---
license: apache-2.0
datasets:
- xiaorui638/cc3m
- liuhaotian/LLaVA-Instruct-150K
- Xkev/LLaVA-CoT-100k
metrics:
- bleu
- accuracy
base_model:
- LiquidAI/LFM2-350M
---

# ⚡ **Firebolt-VL: Efficient Vision-Language Understanding with Cross-Modality Modulation**

***Note:*** Firebolt-VL is an efficient VLM designed for fast, fine-grained grounding. If you adapt it to a new domain, we recommend fine-tuning on your target data.

---

## 🌟 Overview

**Firebolt-VL** is an efficient **vision-language model (VLM)** that replaces Transformer-based cross-attention fusion with a **Cross-modal Modulator (CMM)** using:
- **Token–Grid Correlation** (lightweight text–image matching),
- **Top-K grid selection** (focus on relevant regions),
- **FiLM modulation** (feature-wise conditioning),
- **Structured State-Space Model (SSM)** for **linear-time** sequence modeling.

It is built on the **Liquid Foundation Model (LFM2-350M)** as the language decoder, enabling strong multimodal reasoning at lower latency.

---

## 🧠 Key Features

- ⚡ **Efficient inference**
  Linear-time sequential modeling via SSM instead of quadratic self-attention for long context.

- 🎯 **Fine-grained visual grounding**
  Token–grid correlation + Top-K selection helps the model focus on task-relevant visual regions.

- 🧩 **Lightweight cross-modal fusion**
  FiLM-based conditioning injects visual context without heavy cross-attention.

---

## 🚀 Training

Firebolt-VL is trained in **two stages**:

1. **Stage 1 (CMM warm-up / initialization)**
   Freeze the vision encoder + LFM decoder, train **CMM** on **CC3M**.

2. **Stage 2 (end-to-end training)**
   Train the full model on instruction / reasoning data (e.g., LLaVA-style instruction data + CoT-style data).

> Hardware used in the paper: **2× H100 80GB** (stage 1 batch 128, stage 2 batch 8), AdamW, 5 epochs each stage.

---

## 🏗️ Architecture

<div align="center">
  <a href="./">
    <img src="firebolt_vl.jpg" width="85%" alt="Firebolt-VL Architecture"/>
  </a>
</div>

**Main Components:**
1. 🎨 **Vision Encoder (SigLIP)** – extracts grid-level visual embeddings  
2. 🧩 **Cross-modal Modulator (CMM)** – token–grid correlation → FiLM → SSM → FiLM  
3. 🧠 **LFM Decoder (LFM2-350M)** – autoregressive reasoning and generation

---

## 📊 Benchmark Results

**Total parameters:** ~0.8B (paper setting)

| Benchmark | Split | Score |
|---|---:|---:|
| VQAv2 | Test | **76.6** |
| POPE | Test | **69.4** |
| AI2D | Test | **46.2** |
| MMMU-val | Val | **26.4** |
| MME (Perception) | - | **1376.2** |
| SQA-Image | Test | **56.7** |
| MMB-dev | Dev | **64.6** |

**Notes.** Exact results can vary with decoding settings (temperature, top-p, max tokens) and evaluation pipeline.

---

## 🧩 Usage

### Option A — Use the official repository
🔗 **Firebolt-VL Repository:** https://github.com/huyquoctrinh/Firebolt-VL

### Option B — Minimal inference example (Transformers-style)

> This is a template. Update the model class and forward kwargs to match your implementation.

```python
import torch
from PIL import Image
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoProcessor, AutoModelForCausalLM

@torch.inference_mode()
def generate_answer(
    model_id_or_path: str,
    image_path: str,
    question: str,
    device: str = "cuda",
    dtype: str = "bf16",
    max_new_tokens: int = 128,
    temperature: float = 0.2,
    top_p: float = 0.9,
    repetition_penalty: float = 1.05,
):
    device = torch.device(device if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
    amp_dtype = torch.bfloat16 if dtype.lower() in ["bf16", "bfloat16"] else torch.float16

    tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id_or_path, use_fast=True)
    processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(model_id_or_path)

    model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
        model_id_or_path,
        torch_dtype=amp_dtype if device.type == "cuda" else torch.float32,
    ).to(device)
    model.eval()

    # Build a simple prompt (replace with your chat template if needed)
    prompt = f"<image>\nUser: {question}\nAssistant:"
    inputs = tokenizer(prompt, return_tensors="pt").to(device)

    img = Image.open(image_path).convert("RGB")
    image_inputs = processor(images=img, return_tensors="pt")
    pixel_values = image_inputs.get("pixel_values").to(device)

    gen_kwargs = dict(
        max_new_tokens=max_new_tokens,
        do_sample=temperature > 0,
        temperature=max(temperature, 1e-6),
        top_p=top_p,
        repetition_penalty=repetition_penalty,
        eos_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id,
        pad_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id,
        use_cache=True,
    )

    # NOTE: update kwarg name to match your model (e.g., image_inputs / pixel_values)
    out = model.generate(**inputs, **gen_kwargs)

    text = tokenizer.decode(out[0], skip_special_tokens=True)
    return text.strip()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    ans = generate_answer(
        model_id_or_path="YOUR_FIREBOLT_VL_PATH_OR_HF_ID",
        image_path="demo.jpg",
        question="What is written in the top right corner?",
    )
    print(ans)