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| 1 |
+
---
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| 2 |
+
license: apache-2.0
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+
base_model: Qwen/Qwen3.5-27B
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tags:
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- text-to-sql
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- sql
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- qwen3.5
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- fine-tuned
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| 9 |
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- fsdp
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| 10 |
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- nebius
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| 11 |
+
datasets:
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| 12 |
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- b-mc2/sql-create-context
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| 13 |
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- gretelai/synthetic_text_to_sql
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language:
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- en
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pipeline_tag: text-generation
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---
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| 18 |
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| 19 |
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# Qwen3.5-27B-Text2SQL
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+
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Fine-tuned [Qwen/Qwen3.5-27B](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen3.5-27B) for **Text-to-SQL** generation. Given a database schema and a natural language question, the model outputs a clean SQL query.
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| 22 |
+
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+
## Key Results
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| 24 |
+
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| 25 |
+
| Metric | Base Model | This Model | Improvement |
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|---|---|---|---|
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| **SQL Execution Accuracy** | 19.5% | **61.0%** | **+41.5%** |
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| 28 |
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| **Valid SQL Output** | 41.5% | **90.2%** | +48.7% |
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| **Spider Exact Match** | 0.0% | **22.2%** | +22.2% |
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| **Spider Keyword Score** | 45.5% | **85.4%** | +39.9% |
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| 31 |
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| **Clean SQL Format** | 0% | **100%** | +100% |
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| 32 |
+
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| 33 |
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## Usage
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| 34 |
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```python
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| 36 |
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from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
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| 37 |
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| 38 |
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model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
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"mahernaija/Qwen3.5-27B-Text2SQL",
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| 40 |
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torch_dtype="auto",
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device_map="auto",
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| 42 |
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trust_remote_code=True,
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| 43 |
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)
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tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(
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| 45 |
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"mahernaija/Qwen3.5-27B-Text2SQL",
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trust_remote_code=True,
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)
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| 48 |
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schema = "CREATE TABLE employees (id INTEGER, name TEXT, department TEXT, salary REAL);"
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| 50 |
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question = "Find all employees in Engineering with salary above 90000."
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| 51 |
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prompt = f"<|im_start|>system\nYou are a SQL expert. Given a database schema and a natural language question, write the correct SQL query.<|im_end|>\n<|im_start|>user\nSchema: {schema}\nQuestion: {question}<|im_end|>\n<|im_start|>assistant\n"
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| 53 |
+
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| 54 |
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inputs = tokenizer(prompt, return_tensors="pt").to(model.device)
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| 55 |
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outputs = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=256, temperature=0)
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| 56 |
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response = tokenizer.decode(outputs[0][inputs.input_ids.shape[1]:], skip_special_tokens=True)
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print(response)
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# SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department = 'Engineering' AND salary > 90000
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```
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| 60 |
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### With vLLM
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| 62 |
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| 63 |
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```bash
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vllm serve mahernaija/Qwen3.5-27B-Text2SQL --tensor-parallel-size 2
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| 65 |
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```
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| 66 |
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```python
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| 68 |
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from openai import OpenAI
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| 69 |
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client = OpenAI(base_url="http://localhost:8000/v1", api_key="token")
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| 70 |
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response = client.chat.completions.create(
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model="mahernaija/Qwen3.5-27B-Text2SQL",
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messages=[
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{"role": "system", "content": "You are a SQL expert. Given a database schema and a natural language question, write the correct SQL query."},
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{"role": "user", "content": "Schema: CREATE TABLE products (id INT, name TEXT, price REAL);\nQuestion: What are the 3 most expensive products?"},
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| 76 |
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],
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max_tokens=256,
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temperature=0,
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)
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print(response.choices[0].message.content)
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# SELECT name FROM products ORDER BY price DESC LIMIT 3
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```
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| 83 |
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## Training Details
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| 85 |
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| Parameter | Value |
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| 87 |
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|---|---|
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| **Base model** | Qwen/Qwen3.5-27B (26.9B params) |
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| **Method** | Full fine-tuning with FSDP |
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| **Hardware** | 16× NVIDIA H200 (2 nodes, Nebius AI Cloud) |
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| **Training time** | 3 hours 6 minutes |
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| **Dataset** | sql-create-context (78K) + Gretel synthetic (100K) = 178K samples |
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| **Epochs** | 1 |
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| **Batch size** | 2 per GPU × 8 grad accum × 16 GPUs = 256 global |
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| **Learning rate** | 2e-5 (cosine decay, 5% warmup) |
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| **Sequence length** | 512 (SQL samples P99=373 tokens) |
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| **Precision** | BF16 |
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| **GPU utilization** | 98-100% |
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| **Final train loss** | 0.144 |
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| **Final eval loss** | 0.176 |
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### Data Preprocessing
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- Schemas stripped of INSERT data (model learns SQL from schema structure, not memorized answers)
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- Manual chat format (bypasses Qwen3.5 `<think>` tag injection)
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- Label masking: loss only on SQL output, prompt tokens masked with -100
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- Deduplication + contamination check between train and eval splits
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### Evaluation
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| 110 |
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| 111 |
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**Gretel Execution Accuracy** (gold standard — runs SQL in SQLite, compares results):
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| 112 |
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| 113 |
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| Complexity | Base | This Model |
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| 114 |
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|---|---|---|
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| Basic SQL | 23.8% | **71.4%** |
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| 116 |
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| Aggregation | 18.2% | **54.5%** |
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| 117 |
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| Single JOIN | 25.0% | **75.0%** |
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| 118 |
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| Window functions | 0.0% | **33.3%** |
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**Spider Benchmark** (1,034 dev questions, public standard):
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| 121 |
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- Exact match: 22.2%
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| 122 |
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- Keyword score: 85.4%
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| 123 |
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### Known Limitations
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| 125 |
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**Catastrophic forgetting**: Full fine-tuning on SQL-only data caused regression in general capabilities. The model tries to answer non-SQL questions with SQL (56% SQL contamination on general prompts). For production use with mixed tasks, consider:
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| 127 |
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- LoRA fine-tuning instead of full FT
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| 128 |
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- Mixed training data (SQL + general chat)
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| 129 |
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- Using this model only for SQL-specific pipelines
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### Regression Test
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| 132 |
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| 133 |
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| Category | Base | This Model | SQL Contamination |
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| 134 |
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|---|---|---|---|
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| 135 |
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| General Knowledge | 84% | 44% | 2/5 |
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| 136 |
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| Math | 100% | 40% | 3/5 |
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| 137 |
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| Code | 48% | 47% | 5/5 |
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| 138 |
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| Language | 90% | 78% | 4/5 |
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| 139 |
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| Common Sense | 82% | 93% | 0/5 |
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| 140 |
+
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| 141 |
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## Architecture
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| 142 |
+
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| 143 |
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- **Architecture**: Qwen3_5ForConditionalGeneration (VLM with text + vision)
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| 144 |
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- **Text backbone**: 64 layers, hidden_size=5120, 24 attention heads, 4 KV heads
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| 145 |
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- **Attention**: Hybrid GDN (linear_attention + full_attention)
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| 146 |
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- **Context**: 262K tokens
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| 147 |
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- **Vision**: Built-in 27-layer ViT (weights from base model, not finetuned)
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| 148 |
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| 149 |
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## Files
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| 150 |
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| 151 |
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| File | Description |
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| 152 |
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|---|---|
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| 153 |
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| `model-00001-of-00003.safetensors` | Text backbone weights (shard 1/3) |
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| 154 |
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| `model-00002-of-00003.safetensors` | Text backbone weights (shard 2/3) |
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| 155 |
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| `model-00003-of-00003.safetensors` | Text backbone weights (shard 3/3) |
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| 156 |
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| `model-visual.safetensors` | Vision encoder weights (from base model) |
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| 157 |
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| `config.json` | Full VLM config (required by vLLM) |
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| 158 |
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| `tokenizer.json` | Tokenizer |
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| 159 |
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| 160 |
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## Citation
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| 161 |
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| 162 |
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```bibtex
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| 163 |
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@misc{naija2026qwen35text2sql,
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title={Qwen3.5-27B-Text2SQL: Fine-tuned Qwen 3.5 for Text-to-SQL},
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| 165 |
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author={Maher Naija},
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| 166 |
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year={2026},
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| 167 |
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url={https://huggingface.co/mahernaija/Qwen3.5-27B-Text2SQL}
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| 168 |
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}
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| 169 |
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```
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| 170 |
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## Acknowledgments
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| 172 |
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| 173 |
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- Trained on [Nebius AI Cloud](https://nebius.com) using Soperator (Slurm on Kubernetes)
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| 174 |
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- Base model: [Qwen/Qwen3.5-27B](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen3.5-27B) by Alibaba
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| 175 |
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- Training data: [sql-create-context](https://huggingface.co/datasets/b-mc2/sql-create-context) + [Gretel synthetic_text_to_sql](https://huggingface.co/datasets/gretelai/synthetic_text_to_sql)
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