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license: apache-2.0
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pipeline_tag: image-to-image
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---
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license: apache-2.0
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pipeline_tag: image-to-image
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---
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# Model Card for Model ID
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<!-- Provide a quick summary of what the model is/does. -->
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Joint RGB and Depth Representation Autoencoder (RAE-d) and Conditional Flow Matching (CFM) model for underwater benthic environment generation.
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## Model Details
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### Model Description
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<!-- Provide a longer summary of what this model is. -->
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BenthicFlow is a unified generative pipeline for benthic (seafloor) environments.
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A **single conditional flow matching model** jointly synthesizes aligned RGB and
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depth, and a MultiDiffusion-inspired windowed sampler extends generation to
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scenes of unbounded spatial extent — no separate inpainting or stitching network.
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Generated RGB-D mosaics are lifted into continuous 3D scenes with
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**surface-aligned Gaussian surfels**.
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- **Developed by:** Joaquín Figueira Chacon, Camile C. Lendering, Giacomo D'Amicantontion, Erkut Akdag and Egor Bondarev
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- **Funded by:** ITEA Advisor and Xecs Marisens projects winthin the Eindhoven University of Technology.
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- **Model type:** Generative model
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- **License:** Apache 2.0
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- **Adapted from model:** facebook/dinov2-base
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### Model Sources [optional]
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<!-- Provide the basic links for the model. -->
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- **Repository:** https://github.com/jacomof/BenthicFlow
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- **Paper [optional]:** To be released soon in Arxiv and ECCV 2026 proceedings.
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## Uses
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Use to create RGBD mosaics of benthic environments.
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## How to Get Started with the Model
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Download the Github repository and follow the provided instructions.
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## Training Details
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### Training Data
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Data from the Squidle+ benthic survey framework is used for training. Images are downsampled to 518 resolution, and 224 crops of the the downsampled images are used for
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training. Further details on the precise subset used are present in the Github repository and paper.
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### Training Procedure
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- RAE: A representation autoencoder (using a DINOv2-B encoder and a convolutional decoder) is trained to reconstruct images following a 3 stage regime for 16 epochs with a batch size of 16
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crops.
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Following standard RAE practices, phase 1 applies an L1
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reconstruction loss on RGB and depth. From epoch 6, phase 2 adds a Learned Perceptual Image Patch Similarity (LPIPS) term on RGB.
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From epoch 8, phase 3 adds a hinge adversarial term on RGB, with a
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discriminator formed from a frozen DINO-S/8 backbone and a small trainable
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convolutional head, and DiffAugment applied identically to real and reconstructed
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inputs.
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- CFM: A DIBOv2 average pooled token of produced by encoding a reference image is computed and appended to the timestep encoder of a CFM network. The CFM network is implemente
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using a UNet architecture.
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#### Training Hyperparameters
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- **Training regime:** fp16 mixed precision.
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- **Batch size:** 16 (d-RAE) and 256 (CFM).
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- **Learning rate:** 2e-4 (d-RAE) and 1e-4 (CFM).
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- **Exponential Moving Average:** 0.9999 decay.
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## Evaluation
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Please refer to the paper when published.
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## Environmental Impact
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<!-- Total emissions (in grams of CO2eq) and additional considerations, such as electricity usage, go here. Edit the suggested text below accordingly -->
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Estimated as 34560.0 g eq. CO2 using the [Machine Learning Impact calculator](https://mlco2.github.io/impact#compute).
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- **Hardware Type:** H100 GPUs
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- **Hours used:** Approx. 200 H100 GPU hours.
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- **Carbon Emitted:** 34560.0 g eq. CO2
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## Technical Specifications [optional]
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### Model Architecture and Objective
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- The RAE-d architecture consists of a frozen DINOv2-B RGB encoder, a depth encoder consisting of 8 attention blocks with embedding dimension 256 and 8 attention heads.
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The decoder consists of a convolutional network with two pre-norm GroupNorm/SiLU residual up-convolution blocks (inspired by the SD-VAE decoder) with upsampling factors
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2 and 7 and hidden dimensions 256 and 128.
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- The CFM's UNet consists of 2 downsampling residual blocks, 1 middle residual block and 2 up-sampling residual blocks. Adaptive Group Normalization is used in all the
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blocks.
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### Compute Infrastructure
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[Snellius: the National Supercomputer of the Netherlands](https://www.surf.nl/en/services/compute/snellius-the-national-supercomputer). It uses a SLURM management system.
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#### Hardware
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4 H100 GPUs, 64 CPU cores, 512 GB of RAM are used for training.
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## Citation
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To be released soon in Arxiv and ECCV 2026 proceedings.
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## Model Card Contact
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- email: j.figueira@tue.nl
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