Schulze," he used the pseudonym "Wahnfried" after 1993. If "Oberhauser" is a different individual, there is no information provided about him.

Answer: Michal Hájků (for Jarmil Burghauser) and Wahnfried (for Klaus Schulze) are pseudonyms that they used after they faked their identities, respectively. There is no information provided in the text about what name Oberhauser called himself after he faked his death.


Question: when did season 2 of series of unfortunate events come out

Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events
the series. "A Series of Unfortunate Events" season two was released on March 30, 2018, which contains 10 episodes, adapting books five through nine of the novel series. The third and final season was released on January 1, 2019 and adapts the four remaining books in seven episodes. Video game. A video game based on the books and film (more so the film, as the name and many plot elements seen in the movie but not the book are seen) was released in 2004 by Adrenium Games and Activision for the PlayStation 2, GameCube, Xbox, Game Boy Advance, and the PC as "Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events". The player plays as all three orphans at points in the game, and encounters characters such as Mr. Poe,

A Series of Unfortunate Events (TV series)
eight episodes of the first season of "A Series of Unfortunate Events" were released worldwide on Netflix on January 13, 2017, in Ultra HD 4K. The second season was released on March 30, 2018. The third season was released on January 1, 2019. Release.:Marketing. On July 5, 2015 a video titled "An Unfortunate Teaser" was uploaded to YouTube by a user named "Eleanora Poe". Netflix quickly released a statement saying "This was not released from Netflix." Media outlets were almost unanimous in agreement that the trailer was fan-made. However, Caitlin Petrakovitz of CNET argued that the trailer may be real and that Netflix's carefully worded denial was a marketing campaign, noting the user name "Eleanora Poe" being the same as a character from the series, and that a

A Series of Unfortunate Events
cover the first four books, was released worldwide on Netflix on January 13, 2017. "A Series of Unfortunate Events" was renewed for a second season, which was released on March 30, 2018, and consisted of ten episodes that adapt books five through nine of the novel series. The television series was also renewed for a third and final season, which was released on January 1, 2019, consisting of seven episodes that adapted the final four books. The last book, "The End", was adapted into one episode instead of the standard two episodes. In other media.:Film. "Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events" is a film adaptation of the first three titles in the series, mixing the various events and characters into one story. It was released on December

A Series of Unfortunate Events (TV series)
gain control of the vast Baudelaire inheritance before the children come of age. Along the way, the Baudelaires discover their parents' connections to an elusive secret society. The first season, which premiered on January 13, 2017, consists of eight episodes and adapts the first four books of the series. The second season was ordered in March 2017 and released on March 30, 2018, consisting of ten episodes and adapting books five through nine. The third and final season, which was announced in April 2017 and released on January 1, 2019, consists of seven episodes and adapts the remaining four books. All three seasons have received positive reviews, with critics commending its production design, writing, faithfulness to the books and the performances of its cast, particularly Harris as Count

A Series of Unfortunate Events (TV series)
Episodes.:Season 1 (2017). The first season adapts the first four books of the novel series: "The Bad Beginning", "The Reptile Room", "The Wide Window" and "The Miserable Mill". Episodes.:Season 2 (2018). The second season adapts books five through nine of the novel series: "The Austere Academy", "The Ersatz Elevator", "The Vile Village", "The Hostile Hospital", and "The Carnivorous Carnival". Episodes.:Season 3 (2019). The third season adapts the final four books of the novel series in seven episodes: "The Slippery Slope", "The Grim Grotto", "The Penultimate Peril", and "The End", with the final book being adapted as a single episode. Production. Production.:Development. The thirteen "A Series of Unfortunate Events" novels, written by Daniel Handler under the pen name Lemony Snicket from 1999 to 2006, achieved success in young adult

Season 2 of "A Series of Unfortunate Events" was released on March 30, 2018.

Answer: Season 2 of "A Series of Unfortunate Events" came out on March 30, 2018.


Question: What was the percentage of labels youtube had signed contracts with prior to the planned launch date?

YouTube
music content from labels who do not reach a deal to be included on the paid service. In a statement to the "Financial Times" in June 2014, Robert Kyncl confirmed that YouTube would block the content of labels who do not negotiate deals to be included in the paid service "to ensure that all content on the platform is governed by its new contractual terms." Stating that 90% of labels had reached deals, he went on to say that "while we wish that we had [a] 100% success rate, we understand that is not likely an achievable goal and therefore it is our responsibility to our users and the industry to launch the enhanced music experience." The "Financial Times" later reported that YouTube had reached an aggregate deal

Social impact of YouTube
October 2006, Google paid $1.65 billion to purchase the 67-employee YouTube, seeking a lucrative marketing platform as both audiences and advertisers migrated from television to the Internet. Google made the website more business-driven, starting to overlay banner ads onto videos in August 2007. While the video platform remained available for its pioneering content creators, large production companies began to dominate. Independent artists built grassroots followings numbering in the thousands at very little cost or effort, but mass retail and radio promotion—areas still dominated by record labels—proved problematic. Meanwhile, as early as 2006, YouTube management convinced four major music labels—who initially had been wary of the website because of its large quantity of their copyrighted material—to enter into a partnership with YouTube, convincing them that YouTube could help them

Vevo
Vevo ( , an abbreviation for 'video evolution') is an American multinational video hosting service founded on December 8, 2009, as a joint venture among three major record companies: Universal Music Group (UMG), Sony Music Entertainment (SME) and EMI. In August 2016, Warner Music Group (WMG), the third-largest record company, agreed to license premium videos from its artists onto Vevo. Vevo only hosts music videos from both Universal Music Group and Sony Music Entertainment, syndicated on YouTube and its app, and the advertising revenue is shared by Google and Vevo. EMI also licensed its library of videos for Vevo shortly before its launch and its acquisition by UMG in 2012. Originally, Warner Music Group was reported to be considering hosting its content on the service after it launched,

YouTube
partners. In January 2010, YouTube introduced an online film rentals service, which is only available to users in the United States, Canada, and the UK as of 2010. The service offers over 6,000 films. Revenue.:Partnership with video creators. In May 2007, YouTube launched its Partner Program (YPP), a system based on AdSense which allows the uploader of the video to share the revenue produced by advertising on the site. YouTube typically takes 45 percent of the advertising revenue from videos in the Partner Program, with 55 percent going to the uploader. There are over a million members of the YouTube Partner Program. According to TubeMogul, in 2013 a pre-roll advertisement on YouTube (one that is shown before the video starts) cost advertisers on average $7.60 per 1000 views.

YouTube
YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. Three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—created the service in February 2005. Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion; YouTube now operates as one of Google's subsidiaries. YouTube allows users to upload, view, rate, share, add to playlists, report, comment on videos, and subscribe to other users. It offers a wide variety of user-generated and corporate media videos. Available content includes video clips, TV show clips, music videos, short and documentary films, audio recordings, movie trailers, live streams, and other content such as video blogging, short original videos, and educational videos. Most content on YouTube is uploaded by individuals, but media corporations including CBS, the BBC, Vevo, and Hulu offer some

Answer: At the time of the planned launch, YouTube had signed contracts with 90% of the labels.


Question: What is the lowest level of sensitivity, in micrometers, for InGaAs?

Infrared
- Short-wave infrared: 1.0 to 3 µm (from the cut-off of silicon to that of the MWIR atmospheric window). InGaAs covers to about 1.8 µm; the less sensitive lead salts cover this region. - Mid-wave infrared: 3 to 5 µm (defined by the atmospheric window and covered by indium antimonide [InSb] and mercury cadmium telluride [HgCdTe] and partially by lead selenide [PbSe]). - Long-wave infrared: 8 to 12, or 7 to 14 µm (this is the atmospheric window covered by HgCdTe and microbolometers). - Very-long wave infrared (VLWIR) (12 to about 30 µm, covered by doped silicon). Near-infrared is the region closest in wavelength to the radiation detectable by the human eye. mid- and far-infrared are progressively further from the visible spectrum. Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms

Indium gallium arsenide
than 5 picoseconds for a detector surface measuring 5µm x 5µm. Other important innovations include the integrated photodiode – FET receiver and the engineering of GaInAs focal-plane arrays. Applications.:Lasers. Semiconductor lasers are an important application for GaInAs, following photodetectors. GaInAs can be used as a laser medium. Devices have been constructed that operate at wavelengths of 905 nm, 980 nm, 1060 nm, and 1300 nm. InGaAs quantum dots on GaAs have also been studied as lasers. GaInAs/InAlAs quantum-well lasers can be tuned to operate at the λ = 1500 nm low-loss, low-dispersion window for optical fiber telecommunications In 1994, GaInAs/AlInAs quantum wells were used by Jérôme Faist and co-workers who invented and demonstrated a new kind of semiconductor laser based on photon emission by an electron making an

Indium gallium arsenide
InAs and GaAs, . Most InGaAs devices are grown on indium phosphide (InP) substrates. In order to match the lattice constant of InP and avoid mechanical strain, is used. This composition has an optical absorption edge at 0.75 eV, corresponding to a cut-off wavelength of λ=1.68 μm at 295 K. By increasing the mole fraction of InAs further compared to GaAs, it is possible to extend the cut-off wavelength up to about λ=2.6 µm. In that case special measures have to be taken to avoid mechanical strain from differences in lattice constants. GaAs is lattice-mismatched to germanium (Ge) by 0.08%. With the addition of 1.5% InAs to the alloy, InGaAs becomes latticed-matched to the Ge substrate, reducing stress in subsequent deposition of GaAs. Electronic and optical properties. InGaAs

Frequency scanning interferometry
detector at CERN. Precision. The measurement sensitivity depends on how rapidly the laser is tuned and how well systematic errors are controlled. Currently precisions of a few nm over a 6m path are possible in evacuated interferometers. In a system built for the ATLAS experiment a target of 1 micrometre precision over distances of 1 m is expected to be easily achieved. References. - P A Coe et al. 2004 "Meas. Sci. Technol." 15 2175-2187 -

Indium gallium arsenide
Indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) (alternatively gallium indium arsenide, GaInAs) is a ternary alloy (chemical compound) of indium arsenide (InAs) and gallium arsenide (GaAs). Indium and gallium are (group III) elements of the periodic table while arsenic is a (group V) element. Alloys made of these chemical groups are referred to as "III-V" compounds. InGaAs has properties intermediate between those of GaAs and InAs. InGaAs is a room-temperature semiconductor with applications in electronics and photonics. The principal importance of GaInAs is its application as a high-speed, high sensitivity photodetector of choice for optical fiber telecommunications. Nomenclature. Indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) and gallium-indium arsenide (GaInAs) are used interchangeably. According to IUPAC standards the preferred nomenclature for the alloy is GaInAs where the group-III elements appear in order of increasing atomic

The lowest level of sensitivity for InGaAs is 1.0 micrometers.

Answer:
 The lowest level of sensitivity for InGaAs is not explicitly stated in the provided text. However, it mentions that precision measurements using InGaAs detectors in interferometry can achieve sensitivities of a few nm (nanometers) over a 6m path in evacuated interferometers. To convert nanometers to micrometers, you can divide by 1000. Therefore, the lowest level of sensitivity for InGaAs in micrometers would be a few nm / 1000 = a few nanometers or about 0.001 micrometers.

However, it's important to note that the sensitivity of InGaAs detectors can vary depending on the specific application and the design of the detector. The sensitivity mentioned in the text is for use in frequency scanning interferometry at CERN. Other applications may have different sensitivity requirements and achievable levels.


Question: What is bliss when it is folly to be wise

Folly to Be Wise
Folly to Be Wise is a 1953 British comedy film directed by Frank Launder and starring Alastair Sim, Elizabeth Allan, Roland Culver, Colin Gordon, Martita Hunt and Edward Chapman. It is based on the play "It Depends What You Mean" by James Bridie. The film follows the efforts of a British Army chaplain attempting to recruit entertainment acts to perform for the troops and the complications that ensue when he does. The title is taken from the line by Thomas Gray "where ignorance is bliss, 'tis folly to be wise". Plot. Having recently taken over the role of Entertainments Officer at an army camp, the army chaplain Captain William Paris (Sim) is disheartened so few of the troops turn out for an evening of classical music. He visits

Thomas Gray
sharp observation and playful sense of humour. He is well known for his phrase, "where ignorance is bliss, 'tis folly to be wise." The phrase, from "", is possibly one of the most misconstrued phrases in English literature. Gray is not promoting ignorance, but is reflecting with nostalgia on a time when he was allowed to be ignorant, his youth (1742). It has been asserted that the Ode also abounds with images which find "a mirror in every mind". This was stated by Samuel Johnson who said of the poem, "I rejoice to concur with the common reader ... The Church-yard abounds with images which find a mirror in every mind, and with sentiments to which every bosom returns an echo". Indeed, Gray's poem follows the style of

Foolishness
transvalued reason over foolishness, to him integrity of acceptance of a state itself was the beginning of wisdom, he said "He is the wisest man who knows himself to be ill-equipped for the study of wisdom". See also. - Silliness - Ridiculous - Absurdity - As a dog returns to his vomit, so a fool repeats his folly - specific biblical proverb - "In Praise of Folly"

Foolishness
Foolishness is the unawareness or lack of social norms which causes offence, annoyance, trouble and/or injury. The things such as impulsivity and/or influences may affect a person's ability to make otherwise reasonable decisions. In this sense, it differs from stupidity, which is the lack of intelligence. An act of foolishness is called folly. Concept. Andreas Maercker in 1995 defined foolishness as rigid, dogmatic, and inflexible thinking which makes feelings of bitterness and probable annoyance. It is considered the foundation of illusions of grandiosity like omniscience, omnipotence and inviolability. The Book of Proverbs characterizes traits of foolishness. Foolishness and wisdom are contrasted in Paul's letter to the Corinthians. He condemns intellectual arrogance and advocates a humble attitude instead of foolishness, in which it is then possible to learn. Plato

Wise fool
Wisdom of Holy Fools in Postmodernity" by Peter C. Phan - "Much Virtue In If" (Shakespeare Quarterly) by Maura Slattery Kuhn

Bliss in the context of "where ignorance is bliss, 'tis folly to be wise" refers to the happiness or contentment found in ignorance or simplicity, as opposed to the burden of knowledge or wisdom.

Answer: Bliss, as referenced in Thomas Gray's poem "Folly to Be Wise," is a state of ignorance or innocence that is sometimes preferable to gaining wisdom and knowledge, particularly when facing the complexities and hardships of life. The phrase "it is folly to be wise" does not mean that ignorance is inherently good or that wisdom should be rejected, but rather that there may be moments in life when it is more beneficial to accept things as they are and not strive for greater understanding or enlightenment. This concept can be found in various literary works and philosophical discussions, including the ideas of foolishness and the wisdom of holy fools.


Question: Who provided for his protection while he was in Rome?

Bodyguard
so-called Cat and Mouse Act. In the modern UK, Royalty and Diplomatic Protection Department of the Metropolitan Police is responsible for the security of the Sovereign. In the Vatican, the Pope and other senior Vatican officials are protected by the Pontifical Swiss Guard, Swiss mercenary soldiers who act as bodyguards, ceremonial guards, and palace guards. After the May 13, 1981 assassination attempt on Pope John Paul II by Mehmet Ali Ağca, the guards were given enhanced training in unarmed combat and firearm use. The pope's chief bodyguard is the Inspector General of the Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City. In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, most bodyguards are former or current police officers, or sometimes former military or other government agency personnel. In fiction. In fiction.:Novels

Cardinal protector
"patronus", or procurator, in imperial Rome, usually a Roman patrician or eques, and such persons were held in high esteem. Thus Cicero was patronus of Dyrrachium (later Durazzo, now Durrës) and of Capua, in which Campanian city a gilded statue was raised to him. In time the office became hereditary in certain families; Suetonius wrote, in his life of Tiberius, that the [imperial] Claudian family ("gens Claudia") was from ancient times protector of Sicily and the Peloponnesus. Titular churches. Every cardinal (except a Cardinal-Patriarch) is also, since the reign of John Paul II, called the Cardinal protector of the title (titular church s.s. for a Cardinal priest or Cardinal-deaconry for a Cardinal deacon) in or near Rome which he is assigned to, which gives him his title and

Cardinal protector
Since the thirteenth century it has been customary at Rome to confide to some particular Cardinal a special solicitude in the Roman Curia for the interests of a given religious order or institute, confraternity, church, college, city, nation etcetera. Such a person is known as a Cardinal Protector. He was its representative or orator when it sought a favor or a privilege, defended it when unjustly accused, and besought the aid of the Holy See when its rights, property or interests were violated or imperiled. Antecedents. In ancient Rome a similar relationship had existed between the client ("cliens") and his "patronus" (hence 'patron'); as Rome's power grew, a still closer analogy is visible between the Roman institution and the modern ecclesiastical protectorate. Nearly every provincial city had its

Praetorian Guard
The Praetorian Guard (Latin: "cohortes praetorianae") was an elite unit of the Imperial Roman army whose members served as personal bodyguards to the Roman emperors. During the era of the Roman Republic, the Praetorians served as a small escort force for high-ranking officials such as senators or provincial governors like procurators, and also serving as bodyguards for high ranking officers within the Roman legions. With the republic's transition into the Roman Empire, however, the first emperor, Augustus, founded the Guard as his personal security detail. Although they continued to serve in this capacity for roughly three centuries, the Guard became notable for its intrigue and interference in Roman politics, to the point of overthrowing emperors and proclaiming their successors. In 312, the Guard was disbanded by Constantine the

Civis romanus sum
The Latin phrase civis romanus sum ("cīvis rōmānus sum") (, "I am (a) Roman citizen") is a phrase used in Cicero's "In Verrem" as a plea for the legal rights of a Roman citizen. When travelling across the Roman Empire, safety was said to be guaranteed to anyone who declared, "civis romanus sum". Paul the Apostle. In the New Testament book of "Acts", chapter 22, Paul the Apostle, when imprisoned and on trial, claimed his right as a Roman citizen to be tried before Caesar, and the judicial process had to be suspended until he was taken to Rome:"22 Up to this word they listened to him. Then they raised their voices and said, "Away with such a fellow from the earth! For he should not be allowed

The Pope and other senior Vatican officials are protected by the Pontifical Swiss Guard.

Answer: A Cardinal protector, who is a Roman Catholic cardinal, is responsible for representing the interests of a religious order, institute, church, college, city, or nation in the Roman Curia and for defending their rights and property. This institution dates back to ancient Rome, where the relationship between a patron (patronus) and client (cliens) was similar. In modern times, a cardinal protector is assigned to a specific titular church in Rome, which gives him his title and is a customary arrangement since the thirteenth century. Therefore, the protection of a person in Rome, particularly a religious figure or representative, would typically be the responsibility of their assigned cardinal protector.