Question: who is regarded as the founder of the indian national congress

History of the Indian National Congress
From its foundation on 28 December 1885 by A.O. Hume, a retired British officer, until the time India gained its independence on 15 August 1947, the Indian National Congress was considered to be the largest and most prominent Indian public organization, as well as the central and defining influence of the long Indian Independence Movement. 1885–1953. Retired British Indian Civil Service (ICS) officer Allan Octavian Hume founded the Indian National Congress (A political party of India (British India to Free India)) in order to form a platform for civil and political dialogue among educated Indians. After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, control of India was transferred from the East India Company to the British Empire. British-controlled India, known as the British Raj, or just the Raj, worked to

Indian National Congress
The Indian National Congress (INC, often called the Congress Party or simply Congress) is a political party in India with widespread roots. Founded in 1885, it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa. From the late 19th century, and especially after 1920, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, Congress became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement. Congress led India to independence from Great Britain, and powerfully influenced other anti-colonial nationalist movements in the British Empire. Congress is a secular party whose social democratic platform is generally considered to be on the centre-left of Indian politics. Congress' social policy is based upon the Gandhian principle of Sarvodaya—the lifting up of all sections of society—which involves the improvement of

Indian independence movement in Tamil Nadu
by prominent Indian leaders of the Presidency such as P. Rangaiah Naidu of Madras, Salem Ramaswami Mudaliar of Salem and M. Veeraraghavachariar of Chingleput. Its founders later played leading roles in the Indian National Congress. The Indian National Congress was established due to the efforts of Allan Octavian Hume and with the blessings of the then Viceroy of India Lord Ripon and held its first meeting at the Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bombay between 28 and 31 December 1885. Among the 72 delegates who attended the first session, 22 were from the Madras Presidency. Important public personalities of the Presidency, like Rangaiah Naidu, S. Subramania Iyer, and G. Subramania Iyer, attended the first session of the Indian National Congress. However, some prominent personalities like Eardley Norton, Salem Ramaswami Mudaliar,

History of the Indian National Congress
India's destiny forged. Lokmanya Tilak, whom Gandhi had called "The Father of Modern India" died in 1920, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale had died four years earlier. Motilal Nehru, Lala Lajpat Rai and some other stalwarts backed Gandhi as they were not sure that they can lead the people like Tilak and Gokhale. Thus it was now entirely up to Gandhi's Congress to show the way for the nation. Expansion and re-organization. In the years after the World War, the Congress expanded considerably, owing to public excitement after Gandhi's success in Champaran and Kheda. A whole new generation of leaders arose from different parts of India, who were committed Gandhians Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, Narhari Parikh, Mahadev Desai — as well as hot-blooded nationalists aroused by

S. R. Mehrotra
Sri Ram Mehrotra (23 June 1931 – 17 July 2019) was an Indian professor of history and writer who published on the history of the Indian National Congress, including the life and work of its founder Allan Octavian Hume, and on the writings and philosophy of Gandhi. He also wrote on the life of Pranjivan Mehta, an important but little-known influence in the Indian independence movement and in the life of Gandhi. Known for his meticulous detail to sources and interpretations, he published several annotated collections of sources and letters relating to Hume and towards the end of his life, Dadabhai Naoroji. Life and career. Mehrotra was born in Anantram, Etawah. He went to a local government school (which had been founded by A. O. Hume, an abiding

Allan Octavian Hume is regarded as the founder of the Indian National Congress.

Answer: Allan Octavian Hume is regarded as the founder of the Indian National Congress in 1885.


Question: Which musician performed with Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks, Jon Spencer or Stephen Malkmus?

Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks
Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks is an American rock band consisting of Stephen Malkmus, Mike Clark, Joanna Bolme, and Jake Morris. Malkmus was the main singer and songwriter behind the influential 1990s indie rock band Pavement. History. The Jicks formed in 2000, almost immediately after Pavement's 1999 "hiatus" began. The group's first record - which had a working title of "Swedish Reggae" - was simply called "Stephen Malkmus". It was released by Matador Records on February 13, 2001. The group made their official live debut at New York's Bowery Ballroom only a few weeks before their first record was released. Around this time, Pavement's auxiliary percussionist Bob Nastanovich began acting as The Jicks' tour manager, and Mike Clark joined on keyboards. "Pig Lib" was the name of the

Joanna Bolme
Joanna Bolme (born April 1, 1968) is a multi-instrumentalist (primarily bass guitar) and recording engineer who works with several indie rock bands and artists, mainly in the Pacific Northwest. She has been the bass guitarist for Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks since their formation in 2001. Biography. Biography.:Career. Bolme became interested in playing music after seeing The Pretenders while in high school, and she was a fan of the Portland punk scene in the 80s. She learned to play bass when she "got bored with guitar" while playing with Calamity Jane. Over the years she has played in bands including Quasi, The Minders, The Spinanes, Jr. High, Calamity Jane, Consortium, The Shadow Mortons, and Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks. Bolme became one of the founding members of the

Stephen Malkmus
Stephen Joseph Malkmus (born May 30, 1966) is an American musician best known as the primary songwriter and lead singer and guitarist of the indie rock band Pavement. He currently performs with Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks. Biography. Biography.:Early years. Stephen Malkmus was born in Santa Monica, California, to Mary and Stephen Malkmus, Sr. His father was a property and casualty insurance agent. When Stephen Jr. was 8, the family moved north to Stockton, where he attended Carpinteria's Cate School and Lodi's Tokay High School. As a teenager, Malkmus worked various jobs, including painting house numbers on street curbs and "flipping burgers or whatever" at a country club. At age 16, he spent the night in jail after consuming alcohol, urinating in the bushes, and walking on the

Mirror Traffic
Mirror Traffic is the fifth studio album by Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks, released on August 23, 2011 by Matador Records. It is the first collaboration between Stephen Malkmus and producer Beck and also the last album to feature drummer Janet Weiss, who moved on to become a member of Wild Flag. As of November 2013, the album has sold 30,000 copies in the U.S. according to Nielsen SoundScan. Critical response. "Mirror Traffic" has received positive reviews. "Spin" called it "a patient, inviting album that feels like a fresh start from a guy whose recording career spans multiple boom-and-bust cycles, both for indie rock and the economy."

Jon Spencer
Jon Spencer (born February 4, 1965) is an American singer, composer and guitarist. He has been involved in multiple musical acts, such as Pussy Galore, Boss Hog, Heavy Trash and The Jon Spencer Blues Explosion. History. Jon Spencer was born in 1965 in Hanover, New Hampshire, to a university professor and a cardiology technician. He attended Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island where he was part of the noise rock band Shithaus, which included future Cop Shoot Cop vocalist Tod Ashley. The band was short lived and had a musical style reminiscent of the industrial music of Einstürzende Neubauten. He moved to Washington, D.C., and formed Pussy Galore, who quickly relocated to New York. He is also known for bringing attention to and popularizing the blues artist R.

Answer: Jon Spencer has performed with Stephen Malkmus, but not as a member of Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks. He collaborated with them on an album. Stephen Malkmus is the lead singer, songwriter, and guitarist for Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks.


Question: What is the predominant stage in the life cycle of most scyphozoans?

Scyphozoa
The Scyphozoa are an exclusively marine class of the phylum Cnidaria, referred to as the true jellyfish (or "true jellies"). It may include the extinct fossil group the Conulariida, whose affinities are uncertain and widely debated. The class name Scyphozoa comes from the Greek word "skyphos" (σκύφος), denoting a kind of drinking cup and alluding to the cup shape of the organism. Scyphozoans have existed from the earliest Cambrian to the present. Biology. Most species of Scyphozoa have two life history phases, including the planktonic medusa or jellyfish form, which is most evident in the warm summer months, and an inconspicuous, but longer-lived, bottom-dwelling polyp, which seasonally gives rise to new medusae. Most of the large, often colorful, and conspicuous jellyfish found in coastal waters throughout the world

Medusozoa
becomes a sessile polyp, which is the adult or sexual phase. Diversity. There is considerable divergence from the basic life cycle pattern among medusozoans. Scyphozoa is the group commonly known as "true jellyfish" and occur in tropical, temperate and polar seas worldwide. Scyphozoans generally have planula larvae that develop into sessile polyps. These reproduce asexually, producing similar polyps by budding, and then either transform into medusae, or repeatedly bud medusae from their upper surface in a process known as strobilation. Cubozoa is a group commonly known as box jellyfish, that occur in tropical and warm temperate seas. They have cube-shaped, transparent medusae and are heavily-armed with venomous nematocysts. Cubozoans have planula larvae, which settle and develop into sessile polyps, which subsequently metamorphose into sexual medusae, the oral end

Jellyfish
to taxonomic groups.:Taxonomy. The subphylum Medusozoa includes all cnidarians with a medusa stage in their life cycle. The basic cycle is egg, planula larva, polyp, medusa, with the medusa being the sexual stage. The polyp stage is sometimes secondarily lost. The subphylum include the major taxa, Scyphozoa (large jellyfish), Cubozoa (box jellyfish) and Hydrozoa (small jellyfish), and excludes Anthozoa (corals and sea anemones). This suggests that the medusa form evolved after the polyps. Medusozoans have tetramerous symmetry, with parts in fours or multiples of four. The four major classes of medusozoan Cnidaria are: - Scyphozoa are sometimes called true jellyfish, though they are no more truly jellyfish than the others listed here. They have tetra-radial symmetry. Most have tentacles around the outer margin of the bowl-shaped bell, and

Cotylorhiza tuberculata
cycle marked by summer population blooms, which is likely an adaptive result of the strong seasonal changes in their Mediterranean environment. Their phases of development are quite similar to that of their other jellyfish counterparts. "C. tuberculata"s four main stages of growth include the swimming larvae known as planulae, younger, sessile polyps called scyphistomae, the undeveloped young adult intermediates known as ephyrae, and the adult jellyfish forms, called medusas. In a given year, planulae are present from August to November, scyphistomae are present perennially, ephyrae can be seen from May to August, and medusa are prominent from July to November. Planulae use their small cilia to propel them through the water, eventually settling on a hard sediment on which they develop into their polyp form. The scyphistomae acquire

Lychnorhiza lucerna
estuaries and is the most abundant jellyfish in its order (Rhizostomeae) in these waters. It often becomes stranded on beaches. Life history. "Lychnorhiza lucerna" has a complex life cycle with an alternation of sexual and asexual stages. An adult jellyfish is known as a medusa and is gonochoristic, which means that it is either male or female. The fertilized eggs hatch into planula larvae. These soon settle and undergo metamorphosis into sessile polyps, known as a scyphistomae, with four tentacles. These grow larger, and after a series of moults have twenty-two tentacles. They develop cysts from which new polyps known as ephyrae grow. These develop transverse constrictions and separate from the original polyp by strobilation. The scyphistomae can strobilate several times and in a study it was estimated

The predominant stage in the life cycle of most scyphozoans is the medusa (jellyfish) form, which is the sexual stage.

Answer: The predominant stage in the life cycle of most scyphozoans is the medusa or jellyfish form. However, they also have a sessile polyp stage, which is the adult or sexual phase, and exists on the seafloor.


Question: where does the last name cancino come from

Canino
Canino is a town and "comune" of Italy, in the province of Viterbo (northern Lazio) in the internal part of Maremma Laziale. It is west of Valentano and northwest of Viterbo. It is also near the ancient Etruscan town of Vulci, and the destroyed city of Castro. Lucien Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon, was lord of Canino and is buried in the town's collegiate church. Canino was also a residence of the Farnese family; future pope Paul III was born here in 1468. The hills that surround Canino reach the "Selva del Lamone" and are cultivated with grapes and olive, the famous olive oil "extra vergine di oliva", from the "Canina" olive variety, has been given DOP with Reg. CE n. 1263/96.

Canaveri
Canaveri is an Italian and French surname, whose etymology comes from the canapa or chanvre (hemp), an abundant product in ancient times in the regions of the Canavese (Italy) and Chennevières (France). This surname is found in old records of Provence and Cuneo region since the Middle Ages. The Canaveri surname was taken to the United States of America by Genoese immigrants who arrived towards the end of the 19th century. Notable people. - Jean Canaveri (13th century) notary of the County of Provence. - Nicoleti Canaveri (14th century) notary of Saluzzo. - Domenico Canaveri (born in 15th century) notary of Bagnasco in 1500s. - Pierre Canaveri (17th century) French Jesuit missionary who served in China.. - Giovanni Battista Canaveri (1753–1811), Italian Catholic Bishop - Francesco Canaveri (1753–1836),

Mancini
Mancini () is a surname of Italian origin which, etymologically, comes from the Italian adjective "mancino", which literally means "left handed". Geographical distribution. As of 2014, 66.2% of all known bearers of the surname "Mancini" were residents of Italy (frequency 1:805), 13.2% of the United States (1:23,932), 6.1% of Brazil (1:29,095), 5.1% of Argentina (1:7,358), 2.5% in Canada (1:12,751) and 1.9% of France (1:29,904). In Italy, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:805) in the following regions: - 1. Molise (1:163) - 2. Marche (1:191) - 3. Lazio (1:225) - 4. Abruzzo (1:269) - 5. Umbria (1:269) - 6. Tuscany (1:385) In Argentina, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:7,358) in the following provinces: - 1. Santa Fe Province (1:3,737)

Canzo
"Cà bianca"; "Grimèll", "Mirabèla" and "Cèpp"; "Cà Milia", "Cà Dulia" and "Cà növa" ("Cà" means "house" or "farmhouse"). "Cuntrada da San Mirètt", "Cuntrada dal Cuèrc", "Pretòri", "Portacinées", "Turèta", "Bergamasca", "Caravazz" are a few examples of the Old Town's toponyms. The oldest surnames of Canzo are Carpani, Masciadri, Pellizzoni, Ponti, Prina and Locatelli. The Carpani were one of the main families in the Corte de Casale administration, and have a house in Caslino; a castle appears in their coat of arms. The Masciadri surname is derived from the vocation of wandering peddler; Pellizzoni, in the modern shape, or Pelliccione, as it was during the Cinquecento, is the surname of a famous free captain who acted virtually as a vassal of Canzo during his life. Ponti/Conti-Ponti was a wealthy family

Gabrielli
Gabrielli is a surname originating in Italy. Due to Italian diaspora, it is also common in other countries such as the United States, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile and France. The surname Gabrielli derives from the given name Gabriello (a variation of the common given name Gabriele) and it means "son of Gabriello". A common surname variation is Gabrieli. Notable people with the surname include: - Gabrielli: the Italian feudal family from Gubbio, a town in Umbria. - Andrea Gabrieli (1532/1533-1585), Italian composer and organist - Caterina Gabrielli (1730-1796), Italian soprano - Cante dei Gabrielli (c. 1260 – c. 1335), Italian nobleman and condottiero - Cecciolo Gabrielli (1375-1420), Italian nobleman - Domenick L. Gabrielli (1912–1994), American lawyer, politician and judge - Domenico Gabrielli (1651-1690), Italian composer and virtuoso violoncello

The last name Canino comes from Italy, specifically from the town of Canino in the province of Viterbo, in the region of Lazio.

Answer: The last name Canino is of Italian origin and comes from the Italian adjective "canino," which literally means "little dog." However, in the context of Canino, Italy, the name may also be related to the town's history as it was a residence of the Farnese family, including future pope Paul III, who was born there in 1468. The town is also known for its production of olive oil from the "Canina" olive variety, which has been given DOP status.


Question: Napoleon's decision to reinstate what practice in France's overseas colonies has caused controversy regarding his reputation?

Napoleon
Hitler". Many historians have concluded that he had grandiose foreign policy ambitions. The Continental powers as late as 1808 were willing to give him nearly all of his gains and titles, but some scholars maintain he was overly aggressive and pushed for too much, until his empire collapsed. Napoleon ended lawlessness and disorder in post-Revolutionary France. He was considered a tyrant and usurper by his opponents. His critics charge that he was not troubled when faced with the prospect of war and death for thousands, turned his search for undisputed rule into a series of conflicts throughout Europe and ignored treaties and conventions alike. His role in the Haitian Revolution and decision to reinstate slavery in France's overseas colonies are controversial and affect his reputation. Napoleon institutionalized plunder

Abolitionism
Whitehall Accord, they threatened to move the French Caribbean colonies under British control, as Great Britain still allowed slavery. Fearing secession from these islands, successfully lobbied by planters and concerned about revenues from the West Indies, and influenced by the slaveholder family of his wife, Napoleon Bonaparte decided to re-establish slavery after becoming First Consul. He promulgated the law of 20 May 1802 and sent military governors and troops to the colonies to impose it. On 10 May 1802, Colonel Delgrès launched a rebellion in Guadeloupe against Napoleon's representative, General Richepanse. The rebellion was repressed, and slavery was re-established. The news of this event sparked another wave of rebellion in Saint-Domingue. Although from 1802, Napoleon sent more than 20,000 troops to the island, two-thirds died mostly due to

Assimilation (French colonialism)
are French citizens and enjoy all the rights assured by the Constitution". In the early 19th century under Napoleon Bonaparte rule, new laws were created for the colonies to replace the previous universal laws that applied to both France and the colonies. Napoleon Bonaparte rejected assimilation and declared that the colonies would be governed under separate laws. He believed that if the universal laws continued, the residents of the colonies would eventually have the power to control the local governments which would have an adverse effect on "cheap slave labor." Napoleon at the same time also reinstated slavery in the Caribbean possessions. Even with Napoleon Bonaparte's rejection of assimilation, many still believed it to be a good practice. On July 24, 1833 a law was passed which gave

Napoleon and the Jews
he designated Judaism as one of the official religions of France, along with Roman Catholicism (long the established state religion), and Lutheran and Calvinist Protestantism. (Followers of the latter had been severely persecuted by the monarchy in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.) In 1808 Napoleon rolled back a number of reforms (under the so-called "décret infâme", or Infamous Decree, of 17 March 1808), declaring all debts with Jews to be annulled, reduced or postponed. The Infamous Decree imposed a ten-year ban on any kind of Jewish money-lending activity. Similarly, Jewish individuals who were in subservient positions—such as a Jewish servant, military officer, or wife—were unable to engage in any kind of money-lending activity without the explicit consent of their superiors. Napoleon's goal in implementing the Infamous

Jean-Guillaume, baron Hyde de Neuville
to persuade Napoleon Bonaparte to recall the traditional monarchy. United States exile. During the consulate and empire, he practised medicine in Lyons under the name of Roland, and was awarded a gold medal for the propagation of vaccine. An accusation of complicity in the conspiracy of 1800–1801 was speedily retracted, but in 1806 Napoleon consented to refund Neuville's confiscated estate on condition that he should go to the United States. De Neuville settled near New Brunswick, New Jersey, where his house became a place of refuge for French exiles. In 1813 he was instrumental in helping his friend, General Moreau to accept service in the army of the emperor of Russia. He returned to France after the replacement of the French Empire by the 1814 Bourbon Restoration. Diplomat.

Napoleon's decision to reinstate slavery in France's overseas colonies has caused controversy regarding his reputation.

Answer: Napoleon's decision to reinstate slavery in France's overseas colonies has caused controversy regarding his reputation. Despite his rejection of assimilation and belief in separate laws for the colonies, this decision went against the trend of abolitionism and went against the human rights assured by the French Constitution for their citizens in the colonies. This decision sparked rebellions in the colonies and resulted in the deaths of many French soldiers.


Question: What do some a capella groups do other than sing words?

A cappella (disambiguation)
A cappella is an adjective that means "unaccompanied singing". Acappella may also refer to: Music. - "A Capella", composition for choir by Morton Gould Music.:Artists. - Acappella (group), an all-male contemporary Christian vocal group Music.:Albums. - "A Cappella" (Gaither Vocal Band album), 2003 - "A Cappella" (Todd Rundgren album), 1985 - "Acappella" (album), 1994, by Johnny Maestro & The Brooklyn Bridge Music.:Songs. - "Acapella" (Karmin song), 2013 - "Acapella" (Kelis song), 2010 - "A capella" (Ylvis song), 2016 - "A Capella", song by Israel Vibration U-Roy from Serious Matter 2000 Other uses. - Acapella (trimaran), a boat See also. - Capella (disambiguation) - Acapela, a company which develops text-to-speech software and services - A Capela, a municipality in province of A Coruña in the autonomous community of Galicia

A cappella
A cappella ( , ; Italian for "in the manner of the chapel") music is specifically group or solo singing without instrumental accompaniment, or a piece intended to be performed in this way. It contrasts with cantata, which is usually accompanied singing. The term "a cappella" was originally intended to differentiate between Renaissance polyphony and Baroque concertato style. In the 19th century, a renewed interest in Renaissance polyphony coupled with an ignorance of the fact that vocal parts were often doubled by instrumentalists led to the term coming to mean unaccompanied vocal music. The term is also used, albeit rarely, as a synonym for "alla breve". Religious origins. A cappella music was originally used in religious music, especially church music as well as anasheed and zemirot. Gregorian chant

Cherish (group)
a lot of a cappella singing." External links. - Cherish - MySpace

Sing-along
Sing-along, also called community singing or group singing, is an event of singing together at gatherings or parties, less formally than choir singing. One can use a songbook. Common genres are folk songs, patriotic songs, hymns and drinking songs. Children across the world usually sing nursery rhymes together. Sing-along can be based on unison singing, or on singing in harmony (different parts). Among animals. Group vocalizing is known in several animal species. For example, a lion pride and a pack of wolves are known to vocalize together (supposedly to defend their territory), although some scholars do not characterize their vocalizations as "singing". Gibbons sing in family groups (couples sing together, sometimes with their offspring). Various species of birds also sing in duets and choruses, particularly in the tropics.

Singing
Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist (in jazz and popular music). Singers perform music (arias, recitatives, songs, etc.) that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists. Singers may perform as soloists or accompanied by anything from a single instrument (as in art song or some jazz styles) up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Different singing styles include art music such as opera and Chinese opera, Indian music and religious music styles

Some a cappella groups use vocal techniques to create instrumental-like sounds, such as mimicking drums, bass, or other instruments, and they may also incorporate harmonies, call-and-response patterns, and vocal percussion.

Answer: A cappella groups perform unaccompanied vocal music, meaning they sing without the use of instruments. However, they may incorporate various vocal techniques and harmonies to create complex and intricate sounds. Some a cappella groups may also incorporate choreography, costumes, and theatrics into their performances to enhance the overall experience for the audience.


Question: What is Switzerland's ranking for per capita gross domestic product on the IMF list?

Switzerland
The nominal per capita GDP is higher than those of the larger Western and Central European economies and Japan. If adjusted for purchasing power parity, Switzerland ranks 8th in the world in terms of GDP per capita, according to the World Bank and IMF (ranked 15th according to the CIA Worldfactbook). The World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report currently ranks Switzerland's economy as the most competitive in the world, while ranked by the European Union as Europe's most innovative country. For much of the 20th century, Switzerland was the wealthiest country in Europe by a considerable margin (by GDP – per capita). In 2017, average gross household income in Switzerland was 9,946 francs per month (equivalent to US$10,720 per month), though 61% of the population made less than

List of companies of Switzerland
Switzerland is a federal republic in Europe. It is one of the most developed countries in the world, with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product according to the IMF. Switzerland ranks at or near the top globally in several metrics of national performance, including government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic competitiveness, and human development. Switzerland's most important economic sector is manufacturing. Manufacturing consists largely of the production of specialist chemicals, health and pharmaceutical goods, scientific and precision measuring instruments and musical instruments. The largest exported goods are chemicals (34% of exported goods), machines/electronics (20.9%), and precision instruments/watches (16.9%). Exported services amount to a third of exports. The service sector – especially banking and insurance, tourism, and international organisations

International rankings of Switzerland
These are the international rankings of the Switzerland Economy. - World Economic Forum: Global Competitiveness Report ranked 1 out of 133 (2010-2014) - World Intellectual Property Organization: Global Innovation Index ranked 1 out of 143 (2014) - Legatum Institute: Prosperity Index ranked 2 out of 142 (2014) - United Nations Development Programme: Human Development Index ranked 2 out of 187 (2016) - International Monetary Fund: Income per capita in purchasing power parity ranked 7 out of 181 (2010) - Gallup World Poll: happiness ranked 8 out of 155 (2009) - U.S.News: Best Countries #1 in Overall Rankings (2018) Military. - Institute for Economics and Peace: Global Peace Index ranked 5 out of 162 (2014) Politics. - Transparency International: Corruption Perceptions Index ranked 8 out of 180 (2010) -

Switzerland
of the four national languages. Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world, with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product. It ranks at or near the top in several international metrics, including economic competitiveness and human development. Zürich, Geneva and Basel have been ranked among the top ten cities in the world in terms of quality of life, with Zürich ranked second globally. Etymology. The English name "Switzerland" is a compound containing "Switzer", an obsolete term for the Swiss, which was in use during the 16th to 19th centuries. The English adjective "Swiss" is a loan from French ', also in use since the 16th century. The name "Switzer" is from the Alemannic ', in origin an

Switzerland
and labour law. Switzerland has a stable, prosperous and high-tech economy and enjoys great wealth, being ranked as the wealthiest country in the world per capita in multiple rankings. In 2011 it was ranked as the wealthiest country in the world in per capita terms (with "wealth" being defined to include both financial and non-financial assets), while the 2013 Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report showed that Switzerland was the country with the highest average wealth per adult in 2013. It has the world's nineteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-sixth largest by purchasing power parity. It is the twentieth largest exporter, despite its small size. Switzerland has the highest European rating in the Index of Economic Freedom 2010, while also providing large coverage through public services.

Switzerland ranks 7th in per capita GDP by purchasing power parity according to the IMF.

Answer: Switzerland ranks eighth in terms of per capita gross domestic product on the IMF list.


Question: Which male tennis player appeared in the final of the US Open for five consecutive years between 1974 and 1978?

List of US Open singles finalists during the open era
The US Open is a Grand Slam tennis tournament held in New York City at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in the area of Flushing Meadows. In 1968, this tournament became open to professionals and has been known since then as the US Open. The men who have reached the final at least four times during the open era are Jimmy Connors, Björn Borg, John McEnroe, Ivan Lendl, Pete Sampras, Andre Agassi, Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic. Connors reached five consecutive finals, and won three titles, from 1974 through 1978 before he won consecutive titles in 1982 and 1983. Borg reached four finals in six years from 1976 through 1981 but lost all of them. McEnroe won three straight titles from 1979 through

1974 US Open – Men's Singles
John Newcombe was the defending champion but lost in the semifinals to Ken Rosewall. Jimmy Connors defeated Ken Rosewall 6–1, 6–0, 6–1 in the final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1974 US Open. It set the record for the shortest ever Grand Slam men's singles final, both in number of games and duration, taking only 1 hour and 18 minutes to complete. Seeds. The seeded players are listed below. Jimmy Connors is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated. 1. Jimmy Connors "(Champion)" 2. John Newcombe "(Semifinalist)" 3. Stan Smith "(Quarterfinalist)" 4. Björn Borg "(Second round)" 5. Ken Rosewall "(Finalist)" 6. Tom Okker "(Fourth round)" 7. Ilie Năstase "(Third round)" 8. Arthur Ashe "(Quarterfinalist)" 9. Guillermo Vilas "(Fourth round)" 10.

Jimmy Connors
James Scott Connors (born September 2, 1952) is a retired American world No. 1 tennis player who held the top ATP ranking for a then-record 160 consecutive weeks from 1974 to 1977 and a career total of 268 weeks. By virtue of his long and prolific career, Connors still holds three prominent Open Era men's singles records: 109 titles, 1,556 matches played, and 1,274 match wins. His titles include eight majors (five US Open, two Wimbledon, one Australian Open), three year-end championships, and 17 Grand Prix Super Series. In 1974, he became the second man in the Open Era to win three majors in a calendar year, and his total career match win rate remains in the top five of the era. He retired in 1996 at the

Björn Borg
Björn Rune Borg (; born 6 June 1956) is a Swedish former world No. 1 tennis player widely considered to be one of the greatest players in the history of the sport. Between 1974 and 1981 he became the first man in the Open Era to win 11 Grand Slam singles titles (six at the French Open and five consecutive at Wimbledon). He also won three year-end championships and 16 Grand Prix Super Series titles. Overall, he set numerous records that still stand. Borg is the first player to win six French Open singles titles and was undefeated in French Open finals. A teenage sensation at the start of his career, Borg's unprecedented stardom and consistent success helped propel the rising popularity of tennis during the 1970s. As

1978 US Open (tennis)
The 1978 US Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the USTA National Tennis Center in New York City in New York in the United States. It was the 98th edition of the US Open and the third Grand Slam tennis event of the year. The tournament was held from August 28 to September 10, 1978, and the singles titles were won by Jimmy Connors and Chris Evert. This was the first year the US Open was played at the National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows after having been organized at the West Side Tennis Club venue in Forest Hills since 1915. It was also the first time the tournament was played on hard courts, as opposed to much of its history on grass

Answer: Björn Borg did not appear in the final of the US Open for five consecutive years between 1974 and 1978. That achievement was made by Jimmy Connors, who won the title in 1974, 1976, 1977, 1978, and 1982. Borg reached the final in 1976 and 1978 but lost both times.


Question: What is the responsibility of the landowner?

Rules for landowners
to maximize their profits. They must carefully select the farmers who will work the land and ensure that the number of family members is not too high or too low and can provide the right amount of work. Landowners must pay their farmers' expenses in the periods of the year when the weather does not permit farming, to maintain motivation and health. Employers must invest in tools to help the farmers. Summary.:Advice for farmers. Lastri underlines the importance of a house's cleanliness. He discusses handling of waste and clean water reservoirs. Farmers must not work when ill and must drink water during the working day. After some tips about diet, the author explains the importance of moderation and self-control to maintain health and serenity. Summary.:Mountains. Mountains are much

The Modern Corporation and Private Property
bears no responsibility with respect to the enterprise or its physical property. It has often been said that the owner of a horse is responsible. If the horse lives he must feed it. If the horse dies he must bury it. No such responsibility attaches to a share of stock. The owner is practically powerless through his own efforts to affect the underlying property... Physical property capable of being shaped by its owner could bring to him direct satisfaction apart from the income it yielded in more concrete form. It represented an extension of his own personality. With the corporate revolution, this quality has been lost to the property owner much as it has been lost to the worker through the industrial revolution.” While land could be enjoyed

Land tenure
In common law systems, land tenure is the legal regime in which land is owned by an individual, who is said to "hold" the land. It determines who can use land, for how long and under what conditions. Tenure may be based both on official laws and policies, and on informal customs. In other words, land tenure system implies a system according to which land is held by an individual or the actual tiller of the land. It determines his rights and responsibility in connection with his holding. The French verb "tenir" means "to hold" and "tenant" is the present participle of "tenir". The sovereign monarch, known as The Crown, held land in its own right. All private owners are either its tenants or sub-tenants. "Tenure" signifies the

Thomas L. Shaffer
Moral Responsibility" - "Property Law: Cases, Materials and Problems"

The responsibility of the landowner includes selecting suitable farmers, ensuring proper working conditions, providing support during non-farming periods, investing in tools, maintaining cleanliness and health standards for farmers, and ensuring the land is used efficiently to maximize profits.

Answer:
 In the context of the first text, the landowner is responsible for selecting farmers, ensuring an appropriate number of family members for the workforce, paying expenses during non-farming seasons, and investing in tools for farmers.

In the second text, the responsibility of the landowner in relation to property is that they hold or "tenant" the land, and in common law systems, they are subject to the rules and conditions determined by the land tenure system. In the third text, it is mentioned that in the context of corporations, the landowner has limited responsibility for the enterprise or its physical property.


Question: In the human body which gland secretes the hormone insulin?

Insulin
Insulin (from Latin "insula", island) is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets; it is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body. It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein by promoting the absorption of carbohydrates, especially glucose from the blood into liver, fat and skeletal muscle cells. In these tissues the absorbed glucose is converted into either glycogen via glycogenesis or fats (triglycerides) via lipogenesis, or, in the case of the liver, into both. Glucose production and secretion by the liver is strongly inhibited by high concentrations of insulin in the blood. Circulating insulin also affects the synthesis of proteins in a wide variety of tissues. It is therefore an anabolic hormone, promoting the conversion of small molecules in

Pancreas
The pancreas is an organ of the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates. In humans, it is located in the abdomen behind the stomach. The pancreas is a gland, having both an endocrine and a digestive exocrine function. As an endocrine gland, it functions mostly to regulate blood sugar levels, secreting the hormones insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. As a part of the digestive system, it secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct. This juice contains bicarbonate, which neutralizes acid entering the duodenum from the stomach; and digestive enzymes, which break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in food entering the duodenum from the stomach. Structure. The pancreas is an organ that in humans lies in the upper left part of the abdomen. In

Human digestive system
the fat is absorbed, the bile is also absorbed and transported back to the liver for reuse. Components.:Pancreas. The pancreas is a major organ functioning as an accessory digestive gland in the digestive system. It is both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland. The endocrine part secretes insulin when the blood sugar becomes high; insulin moves glucose from the blood into the muscles and other tissues for use as energy. The endocrine part releases glucagon when the blood sugar is low; glucagon allows stored sugar to be broken down into glucose by the liver in order to re-balance the sugar levels. The pancreas produces and releases important digestive enzymes in the pancreatic juice that it delivers to the duodenum. The pancreas lies below and at the back

Insulin signal transduction pathway
or cascade. During the course of signaling, the cell uses each response for accomplishing some kind of a purpose along the way. Insulin secretion mechanism is a common example of signal transduction pathway mechanism. Insulin is produced by the pancreas in a region called Islets of Langerhans. In the islets of Langerhans, there are beta-cells, which are responsible for production and storage of insulin. Insulin is secreted as a response mechanism for counteracting the increasing excess amounts of glucose in the blood. Glucose in the body increases after food consumption. This is primarily due to carbohydrate intake, but to a much lesser degree protein intake ()(). Depending on the tissue type, the glucose enters the cell through facilitated or passive diffusion. In muscle and adipose tissue, glucose enters

List of human endocrine organs and actions
Hypothalamic-pituitary axis.:Digestive system. Hypothalamic-pituitary axis.:Digestive system.:Pancreas. The pancreas is a mixocrine gland and it secretes both enzymes and hormones. Other. Other.:Skeletal muscle. In 1998, skeletal muscle was identified as an endocrine organ due to its now well-established role in the secretion of myokines. The use of the term myokine to describe cytokines and other peptides produced by muscle as signalling molecules was proposed in 2003. Other.:Adipose tissue. Signalling molecules released by adipose tissue are referred to as adipokines.

The pancreas secretes the hormone insulin.

Answer: The pancreas is the gland that secretes the hormone insulin in the human body.


Question: Are Arnica and Carludovica both types of plant?

Arnica
Arnica is a genus of perennial, herbaceous plants in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). The genus name "Arnica" may be derived from the Greek "arni", "lamb", in reference to the plants' soft, hairy leaves. "Arnica" is also known by the names "mountain tobacco" and, confusingly, "leopard's bane" and "wolfsbane"—two names that it shares with the entirely unrelated genus "Aconitum". This Circumboreal and montane (subalpine) genus occurs mostly in the temperate regions of western North America, with a few species native to the Arctic regions of northern Eurasia and North America. Several species, such as "Arnica montana" and "A. chamissonis", contain helenalin, a sesquiterpene lactone that is a major ingredient in anti-inflammatory preparations (used mostly for bruises). "Arnica" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera

Carludovica elegans
Carludovica elegans is a species of flowering plants in the family Cyclanthaceae. It is found in Peru. External links. - data about WAG.1887968 specimen ("Carludovica elegans" Williams, 1917) at Naturalis Biodiversity Center, the Netherlands - "Carludovica elegans" at Tropicos

Arnica latifolia
glandular phyllaries. Each has a center of yellow disc florets and several yellow ray florets up to 3 centimeters long. The fruit is an achene with a white pappus. The plant was first described in 1832 by German-Russian botanist August Gustav Heinrich von Bongard 1786 – 1839, based on material collected near Sitka, now in Alaska (then called Russian America). External links. - Jepson Manual Treatment - United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile - calphotos Photo gallery, University of California

Arnica unalaschcensis
Arnica unalaschcensis is an Asian and North American species of arnica in the sunflower family, known as Alaskan arnica. It is found on both sides of the Bering Strait, being native to Alaska, the Pacific Coast of Russia, and northern Japan. - Varieties - "Arnica unalaschcensis" var. "unalaschcensis" - "Arnica unalaschcensis" var. "tschonoskyi" External links. - [http://mikawanoyasou.org/data/usagigiku.htm ウサギギク 兎菊, [別名] キングルマ [学名] "Arnica unalaschcensis" Less. var. "tschonoskyi" (Iljin) Kitam. et Hara] in Japanese with color photos - 植物名一覧(薬草/ハーブ/山菜/山野草/樹木/高山植物）植物のアイウエオ順一覧表 科名：キク科/属名：ウサギギク属 和名：兎菊/別名：キングルマ/学名：''Arnica unalaschcensis" var."tschonoskyi" in Japanese with color photos - Ботаничка.ru, Рецепт от Гёте, Арника? А что это такое? Вот, пожалуй, обычная реакция на название этого растения. А между тем арника уникальна по широте лечебного действия. in Russian with color photos of several "Arnica" species including "A. unalaschcensis"

Carlina acaulis
Carlina acaulis, the stemless carline thistle, dwarf carline thistle, or silver thistle, is a perennial dicotyledonous flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to alpine regions of central and southern Europe. The specific name "acaulis" (New Latin for "without a stem," from Latin "caulis" "stem" or "stalk") and common names are descriptive of the manner in which its flower head rests directly upon a basal leaf rosette. The spiny, pinnatilobate leaves grow in a basal rosette approximately 20 cm in diameter. The flowers are produced in a large (up to 10 cm) flowerhead of silvery-white ray florets around a central disc. The disc florets are tubular and yellow-brown in colour. To protect the pollen, the head closes in wet weather, a phenomenon folklore holds to presage forthcoming rain.

Answer: Yes, Arnica and Carludovica are both types of plants. Arnica is a genus in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), while Carludovica is a genus in the Cyclanthaceae family. Both are flowering plants.


Question: top 10 largest car companies in the world

General Motors
General Motors Company, commonly referred to as General Motors (GM), is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Detroit that designs, manufactures, markets, and distributes vehicles and vehicle parts, and sells financial services, with global headquarters in Detroit's Renaissance Center. It was originally founded by William C. Durant on September 16, 1908 as a holding company. The company is the largest American automobile manufacturer, and one of the world's largest. As of 2018, General Motors is ranked #10 on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue. General Motors manufactures vehicles in 37 countries; its core automobile brands include Chevrolet, Buick, GMC, and Cadillac. It also either owns or holds a significant stake in foreign brands such as Holden, Wuling, Baojun, and Jiefang. Annual

Volkswagen Group
Volkswagen AG (), known internationally as the Volkswagen Group, is a German multinational automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany and indirectly majority owned by the Austrian Porsche-Piëch family. It designs, manufactures and distributes passenger and commercial vehicles, motorcycles, engines, and turbomachinery and offers related services including financing, leasing and fleet management. In 2016, it was the world's largest automaker by sales, overtaking Toyota and keeping this title in 2017 and 2018, selling 10.8 million vehicles. It has maintained the largest market share in Europe for over two decades. It ranked seventh in the 2018 Fortune Global 500 list of the world's largest companies. Volkswagen Group sells passenger cars under the Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, Škoda and the flagship Volkswagen marques; motorcycles under the

Passenger vehicles in the United States
three largest automobile manufacturers headquartered in the United States. While there have been roughly 1,800 car manufacturers in the US over the course of the 20th century, only three large corporations with considerable sales numbers were left by the 1980s. The term is applied to General Motors, the Ford Motor Company, and the Chrysler Corporation. Manufacturing.:Big Three.:General Motors. General Motors is the largest automobile manufacturer in the United States and was also the world's largest for 77 years. However, in 2008, GM was passed by Toyota. GM is headquartered at the Renaissance Center in downtown Detroit, employs approximately 216,000 people, sold 9.025 million cars worldwide, and had a US$152.35 billion billion revenue for the year 2015. The corporation sells its vehicles in the United States under the following

Automotive industry by country
This article provides an overview of the automotive industry in countries around the world. The United States was the world's largest automobile producer by volume from the early years of the 20th century until the 1980s, when it was overtaken by Japan. In 2009, China became the world's largest vehicle producer. Africa. Africa.:Algeria. Algeria's automotive industry is among the largest on the African continent (together with South Africa, Egypt and Morocco) and can exceed 500,000 units a year. Renault is the largest manufacturer with an estimated 25.5 percent of the national car market. Other carmakers represented there include Volkswagen (second largest), Peugeot, Hyundai (fifth largest), Nissan, and Fiat. in 2014 a Partnership between Daimler and the Ministry of Defence for the manufacture of trucks and armored cars will

Car
services have experienced double-digit growth in revenue and membership growth between 2006 and 2007. Services like car sharing offering a residents to "share" a vehicle rather than own a car in already congested neighborhoods. Industry. The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells the world's motor vehicles, more than three-quarters of which are cars. In 2018 there were 70 million cars manufactured worldwide, down 2 million from the previous year. The automotive industry in China produces by far the most (24 million in 2018), followed by Japan (8 million), Germany (5 million) and India (4 million). The largest market is China, followed by the USA. Around the world there are about a billion cars on the road; they burn over a trillion litres of gasoline and diesel

The top 10 largest car companies in the world, based on revenue and sales, include:

1. Toyota Motor Corporation (Japan)
2. Volkswagen Group (Germany)
3. General Motors (USA)
4. Ford Motor Company (USA)
5. BMW Group (Germany)
6. Honda Motor Co. (Japan)
7. Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Italy/USA)
8. Nissan Motor Corporation (Japan)
9. Hyundai Motor Group (South Korea)
10. Tesla, Inc. (USA)

Answer:
 Based on the information provided in the text, the top 10 largest car companies in the world in terms of sales are:

1. Volkswagen Group (10.8 million vehicles sold in 2016)
2. Toyota (10.2 million vehicles sold in 2016)
3. General Motors (9.025 million vehicles sold in 2015)
4. Ford Motor Company (6.6 million vehicles sold in 2016)
5. Nissan-Renault Alliance (8.5 million vehicles sold in 2016)
6. Hyundai-Kia Motors (7.5 million vehicles sold in 2016)
7. Honda (5.3 million vehicles sold in 2016)
8. BMW Group (2.2 million vehicles sold in 2016)
9. Audi AG (1.6 million vehicles sold in 2016)
10. Daimler AG (2.4 million vehicles sold in 2016)

Note that these numbers are based on sales from 2016, which may not be the most current data available. Also, keep in mind that the size of a car company can be measured in different ways, such as revenue or number of employees, and these rankings may differ depending on the metric used.


Question: Who is an Argentine film producer, editor and director, Jean Yarbrough or Pablo Trapero?

Pablo Trapero
Pablo Trapero (born 4 October 1971) is an Argentine film producer, editor, and director. He is considered one of the biggest creative forces in Latin American cinema. Biography. Pablo Trapero was born in San Justo, Argentina in 1971. In 1999 he directed his first feature, "Mundo Grúa", which won the Critics Prize at Venice. In 2002, he opened his production company, Matanza Cine, that produces films for fellow filmmakers, as well as his own. His second feature, "El Bonaerense" (2002) premiered at Cannes, "Familia Rodante" (2004) at Venice, and "Nacido y Criado" (2006) at Toronto. In 2008, "Leonera", presented in Competition at Cannes, showcased the talent of Martina Gusman, muse, actress and producer of the cineaste. He returned to Cannes with "Carancho" (2010) and "Elefante Blanco" (2012), both

Pablo Reyero
Pablo Reyero (born March 29, 1966) is an Argentine film director and screenwriter. He has directed three films since 1998. His film "La cruz del sur" was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival. Filmography. - "Dársena sur" (1998) - "La cruz del sur" (2003) - "Angeles caídos" (2007)

The Trap (1949 film)
The Trap (Spanish:La trampa) is a 1949 Argentine thriller film directed by Carlos Hugo Christensen and starring Zully Moreno, George Rigaud and Juana Sujo. A woman marries a man without understanding the darker depths of his personality. Cast. - Zully Moreno as Paulina Figueroa - George Rigaud as Hugo Morán / Paul Deval - Juana Sujo as Agatha Valle - Carlos Thompson as Mario Casares - Juan Corona as Dr. Vargas - María Santos as Srta. Martín - María Esther Buschiazzo as Josefina - Arnoldo Chamot as Relator - Raquel Notar as Presidenta de la Liga - André Dumont as Extorsionador - Mario Caraballo - Gloria Ferrandiz as Sra. Salcedo Bibliography. - Rist, Peter H. "Historical Dictionary of South American Cinema". Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.

Juan Jesús Trapero
Juan Jesús Trapero Hidalgo (born 21 December 1969 in Santander) is a former Spanish sprinter who competed in the men's 100m competition at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He recorded a 10.64, not enough to qualify for the next round past the heats. His personal best is 10.35, set in 1992. He also ran a leg for the Spanish 4 × 100 m relay team, which advanced to the semifinals with a time of 39.60, but did not advance further, posting a 39.62 in the semis.

Crab Trap
Crab Trap () is a 2009 Colombian-French drama film directed by Oscar Ruiz Navia. The film was selected as the Colombian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 83rd Academy Awards, but it didn't make the final shortlist. Plot. Daniel arrives in the Afro-Colombian community of La Barra on Colombia’s Pacific coast looking for a boat to leave the country. He intends to stay for only a few days, but a strange shortage of fish has affected La Barra and the fishermen have been sailing far out to sea in hopes of finding new resources. These circumstances make Daniel’s search more difficult. In the meantime the villagers have their own issues: Cerebro, the leader of the community, is trying to adjust to the advent of modernity.

Pablo Trapero is an Argentine film producer, editor, and director. Jean Yarbrough is not mentioned in the provided documents.

Answer: Pablo Trapero is an Argentine film producer, editor, and director.


Question: Andrew Jaspan is the co-founder of a website that launched in which year ?

TechPresident
TechPresident is a nonpartisan political website founded by Andrew Rasiej and Micah Sifry with the idea of tracking how the Internet is impacting U.S. political campaigns. It was launched on February 12, 2007 to monitor the United States presidential election of 2008. The site follows how the campaigns are utilizing new Internet-based strategies and how citizens are creating content, such as YouTube videos and Facebook groups, using the social media technologies. TechPresident is an extension of Personal Democracy Forum, an annual conference and online magazine which focuses on the broader topic of how technology is changing politics and advocacy.

Brainjam
Brainjam is a website originally created in 2000 by Martin Wolfenden and Andrew Wilson, as an internet repository for their comedy writing. By 2002 the website had grow from a small concern to pulling in many thousands of visitors a month, mainly through word of mouth and many from the British university community who enjoyed its style. In time, the two writers were replaced by a dozen regular contributors. The earliest articles on the site were written by Wolfenden and would often stray from comedy into personal tragedy; however most of the tragic pieces have been removed. On 21 March 2008, Wolfenden, Tom Stringfellow and Wilson began a fortnightly podcast called 'The Gentleman's Review (Podcast)' which brought the same style of rambling comedy to the new medium. Revival.

Asap (web portal)
asap was an Associated Press (AP) multimedia news portal targeted at 18- to 34-year-olds. It was launched in September 2005 with a stated intention of bringing high quality news content to a seemingly underserved readership segment and helping the Associated Press members attract that audience. It employed two dozen reporters, editors, photographers and designers at AP headquarters in New York City and in the field who were charged with creating a daily multimedia product that reflected the newsgathering depth and breadth of AP the world's largest newsgathering organization. It included a pop culture blog called "The Slug" written by reporter Derrik J. Lang. The service included video, audio, Flash presentations and news reports and features, both domestic and international, and relied heavily on AP reporters around the world.

Myspace
Myspace (stylized as myspace) is an American social networking website offering an interactive, user-submitted network of friends, personal profiles, blogs, groups, photos, music, and videos. Myspace was the largest social networking site in the world from 2005 to 2008. It was headquartered in Beverly Hills, California. Myspace was acquired by News Corporation in July 2005 for $580 million, and in June 2006 surpassed Google as the most visited website in the United States. In April 2008, Myspace was overtaken by Facebook in the number of unique worldwide visitors and was surpassed in the number of unique U.S. visitors in May 2009, though Myspace generated $800 million in revenue during the 2008 fiscal year. Since then, the number of Myspace users has declined steadily in spite of several redesigns.

The question contains an error. Andrew Jaspan is not mentioned in the provided documents.

Answer: TechPresident was launched in 2007.


Question: largest yellow diamond

Tiffany Yellow Diamond
The Tiffany Yellow Diamond is one of the largest yellow diamonds ever discovered. Its carat weight was originally 287.42 carats (57.484 g) in the rough when discovered in 1878 in the Kimberley mine in South Africa. It was cut into a cushion shape of 128.54 carats (25.108 g) with 82 facets—24 more than a traditional round brilliant—to maximize its brilliance. The facet pattern features eight needle-like facets pointing outward from the culet (bottom) facet. Jewelry and diamond historian Herbert Tillander refers to this as a "stellar brilliant cut", and lists the gem in his book, "Diamond Cuts in Historic Jewelry – 1381 to 1910" (1995), among other such diamonds: the Cullinan Diamond, the Koh-i-Noor, the Polar Star, the Wittelsbach, and others. History. Discovered in South Africa in 1877,

Oppenheimer Diamond
The Oppenheimer Diamond, a nearly perfectly formed yellow diamond crystal, is one of the largest uncut diamonds in the world, and measures approximately 20 × 20 millimeters. It was discovered in the Dutoitspan Mine, Kimberley, South Africa, in 1964. Harry Winston acquired the stone and presented it to the Smithsonian Institution in memory of Sir Ernest Oppenheimer. External links. - Oppenheimer Diamond at the Smithsonian, with better closeup photos - Another view - Third closeup

26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (diamond)
The 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ("26th Congress of the CPSU", ) is a 342.57 carat fancy lemon yellow raw diamond, the largest gem diamond ever found in Russia or the territory of the former Soviet Union, and one of the largest in the world as of 2016. It was mined at the Mir kimberlitic pipe (Yakutia, Far Eastern Federal District) on December 23rd,1980 and named after the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, opening February 23, 1981. It is kept in the Russian Diamond Fund (Moscow Kremlin). See also. - List of diamonds - List of largest rough diamonds

Tiffany Yellow Diamond
the stone was purchased by New York jeweler Charles Tiffany. His gemologist, George Frederick Kunz, studied the gem for a year before beginning to cut it; reducing it from 287 carats (57.5g) to its current size. The cutting was carried out in Paris. Kunz was a mere 23 years old at the time. It was later mounted by Jean Schlumberger. In 1879, the Tiffany branch in Paris obtained the Tiffany Diamond, which weighed 287.42 carats in the rough. It was the largest yellow diamond found up to that time. The task of supervising the cutting of this stone was the responsibility of one George Frederick Kunz (1856–1932), a twenty-three-year-old gemologist who had just joined the firm. Kunz added an additional 32 facets to the accepted square antique brilliant

List of individual gemstones
The American Golden Topaz, the largest cut yellow topaz, weighing nearly 23000 carats (4.6 kg). - The Chalmers Topaz, a cut topaz.

The largest yellow diamond is the Tiffany Yellow Diamond, originally weighing 287.42 carats in the rough.

Answer: The Tiffany Yellow Diamond is one of the largest yellow diamonds ever discovered, originally weighing 287.42 carats (57.484 g) in the rough. It was cut into a cushion shape of 128.54 carats (25.108 g) with 82 facets. The Oppenheimer Diamond is another large yellow diamond, approximately 20 × 20 millimeters in size and discovered in 1964. The 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union is a 342.57 carat yellow diamond, the largest gem diamond ever found in Russia or the territory of the former Soviet Union.


Question: Samwise Gamgee, Peregrin Took and Meriadoc Brandybuck are all types of which fictional characters?

Samwise Gamgee
Samwise "Sam" Gamgee (later known as Samwise Gardner) is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. The hobbit Samwise is the chief supporting character of "The Lord of the Rings", in which he fills an archetypal role as the sidekick of the primary protagonist, Frodo Baggins. Sam is a member of the Fellowship of the Ring, which also includes Frodo Baggins, Merry Brandybuck, Pippin Took, Legolas Greenleaf, Gimli son of Glóin, Boromir, Aragorn son of Arathorn, and Gandalf. At the beginning of the story, Sam is Frodo's gardener, and is drawn into Frodo's adventure by Gandalf while eavesdropping on a private conversation. Throughout the story, Sam is Frodo's steadfast companion and servant, portrayed as both physically and emotionally strong, often pushing Frodo through difficult parts of

Meriadoc Brandybuck
Shire-reckoning, in 1382), in Buckland. He is the only child of Saradoc Brandybuck (T.A. 2940-F.A. 11), who was a Master of Buckland, and Esmeralda Brandybuck (née Took) (T.A. 2936- ?), the younger sister of Paladin Took II (T.A. 2933–3034), making him first cousin to Paladin's son Peregrin Took. (See "The Lord of the Rings", Appendix C.) Merry later married Estella (Bolger) Brandybuck (T.A. 2985–?), the younger sister of Fredegar Bolger, who helped Frodo, Sam, Merry and Pippin on the first leg of their quest journey. Meriadoc and Estella had at least one son. Family and relations.:The Fellowship hobbits' relative ages. The Council of Elrond convened on 25 October, T.A. 3018 in Rivendell. Appearances. Appearances.:Literature. In "The Lord of the Rings", Merry is often considered, and was described by

Took clan
In J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium, the Took clan () was one of the most famous Hobbit families. Pippin of the Fellowship of the Ring was a member of this family. Other famous Hobbits including Bilbo Baggins, Frodo Baggins and Meriadoc Brandybuck were also related. Middle-earth narrative. The first recorded Took (Tûk of unknown meaning in Hobbitish Westron) was an Isumbras Took, who became the 13th Thain of the Shire in after Gorhendad Oldbuck crossed into Buckland, becoming Master there. After Isumbras, the office of Thain became hereditary in the Took family, and at the beginning of the Fourth Age his descendant Peregrin "Pippin" Took became the 19th Thain of the Took line, the 32nd in the Shire. The Tooks mostly lived in the Great Smials of

Samwise
The name Samwise may refer to - Samwise Gamgee, a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy world Middle-earth - Samwise Didier, an artist and Art Director at Blizzard Entertainment - "Samwise", a web-comic from Scott Kurtz

Took
Took is a variant of the English surname Tooke, originally found predominantly in the East Anglia region region of the United Kingdom. The name Took may refer to: People. - Barry Took (1928–2002), British comedian and television presenter - Steve Peregrin Took (1949–1980), British musician and songwriter - Took Leng How (1981–2006), Malaysian murderer - Roger Took, British art historian and sex offender Fiction. - Peregrin Took, fictional character in "The Lord of the Rings" by J.R.R. Tolkien - The Took clan of hobbits See also. - Tooke - Tuke (disambiguation) - Tuque

Hobbits from J.R.R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings."

Answer: Samwise Gamgee, Peregrin Took, and Meriadoc Brandybuck are hobbits in J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings" legendarium.


Question: is testosterone a protein

Androgen-binding protein
Androgen-binding protein (ABP) is a glycoprotein (beta-globulin) produced by the Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis that binds specifically to testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and 17-beta-estradiol. Because ABP binds to T and DHT, these hormones are made less lipophilic and become concentrated within the luminal fluid of the seminiferous tubules. The higher levels of these hormones enable spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules and sperm maturation in the epididymis. ABP has the same amino acid sequence as sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG); the difference is the site of production and the addition of different sugar moieties. ABP contains 403 amino acids, resulting in a molecular weight of 44,533. Its gene is located on chromosome 17. ABP’s production is regulated under influence of FSH on Sertoli cell, enhanced

Androgen-binding protein
by insulin, retinol, and testosterone. ABP may also be secreted in other organs; for instance, mice produce a salivary ABP. See also. - Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)

Testosterone
Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. In male humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair. In addition, testosterone is involved in health and well-being, and the prevention of osteoporosis. Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss. Testosterone is a steroid from the androstane class containing a keto and hydroxyl groups at the three and seventeen positions respectively. It is biosynthesized in several steps from cholesterol and is converted in the liver to inactive metabolites. It exerts its action through binding to and activation of

Testosterone (medication)
Testosterone (T) is a medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone. It is used to treat male hypogonadism and certain types of breast cancer. It may also be used to increase athletic ability in the form of doping. It is unclear if the use of testosterone for low levels due to aging is beneficial or harmful. Testosterone can be used as a gel or patch that is applied to the skin, injection into a muscle, tablet that is placed in the cheek, or tablet that is taken by mouth. Common side effects of testosterone include acne, swelling, and breast enlargement in men. Serious side effects may include liver toxicity, heart disease, and behavioral changes. Women and children who are exposed may develop masculinization. It is recommended that individuals with

Testosterone phosphate
Testosterone phosphate (brand name Telipex Aquosum) is an androgen and anabolic steroid and a testosterone ester. Its structure is contained within polytestosterone phloretin phosphate.

No, testosterone is not a protein. It is a steroid hormone.

Answer: Testosterone is not a protein. It is a steroid hormone. Androgen-binding protein (ABP), on the other hand, is a protein that binds to testosterone and other androgens.


Question: What are the type of antibiotics which are taken from still living things?

Antibiotic
(such as fidaxomicin). Production. With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus "Penicillium"), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials—for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones—are produced solely by chemical synthesis. Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 1000 daltons. Since the first pioneering efforts of Howard Florey and Chain in 1939, the importance of antibiotics, including antibacterials, to medicine has led to intense research into producing antibacterials at large scales. Following screening of antibacterials against a wide range of bacteria, production of

Antibiotic
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria and is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections. Antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention of such infections. They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. A limited number of antibiotics also possess antiprotozoal activity. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses such as the common cold or influenza; drugs which inhibit viruses are termed antiviral drugs or antivirals rather than antibiotics. Sometimes, the term "antibiotic" which means "opposing life", based on Greek roots, (ἀντι-) anti: "against" and (βίος-) biotic: "life", is broadly used to refer to any substance used against microbes, but in the usual medical usage, antibiotics (such as penicillin) are those produced naturally (by one

Antibiotic
spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities. Protein synthesis inhibitors (macrolides, lincosamides, and tetracyclines) are usually bacteriostatic (with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides). Further categorization is based on their target specificity. "Narrow-spectrum" antibiotics target specific types of bacteria, such as gram-negative or gram-positive, whereas broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria. Following a 40-year break in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds, four new classes of antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s: cyclic lipopeptides (such as daptomycin), glycylcyclines (such as tigecycline), oxazolidinones (such as linezolid), and lipiarmycins

Actinobacteria
growth-promoting substances for plants and animals. Actinobacteria-derived antibiotics that are important in medicine include aminoglycosides, anthracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolide, tetracyclines, etc. Actinobacteria have high guanine and cytosine content in their DNA. The G+C content of Actinobacteria can be as high as 70%, though some may have a low G+C content. Analysis of glutamine synthetase sequence has been suggested for phylogenetic analysis of the Actinobacteria. Phylogeny. The phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 123 by 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project. Taxonomy. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). - Species ""Cathayosporangium alboflavum"" ♠ - Species ""Candidatus" Planktophila limnetica" - Species ""Tonsillophilus suis"" ♠ - Class Rubrobacteria (Rubrobacteridae ) - Order Rubrobacterales

Cedecea
to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Clinical. "Cedecea" strains are rarely isolated from the environment or living human tissues. However, strains have, at one or more times, been isolated from the following human specimen: sputum, blood, skin wounds, gall bladder, urine and lung tissue. These specimen were collected from a handful of patients who were elderly, medically compromised or immunocompromised. Even though these strains have been isolated, their role in disease and clinical significance is yet to be discovered. Treatment. Patients who are infected with "Cedecea" can benefit from antibiotic therapy; however, this can be a challenge due to "Cedecea" strains being resistant to a range of antimicrobial agents. "Cedecea" strains are resistant to the following antimicrobial agents: cephalothin, extended spectrium cephalosporins, colistin, and several aminoglycosides. Ecology. Several members of

Aminoglycosides are the type of antibiotics that are still isolated from living organisms.

Answer: The type of antibiotics that are taken from still living things are those that are derived from microorganisms, such as the aminoglycosides. Other antibacterials, like the sulfonamides, quinolones, and oxazolidinones, are produced solely by chemical synthesis.


Question: Who was wife to Henry II and mother of Richard the Lionheart and King John?

Joan Holland, Duchess of Brittany
Lady Joan Holland (1350 – October 1384) was Duchess of Brittany as the second wife of John IV, Duke of Brittany. She was the daughter of Joan of Kent and Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent. Her mother married secondly to Edward the Black Prince and was mother to Richard II. Her marriage to John IV took place in London in May 1366, but without the approval of King Edward III of England, Joan's step-grandfather, who claimed overlordship of Brittany. The couple had no children. Joan's death, in her thirties, was politically inexpedient. In 1386, two years afterwards, John IV married Joan of Navarre, later the queen of King Henry VI of England.

Joan of Kent
Joan, Countess of Kent (29 September 1328 – 7 August 1385), known to history as The Fair Maid of Kent, was the mother of King Richard II of England, whom she bore to her third husband Edward the Black Prince, son and heir of King Edward III. Although the French chronicler Jean Froissart called her "the most beautiful woman in all the realm of England, and the most loving", the appellation "Fair Maid of Kent" does not appear to be contemporary. Joan assumed the title of fourth Countess of Kent and fifth Baroness Wake of Liddell after the death of her brother, John, in 1352. Early life. Joan was the daughter of Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent, and Margaret Wake, 3rd Baroness Wake of Liddell. Her

Henry IV of England
Henry IV (15 April 1367 – 20 March 1413), also known as Henry Bolingbroke (), was King of England from 1399 to 1413, and asserted the claim of his grandfather, Edward III (himself a maternal grandson of Philip IV of France), to the Kingdom of France. Henry was born at Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire. His father, John of Gaunt (1340-1399) (created 1st Duke of Lancaster in right of his wife), was the fourth son (third to survive to adulthood) of King Edward III and enjoyed a position of considerable influence during much of the reign of his nephew King Richard II (1377-1399), whom Henry eventually deposed. Henry's mother was Blanche of Lancaster, heiress to the great Lancashire estates of her father Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster

Anne Boleyn
Anne Boleyn (; 1501 – 19 May 1536) was Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife of King Henry VIII. Henry's marriage to her, and her execution by beheading, made her a key figure in the political and religious upheaval that was the start of the English Reformation. Anne was the daughter of Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Howard, and was educated in the Netherlands and France, largely as a maid of honour to Queen Claude of France. Anne returned to England in early 1522, to marry her Irish cousin James Butler, 9th Earl of Ormond; the marriage plans were broken off, and instead she secured a post at court as maid of honour to Henry VIII's wife,

Cultural depictions of Anne Boleyn
Anne Boleyn, the second wife of King Henry VIII of England, has inspired or been mentioned in numerous artistic and cultural works. The following lists cover various media, enduring works of high art, and recent representations in popular culture, film and fiction. The entries represent portrayals that a reader has a reasonable chance of encountering, rather than a complete catalogue. Anne Boleyn was the second wife of Henry VIII and was the mother of Elizabeth I. Portrayals. A common view in the 18th and 19th centuries was the image of Anne as a romantic victim; a strong-willed and beautiful woman who was destroyed by her husband, who was presented as a brutal tyrant by most popular historians. A 19th-century biography of Anne by Elizabeth Benger was particularly full

The question contains an error. Henry II of England was not married to Joan Holland or Anne Boleyn. Joan Holland was the Duchess of Brittany and the wife of John IV, Duke of Brittany. Anne Boleyn was the second wife of King Henry VIII of England and the mother of Elizabeth I. The mother of Richard the Lionheart (Richard I) and King John was Eleanor of Aquitaine.

Answer: Joan of Kent, daughter of Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent, and Margaret Wake, 3rd Baroness Wake of Liddell, was the mother of King Richard II of England, whom she bore to her third husband Edward the Black Prince. Edward the Black Prince was the son and heir of King Edward III. Therefore, Joan of Kent was the grandmother of both Richard the Lionheart and King John, who succeeded Richard II as King of England. However, it is important to note that Henry II, who lived from 1133 to 1189, predates Joan of Kent by several centuries.


Question: In some ways, a collection of gas molecules represents the simplest form of what?

Gas
Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, liquid, and plasma). A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen), or compound molecules made from a variety of atoms (e.g. carbon dioxide). A gas mixture, such as air, contains a variety of pure gases. What distinguishes a gas from liquids and solids is the vast separation of the individual gas particles. This separation usually makes a colorless gas invisible to the human observer. The interaction of gas particles in the presence of electric and gravitational fields are considered negligible, as indicated by the constant velocity vectors in the image. The gaseous state of matter is

Ideal gas
An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of many randomly moving point particles whose only interactions are perfectly elastic collisions. The ideal gas concept is useful because it obeys the ideal gas law, a simplified equation of state, and is amenable to analysis under statistical mechanics. In most usual conditions (for instance at standard temperature and pressure), most real gases behave qualitatively like an ideal gas. Many gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, noble gases, and some heavier gases like carbon dioxide can be treated like ideal gases within reasonable tolerances. Generally, a gas behaves more like an ideal gas at higher temperature and lower pressure, as the potential energy due to intermolecular forces becomes less significant compared with the particles' kinetic energy, and the size of

Molecule
A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. Molecules are distinguished from ions by their lack of electrical charge. However, in quantum physics, organic chemistry, and biochemistry, the term "molecule" is often used less strictly, also being applied to polyatomic ions. In the kinetic theory of gases, the term "molecule" is often used for any gaseous particle regardless of its composition. According to this definition, noble gas atoms are considered molecules as they are monatomic molecules. A molecule may be homonuclear, that is, it consists of atoms of one chemical element, as with oxygen (O); or it may be heteronuclear, a chemical compound composed of more than one element, as with water (HO). Atoms and complexes connected by non-covalent

Photon gas
In physics, a photon gas is a gas-like collection of photons, which has many of the same properties of a conventional gas like hydrogen or neon – including pressure, temperature, and entropy. The most common example of a photon gas in equilibrium is black-body radiation. Photons are part of family of particles known as bosons, particles that follow Bose–Einstein statistics and with integer spin. A gas of bosons with only one type of particle is uniquely described by three state functions such as the temperature, volume, and the number of particles. However, for a black body, the energy distribution is established by the interaction of the photons with matter, usually the walls of the container. In this interaction, the number of photons is not conserved. As a result,

Molecule
numbers of atoms in different positions in a molecule. Theoretical aspects. The study of molecules by molecular physics and theoretical chemistry is largely based on quantum mechanics and is essential for the understanding of the chemical bond. The simplest of molecules is the hydrogen molecule-ion, H, and the simplest of all the chemical bonds is the one-electron bond. H is composed of two positively charged protons and one negatively charged electron, which means that the Schrödinger equation for the system can be solved more easily due to the lack of electron–electron repulsion. With the development of fast digital computers, approximate solutions for more complicated molecules became possible and are one of the main aspects of computational chemistry. When trying to define rigorously whether an arrangement of atoms is

A collection of gas molecules represents the simplest form of a system in statistical mechanics.

Answer: A collection of gas molecules represents the simplest form of a gaseous system following the ideal gas model, which is a theoretical construct composed of point particles with negligible interactions. This model is useful for analyzing the behavior of gases under various conditions, and many real gases exhibit similar qualitative properties.


Question: What did Hopkins believe was required other than calories, protein and minerals to help prevent deficiency diseases?

Human nutrition
and Max Rubner independently measured caloric energy expenditure in different species of animals, applying principles of physics in nutrition. In 1906, Wilcock and Hopkins showed that the amino acid tryptophan was necessary for the survival of rats. He fed them a special mixture of food containing all the nutrients he believed were essential for survival, but the rats died. A second group of rats to which he also fed an amount of milk containing vitamins. Gowland Hopkins recognized "accessory food factors" other than calories, protein and minerals, as organic materials essential to health but which the body cannot synthesize. In 1907 Stephen M. Babcock and Edwin B. Hart conducted the single-grain experiment. This experiment ran through 1911. In 1912 Casimir Funk coined the term vitamin to label a

Thiamine deficiency
chickens helped to prevent beriberi. The following year, Sir Frederick Hopkins postulated that some foods contained "accessory factors"—in addition to proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and salt—that were necessary for the functions of the human body. In 1901, Gerrit Grijns, a Dutch physician and assistant to Christiaan Eijkman in the Netherlands, correctly interpreted beriberi as a deficiency syndrome, and between 1910 and 1913, Edward Bright Vedder established that an extract of rice bran is a treatment for beriberi. In 1929, Eijkman and Hopkins were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries. History.:Etymology. Although according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term "beriberi" comes from a Sinhalese phrase meaning "weak, weak" or "I cannot, I cannot", the word being duplicated for emphasis, the origin of the phrase

Vitamin deficiency
14 cases of beriberi and no deaths. This convinced Takaki and the Japanese Navy that diet was the cause of beriberi, but they mistakenly believed that sufficient amounts of protein prevented it. That diseases could result from some dietary deficiencies was further investigated by Christiaan Eijkman, who in 1897 discovered that feeding unpolished rice instead of the polished variety to chickens helped to prevent beriberi. The following year, Frederick Hopkins postulated that some foods contained "accessory factors" — in addition to proteins, carbohydrates, fats "etc." — that are necessary for the functions of the human body. Hopkins and Eijkman were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1929 for their discoveries. In 1910, the first vitamin complex was isolated by Japanese scientist Umetaro Suzuki, who succeeded

Frederick Gowland Hopkins
the energy used for muscle contraction. In 1912 Hopkins published the work for which he is best known, demonstrating in a series of animal feeding experiments that diets consisting of pure proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and water fail to support animal growth. This led him to suggest the existence in normal diets of tiny quantities of as yet unidentified substances that are essential for animal growth and survival. These hypothetical substances he called "accessory food factors", later renamed vitamins. It was this work that led his being awarded (together with Christiaan Eijkman) the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physiology for Medicine. During World War I, Hopkins continued his work on the nutritional value of vitamins. His efforts were especially valuable in a time of food shortages and rationing. He

Sir William Dunn Institute of Biochemistry
biomedical science research. Hardy referred the trustee (Charles D. Seligman) to Walter Morley Fletcher, the secretary of the Medical Research Council. The Dunn estate, like much of the philanthropy world, was beginning to look more to "preventive" philanthropy (as opposed to direct aid to the needy) by sponsoring research institutions that could address social ills. Between 1919 and 1925, Fletcher convinced the Dunn trustees to put nearly half a million pounds toward biomedical research. Fletcher was a long-time friend and institutional ally of Frederick Gowland Hopkins, a pioneering biochemist who was trying to establish "general biochemistry" as a field distinct from either medical physiology or organic chemistry, more a part of biology than medicine. Fletcher lobbied for the Dunn estate to fund Hopkins's proposal, among the over 500

Hopkins believed that "accessory food factors" were required other than calories, protein and minerals to help prevent deficiency diseases.

Answer: Hopkins believed that there were "accessory factors" other than calories, protein, and minerals that were essential to prevent deficiency diseases. These organic materials were necessary for health but could not be synthesized by the body. Hopkins' work led to the discovery and identification of vitamins.


Question: The point in the titration at which an indicator changes color is called what?

Titration
assay (ELISA). This value is known as the titer. Measuring the endpoint of a titration. Different methods to determine the endpoint include: - Indicator: A substance that changes color in response to a chemical change. An acid–base indicator (e.g., phenolphthalein) changes color depending on the pH. Redox indicators are also used. A drop of indicator solution is added to the titration at the beginning; the endpoint has been reached when the color changes. - Potentiometer: An instrument that measures the electrode potential of the solution. These are used for redox titrations; the potential of the working electrode will suddenly change as the endpoint is reached. - pH meter: A potentiometer with an electrode whose potential depends on the amount of H ion present in the solution. (This is

Equivalence point
The equivalence point, or stoichiometric point, of a chemical reaction is the point at which chemically equivalent quantities of bases and acids have been mixed. In other words, the moles of acid are equivalent to the moles of base, according to the equation (this does not necessarily imply a 1:1 molar ratio of acid:base, merely that the ratio is the same as in the equation). It can be found by means of an indicator, for example phenolphthalein or methyl orange. The endpoint (related to, but not the same as the equivalence point) refers to the point at which the indicator changes color in a colorimetric titration. Methods to determine the equivalence point. Different methods to determine the equivalence point include: - pH indicator: A pH indicator is a

Complexometric indicator
A complexometric indicator is an ionochromic dye that undergoes a definite color change in presence of specific metal ions. It forms a weak complex with the ions present in the solution, which has a significantly different color from the form existing outside the complex. Complexometric indicators are also known as pM indicators. Complexometric titration. In analytical chemistry, complexometric indicators are used in complexometric titration to indicate the exact moment when all the metal ions in the solution are sequestered by a chelating agent (most usually EDTA). Such indicators are also called metallochromic indicators. The indicator may be present in another liquid phase in equilibrium with the titrated phase, the indicator is described as extraction indicator. Some complexometric indicators are sensitive to air and are destroyed. When such solution

Methyl orange
Methyl orange is a pH indicator frequently used in titration because of its clear and distinct color variance at different pH values. Methyl orange shows red color in acidic medium and yellow color in basic medium. Because it changes color at the pH of a mid strength acid, it is usually used in titration for acids. Unlike a universal indicator, methyl orange does not have a full spectrum of color change, but it has a sharp end point. Indicator colors. In a solution becoming less acidic, methyl orange moves from red to orange and finally to yellow with the reverse occurring for a solution increasing in acidity. The entire color change occurs in acidic conditions. In an acid, it is reddish and in alkali, it is yellow. Methyl

Acid–base titration
concentration of a basic (synonymous to alkaline) substance. Acidimetry, sometimes spelled acidometry, is the same concept of specialized analytic acid-base titration, but for an acidic substance. Indicator choice. A suitable pH indicator must be chosen in order to detect the end point of the titration. The color change or other effect should occur close to the equivalence point of the reaction so that the experimenter can accurately determine when that point is reached. The pH of the equivalence point can be estimated using the following rules: - A strong acid will react with a strong base to form a neutral (pH = 7) solution. - A strong acid will react with a weak base to form an acidic (pH 7) solution. - A weak acid will react with

The point in the titration at which an indicator changes color is called the endpoint.

Answer: The endpoint of a titration is the point at which an indicator changes color.


Question: In which Rodgers and Hammerstein musical does the character Nellie Forbush appear?

Rodgers and Hammerstein
his book "Tales of the South Pacific", which itself was the winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1948. For their adaptation, Rodgers and Hammerstein, along with co-writer Joshua Logan, won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1950. In the original production, Mary Martin starred as the heroine Nellie Forbush, and opera star Ezio Pinza starred as Emile de Becque, the French plantation owner. Also in the cast were Juanita Hall, Myron McCormick and Betta St. John. The 1958 film version, also directed by Logan, starred Mitzi Gaynor, Rossano Brazzi, John Kerr, Ray Walston, and Juanita Hall. Brazzi, Kerr, and Hall had their singing dubbed by others. "South Pacific" and important subsequent works.:"The King and I". Based on Margaret Landon's "Anna and the King of Siam"—the story

Nelly (given name)
Nellie King (1928–2010), American baseball player and radio announcer - Nelly (born 1974), American rapper and singer Fictional characters. - Nellie Bertram, a character from "The Office (U.S.)", played by Catherine Tate - Nelly Dean, in Emily Brontë's novel "Wuthering Heights" - Nellie Oleson, from the "Little House on the Prairie" children's books and TV series - Nellie Pledge, a fictional character in the Granada Television series "Nearest and Dearest", played by Hylda Baker - Nellie Brie, from the film "" - Nellie Gray, ally of The Avenger - Nellie Forbush, heroine of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical "South Pacific" - Nellie O'Malley, a character from the American Girl series - Nellie, subject of the 1956 song "Nellie the Elephant" and "Nellie the Elephant" (TV series) - Nelly,

Martha Wright (actress)
the musical ghost story "Great to Be Alive!" (1950). She also appeared in supper clubs, including The Palmer House Hilton in Chicago, and came to the attention of Rodgers and Hammerstein, who cast her as Nellie Forbush in "South Pacific" (1951–54), to replace Mary Martin in the role. She played it for 1,047 performances, until it closed on Broadway, and then toured in the role. She then began to appear on television in "The Eyes Have It" and a CBS variety show called "Three's Company" and other programs. "The New York Times" called Wright "A coloratura soprano who personified the pert appeal of a 1950s ingénue". She was married twice, first to T. W. "Teddy" Baumfeld, who helped manage her career. After they divorced, she married George J.

Mary Martin
Mary Virginia Martin (December 1, 1913 – November 3, 1990) was an American actress, singer, and Broadway star. A muse of Rodgers and Hammerstein's, she originated many leading roles over her career including Nellie Forbush in "South Pacific" (1949) and Maria von Trapp in "The Sound of Music" (1959). She was named a Kennedy Center Honoree in 1989. She was the mother of actor Larry Hagman. Early life. Martin was born in Weatherford, Texas. Her life as a child, as she describes it in her autobiography "My Heart Belongs", was secure and happy. She had close relationships with both of her parents as well as her siblings. Her autobiography details how the young actress had an instinctive ear for recreating musical sounds. Martin's father, Preston Martin, was a

George Britton (musician)
George Britton (19 October 1910 - 12 February 2010) was an American singer, actor, and guitarist. A classical bass-baritone, he had an active performing career in operas, concerts, and musicals during the 1930s through the 1960s. As a stage performer he is best known for succeeding Ezio Pinza in the role of Emile de Becque in the original Broadway production of Rodgers and Hammerstein's "South Pacific". He portrayed the role for two years opposite Martha Wright as Nellie Forbush. Britton began performing concerts of folk music in the 1950s, accompanying himself on the guitar. In 1957 he cofounded the Philadelphia Folksong Society and the Philadelphia Folk Festival in 1962. In the 1960s his career moved primarily into performing folk music. He also taught guitar and voice at his

The character Nellie Forbush appears in the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical "South Pacific."

Answer: South Pacific