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# Based on code from:
# "Build a Large Language Model (from Scratch)"
# Copyright 2023-2025 Sebastian Raschka
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Modifications copyright 2025 Giles Thomas
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
class MultiHeadAttention(nn.Module):
def __init__(
self,
d_in, d_out,
context_length,
dropout,
num_heads,
qkv_bias=False
):
super().__init__()
assert d_out % num_heads == 0, "d_out must be divisible by num_heads"
self.d_out = d_out
self.num_heads = num_heads
self.head_dim = d_out // num_heads
self.W_query = nn.Linear(d_in, d_out, bias=qkv_bias)
self.W_key = nn.Linear(d_in, d_out, bias=qkv_bias)
self.W_value = nn.Linear(d_in, d_out, bias=qkv_bias)
self.out_proj = nn.Linear(d_out, d_out)
self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
self.register_buffer(
"mask",
torch.triu(torch.ones(context_length, context_length), diagonal=1)
)
def forward(self, x):
b, num_tokens, d_in = x.shape
keys = self.W_key(x)
queries = self.W_query(x)
values = self.W_value(x)
keys = keys.view(b, num_tokens, self.num_heads, self.head_dim)
queries = queries.view(b, num_tokens, self.num_heads, self.head_dim)
values = values.view(b, num_tokens, self.num_heads, self.head_dim)
keys = keys.transpose(1, 2)
queries = queries.transpose(1, 2)
values = values.transpose(1, 2)
attn_scores = queries @ keys.transpose(2, 3)
mask_bool = self.mask.bool()[:num_tokens, :num_tokens]
attn_scores.masked_fill_(mask_bool, -torch.inf)
attn_weights = torch.softmax(attn_scores / keys.shape[-1] ** 0.5, dim=-1)
attn_weights = self.dropout(attn_weights)
context_vec = (attn_weights @ values).transpose(1, 2)
context_vec = context_vec.contiguous().view(
b, num_tokens, self.d_out
)
context_vec = self.out_proj(context_vec)
return context_vec
class GELU(nn.Module):
def forward(self, x):
return 0.5 * x * (1 + torch.tanh(torch.sqrt(torch.tensor(2.0 / torch.pi)) * (x + 0.044715 * torch.pow(x, 3))))
class FeedForward(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, cfg):
super().__init__()
self.layers = nn.Sequential(
nn.Linear(cfg["emb_dim"], cfg["emb_dim"] * 4),
GELU(),
nn.Linear(cfg["emb_dim"] * 4, cfg["emb_dim"])
)
def forward(self, x):
return self.layers(x)
class LayerNorm(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, emb_dim):
super().__init__()
self.eps = 1e-5
self.scale = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(emb_dim))
self.shift = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(emb_dim))
def forward(self, x):
mean = x.mean(dim=-1, keepdim=True)
var = x.var(dim=-1, keepdim=True, unbiased=False)
norm_x = (x - mean) / torch.sqrt(var + self.eps)
return self.scale * norm_x + self.shift
class TransformersBlock(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, cfg):
super().__init__()
self.att = MultiHeadAttention(
d_in=cfg["emb_dim"],
d_out=cfg["emb_dim"],
context_length=cfg["context_length"],
num_heads=cfg["n_heads"],
dropout=cfg["drop_rate"],
qkv_bias=cfg["qkv_bias"],
)
self.ff = FeedForward(cfg)
self.norm1 = LayerNorm(cfg["emb_dim"])
self.norm2 = LayerNorm(cfg["emb_dim"])
self.drop_shortcut = nn.Dropout(cfg["drop_rate"])
def forward(self, x):
shortcut = x
x = self.norm1(x)
x = self.att(x)
x = self.drop_shortcut(x)
x = x + shortcut
shortcut = x
x = self.norm2(x)
x = self.ff(x)
x = self.drop_shortcut(x)
x = x + shortcut
return x
class GPTModel(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, cfg):
super().__init__()
self.tok_emb = nn.Embedding(cfg["vocab_size"], cfg["emb_dim"])
self.pos_emb = nn.Embedding(cfg["context_length"], cfg["emb_dim"])
self.drop_emb = nn.Dropout(cfg["drop_rate"])
self.trf_blocks = nn.Sequential(
*[TransformersBlock(cfg) for _ in range(cfg["n_layers"])]
)
self.final_norm = LayerNorm(cfg["emb_dim"])
self.out_head = nn.Linear(
cfg["emb_dim"], cfg["vocab_size"], bias=False
)
def forward(self, in_idx):
batch_size, seq_len = in_idx.shape
tok_embeds = self.tok_emb(in_idx)
pos_embeds = self.pos_emb(torch.arange(seq_len, device=in_idx.device))
x = tok_embeds + pos_embeds
x = self.drop_emb(x)
x = self.trf_blocks(x)
x = self.final_norm(x)
logits = self.out_head(x)
return logits
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