README.md

---
license: mit
metrics:
- accuracy
- precision
- recall
- f1
base_model:
- google/efficientnet-b7
pipeline_tag: image-classification
tags:
- medical
- cervical-cancer
- histopathology
- undersampling
---

# Model Card: EfficientNet-B7 for Cervical Cancer Image Classification

This model fine-tunes **EfficientNet-B7** for the task of binary cervical cancer image classification (Negative vs. Positive). It was trained using undersampling to handle class imbalance.

---

## Model Details

- **Developed by:** Beijuka / Pathogen Lab
- **Funded by:** STI
- **Model type:** Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
- **Input type:** Histopathology images (600x600, RGB)
- **Output type:** Binary classification (Negative, Positive)
- **License:** MIT
- **Finetuned from:** `google/efficientnet-b7`

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- **Repository:** [Your HF Repo URL]
- **Paper [optional]:** [If you want to link e.g., EfficientNet or related research]
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---

## Uses

### Direct Use
- classification of cervical cancer images into Negative vs Positive cases.  

### Downstream Use
- Could be integrated into diagnostic support pipelines.  
- Adapted for related medical imaging classification tasks.

### Out-of-Scope Use
- **Not** a replacement for professional medical diagnosis.  
- Should not be deployed clinically without regulatory approval.  
- Not suitable for non-cervical images.

---

## Bias, Risks, and Limitations

- The dataset was undersampled → may affect generalizability.  
- Model performance varies by threshold (see below).  
- Limited dataset size (19 test images) means results may not generalize.  
- Potential domain shift if applied to different staining/preparation protocols.

### Recommendations
- Validate on larger, more diverse datasets.  
- Carefully calibrate decision threshold depending on application (screening vs confirmatory).  
- Use alongside clinical expertise, not as a standalone tool.

---

## How to Get Started

```python
from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
from tensorflow import keras

model_path = hf_hub_download(
    "Beijuka/cancer-efficientnetb7-undersampling",
    "cancer_efficientnetB7_undersampling.keras"
)
model = keras.models.load_model(model_path)
````

---

## Training Details

### Training Data

* Histopathology images of cervical cancer (size 600x600, RGB).
* Class imbalance addressed via **undersampling**:

  * Positive: 84 images
  * Negative: 100 images
* Preprocessing: Normalization + resizing.

### Training Procedure

* Optimizer: Adam
* Loss: Binary Crossentropy
* Batch size: 8
* Learning rate: 1e-3 (initial), 1e-5 (fine-tuning)
* Epochs: 50 (initial), 20 (fine-tuning)
* EarlyStopping and ModelCheckpoint callbacks used.

### Data Splits (70:20:10)

* **Training:** 128 images (70 Negative, 29 Positive Post-stained, 29 Positive Pre-stained)
* **Validation:** 37 images (20 Negative, 8 Positive Post-stained, 9 Positive Pre-stained)
* **Test:** 19 images (10 Negative, 5 Positive Post-stained, 4 Positive Pre-stained)

### Hardware

* GPU: Tesla T4 (14GB)
* CUDA Version: 12.4
* Software: TensorFlow/Keras

---

## Evaluation

### Testing Data

* Independent test set: 19 images (10 Negative, 9 Positive)

### Metrics at Threshold 0.5

* **Accuracy:** 0.7368
* **Precision (Positive):** 0.8333
* **Recall (Positive):** 0.5556
* **F1-Score (Positive):** 0.6667

#### Confusion Matrix

```
[[9, 1],
 [4, 5]]
```

#### Sensitivity / Specificity

* Negative: Sensitivity 0.90, Specificity 0.56
* Positive: Sensitivity 0.56, Specificity 0.90

### Threshold Analysis

* Best balance observed near 0.45–0.50
* Lower thresholds → higher recall, more false positives
* Higher thresholds (>0.65) → model collapses to predicting only one class

| Threshold | Accuracy | Precision | Recall | F1     |
| --------- | -------- | --------- | ------ | ------ |
| 0.00      | 0.4737   | 0.4737    | 1.0000 | 0.6429 |
| 0.05      | 0.4737   | 0.4737    | 1.0000 | 0.6429 |
| 0.10      | 0.5263   | 0.5000    | 1.0000 | 0.6667 |
| 0.15      | 0.5263   | 0.5000    | 0.8889 | 0.6400 |
| 0.20      | 0.6316   | 0.5714    | 0.8889 | 0.6957 |
| 0.25      | 0.6316   | 0.5833    | 0.7778 | 0.6667 |
| 0.30      | 0.6316   | 0.6250    | 0.5556 | 0.5882 |
| 0.35      | 0.6316   | 0.6250    | 0.5556 | 0.5882 |
| 0.40      | 0.6842   | 0.7143    | 0.5556 | 0.6250 |
| 0.45      | 0.7368   | 0.8333    | 0.5556 | 0.6667 |
| 0.50      | 0.7368   | 0.8333    | 0.5556 | 0.6667 |
| 0.55      | 0.6842   | 0.8000    | 0.4444 | 0.5714 |
| 0.60      | 0.6842   | 1.0000    | 0.3333 | 0.5000 |
| 0.65      | 0.5263   | 0.0000    | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
| 0.70      | 0.5263   | 0.0000    | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
| 0.75      | 0.5263   | 0.0000    | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
| 0.80      | 0.5263   | 0.0000    | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
| 0.85      | 0.5263   | 0.0000    | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
| 0.90      | 0.5263   | 0.0000    | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
| 0.95      | 0.5263   | 0.0000    | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |


### Comparison of performance on Pre vs Post-stained images

| Comparison                     | Accuracy | F1-Score | Precision |Recall |
| ------------------------------ | -------- | -------- | -------- | ------- |
| Pre-stained Prediction  | 0.6087   | 0.2703   |0.1613 |0.8333|
| Post-stained Prediction | 0.7474   | 0.3441   |0.2222 |0.7619|

---

## Technical Specifications

### Model Architecture

* EfficientNet-B7 backbone
* Final Dense layer with sigmoid activation for binary classification

### Compute Infrastructure

* **Hardware:** Tesla T4 GPU
* **Software:** TensorFlow/Keras

---