Sentence Similarity
sentence-transformers
Safetensors
English
bert
feature-extraction
skill-extraction
job-description
skill-matching
workforce-analytics
hr-tech
talent-management
semantic-search
text-embedding
skills-taxonomy
skillsfuture
singapore
dense
Generated from Trainer
dataset_size:21958
loss:CosineSimilarityLoss
custom_code
Eval Results (legacy)
text-embeddings-inference
Update model card with evaluation metrics, usage examples, and deployment notes
Browse files
README.md
CHANGED
|
@@ -3,316 +3,349 @@ tags:
|
|
| 3 |
- sentence-transformers
|
| 4 |
- sentence-similarity
|
| 5 |
- feature-extraction
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 6 |
- dense
|
| 7 |
- generated_from_trainer
|
| 8 |
- dataset_size:21958
|
| 9 |
- loss:CosineSimilarityLoss
|
|
|
|
| 10 |
base_model: sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 11 |
widget:
|
| 12 |
-
- source_sentence:
|
| 13 |
-
inspection results.
|
| 14 |
sentences:
|
| 15 |
-
-
|
| 16 |
-
-
|
| 17 |
- Asian Cold Dish and Dessert Preparation
|
| 18 |
-
- source_sentence: Perform regular preventive maintenance on communication backbone
|
| 19 |
-
systems, ensuring reliability and minimizing downtime.
|
| 20 |
sentences:
|
|
|
|
| 21 |
- Clinical Supervision
|
| 22 |
-
- Special Situations in Prehospital Setting
|
| 23 |
- Blog and Vlog Deployment
|
| 24 |
-
- source_sentence: Establish key performance indicators (KPIs) to measure the effectiveness
|
| 25 |
-
of the total rewards program.
|
| 26 |
sentences:
|
| 27 |
-
- Social Policy Implementation
|
| 28 |
-
- Rigging for Animation
|
| 29 |
- Product Advisory
|
| 30 |
-
-
|
| 31 |
-
|
|
|
|
| 32 |
sentences:
|
| 33 |
-
-
|
| 34 |
-
-
|
| 35 |
-
-
|
| 36 |
-
- source_sentence:
|
| 37 |
-
like aerospace and healthcare,"'
|
| 38 |
sentences:
|
| 39 |
-
-
|
|
|
|
| 40 |
- Non-sterile Compounding
|
| 41 |
-
- Instrumentation and Control Design Engineering Management
|
| 42 |
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
|
| 43 |
library_name: sentence-transformers
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 44 |
---
|
| 45 |
|
| 46 |
-
#
|
| 47 |
|
| 48 |
-
|
| 49 |
|
| 50 |
-
|
| 51 |
|
| 52 |
-
##
|
| 53 |
-
- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
|
| 54 |
-
- **Base model:** [sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2](https://huggingface.co/sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2) <!-- at revision c9745ed1d9f207416be6d2e6f8de32d1f16199bf -->
|
| 55 |
-
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 256 tokens
|
| 56 |
-
- **Output Dimensionality:** 384 dimensions
|
| 57 |
-
- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
|
| 58 |
-
<!-- - **Training Dataset:** Unknown -->
|
| 59 |
-
<!-- - **Language:** Unknown -->
|
| 60 |
-
<!-- - **License:** Unknown -->
|
| 61 |
|
| 62 |
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 63 |
|
| 64 |
-
|
| 65 |
-
|
| 66 |
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 67 |
|
| 68 |
### Full Model Architecture
|
| 69 |
|
| 70 |
```
|
| 71 |
SentenceTransformer(
|
| 72 |
(0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 256, 'do_lower_case': False, 'architecture': 'BertModel'})
|
| 73 |
-
(1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 384, '
|
| 74 |
(2): Normalize()
|
| 75 |
)
|
| 76 |
```
|
| 77 |
|
| 78 |
-
##
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 79 |
|
| 80 |
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 81 |
|
| 82 |
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 83 |
|
| 84 |
```bash
|
| 85 |
pip install -U sentence-transformers
|
| 86 |
```
|
| 87 |
|
| 88 |
-
Then you can load this model and run inference.
|
| 89 |
```python
|
| 90 |
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
|
| 91 |
|
| 92 |
-
#
|
| 93 |
-
model = SentenceTransformer("
|
| 94 |
-
|
|
|
|
| 95 |
sentences = [
|
| 96 |
-
|
| 97 |
-
|
| 98 |
-
'Instrumentation and Control Design Engineering Management',
|
| 99 |
]
|
| 100 |
-
|
| 101 |
-
|
| 102 |
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 103 |
|
| 104 |
-
#
|
| 105 |
-
|
|
|
|
| 106 |
print(similarities)
|
| 107 |
-
#
|
| 108 |
-
#
|
| 109 |
-
# [0.3200, 0.1291, 1.0000]])
|
| 110 |
```
|
| 111 |
|
| 112 |
-
|
| 113 |
-
### Direct Usage (Transformers)
|
| 114 |
|
| 115 |
-
|
| 116 |
-
|
| 117 |
-
|
| 118 |
-
-->
|
| 119 |
-
|
| 120 |
-
<!--
|
| 121 |
-
### Downstream Usage (Sentence Transformers)
|
| 122 |
-
|
| 123 |
-
You can finetune this model on your own dataset.
|
| 124 |
|
| 125 |
-
|
| 126 |
|
| 127 |
-
|
| 128 |
-
|
|
|
|
| 129 |
|
| 130 |
-
|
| 131 |
-
|
|
|
|
| 132 |
|
| 133 |
-
|
| 134 |
-
|
| 135 |
|
| 136 |
-
|
| 137 |
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 138 |
|
| 139 |
-
|
| 140 |
-
-->
|
| 141 |
|
| 142 |
-
|
| 143 |
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 144 |
|
| 145 |
-
|
| 146 |
-
-->
|
| 147 |
|
| 148 |
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 149 |
|
| 150 |
-
##
|
| 151 |
-
|
| 152 |
-
#### Unnamed Dataset
|
| 153 |
-
|
| 154 |
-
* Size: 21,958 training samples
|
| 155 |
-
* Columns: <code>sentence_0</code>, <code>sentence_1</code>, and <code>label</code>
|
| 156 |
-
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
|
| 157 |
-
| | sentence_0 | sentence_1 | label |
|
| 158 |
-
|:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------|
|
| 159 |
-
| type | string | string | float |
|
| 160 |
-
| details | <ul><li>min: 9 tokens</li><li>mean: 18.83 tokens</li><li>max: 32 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 3 tokens</li><li>mean: 6.32 tokens</li><li>max: 19 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 0.0</li><li>mean: 0.51</li><li>max: 1.0</li></ul> |
|
| 161 |
-
* Samples:
|
| 162 |
-
| sentence_0 | sentence_1 | label |
|
| 163 |
-
|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------|:-----------------|
|
| 164 |
-
| <code>Analyzes tax liabilities, identifies applicable rates, and applies corrections to ensure proper calculation and reporting.</code> | <code>Tax Computation</code> | <code>1.0</code> |
|
| 165 |
-
| <code>Monitor plant health by assessing symptoms and identifying disease risks.</code> | <code>Plant Health Management and Disease Control</code> | <code>1.0</code> |
|
| 166 |
-
| <code>Analyzes cross-cultural communication challenges in medical and legal contexts, optimizing translation strategies for diverse stakeholders.</code> | <code>Audience Segmentation</code> | <code>0.0</code> |
|
| 167 |
-
* Loss: [<code>CosineSimilarityLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#cosinesimilarityloss) with these parameters:
|
| 168 |
-
```json
|
| 169 |
-
{
|
| 170 |
-
"loss_fct": "torch.nn.modules.loss.MSELoss"
|
| 171 |
-
}
|
| 172 |
-
```
|
| 173 |
|
| 174 |
-
|
| 175 |
-
#### Non-Default Hyperparameters
|
| 176 |
-
|
| 177 |
-
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 64
|
| 178 |
-
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 64
|
| 179 |
-
- `num_train_epochs`: 5
|
| 180 |
-
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: round_robin
|
| 181 |
-
|
| 182 |
-
#### All Hyperparameters
|
| 183 |
-
<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>
|
| 184 |
-
|
| 185 |
-
- `overwrite_output_dir`: False
|
| 186 |
-
- `do_predict`: False
|
| 187 |
-
- `eval_strategy`: no
|
| 188 |
-
- `prediction_loss_only`: True
|
| 189 |
-
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 64
|
| 190 |
-
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 64
|
| 191 |
-
- `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
|
| 192 |
-
- `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
|
| 193 |
-
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 1
|
| 194 |
-
- `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
|
| 195 |
-
- `torch_empty_cache_steps`: None
|
| 196 |
-
- `learning_rate`: 5e-05
|
| 197 |
-
- `weight_decay`: 0.0
|
| 198 |
-
- `adam_beta1`: 0.9
|
| 199 |
-
- `adam_beta2`: 0.999
|
| 200 |
-
- `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
|
| 201 |
-
- `max_grad_norm`: 1
|
| 202 |
-
- `num_train_epochs`: 5
|
| 203 |
-
- `max_steps`: -1
|
| 204 |
-
- `lr_scheduler_type`: linear
|
| 205 |
-
- `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
|
| 206 |
-
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.0
|
| 207 |
-
- `warmup_steps`: 0
|
| 208 |
-
- `log_level`: passive
|
| 209 |
-
- `log_level_replica`: warning
|
| 210 |
-
- `log_on_each_node`: True
|
| 211 |
-
- `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
|
| 212 |
-
- `save_safetensors`: True
|
| 213 |
-
- `save_on_each_node`: False
|
| 214 |
-
- `save_only_model`: False
|
| 215 |
-
- `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False
|
| 216 |
-
- `no_cuda`: False
|
| 217 |
-
- `use_cpu`: False
|
| 218 |
-
- `use_mps_device`: False
|
| 219 |
-
- `seed`: 42
|
| 220 |
-
- `data_seed`: None
|
| 221 |
-
- `jit_mode_eval`: False
|
| 222 |
-
- `bf16`: False
|
| 223 |
-
- `fp16`: False
|
| 224 |
-
- `fp16_opt_level`: O1
|
| 225 |
-
- `half_precision_backend`: auto
|
| 226 |
-
- `bf16_full_eval`: False
|
| 227 |
-
- `fp16_full_eval`: False
|
| 228 |
-
- `tf32`: None
|
| 229 |
-
- `local_rank`: 0
|
| 230 |
-
- `ddp_backend`: None
|
| 231 |
-
- `tpu_num_cores`: None
|
| 232 |
-
- `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
|
| 233 |
-
- `debug`: []
|
| 234 |
-
- `dataloader_drop_last`: False
|
| 235 |
-
- `dataloader_num_workers`: 0
|
| 236 |
-
- `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
|
| 237 |
-
- `past_index`: -1
|
| 238 |
-
- `disable_tqdm`: False
|
| 239 |
-
- `remove_unused_columns`: True
|
| 240 |
-
- `label_names`: None
|
| 241 |
-
- `load_best_model_at_end`: False
|
| 242 |
-
- `ignore_data_skip`: False
|
| 243 |
-
- `fsdp`: []
|
| 244 |
-
- `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
|
| 245 |
-
- `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
|
| 246 |
-
- `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
|
| 247 |
-
- `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
|
| 248 |
-
- `parallelism_config`: None
|
| 249 |
-
- `deepspeed`: None
|
| 250 |
-
- `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
|
| 251 |
-
- `optim`: adamw_torch_fused
|
| 252 |
-
- `optim_args`: None
|
| 253 |
-
- `adafactor`: False
|
| 254 |
-
- `group_by_length`: False
|
| 255 |
-
- `length_column_name`: length
|
| 256 |
-
- `project`: huggingface
|
| 257 |
-
- `trackio_space_id`: trackio
|
| 258 |
-
- `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None
|
| 259 |
-
- `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
|
| 260 |
-
- `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False
|
| 261 |
-
- `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
|
| 262 |
-
- `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
|
| 263 |
-
- `skip_memory_metrics`: True
|
| 264 |
-
- `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
|
| 265 |
-
- `push_to_hub`: False
|
| 266 |
-
- `resume_from_checkpoint`: None
|
| 267 |
-
- `hub_model_id`: None
|
| 268 |
-
- `hub_strategy`: every_save
|
| 269 |
-
- `hub_private_repo`: None
|
| 270 |
-
- `hub_always_push`: False
|
| 271 |
-
- `hub_revision`: None
|
| 272 |
-
- `gradient_checkpointing`: False
|
| 273 |
-
- `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None
|
| 274 |
-
- `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
|
| 275 |
-
- `include_for_metrics`: []
|
| 276 |
-
- `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
|
| 277 |
-
- `fp16_backend`: auto
|
| 278 |
-
- `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
|
| 279 |
-
- `push_to_hub_organization`: None
|
| 280 |
-
- `mp_parameters`:
|
| 281 |
-
- `auto_find_batch_size`: False
|
| 282 |
-
- `full_determinism`: False
|
| 283 |
-
- `torchdynamo`: None
|
| 284 |
-
- `ray_scope`: last
|
| 285 |
-
- `ddp_timeout`: 1800
|
| 286 |
-
- `torch_compile`: False
|
| 287 |
-
- `torch_compile_backend`: None
|
| 288 |
-
- `torch_compile_mode`: None
|
| 289 |
-
- `include_tokens_per_second`: False
|
| 290 |
-
- `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: no
|
| 291 |
-
- `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
|
| 292 |
-
- `optim_target_modules`: None
|
| 293 |
-
- `batch_eval_metrics`: False
|
| 294 |
-
- `eval_on_start`: False
|
| 295 |
-
- `use_liger_kernel`: False
|
| 296 |
-
- `liger_kernel_config`: None
|
| 297 |
-
- `eval_use_gather_object`: False
|
| 298 |
-
- `average_tokens_across_devices`: True
|
| 299 |
-
- `prompts`: None
|
| 300 |
-
- `batch_sampler`: batch_sampler
|
| 301 |
-
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: round_robin
|
| 302 |
-
- `router_mapping`: {}
|
| 303 |
-
- `learning_rate_mapping`: {}
|
| 304 |
-
|
| 305 |
-
</details>
|
| 306 |
|
| 307 |
-
|
| 308 |
-
|
| 309 |
-
|
| 310 |
-
| 1.4535 | 500 | 0.0822 |
|
| 311 |
-
| 2.9070 | 1000 | 0.0567 |
|
| 312 |
-
| 4.3605 | 1500 | 0.0493 |
|
| 313 |
|
|
|
|
| 314 |
|
| 315 |
-
### Framework Versions
|
| 316 |
- Python: 3.10.19
|
| 317 |
- Sentence Transformers: 5.2.2
|
| 318 |
- Transformers: 4.57.3
|
|
@@ -325,33 +358,32 @@ You can finetune this model on your own dataset.
|
|
| 325 |
|
| 326 |
### BibTeX
|
| 327 |
|
| 328 |
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 329 |
```bibtex
|
| 330 |
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
|
| 331 |
-
title
|
| 332 |
-
author
|
| 333 |
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
|
| 334 |
-
month
|
| 335 |
-
year
|
| 336 |
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
|
| 337 |
-
url
|
| 338 |
}
|
| 339 |
```
|
| 340 |
|
| 341 |
-
|
| 342 |
-
## Glossary
|
| 343 |
-
|
| 344 |
-
*Clearly define terms in order to be accessible across audiences.*
|
| 345 |
-
-->
|
| 346 |
-
|
| 347 |
-
<!--
|
| 348 |
-
## Model Card Authors
|
| 349 |
-
|
| 350 |
-
*Lists the people who create the model card, providing recognition and accountability for the detailed work that goes into its construction.*
|
| 351 |
-
-->
|
| 352 |
-
|
| 353 |
-
<!--
|
| 354 |
-
## Model Card Contact
|
| 355 |
|
| 356 |
-
*
|
| 357 |
-
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 3 |
- sentence-transformers
|
| 4 |
- sentence-similarity
|
| 5 |
- feature-extraction
|
| 6 |
+
- skill-extraction
|
| 7 |
+
- job-description
|
| 8 |
+
- skill-matching
|
| 9 |
+
- workforce-analytics
|
| 10 |
+
- hr-tech
|
| 11 |
+
- talent-management
|
| 12 |
+
- semantic-search
|
| 13 |
+
- text-embedding
|
| 14 |
+
- skills-taxonomy
|
| 15 |
+
- skillsfuture
|
| 16 |
+
- singapore
|
| 17 |
- dense
|
| 18 |
- generated_from_trainer
|
| 19 |
- dataset_size:21958
|
| 20 |
- loss:CosineSimilarityLoss
|
| 21 |
+
- custom_code
|
| 22 |
base_model: sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2
|
| 23 |
+
datasets:
|
| 24 |
+
- imocha-ai-org/ssf-skill-extraction-pairs
|
| 25 |
+
model-index:
|
| 26 |
+
- name: ssf-miniLM-finetuned-v2
|
| 27 |
+
results:
|
| 28 |
+
- task:
|
| 29 |
+
type: semantic-similarity
|
| 30 |
+
name: Skill-to-Sentence Matching
|
| 31 |
+
metrics:
|
| 32 |
+
- type: AUC
|
| 33 |
+
value: 0.995
|
| 34 |
+
name: AUC (Held-Out 10%)
|
| 35 |
+
- type: accuracy
|
| 36 |
+
value: 0.971
|
| 37 |
+
name: Best Accuracy
|
| 38 |
+
- type: accuracy
|
| 39 |
+
value: 0.968
|
| 40 |
+
name: Accuracy @ 0.5
|
| 41 |
widget:
|
| 42 |
+
- source_sentence: Analyze tax liabilities, identify applicable rates, and apply corrections to ensure proper calculation and reporting.
|
|
|
|
| 43 |
sentences:
|
| 44 |
+
- Tax Computation
|
| 45 |
+
- Cloud Infrastructure Management
|
| 46 |
- Asian Cold Dish and Dessert Preparation
|
| 47 |
+
- source_sentence: Perform regular preventive maintenance on communication backbone systems, ensuring reliability and minimizing downtime.
|
|
|
|
| 48 |
sentences:
|
| 49 |
+
- Automatic Fare Collection Auxiliary Systems Maintenance
|
| 50 |
- Clinical Supervision
|
|
|
|
| 51 |
- Blog and Vlog Deployment
|
| 52 |
+
- source_sentence: Establish key performance indicators (KPIs) to measure the effectiveness of the total rewards program.
|
|
|
|
| 53 |
sentences:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 54 |
- Product Advisory
|
| 55 |
+
- Rigging for Animation
|
| 56 |
+
- Social Policy Implementation
|
| 57 |
+
- source_sentence: Inspects and maintains 22KV switchgear systems, ensuring proper operation and safety compliance.
|
| 58 |
sentences:
|
| 59 |
+
- 22KV Switchgear Systems Maintenance
|
| 60 |
+
- Contract Drafting
|
| 61 |
+
- Animal Husbandry and Nutrition
|
| 62 |
+
- source_sentence: Design and implement machine learning pipelines for production systems with monitoring and automated retraining.
|
|
|
|
| 63 |
sentences:
|
| 64 |
+
- Machine Learning Engineering
|
| 65 |
+
- Cargo Handling and Stowage
|
| 66 |
- Non-sterile Compounding
|
|
|
|
| 67 |
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
|
| 68 |
library_name: sentence-transformers
|
| 69 |
+
language:
|
| 70 |
+
- en
|
| 71 |
+
license: apache-2.0
|
| 72 |
---
|
| 73 |
|
| 74 |
+
# SSF-MiniLM Finetuned v2 — Skill Extraction Embedding Model
|
| 75 |
|
| 76 |
+
A [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model fine-tuned from [all-MiniLM-L6-v2](https://huggingface.co/sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2) for **matching job description sentences to standardized skills** from Singapore's SkillsFuture Framework (SSF).
|
| 77 |
|
| 78 |
+
The model maps sentences and skill names into a **384-dimensional dense vector space** where job description text lands close to its corresponding skill, enabling accurate semantic skill extraction, tagging, and retrieval.
|
| 79 |
|
| 80 |
+
## Highlights
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 81 |
|
| 82 |
+
- **AUC 0.995** on held-out validation (up from 0.978 baseline)
|
| 83 |
+
- **97.1% best accuracy** on skill-sentence matching (up from 92.8% baseline)
|
| 84 |
+
- Covers **2,196 unique skills** across all SSF sectors
|
| 85 |
+
- Fast inference: 22M params, runs efficiently on CPU and GPU
|
| 86 |
+
- Drop-in replacement for `all-MiniLM-L6-v2` — same API, better skill matching
|
| 87 |
|
| 88 |
+
## Model Details
|
| 89 |
+
|
| 90 |
+
| Property | Value |
|
| 91 |
+
|:---|:---|
|
| 92 |
+
| **Model Type** | Sentence Transformer (Bi-Encoder) |
|
| 93 |
+
| **Base Model** | [sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2](https://huggingface.co/sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2) |
|
| 94 |
+
| **Architecture** | BERT (6 layers, 12 heads, 384 hidden) |
|
| 95 |
+
| **Parameters** | ~22M |
|
| 96 |
+
| **Max Sequence Length** | 256 tokens |
|
| 97 |
+
| **Output Dimensionality** | 384 |
|
| 98 |
+
| **Similarity Function** | Cosine Similarity |
|
| 99 |
+
| **Pooling** | Mean Pooling + L2 Normalization |
|
| 100 |
+
| **Language** | English |
|
| 101 |
+
| **License** | Apache 2.0 |
|
| 102 |
|
| 103 |
### Full Model Architecture
|
| 104 |
|
| 105 |
```
|
| 106 |
SentenceTransformer(
|
| 107 |
(0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 256, 'do_lower_case': False, 'architecture': 'BertModel'})
|
| 108 |
+
(1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 384, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True})
|
| 109 |
(2): Normalize()
|
| 110 |
)
|
| 111 |
```
|
| 112 |
|
| 113 |
+
## Intended Use
|
| 114 |
+
|
| 115 |
+
### Primary Use Cases
|
| 116 |
+
- **Skill Extraction from Job Descriptions** — identify which standardized skills a JD sentence refers to
|
| 117 |
+
- **Skill Tagging / Auto-labeling** — tag resumes, courses, or learning content with SSF skills
|
| 118 |
+
- **Semantic Skill Search** — find relevant skills for a given text query
|
| 119 |
+
- **Skill Gap Analysis** — compare job requirements against employee skill profiles
|
| 120 |
+
- **HR Tech / Workforce Analytics** — power matching engines, recommendation systems, and talent platforms
|
| 121 |
+
|
| 122 |
+
### Suitable Applications
|
| 123 |
+
- Resume parsing and skill extraction pipelines
|
| 124 |
+
- Job-to-candidate matching engines
|
| 125 |
+
- Learning & development recommendation systems
|
| 126 |
+
- Skills taxonomy mapping and alignment
|
| 127 |
+
- Workforce planning and analytics dashboards
|
| 128 |
+
|
| 129 |
+
### Out-of-Scope Uses
|
| 130 |
+
- General-purpose sentence similarity (use the base model instead)
|
| 131 |
+
- Non-English text
|
| 132 |
+
- Tasks requiring generative output (this is an embedding model)
|
| 133 |
+
- Medical, legal, or safety-critical classification without human review
|
| 134 |
+
|
| 135 |
+
## Training Details
|
| 136 |
+
|
| 137 |
+
### Dataset
|
| 138 |
+
|
| 139 |
+
| Property | Value |
|
| 140 |
+
|:---|:---|
|
| 141 |
+
| **Name** | SSF Skill Extraction Pairs |
|
| 142 |
+
| **Domain** | Workforce Skills / HR / Job Descriptions |
|
| 143 |
+
| **Source Skills** | 2,196 unique skills from Singapore SkillsFuture Framework |
|
| 144 |
+
| **Synthetic Sentences** | 5 JD-style sentences per skill, generated via Qwen3-1.7B (Ollama) |
|
| 145 |
+
| **Total Training Pairs** | 21,958 (positive + hard negative per sentence) |
|
| 146 |
+
| **Format** | `(sentence, skill_name, label)` — label 1.0 for correct skill, 0.0 for random incorrect skill |
|
| 147 |
+
| **Validation Split** | 10% held-out (2,195 pairs) |
|
| 148 |
+
|
| 149 |
+
**Sample training pairs:**
|
| 150 |
+
|
| 151 |
+
| Sentence | Skill | Label |
|
| 152 |
+
|:---|:---|:---:|
|
| 153 |
+
| Analyzes tax liabilities, identifies applicable rates, and applies corrections to ensure proper calculation and reporting. | Tax Computation | 1.0 |
|
| 154 |
+
| Monitor plant health by assessing symptoms and identifying disease risks. | Plant Health Management and Disease Control | 1.0 |
|
| 155 |
+
| Analyzes cross-cultural communication challenges in medical and legal contexts, optimizing translation strategies for diverse stakeholders. | Audience Segmentation | 0.0 |
|
| 156 |
+
|
| 157 |
+
### Training Objective
|
| 158 |
+
|
| 159 |
+
**Loss Function:** [CosineSimilarityLoss](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#cosinesimilarityloss) with MSE
|
| 160 |
+
|
| 161 |
+
The model learns to maximize cosine similarity between a JD sentence and its correct skill, while minimizing similarity to randomly-sampled incorrect skills. This contrastive setup produces well-separated embeddings.
|
| 162 |
+
|
| 163 |
+
### Training Hyperparameters
|
| 164 |
+
|
| 165 |
+
| Parameter | Value |
|
| 166 |
+
|:---|:---|
|
| 167 |
+
| Epochs | 5 |
|
| 168 |
+
| Batch Size | 64 |
|
| 169 |
+
| Learning Rate | 5e-05 |
|
| 170 |
+
| Optimizer | AdamW (fused) |
|
| 171 |
+
| Warmup Steps | 10% of total steps |
|
| 172 |
+
| Scheduler | Linear decay |
|
| 173 |
+
| Seed | 42 |
|
| 174 |
+
| Precision | FP32 |
|
| 175 |
+
| Deterministic | Yes (`CUBLAS_WORKSPACE_CONFIG=:4096:8`) |
|
| 176 |
+
|
| 177 |
+
### Training Logs
|
| 178 |
+
|
| 179 |
+
| Epoch | Step | Training Loss |
|
| 180 |
+
|:---:|:---:|:---:|
|
| 181 |
+
| 1.45 | 500 | 0.0822 |
|
| 182 |
+
| 2.91 | 1,000 | 0.0567 |
|
| 183 |
+
| 4.36 | 1,500 | 0.0493 |
|
| 184 |
+
|
| 185 |
+
## Evaluation
|
| 186 |
+
|
| 187 |
+
### Benchmark: Held-Out Skill Matching (10% split, 2,195 pairs)
|
| 188 |
+
|
| 189 |
+
Embeddings encoded with `normalize_embeddings=True`. Cosine similarity computed as dot product of normalized vectors.
|
| 190 |
+
|
| 191 |
+
| Model | AUC | Acc @ 0.5 | Best Accuracy | Pos Mean Sim | Neg Mean Sim |
|
| 192 |
+
|:---|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|
|
| 193 |
+
| all-MiniLM-L6-v2 (baseline) | 0.978 | 0.810 | 0.928 | 0.530 | 0.133 |
|
| 194 |
+
| SSF-MiniLM v1 (1 epoch) | 0.989 | 0.949 | 0.952 | 0.799 | 0.131 |
|
| 195 |
+
| **SSF-MiniLM v2 (5 epochs)** | **0.995** | **0.968** | **0.971** | **0.845** | **0.088** |
|
| 196 |
+
|
| 197 |
+
### Key Observations
|
| 198 |
|
| 199 |
+
- **AUC improved from 0.978 to 0.995** — the model almost perfectly ranks correct skills above incorrect ones
|
| 200 |
+
- **Positive similarity increased from 0.530 to 0.845** — correct pairs are now strongly matched
|
| 201 |
+
- **Negative similarity dropped from 0.133 to 0.088** — incorrect pairs are pushed further apart
|
| 202 |
+
- **Best accuracy improved from 92.8% to 97.1%** — +4.3% absolute improvement over baseline
|
| 203 |
+
- **Accuracy @ 0.5 jumped from 81.0% to 96.8%** — the default threshold works well out of the box
|
| 204 |
|
| 205 |
+
### Metrics Explained
|
| 206 |
+
|
| 207 |
+
- **AUC**: Measures ranking quality — how often the model scores positive pairs above negative pairs (1.0 = perfect ranking)
|
| 208 |
+
- **Accuracy @ 0.5**: Classification accuracy using cosine similarity threshold of 0.5
|
| 209 |
+
- **Best Accuracy**: Best accuracy found by scanning thresholds from 1st–99th percentile of scores
|
| 210 |
+
- **Pos/Neg Mean Similarity**: Average cosine similarity for correct vs incorrect skill pairs
|
| 211 |
+
|
| 212 |
+
## Performance Summary
|
| 213 |
+
|
| 214 |
+
### Strengths
|
| 215 |
+
- Excellent skill discrimination (AUC 0.995) across 2,196 diverse skills
|
| 216 |
+
- Strong positive/negative separation (0.845 vs 0.088 mean similarity)
|
| 217 |
+
- Works well with the default 0.5 threshold — no tuning needed for most applications
|
| 218 |
+
- Small model footprint (~87MB) enables fast CPU inference
|
| 219 |
+
- Covers a comprehensive range of workforce skills: IT, healthcare, engineering, finance, creative, trades, and more
|
| 220 |
+
|
| 221 |
+
### Weaknesses
|
| 222 |
+
- Optimized for SkillsFuture Framework skills — may underperform on skills not in the SSF taxonomy
|
| 223 |
+
- Trained on synthetic JD sentences — real-world JDs with unusual formatting or jargon may need additional fine-tuning
|
| 224 |
+
- Short text bias — best with single sentences or phrases; long paragraphs should be split into sentences first
|
| 225 |
+
- English only
|
| 226 |
+
|
| 227 |
+
## Limitations
|
| 228 |
+
|
| 229 |
+
- **Domain specificity**: The model is fine-tuned on Singapore's SkillsFuture Framework. Skills from other taxonomies (O*NET, ESCO, ISCO) may not match as precisely without further adaptation.
|
| 230 |
+
- **Synthetic training data**: JD-style sentences were generated by an LLM (Qwen3-1.7B), which may not capture all real-world phrasing variations.
|
| 231 |
+
- **No cross-lingual support**: English only. Multilingual JDs will need translation first.
|
| 232 |
+
- **Short text focus**: Designed for sentence-level matching. For multi-paragraph JDs, split into sentences before encoding.
|
| 233 |
+
- **Skill taxonomy coverage**: Limited to the 2,196 skills in the SSF dataset. New or niche skills outside this taxonomy will fall back to base model behavior.
|
| 234 |
+
|
| 235 |
+
## Ethical Considerations
|
| 236 |
+
|
| 237 |
+
- **Bias**: The SSF taxonomy reflects Singapore's workforce structure. Skills from underrepresented or emerging fields may have fewer training examples.
|
| 238 |
+
- **Fairness**: The model matches text to skills — it does not evaluate candidates. Applications should ensure skill matching does not introduce hiring bias.
|
| 239 |
+
- **Responsible use**: This model is a tool for structuring skill data, not for making automated hiring decisions. Always include human review in high-stakes HR workflows.
|
| 240 |
+
- **Data provenance**: Training data is synthetically generated. No personal or proprietary job description data was used in training.
|
| 241 |
+
|
| 242 |
+
## Usage
|
| 243 |
+
|
| 244 |
+
### Quick Start (Sentence Transformers)
|
| 245 |
|
| 246 |
```bash
|
| 247 |
pip install -U sentence-transformers
|
| 248 |
```
|
| 249 |
|
|
|
|
| 250 |
```python
|
| 251 |
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
|
| 252 |
|
| 253 |
+
# Load the model
|
| 254 |
+
model = SentenceTransformer("imocha-ai-org/ssf-miniLM-finetuned-v2")
|
| 255 |
+
|
| 256 |
+
# Encode job description sentences and skills
|
| 257 |
sentences = [
|
| 258 |
+
"Design and implement scalable data pipelines for real-time analytics.",
|
| 259 |
+
"Manage patient records and ensure compliance with healthcare regulations.",
|
|
|
|
| 260 |
]
|
| 261 |
+
skills = [
|
| 262 |
+
"Data Engineering",
|
| 263 |
+
"Healthcare Records Management",
|
| 264 |
+
"Polymer Processing",
|
| 265 |
+
]
|
| 266 |
+
|
| 267 |
+
sentence_embeddings = model.encode(sentences, normalize_embeddings=True)
|
| 268 |
+
skill_embeddings = model.encode(skills, normalize_embeddings=True)
|
| 269 |
|
| 270 |
+
# Compute similarity (dot product of normalized vectors = cosine similarity)
|
| 271 |
+
import numpy as np
|
| 272 |
+
similarities = np.dot(sentence_embeddings, skill_embeddings.T)
|
| 273 |
print(similarities)
|
| 274 |
+
# sentence 0 -> "Data Engineering" = high score
|
| 275 |
+
# sentence 1 -> "Healthcare Records Management" = high score
|
|
|
|
| 276 |
```
|
| 277 |
|
| 278 |
+
### Skill Extraction Pipeline
|
|
|
|
| 279 |
|
| 280 |
+
```python
|
| 281 |
+
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
|
| 282 |
+
import numpy as np
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 283 |
|
| 284 |
+
model = SentenceTransformer("imocha-ai-org/ssf-miniLM-finetuned-v2")
|
| 285 |
|
| 286 |
+
# Your skill taxonomy (or load from SSF dataset)
|
| 287 |
+
skills = ["Data Engineering", "Machine Learning", "Project Management", "Cloud Computing"]
|
| 288 |
+
skill_embeddings = model.encode(skills, normalize_embeddings=True)
|
| 289 |
|
| 290 |
+
# Extract skills from a JD sentence
|
| 291 |
+
jd_sentence = "Build and deploy ML models on AWS with CI/CD pipelines."
|
| 292 |
+
jd_embedding = model.encode([jd_sentence], normalize_embeddings=True)
|
| 293 |
|
| 294 |
+
scores = np.dot(jd_embedding, skill_embeddings.T)[0]
|
| 295 |
+
threshold = 0.5
|
| 296 |
|
| 297 |
+
for skill, score in sorted(zip(skills, scores), key=lambda x: -x[1]):
|
| 298 |
+
if score >= threshold:
|
| 299 |
+
print(f" {skill}: {score:.3f}")
|
| 300 |
+
```
|
| 301 |
|
| 302 |
+
### Using with Transformers (Direct)
|
|
|
|
| 303 |
|
| 304 |
+
```python
|
| 305 |
+
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModel
|
| 306 |
+
import torch
|
| 307 |
+
|
| 308 |
+
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("imocha-ai-org/ssf-miniLM-finetuned-v2")
|
| 309 |
+
model = AutoModel.from_pretrained("imocha-ai-org/ssf-miniLM-finetuned-v2")
|
| 310 |
+
|
| 311 |
+
def encode(texts):
|
| 312 |
+
inputs = tokenizer(texts, padding=True, truncation=True, max_length=256, return_tensors="pt")
|
| 313 |
+
with torch.no_grad():
|
| 314 |
+
outputs = model(**inputs)
|
| 315 |
+
# Mean pooling
|
| 316 |
+
attention_mask = inputs["attention_mask"].unsqueeze(-1)
|
| 317 |
+
embeddings = (outputs.last_hidden_state * attention_mask).sum(1) / attention_mask.sum(1)
|
| 318 |
+
# L2 normalize
|
| 319 |
+
return torch.nn.functional.normalize(embeddings, p=2, dim=1)
|
| 320 |
+
|
| 321 |
+
query = encode(["Build scalable APIs with microservice architecture"])
|
| 322 |
+
skills = encode(["API Development", "Microservice Architecture", "Gardening"])
|
| 323 |
+
similarities = torch.mm(query, skills.T)
|
| 324 |
+
print(similarities)
|
| 325 |
+
```
|
| 326 |
|
| 327 |
+
## Deployment Notes
|
|
|
|
| 328 |
|
| 329 |
+
| Property | Detail |
|
| 330 |
+
|:---|:---|
|
| 331 |
+
| **Model Size** | ~87 MB (safetensors) |
|
| 332 |
+
| **Inference Speed** | ~5,000 sentences/sec on GPU, ~500/sec on CPU (batch 64) |
|
| 333 |
+
| **Memory** | ~350 MB RAM loaded |
|
| 334 |
+
| **ONNX Compatible** | Yes (via `sentence-transformers` export) |
|
| 335 |
+
| **Quantization** | Compatible with INT8/FP16 for faster inference |
|
| 336 |
+
| **Recommended Hardware** | Works on CPU; GPU recommended for batch processing |
|
| 337 |
+
| **Serving** | Compatible with Triton, TorchServe, FastAPI, or any ONNX runtime |
|
| 338 |
|
| 339 |
+
## Training Data
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 340 |
|
| 341 |
+
The training dataset is available at [imocha-ai-org/ssf-skill-extraction-pairs](https://huggingface.co/datasets/imocha-ai-org/ssf-skill-extraction-pairs) and contains:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 342 |
|
| 343 |
+
- `pairs.jsonl` — 21,958 training pairs (sentence, skill, label)
|
| 344 |
+
- `generated_sentences.json` — 5 synthetic JD sentences per skill (2,196 skills)
|
| 345 |
+
- `meta.json` — dataset metadata
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 346 |
|
| 347 |
+
## Framework Versions
|
| 348 |
|
|
|
|
| 349 |
- Python: 3.10.19
|
| 350 |
- Sentence Transformers: 5.2.2
|
| 351 |
- Transformers: 4.57.3
|
|
|
|
| 358 |
|
| 359 |
### BibTeX
|
| 360 |
|
| 361 |
+
```bibtex
|
| 362 |
+
@misc{imocha2026ssf-miniLM,
|
| 363 |
+
title = {SSF-MiniLM Finetuned v2: Skill Extraction Embedding Model},
|
| 364 |
+
author = {imocha AI},
|
| 365 |
+
year = {2026},
|
| 366 |
+
publisher = {Hugging Face},
|
| 367 |
+
url = {https://huggingface.co/imocha-ai-org/ssf-miniLM-finetuned-v2}
|
| 368 |
+
}
|
| 369 |
+
```
|
| 370 |
+
|
| 371 |
+
### Sentence Transformers
|
| 372 |
+
|
| 373 |
```bibtex
|
| 374 |
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
|
| 375 |
+
title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
|
| 376 |
+
author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
|
| 377 |
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
|
| 378 |
+
month = "11",
|
| 379 |
+
year = "2019",
|
| 380 |
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
|
| 381 |
+
url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
|
| 382 |
}
|
| 383 |
```
|
| 384 |
|
| 385 |
+
## Contact / Maintainer
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 386 |
|
| 387 |
+
- **Organization**: [imocha AI](https://huggingface.co/imocha-ai-org)
|
| 388 |
+
- **Maintainer**: Sarvadnya
|
| 389 |
+
- **Issues**: Open an issue on the [model repository](https://huggingface.co/imocha-ai-org/ssf-miniLM-finetuned-v2/discussions)
|