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README.md
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### Flagship-Level Efficient Reasoning
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We comprehensively evaluated Ling-1T against leading flagship models, including both **open-source giants** (e.g., *DeepSeek-V3.1-Terminus*, *Kimi-K2-Instruct-0905*) and **closed-source APIs** (*GPT-5-main*, *Gemini-2.5-Pro*).
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In the **AIME 25** benchmark, Ling-1T extends the **Pareto frontier** of reasoning accuracy vs. reasoning length, showcasing its strength in **“efficient thinking and precise reasoning.”**
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### Aesthetic Understanding and Front-End Generation
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* **Aux-loss-free**, **sigmoid-scoring expert routing** with **zero-mean updates**
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* **QK Normalization** for fully stable convergence
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Ling-1T is the **largest FP8-trained foundation model** known to date.
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FP8 mixed-precision training yields **15 %+ end-to-end speedup**, improved memory efficiency, and maintains **≤ 0.1 % loss deviation** from BF16 across **1 T tokens**.
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A fine-grained, **heterogeneous 1F1B interleaved pipeline** further boosts utilization by 40 %+.
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System-level optimizations—fused kernels, communication scheduling, recomputation, checkpointing, simulation, and telemetry—ensure stable trillion-scale training.
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Pre-training used over **20 T high-quality tokens**, with **> 40 % reasoning-dense data** in later stages.
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Empirically, LPO offers superior **training stability** and **generalization** across reasoning tasks.
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## Evaluation
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### Flagship-Level Efficient Reasoning
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<p align="center">
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<img src="https://mdn.alipayobjects.com/huamei_bcz3yt/afts/img/FRNXSJFZGXkAAAAAT-AAAAgADkV7AQFr/original"/>
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<img src="https://mdn.alipayobjects.com/huamei_bcz3yt/afts/img/3in4SJr8YPkAAAAAUNAAAAgADkV7AQFr/original"/>
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<p>
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We comprehensively evaluated Ling-1T against leading flagship models, including both **open-source giants** (e.g., *DeepSeek-V3.1-Terminus*, *Kimi-K2-Instruct-0905*) and **closed-source APIs** (*GPT-5-main*, *Gemini-2.5-Pro*).
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In the **AIME 25** benchmark, Ling-1T extends the **Pareto frontier** of reasoning accuracy vs. reasoning length, showcasing its strength in **“efficient thinking and precise reasoning.”**
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<p align="center">
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<img src="https://mdn.alipayobjects.com/huamei_bcz3yt/afts/img/J8ciS5KbIrwAAAAAceAAAAgADkV7AQFr/original"/>
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<p>
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### Aesthetic Understanding and Front-End Generation
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* **Aux-loss-free**, **sigmoid-scoring expert routing** with **zero-mean updates**
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* **QK Normalization** for fully stable convergence
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<p align="center">
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<img src="https://mdn.alipayobjects.com/huamei_bcz3yt/afts/img/03WMQZIYxpUAAAAAVTAAAAgADkV7AQFr/original"/>
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<p>
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Ling-1T is the **largest FP8-trained foundation model** known to date.
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FP8 mixed-precision training yields **15 %+ end-to-end speedup**, improved memory efficiency, and maintains **≤ 0.1 % loss deviation** from BF16 across **1 T tokens**.
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A fine-grained, **heterogeneous 1F1B interleaved pipeline** further boosts utilization by 40 %+.
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System-level optimizations—fused kernels, communication scheduling, recomputation, checkpointing, simulation, and telemetry—ensure stable trillion-scale training.
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<p align="center">
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<img src="https://mdn.alipayobjects.com/huamei_bcz3yt/afts/img/y5UVSKACgLEAAAAAVcAAAAgADkV7AQFr/original"/>
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<p>
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Pre-training used over **20 T high-quality tokens**, with **> 40 % reasoning-dense data** in later stages.
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Empirically, LPO offers superior **training stability** and **generalization** across reasoning tasks.
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<p align="center">
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<img src="https://mdn.alipayobjects.com/huamei_bcz3yt/afts/img/kbEWT4BGEQQAAAAAWwAAAAgADkV7AQFr/original"/>
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<img src="https://mdn.alipayobjects.com/huamei_bcz3yt/afts/img/aF5LRqK5LMcAAAAAZHAAAAgADkV7AQFr/original"/>
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## Evaluation
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