---
license: apache-2.0
language:
- en
library_name: pytorch
pipeline_tag: image-classification
base_model: laion/CLIP-ViT-B-32-laion2B-s34B-b79K
datasets:
- yangsangtai/tiny-genimage
metrics:
- accuracy
- precision
- recall
- f1
- roc_auc
tags:
- image-classification
- ai-generated-image-detection
- deepfake-detection
- clip
- computer-vision
- binary-classification
---

# CLIP-Based AI-Generated Image Detector

## Model Description

This model is a binary image classifier that distinguishes real (natural) photographs from AI-generated images. It uses a frozen CLIP ViT-B/32 vision encoder (pretrained on LAION-2B) as a fixed feature extractor, with a lightweight multilayer perceptron classification head trained on top of the extracted image embeddings.

The model was developed and trained in a Kaggle notebook titled `complete_Fakeddit_image`. Despite the notebook name, the training data used is the `tiny-genimage` dataset rather than the Fakeddit dataset; this README describes the model as actually implemented and trained.

## Model Details

- **Base encoder:** CLIP ViT-B-32, pretrained weights `laion2b_s34b_b79k` (loaded via `open_clip`)
- **Encoder state:** Frozen; no gradient updates applied to CLIP parameters during training
- **Classification head:** Fully connected network operating on 512-dimensional, L2-normalized CLIP image embeddings

| Layer | Output Size | Normalization | Activation | Dropout |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linear | 512 | BatchNorm1d | GELU | 0.4 |
| Linear | 256 | BatchNorm1d | GELU | 0.3 |
| Linear | 128 | BatchNorm1d | GELU | 0.2 |
| Linear | 2 | - | - | - |

- **Output:** Two logits corresponding to the classes `real` (label 0) and `ai-generated` (label 1)
- **Framework:** PyTorch, with `open_clip` for the CLIP backbone
- **Input resolution:** 224 x 224 pixels, RGB

## Intended Use

The model is intended for research and experimentation in AI-generated image detection, such as:

- Screening images for likely synthetic origin
- Research on generalization of detectors across different generative model families
- Educational use in understanding CLIP-based transfer learning for detection tasks

### Out of Scope Use

This model is not intended for:

- Legal, forensic, or high-stakes determinations of image authenticity without human review
- Detection of generative models or techniques not represented in the training distribution
- Use as a sole determinant of content moderation decisions

## Training Data

The model was trained on the `tiny-genimage` dataset (source: `yangsangtai/tiny-genimage`), which pairs natural images with images produced by seven different generative model families.

- **Total images:** 35,000
- **Class balance:** 17,500 real images (label 0), 17,500 AI-generated images (label 1)
- **Train / validation split:** 28,000 / 7,000 images

Generators represented in the dataset, each contributing 5,000 images:

- imagenet_ai_0424_wukong
- imagenet_glide
- imagenet_ai_0419_biggan
- imagenet_ai_0419_vqdm
- imagenet_midjourney
- imagenet_ai_0424_sdv5
- imagenet_ai_0508_adm

## Training Procedure

### Preprocessing and Augmentation

Implemented using the `albumentations` library.

**Training transforms:**
- Resize to 224 x 224
- Horizontal flip (probability 0.5)
- Random brightness/contrast (probability 0.3)
- Normalization
- Conversion to tensor

**Validation transforms:**
- Resize to 224 x 224
- Normalization
- Conversion to tensor

### Optimization

- **Loss function:** Cross-entropy loss
- **Optimizer:** AdamW, applied only to the classification head parameters
- **Learning rate:** 1e-4 (initial training phase), reduced to 1e-5 for a subsequent fine-tuning phase
- **Learning rate schedule:** Cosine annealing
- **Batch size:** 32
- **Maximum epochs:** 20, with early stopping (patience of 5 epochs, monitored on validation F1 score)
- **Checkpointing:** Best model saved whenever validation F1 improved; full training state (model, optimizer, scheduler, epoch, best F1) checkpointed for resumption
- **Hardware:** Single NVIDIA Tesla T4 GPU

Training was conducted in two stages within the notebook: an initial run to 18 epochs before early stopping triggered a checkpoint save, followed by a resumed run at a lower learning rate for 2 additional epochs.

## Evaluation

Evaluation was performed on the held-out validation split (7,000 images) using the checkpoint with the best validation F1 score.

### Final Reported Metrics

| Metric | Score |
|---|---|
| Accuracy | 0.9500 |
| Precision | 0.9474 |
| Recall | 0.9529 |
| F1 Score | 0.9501 |
| ROC AUC | 0.9894 |

A confusion matrix was also generated on the validation set to inspect class-wise performance; see the original notebook for the corresponding plot.

## Usage

```python
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
import open_clip
from PIL import Image
import albumentations as A
from albumentations.pytorch import ToTensorV2
import numpy as np

DEVICE = "cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu"

# Load CLIP backbone
clip_model, _, _ = open_clip.create_model_and_transforms(
    "ViT-B-32",
    pretrained="laion2b_s34b_b79k"
)
clip_model = clip_model.to(DEVICE)
for param in clip_model.parameters():
    param.requires_grad = False

# Define classifier head
class CLIPBinaryClassifier(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.clip = clip_model
        self.classifier = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Linear(512, 512), nn.BatchNorm1d(512), nn.GELU(), nn.Dropout(0.4),
            nn.Linear(512, 256), nn.BatchNorm1d(256), nn.GELU(), nn.Dropout(0.3),
            nn.Linear(256, 128), nn.BatchNorm1d(128), nn.GELU(), nn.Dropout(0.2),
            nn.Linear(128, 2)
        )

    def forward(self, images):
        with torch.no_grad():
            features = self.clip.encode_image(images)
        features = F.normalize(features, dim=-1)
        return self.classifier(features)

# Load trained weights
model = CLIPBinaryClassifier().to(DEVICE)
model.load_state_dict(torch.load("best_clip_detector.pth", map_location=DEVICE))
model.eval()

# Preprocess an image
transform = A.Compose([
    A.Resize(224, 224),
    A.Normalize(),
    ToTensorV2()
])

image = np.array(Image.open("example.jpg").convert("RGB"))
image_tensor = transform(image=image)["image"].unsqueeze(0).to(DEVICE)

# Run inference
with torch.no_grad():
    logits = model(image_tensor)
    probs = torch.softmax(logits, dim=1)
    prediction = logits.argmax(1).item()

label_map = {0: "real", 1: "ai-generated"}
print(label_map[prediction], probs.cpu().numpy())
```

## Limitations

- The training data is derived from ImageNet-based real images paired with a fixed set of seven generative model families; performance on generators, domains, or image types outside this distribution is not established.
- The dataset is referred to as "tiny-genimage," implying it is a reduced-scale subset of a larger dataset; results may not generalize to the full-scale version.
- The classification head was trained on frozen CLIP embeddings only; the underlying CLIP encoder was not fine-tuned, which may limit adaptation to subtle generation artifacts not captured by general-purpose CLIP features.
- No adversarial robustness testing was performed against images specifically crafted to evade detection.

## Citation

If you use this model, please cite the underlying CLIP and dataset resources:

```
CLIP backbone: laion2b_s34b_b79k (OpenCLIP, LAION)
Dataset: tiny-genimage (yangsangtai/tiny-genimage)
```