add prompt + split

capital-saving_prompt.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+You are classifying stated aims extracted from historical British patents (17th-19th centuries).
+Each input is the inventor's explicitly stated goals from their patent specification.
+Your task is to classify these historical patent aims as capital-saving (1) or not (0).
+
+Capital-saving (1) means the stated aims EXPLICITLY mention saving or economizing material inputs (capital) in the production process. This includes, but is not limited to:
+- Reducing the use or amount of capital inputs such as fuel, land, machinery, raw materials, or other non-labor resources.
+- Automating or optimizing production processes specifically to economize on capital inputs.
+- Streamlining production processes to minimize the usage of capital resources.
+- Implementing innovations that lead to reduced consumption of capital inputs, which may result in lower per-unit costs.
+
+Return 0 if the aims only mention:
+- Saving labor (i.e. reducing human labor input).
+- Improving working conditions, safety, or health without reducing capital inputs.
+- General efficiency improvements that do not explicitly address economizing capital inputs.
+- Reducing work hours or making work easier for reasons unrelated to capital saving.
+- Saving money explicitly, unless it is clearly a direct result of economizing capital inputs.
+
+There may be multiple other aims, but to be classified as 1, the stated aims must explicitly address saving or economizing capital inputs in the production process.
+Return only 1 or 0 with no explanation.
+I'd appreciate you being maximally accurate and sticking tightly to the schema I've outlined above. Let's go.

capital_saving_classifier_test_split.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+stated_aims,patent_id,year,label
+"My invention has for its object improvements in the mode of and means for painting golf balls by which when such balls become worn and dirty they can readily be painted without marking the balls in any way while holding them and without getting the paint on the fingers, while the apparatus is simple and cheap that all golf players may provide themselves with one and thereby readily renovate the balls which is desirable frequently to do.",GB189319854A,1893,0
+"This Invention thus consists in the herein-described improvements having for object to regulate and produce a suitable draft in the chimneys of gas burners, with a view to obtain the complete combustion of the gas, and also obtain considerable economy in its rate of consumption.",GB186501334A,1865,1
+"My invention relates to improvements in wire ropes for winding, hauling and other mining and general purposes and has for its object to combine hemp with wire in such a manner as to form a rope which will be highly flexible and operate with much less friction than the wire ropes hitherto manufactured while being likewise capable of supporting a much greater breaking strain-and being less liable to snapping.",GB189203913A,1892,0
+The object is to obtain a motor which shall be capable of developing considerable power and yet be light and occupy small space.,GB188409833A,1884,0
+"The object of my invention is to produce a fertilizer from blood or blood and fish combined for top dressing and for all kinds of vegetation, more particular for fruit trees, vines, and flowers.
+
+The object of my invention is to produce a rich fertilizer possesing a high percentage of ammonia and phosphate from blood or blood & fish combined or other organic matter for top & bottom dressing and all kinds of vegetation the blood manure more particularly for fruit trees vines etc.",GB189000575A,1890,0
+"The leading object of all the manipulations which iron after it leaves the blast furnace undergoes as a preparation for its being rolled or hammered for the market, either as steel or wrought iron, is to free it from the superabundant carbon and the impurities referred to. The object of the present improvements is to so treat or prepare the cast iron as a preliminary to its being subjected to the puddling or other process that a much more perfect intermingling of the fluid iron and the oxygen, oxides, or other purifying agents or ingredients which it may be desired to apply to it may be obtained, and by accomplishing this I am enabled to greatly economize labor and fuel and to produce a more satisfactory wrought iron, puddled steel, or cast steel than has hitherto been practicable.",GB186903025A,1869,1
+"The present invention relates to roller-blinds, and it has for its object to provide a roller-blind which may be used for the purposes of advertisement.",GB189813543A,1898,0
+"""The object of our Invention is to obtain a concentration of mineral at least as high as that ordinarily obtainable by the separate and consecutive use of the appliances above named, with less labor employed in the mero handling of mineral ore, together with diminished cost of dressing and an increased saving of mineral from the tailings or waste."".""These steep inclinations or falls may be repeated if necessary, to any desirable extent, the object being that the tailings when they are finally washed off the Concentrator shall contain the least possible amount of mineral if any."".""As the ore is liable to be scoured off the surface of an inclined plane if only a slight increase over the proper flow of water takes place, our improvements have also for their object to permit of an occasional increase over the ordinary flow of water, thereby causing a larger quantity of water-borne material to pass over the Concentrator within a given time than permissible with existing appliances without loss of mineral."".""In fact the drag blocks are used by us for the purpose of effecting a concentration of mineral at the head of each section of the surface of the Concentrator similar to the deposits of mineral which are ordinarily found in the stony bed of streams flowing through mining districts."".""Our Invention relates to improvements in machinery for use in dressing or concen- trating Tin and other mineral ores when in a pulverized or crushed condition, the object of our Invention being to obtain such a concentration of mineral as that ordinarily obtainable by the separate and consecutive use of self-acting cleaning frames and buddles, with less labour employed in the mere handling of mineral ore, and a decrease of mineral in the tailings or waste."".""These steep inclinations or falls may be repeated, if necessary, to any desirable extent the object being that the tailings, when they are finally washed off the Concen- trator, shall contain the least possible amount of mineral, if any."".""As the ore is liable to be scoured off the surface of an inclined plane if only a slight increase over the proper flow of water take place, our improvements have also for their object to permit of an occasional or intermittent increase over the ordinary flow of water, thereby causing a larger quantity of water-borne material to pass over the Concentrator within a given time than is permissible with existing appliances without loss of mineral."".""In fact the drag blocks are used by us for the purpose of effecting a concentration of mineral at the head of each section of the surface of the Concentrator, similar to the deposits of mineral which are ordinarily found in the stony bed of streams flowing through mining districts.""",GB188816854A,1888,1
+"The object of my invention is to manufacture cases for cut flowers and artificial flowers in an improved manner, such cases being commonly called ""Immortelles"" to be placed on graves and tombstones.",GB188500066A,1885,0
+"My invention relates to an inhaler designed for enabling the vapours of volatile ethereal and alcoholic liquids to be easily developed and inhaled, while effecting a considerable saving of liquid, and providing for the possibility of using an accurately measured quantity and for a convenient form.",GB189410950A,1894,1
+"My invention has for its object the repeated use of the waste steam escaping from steam-engines, for the purpose of actuating engines, by raising the low-pressure of the escaping steam to high pressure again by an injector supplied with live steam at very high pressure, say, about 100 to 200 atmospheres, obtained from a suitable generator of known construction.",GB189821917A,1898,1
+My improvements consist chiefly in applying to the inlet or supply pipe a valve arranged to be operated by the movement of the cover of the vessel so as to open the inlet more or less or to close it completely as necessary for the purpose of maintaining as nearly as possible a uniform supply of gas through the outlet irrespective of variations in the quantity consumed.,GB188903821A,1889,0
+"""This invention relates to the construction of puddling furnaces specially adapted for puddling metal fused in separate furnaces or cupolas, and supplied to the puddling furnaces in a molten state. The principal object of the improvements is to protect the bed of the furnace and its lining by circulation of water.""",GB188301619A,1883,0
+"My Invention has for its object improvements in the method of obtaining
+tar from small coal and the application of the gases produced from the
+distilling apparatus to the heating of retorts or chambers for the torrefication,
+carbonization, or coking of coals.",GB186200090A,1862,1
+"""Silk and other thread when used on a sewing machine, owing to its nature and the manner in which it is spooled, is liable to become tangled and kinked as it is unwound by the action of the needle; thus causing the operator considerable annoyance and loss of time in addition to waste of material and the risk of spoiling the work. To overcome this difficulty is the object of the present invention, which consists of providing the spool-holder with a removable plate, preferably of metal and of a larger diameter than the spool, and which is arranged to sit on the top of the spool to prevent the thread being drawn from the top of the same as it is unwound and to provide the plate with a swinging arm, normally hanging perpendicularly, and arranged to be moved into a horizontal position in the same plane as the top of the plate, by the unwinding action of the thread which passes through an eye fitted in the lower end of the arm and the invention consists essentially of the device hereinafter more fully set forth and more particularly pointed out in the claims.""",GB189907072A,1899,1
+"The objects of our Invention are (1) to treat alkaline lime mud so as to free it as far as practicable from alkali, namely soda and potassa, and from moisture, and (2) to provide suitable and efficient apparatus to be used in carrying our improved treatment into effect. Lime mud treated under our Invention is so far freed from alkali and moisture that the expense of reworking the alkali is avoided, and a larger amount of work can be done in the black ash furnaces without additional fuel.",GB188105544A,1881,1
+"This Invention or improvement combines a railway chair or seat for the support of the ends of the rails, and also a splice which serves the purpose of a joint to hold the ends of the rails in position, and prevent them moving sideways or vertically, and which is so arranged in respect to the ends of the rails that there can be no break or opening between the ends of the rails to effect the motion of the carriage, or by which the rails can be injured by the percussion of the wheels, but a continuous unbroken bearing surface is secured.",GB186100480A,1861,0
+"Our Invention consists in improved arrangements for diminishing the friction of the swells on the shuttle and for regulating the movement of the shuttle in the process of weaving for the purpose of enabling the shuttle to be easily and steadily ejected from the shuttle boxes by the action of the pickers, and thereby diminish the wear in the parts which operate the shuttle action and reduce the motive power to work the loom. The object of the arrangement of the arms n and r, Fig. 4, is to remedy the evil of traps when the loom is turned by hand accidentally the wrong way, or if the crank recoils when stopping the loom, for in these cases the arm r will pass clear of the arm n and allow the stop rod finger d to come against the frog to stop the loom and prevent damage to the warp.",GB186803011A,1868,1
+"This invention relates mainly to the construction of an instrument (known as a ""Pedalier"" or set of organ pedals"") for producing and govering musical sounds by pedal action said instrument being particularly suitable for practice or study in the use of pedals either alone (when the bellows can be actuated by the student) or in front of a piano or such like instrument which (for the purpose of practice) does the duty of the manual or key board of an organ.",GB188404659A,1884,0
+"My invention has for its object the economical and convenient production of boiler and other tubes, from a combination of iron and steel so arranged as to provide adequate strength with resistance to corrosion.",GB189922685A,1899,1
+"This invention relates to improvements in the form or shape of the sliver conductors as applied to the rollers of gill drawing frames the object being to obviate the defects arising from the use of tlie conductor constructed in the ordinary manner which act on the outer edges only of the sliver when contracting same and thereby tending to thicken each side of the sliver leaving the centre thin thus producing a sliver of uneven thickness in its width. The present invention obviates these defects by making the conductor so that it acts on all the fibres composing the sliver when contracting its width and by producing a sliver of equal thickness throughout, the pressing rollers are not subjected to the same amount of wear and tear and are more durable and a better yarn is produced, the sliver being contracted equally across its width.",GB189914165A,1899,1
+"Our improved process has the very great advantage over those ordinarily used, in which metal patterns are applied upon the cloth when the latter is passed through the teasing or napping machine, in order to preserve to the required part of them from the action of the machine, of not requiring any special machine, so that the work is very economically and quickly executed, whilst the former processes heretofore ordinarily employed require special machines which turn ont only a comparatively small quantity of work, and are very costly both in themselves and in the multiplicity of the patterns which they require. Moreover by our process of protecting the design, the colours of the parts so protected against the action of the machine being absolutely independent of the colour of the parts not so protected, it is possible to vary infinitely the designs and modifications which it may be desired to produce, and which it is absolutely impossible to obtain by the processes ordinarily employed.",GB189308356A,1893,1
+"""Hitherto, it was necessary for heating such preserved foods, to provide hot water, or a wood or spirit fire. Now this invention has for its object to obviate this necessity."".""This invention relates to cans for preserved foods which before use are warmed in their said cans, the object of the invention being to obviate the necessity for the preparation of warın water for heating the food or of igniting wood or spirit."".""Now, this invention has for its object to suitably hasten the reaction between unslaked lime and water.""",GB189813716A,1898,1
+"The object of my invention is to replace the ordinary paper wrapper in cigarettes
+by a wrapper composed merely of inorganic substances of suitable quality. By employing mineral wrappers instead of the covering tobacco leaf the cigar
+can be considerably cheapened without touching its quality and at the same time
+the long contested problem of making cigars by machinery would be more easily
+solved.",GB189423852A,1894,1
+"My invention comprises improvements on the well known type of carpet beating machines consisting of a wooden cased chamber or frame work enclosing rotating beaters. The object in view being that carpet beating machines may be produced at a much less cost and of a quality more durable and better adapted for the work than any yet in the market; thereby rendering a public benefit by making it possible for carpet beating being done much more cheaply and more efficiently than formerly. The case or framework of my new machine is made in the ordinary style and shape, excepting that the aim kept in view in its construction is strength and durability, avoiding elaborate joiner work in the way of bevelled framing, beaded paneling and fine varnishing, expenses quite unnecessary for the kind of work the machines have to perform.",GB188708429A,1887,1
+"The object being to decrease the amount of framework, & at the same time permit of a single and central set of driving gear being used, which being midway between the driving wheels, distributes the power equally to both of them.",GB188200467A,1882,1
+"Our invention relates to improvements in cup-board turns, and has for its object, a simple and efficient means of securing the tongue to the spindle without the aid of a number of loose parts.",GB189402174A,1894,0
+"""The object of this Invention is to prevent waste at the ends of the laps of cotton
+or other fibrous material and to facilitate the working of same by causing the laps
+to roll clean off at the carding engines and scutchers or any other lap making or
+lap using machine without increasing the thickness of the material or requiring any
+stretching of the lap ends, and consists in fixing a rod or tube on the end of the
+scutcher lap roller, or lap roller of any other machine, or boring a sufficient distance
+(for carrying the rod) up the lap roller end and inserting the lap rod in such bore
+previous to the roller being drawn out.",GB187805081A,1878,1
+"The objects of my invention are to improve the prior construction and render the connecting block susceptible of being adjusted, and also capable of removal laterally from the rails, after detaching either one of the chairs, or lengthwise from the end of either rail after detaching the chairs.",GB189315097A,1893,0
+Other means or contrivances for adjusting the position of the moveable hip piece a in relation to the body b of the stand may be substituted for the adjustable toothed rack c without departing from the chief object of our Invention.,GB188203364A,1882,0
+"The main object of my Invention is entirely to dispense with the necessity of using the ordinary enclosure of a lavatory, whereby I economise space and cost both in manufacture and erection.",GB188003206A,1880,1
+"My improvements in valves are intended more particularly for gas valves, though they are also applicable for water, steam, and other fluids.",GB188004100A,1880,0
+The object of the invention is to obtain great strength and elasticity with but moderate use of metal.,GB189011876A,1890,1
+"Now the object and intention of this Invention is to remedy these objections by constructing the shears or other like cutting instruments in the following manner:-Instead of making the legs of the shears of one and the same piece of metal, as commonly practised, such parts are formed of two separate pieces; that is to say, the outer parts upon which the handles are formed are cast in a mould, and the inner and cutting edges thereof, as also that part through which the pin or fulcrum passes, are formed of plates of tempered steel screwed to said castings, and further. the surfaces. of the fulcrum or centre are formed convex, thus instead of flat, and the legs round the centre or fulcrum are formed with projecting pieces or shields, which cover the joints of the shears, and prevent the jamming of the material between the said convex surfaces during the cutting of the material, and serve also to steady the legs whilst in action, so as to prevent them from twisting.",GB185302178A,1853,1
+"The object of the present invention is to improve the lubrication of the revolving tube and to dispense with the use of the top rail.The object of the present invention is to improve the lubrication of the revolving tube or tube-spindle"" and to dispense with the use of the top rail.",GB188611547A,1886,0
+"The main object of my Invention is to form a horse-shoe, which by its shape shall not only be lighter but by giving a better foothold will offer a greater resistance to slipping, as well as to tear and wear. The object of the wooden blocks being to increase the foothold and prevent slipping, while the absence of metal in the groove makes the shoe much lighter, and in use greatly prevents its rapid wear.",GB187700286A,1877,1
+"To obviate this objection and to enable intermediate standards to be made as narrow as possible, and thus economize in space and cost, my correspondent has in accordance with this invention, devised a system in which the shelf brackets are supported on and by the sides of the standards instead of at the front and back faces thereof, said brackets being provided at one side only with laterally extended lugs or projections adapted to engage their respective standards, screws or equivalent devices serving to clamp the brackets in adjusted position upon the standards.",GB189500627A,1895,1
+"""The object of our Invention is to economize the expence of the steanı engine and men, and also to render the turning movement dependent only on those for whose recreation our machine is adapted."".""The object of our Invention is to economize the expence of the steam engine in one case, or the men in the others, by rendering the rotatory or turning movement dependent on those for whose recreation our Invention is adapted, and it will be evident that the machine, the subject of this Invention, will form a desirable means of recreation in places of public amusement, in schools, and even in private dwellings."".""Our roundabout, on the contrary, is not so worked or constructed, the object being to cant one part or end downwards towards the earth or floor, while the opposite end or corresponding part is proportionately elevated in the air, and we effect this in the manner herein-after described and shown.""",GB186503271A,1865,1
+"My Invention relates to the construction and arrangement of steam boilers and their furnaces, so that the smoke is consumed in a simple and effectual manner, and that a vigorous circulation of the water in the boiler is maintained, whereby safety and economy in generating steam are secured, and the boiler is saved from incrustation and from the rapid wear and tear consequent thereon.",GB187202951A,1872,1
+"My invention is to so improve billiard tables and the like that the necessity 5 in repeatedly having to go around the table for the halls when playing, is avoided.",GB189013722A,1890,0
+This Invention has for its object improvements in pianofortes.,GB186100279A,1861,0
+The present Invention has for its object to obviate these defects.,GB187501829A,1875,0
+"My invention relates to improvements in or connected with the closing of ""lever-lid ""tins, the object being to render same perfectly air-tight, so as to allow petroleum, oils, syrups, spirits, or other substances to be carried in same with perfect safety.",GB189711101A,1897,0
+"Our invention relates to the grinding and polishing of metallic rollers or cylinders having an even, i.e. ungrooved, surface, such as are used in rolling-mills for the manufacture of metal plates, in paper-mills, and for other purposes, and it consists in an improved process for grinding and polishing such rollers or cylinders either truly cylindrical, or convex, or concave in their longitudinal direction.",GB188708645A,1887,0
+"""The holes often get filled up with small fibres; the brass wings add expense, and the passing of the thread for piecing up when broken through the holes is slow. To do away with these drawbacks we do away with the top and side holes and with the brass wing, and produce flyers that can be manufactured at less cost, and which allow of a quick piccing up and produce better and more even yarn.""",GB188104482A,1881,1
+"My said Invention relates to a fluid meter of an improved and simplified construction, and not liable to get out of order.",GB187604109A,1876,0
+"The object of my Invention is to provide an arrangement of boilers that shall occupy less horizontal space, consume less fuel, and yet be as efficient as any ordinary boiler of the same power. The object of my Invention is to provide an arrangement of boilers that shall occupy less horizontal space, consume less fuel, and yet be as efficient as any ordinary boiler of the same power.",GB187503805A,1875,1
+"Our said invention relates to machines used for cutting elliptical forms, such as those of manholes and manhole doors, or the like in metal plates; and it has for its object by simple and convenient devices to adapt such machines for cutting eccentric or non-circular forms differing more or less from ellipses, and more suitable for some applications.",GB189813929A,1898,0
+"The device of this invention has for object to enable the occupant of a room to operate the lock of the door from a distance, say from a bed or seat in the same.",GB189309605A,1893,0
+"The object is to provide improved means for fastening the moulds in the carrier, whereby, while held securely against accidental displacement, they may be readily removed and replaced; and whereby when upset in their movement over the discharge end of the carrier they drop in their fastenings a limited distance to jar the contained castings and ensure the loosening and discharge of the latter from the moulds. The object is further to provide improved means for lifting the replacing moulds quickly and easily into their fastenings on the carrier.",GB189904358A,1899,0
+"The above operations can be performed with great ease. without. straining the chair or sleeper, ""or causing the line to be out of gauge, thereby affording a saving of expense and time, and preventing so much destructive wear and tear on the sleepers and probability of serious danger, as in the modes at present adopted.",GB185800071A,1858,1
+"First, I place the heavy weight of the armour as near the centre of gravity as possible, with a view to diminish the oscillations it would occasion. Secondly, I place the guns as near the centre of the ship as possible, in order to increase the steadiness of the platform from which they are fired. Thirdly, in furtherance of these objects I construct the vessel with a gang-way all round the battery between the ship's sides and the space enclosed for the battery. Lastly, I arrange and construct the vessel in such manner as to incorporate some of the material necessary for the protection of the battery into the. strength of the ship, reduce the cost of the armour by the use of flat plates only, save the ship's sides from the straining which would result from the armour being laid upon them, and in combination with wrought-iron upper and lower decks, divide the ship into the greatest possible number of water-1 tight compartments.",GB186000111A,1860,1
+"The object is to provide 'improved apparatus mainly for use with marine steam generators so disposed for use in heating feed water, that the most advantageous results are obtained in respect of economy and utilization of heat. The object is to provide improved apparatus mainly for use with marine steam generators so disposed for heating feed water that the most advantageous results are obtained in respect of economy and utilization of heat.",GB188612194A,1886,0
+"I would first remark that in the manufacture of oxalic acid, earthenware jars or vessels are employed when operating by heat on the liquors to be converted into oxalic acid by the action of nitric or nitros acid, which jars or vessels are necessarily very limited in dimensions, and consequently in manufacturing ou a large scale the expence of using such jars is very considerable, and it is important to obtain larger vessels, and I have discovered that vessels of lead or lined with lead may be employed when using nitric or nitros acid, and this allow of large vessels being used in the manufacture of oxalic acid, by which considerable advantages will be derived.",GB184008555A,1840,1
+"The object of our invention is to remedy this defect or defects, by providing the gas making apparatus, with an additional gasoline store chamber, from whence the gasoline is continuously drawn, forced, or conveyed to the pans, in manner, that the gasoline flows constantly from one pan to another, and from the lower one, to the under reservoir, which is in communication with the additional chamber, which is provided with reticulated or meshed horizontal partitions in order to govern and equalise the gravitation of the liquid gasoline, which is first introduced into the said chamber. This invention relates to an improvement in gas making machines, and more particularly on the well known gas apparatus, the ""Muller's Alpha,"" and the object of our said invention, is to both regulate the pressure, and prevent smoke, when fresh gasoline is supplied, and thereby to economise the consumption of gasoline, and to enable a machine making gas from hydro-carbon liquids, to be filled whilst in actual use.",GB189004197A,1890,1
+"This invention has for its object the construction of gas retorts in such a manner that while they possess all the advantages of brick retorts, they are much more easily put together and repaired than any hitherto in use.",GB188405835A,1884,0
+"The processes set forth in these Patents have aimed at obtaining a very intimate contact between the oils when mixed with siccative materials, and the atmospheric air by the aid of increased temperatures. My process is devised to obviate these draw-backs. I may add certain hard resins in a finely pulverized or ground condition to the half oxidized mass to increase its cohesive and elastic qualities.",GB189807242A,1898,0
+"My Invention, which has for its object the mode of ornamenting and finishing certain articles of hardware, as aforesaid, consists in forming, by means of separate castings, the various ornamental portions of fire-irons, grates, and range fittings, and suspending curtain ring holders for French bedsteads, such as the boss or knob handles and swells, or vase centres, in place of the method of forging and turning the same as hitherto, whereby a considerable saving in the time and cost of producing the said articles is effected, as also a greater variety of pattern obtained.",GB185901942A,1859,1
+"""This machine is intended to work either by hand or Steam power. Although this machine is intended to form Bags or Boxes &c. for a machine or apparatus described as An Improved Packet Blocking or Packing Machine for cocoa, spices, starch and similar substances, Letters Patent for which was granted to me, bearing date the 10th day of April A.D. 1884 No. 6211, it is also intended to form Bags Boxes &c. to pack goods on the ordinary Block System of Packing, and also to form Bags Boxes, &c. for the purpose of Sale.""
+
+""This machine is intended to form Bags Boxes, &c. from one piece of material (Paper, Card-Board Wood-Chip or any other similar material) or to form one Bag or Box, &c. at a time, from a combination of these materials as desired according to the nature of the goods to be packed.""
+
+""The machine hereinafter described is intended to form a bag or box from one piece of paper, card-board, wood-chip, or other suitable material or to form a bag or box from a combination of these materials according to the nature of the goods to be packed.""",GB188700766A,1887,0
+"The object of this invention is-
+1st. To perfectly destroy town, and similar refuse bagasse, vegetable, and animal
+refuse, saw-dust, tan, and other waste products.
+2nd. To effect a more perfect combustion of these waste products thereby
+enabling them to become valuable as fuel for the production of power.
+3rd. To prevent unburnt, or partly burnt, light refuse and heavy gases finding
+their way into the chimney flue before all the fuel & organic matters therein have
+been exhausted, thereby preventing the nuisance that generally occurs from the
+smoke of a destructor chimney.
+4th. To dry, prepare, and deliver the refuse in a suitable state and condition on
+to the fire-grate.
+5th. To facilitate the removal of the clinker, ashes, and dust from the furnace
+without cooling down the said furnace and without interfering with the complete
+combustion of the old and new charges.
+6th. To facilitate the feeding of the refuse into the furnaces. The object of my invention is,
+1st. To more perfectly utilise as fuel, town & similar refuse, vegetables, saw-dust,
+tan, inferior coal slack, and other waste products.
+2nd. To effect a more perfect combustion of these waste products thereby enabling
+them to become valuable as fuel for the production of power.
+3rd. To prevent unburnt, or partly burnt light refuse, and heavy gases finding
+their way into the chimney flue before all the fuel & organic matters therein have been exhausted, thereby preventing waste of fuel & the nuisance that generally
+accrues from the gases of a destructor chimney.",GB189422086A,1894,1
+"This Invention has principally for its object to facilitate and cheapen the weaving of ornamental fabrics of or similar to the ""Paisley shawl"" class, and having a perfect pattern on both sides. My said Invention has principally for its object to facilitate and cheapen the weaving of ornamental fabrics of or similar to the ""Paisley shawl"" class, and having a perfect pattern on both sides.",GB186500329A,1865,0
+"Hydraulic cements as hitherto applied will not properly adhere to the metal In order to remedy this defect I apply one or more preparatory coatings of a bituminous pitch or tar varnish to the metal, and over that when it is nearly set but still sticky I apply a layer or thin coating of my hydraulic bitumen cement in the usual way.",GB187903063A,1879,0
+"Our said Invention has for its object to improve and simplify the con- struction, or combination of steering apparatus to be worked by the 1 intervention of steam power, but parts of our improvements are also applicable to steering apparatus worked with hydraulic apparatus, or to steering apparatus worked exclusively by hand.",GB187302613A,1873,0
+"The Invention has for its object improvements in platen printing machines, whereby they are rendered more completely self-acting and more efficient than heretofore, and the first part of my Invention relates to that class of printing machine in which the platen is caused to move vertically to and from the type bed. The sheet of vellum or other material n in addition to giving additional security in the feed and assisting in guiding the printed paper into the box or receptacle is also useful to enable the proof; to be examined.",GB187302459A,1873,0
+"my object is to produce an artificial asphalt, and cheapen the production, and improve the quality of the same, by an economical process, and to that end my invention consists in mixing and commingling the several ingredients together, substantially as hereinafter described.my object is to produce an artificial asphalt and cheapen the production, and improve the quality of the same, by an economical process, and to that end my invention consists in mixing and combining the several ingredients together, substantially as hereinafter described.",GB189824630A,1898,1
+"This invention refers to an improved pencil for use in retouching photographic negatives, bromide prints, and the like, and also for ali ordinary drawing purposes, and is designed chiefly to reduce the difficulty and time in retouching photographic negatives, bromide prints, and the like, as by the arrangement of the pencil hereinafter described, the lead is deposited on the photographic negative or the like, by the simple direct pressure of the pencil, without any other motion of the hand being required.",GB189109993A,1891,0
+"My invention has for its object, the economical production of balls for ball bearings and relates to that part of the process of producing such balls which pertains to the machines for making the rough balls into which the metal is formed before grinding into the final spherical shape. This invention relates to the production of balls for ball bearings and has for its object, the economical production of balls for ball bearings and relates to that part of the process of producing such balls which pertains to the machines for making the rough balls into which the metal is formed before grinding into the final spherical shape.",GB189623906A,1896,1
+"The object of our invention is to provide a motor of a simple and light construction for propelling tricycles or other light vehicles and we accomplish this in the following manner.
+The object of our invention is to provide a motor of a simple and light construction for propelling tricycles or other light vehicles and we accomplish this by constructing a chamber into which is pumped or otherwise injected a compressed charge of gas and air in the usual and well known proportions to form an explosive mixture, the gas being either coal gas, the gas evolved by the heating or vapourization of petroleum or other suitable mineral oil, or any of the other well known gases or spirits employed for such purpose.",GB189523740A,1895,0
+"When this work begins at the same time at so many points which must be chosen for destroying the snow and ice in one night, the largest town can be delivered in eight hours from this trouble so prejudicial to the passage and to the health of populations.",GB187200639A,1872,0
+"The principle of this Invention is to indicate space and time for passing trains, which consists of clockwork mounted on the top of a column, and is furnished with an arm of suitable dimensions for day signalling, and a lenze by which red, green, and white transparent signals are displayed for night on being illuminated.
+The principle of this Invention is to indicate space blocked or clear to the drivers of trains or engines, and also for every engine or train to produce and discharge its own signalling, and can be fixed at any required distances apart throughout the line of railway.
+Having thus described the nature and object of my Invention, and the manner in which the same is or may be carried into effect, I wish it to be understood that I do not confine myself to the escapement as shewn in the Drawings, as various escapements can be employed to give motion to a balance or pendulum; neither do I confine myself to any configuration or form by which the mechanism can be made to perform the principle herein-before mentioned, as various forms can be employed to produce the same effect'",GB186301767A,1863,0
+"The object of this invention is the production of a new metallic fabric or tissue, suitable for paper-making machines. The object of which is to give to the fabric rigidity in the direction of its width, without interfering with its suppleness in the direction of its length.",GB189400245A,1894,0
+"This invention relates chiefly to improvements in bottles, to be used in bottling ales, and other sedimentary liquids. Its object is to confine the sediment undisturbed in the bottom of the bottle, whilst drawing off the clear liquid, and thereby to effect a saving of the same.",GB189211304A,1892,1
+"This invention relates to improvements in the construction of conical, or cylindrical, or other shaped oilcans, oilfeeders, lamps, and other vessels; and its object is to form the body and spout portions of an oilcan, oilfeeder, lamp, or other vessels out of a single and suitable blank with a seam or joint at its back or other position and with its bottom formed separately and attached thereto by any suitable means such as soldering, welding or the like.",GB189517638A,1895,0
+The object of my invention is to so control the supply to a receptacle or receptacles from a larger cistern at a higher level (or if under pressure at a lower level) in such a manner that when the smaller receptacle or receptacles has or have received a supply to the desired extent the flow of liquid is arrested until such time as a further supply is necessary.,GB189200440A,1892,0
+The object and intention of the invention is that the air is compelled to pass over the burning material below the closing ring D in greater quantity in consequence of the considerable surfaces presented by the same and so in consequence of the increased supply of oxygen secures a more rational utilisation of the fuel and effects a more intense and almost smokeless combustion.,GB189604695A,1896,1
+"My invention relates to portable candle holders commonly called portable
+reading lamps and consists in arrangements by means of which such portable
+candle holders are rendered more useful and more convenient in use than they
+have hitherto been and by means of which arrangements such portable candle
+holders are also enabled to be more easily and conveniently carried in the pocket
+or other convenient receptacle than they have hitherto been.",GB188501606A,1885,0
+"The present invention has the object of producing a doll, by specially constructed dies, which are used for pressing pulp, in the form of half a doll, the other half being made in the same way, the two halfs are then attached to each other by an adhesive substance, and so form the body of a doll as shown in the accompanying drawing Fig. 1.",GB188809082A,1888,0
+"Hitherto the frames, or backs and flanges, of snaps for connecting necklets, bracelets, and other like articles of Jewellry, have been stamped or otherwise formed of separate blanks or pieces of metal, necessitating the soldering on of the flanges to the said frame or backs, an expensive operation as the edges of the flanges require filing up so as to make them fit properly against each other, causing a great waste of material, especially when made in Gold or Silver; this is avoided by my invention which I now proceed to describe. By this invention I am enabled to form the two parts forming the snap each in one piece of metal, with mouthpiece and slot for receiving the tongue of the fastener, without soldering or otherwise connecting, and at the same time dispensing with the filing up of parts.",GB188401743A,1884,1
+"My invention relates to the blast furnaces and cupolas used in the smelting of
+iron ore and in the melting and purifying of iron and other metals, the principal
+object being to obtain increased economy in fuel and in purifying metals. The intention is that the gases in the cupola may be reverberated and that the
+furnace may be fed with highly heated gases and highly heated volatile fumes
+from Chlorine or Chloride of Sodium to purify the metal.",GB188400914A,1884,1
+"By making use of this Invention the defect so much complained of, that poles stick too fast in wet weather and are too loose in dry weather, will be obviated; a defect, besides being exceedingly troublesome, is both general and 5 very descriptive to both pole and futchels, causing continual expence, as well as frequent disappointment in the use of carriages. By this Invention a considerable saving will be accomplished, as both poles and futchels will be equally, if not more, durable than any other part of the carriages, instead of requiring their frequent renewal, as is at present the case.",GB182505157A,1825,1
+"This Invention relates to improvements in or applicable to the construction of presses for pressing household linen, articles of clothing and for analogous uses. The Invention consists essentially, in the construction of the press with a series of any required number of independent guided shelves or press boards of any required dimensions and weight, and between any adjacent ones of which the articles to be pressed are placed, and with means adapted to separate the series of such shelves or press boards at any required place into two sections in such a manner as that any article or articles within the press between any two adjacent press boards thereof may at any time he got at and removed such as when sufficiently pressed or when required for use, and as that any article or articles desired to be pressed can be inserted into the press at any required part thereof between any two adjacent press boards; so that among other advantages, ready access for the placing and removal of goods is afforded to all parts of the press without disturbing the articles contained between the other press boards thereof, and consequently any article can be placed where it will receive more or less pressure as desired.",GB188715047A,1887,0
+"Such being the nature and object of my said Invention, I will now proceed to describe in detail the manner in which the same is to be or may be performed or carried into practical effect; and in order that the same may be clearly understood, I have annexed hereunto a Sheet of Drawings, and have marked the same with figures and letters of reference corresponding with those in the following explanation thereof:-
+Having now described the nature and object of my said Invention, together with the manner in which the same is to be or may be performed or carried into practical effect, I wish it to be understood that I claim as my Invention the adaptation beneath the hoppers and crushing rollers of a box or boxes open at the rear into",GB187803504A,1878,0
+"In order to dispense with the ""thread retaining"" grooves or spring sleeves, as heretofore employed, on the driving spindles or arhors of the spools and to protect the spindle 14 I mount on the spindle box 16 a sleeve 15 which is 50 arranged as to project nearly to the spoof and which possesses a projecting and curved guiding surface 17 for the purpose of ""retaining"" the thread and insur- ing that the spindle shall catch the thread and safely transfer it to the next spool to be wound. In order to prevent any unfastened spools being unwrapped and wasted I mount a sliding shaft 18 in proximity to the spool runways 19 having suitable bent arms 20 with pins 20 so arranged as to block each run and arrest the newly filled spool until the next spool is wound.",GB189922777A,1899,0
+"This engine, as it can rotate at a low speed allows of the wheels of a vehicle being directly arranged upon the shaft of the engine which then actually constitutes the axle whereby all intermediate gear is dispensed with.",GB189727412A,1897,1
+"This Invention relates to the wires, rods, hooks, or brackets, which are used for the purpose of suspending such articles in the depositing bath that are intended to be plated, or other parts in connection therewith, and has for its object the protection of such parts except where required for metallic contact, so that no deposit takes place thereon, but only upon the articles to be plated, except such small surfaces that may be exposed for the purposes already named. This invention relates to the insulating or protecting of the wires, rods, racks, hooks or brackets, which are used for the purpose of suspending the articles that are intended to be coated with an electro deposit, whilst in the bath, and has for its object the protection of such parts except where metallic contact is required, so that no deposit takes place thereon, but only upon the articles to be plated, except such small surfaces that may be exposed for the purposes already named.",GB188603674A,1886,1
+"Wet gas meters as at present constructed are very liable to be tilted in such manner as to interfere with due registration of the quantity of gas passed through them, and my improvements relate to means by which when such tilting takes place the passage of gas through the meter will be suspended and then restored, so soon as the position of the meter is again correctly adjusted.",GB185901058A,1859,0
+"The object of the said Invention is to provide a simple device which shall be entirely enclosed within the draw-head, and bring the resistance entirely upon the draw-head instead of upon a bolt, or some movable device which will enter the link, and the Invention comprises the novel construction and combination of parts as hereinafter described.",GB188404293A,1884,0
+"This Invention relates to certain means of economizing the heat given off by the conibustion of gas in a gas stove. This object I in part attain in stoves used for heating apartments by passing currents of fresh air, taken direct from the outer atmosphere, up heated flues or pipes, which are open at top to allow of the air when heated to flow into the apartments. The object of using these slips is to provide a means of rectifying at a small expense any damage that may arise to the panelling, the probability being that when an accident occurs thereto it will be confined to one or two slips, which may be readily replaced, instead of necessitating the insertion of a new panel, which is requisite when a single plate of non-conducting material is employed to fill a panel. The object in the use of this arrangement being to retain the heat within the casing, I employ but one current of air which is supplied in the ordinary manner to support the combustion, of the gas. The design of this flue is to prevent the sudden escape from the stove of the heated gases, which by being led along the top of the oven render the heat thereof more equable, and also to check the action of any downward draft that may be set up in the chimney. This pipe is intended to take up the waste. heat from the burner q, and transmit it to water or other liquid contained in the boiler s..",GB185200383A,1852,1
+"The object of this Invention is to decarbonize cast iron by a mecha-
+nical process instead of by the laborious operation of hand puddling, as
+heretofore. The important object sought by the herein-described construction and
+arrangement of crucibles is to enable large clay crucibles to be used to
+contain large amounts of metal, whereby a great economy of fuel and labor is effected, clay crucibles being better adapted for converting
+purposes than those made of plumbago, as now used. This
+arrangement is also calculated to greatly facilitate charging and
+regulating the process of converting iron.",GB186902050A,1869,1
+"The object of the present invention is to improve the construction of shoe tips, and to provide a simple inexpensive and efficient one, designed more particularly for children's shoes, which are subjected to excessive wear, and adapted to protect the toe and prevent the upper from being worn adjacent to its points of attachment to the sole. A further object of the invention is to dispense with the usual stitching along the edges and the consequent drawbacks and inconveniences attendant thereon.",GB189721522A,1897,0
+"The object of my invention is to construct cylinders or drums used for malting drying, and otherwise treating grain and for analogous purposes in a new or improved manner and on a new and improved principle, whereby the grain or the like may be turned, separated and dispersed in a more effectual manner than with apparatus at present in use.",GB189902109A,1899,0
+"The object of this Invention is to provide fountain pens which while they are cheap and durable and useful alike in the schoolroom, the library, and the office, are easily charged with ink, contain a large supply, and properly regulate the outflow automatically, or nearly so,.",GB187001964A,1870,0
+so that the objects mentioned at the commencement of the present specification are attained.,GB189810224A,1898,0
+"The object of my invention is to provide a more efficient means than at present exists for admitting heated air to any required part of a furnace, so as to consume the waste products, avoid smoke, and obtain increased heating effect, while effecting a saving in fuel.",GB189020033A,1890,1
+A principal object of my invention is to reduce very considerably the power for moving the clock mechanism and so also that even in the largest clocks the variable resistances caused by the weight of the dial hands and the wind are obviated. Another object of my invention is to do away with the great amount of friction which generally obtains in gravity escapement mechanisms owing to the large weight heretofore necessary for keeping clocks going.,GB189723345A,1897,1
+"This apparatus is specially suitable for smelting furnaces, because by passing part of the gases of combustion which escape from the furnace through the boiler, the waste heat is utilized for heating the boiler, but it can also be used for drying steam, or for heating the air which entertains the combustion.",GB188101714A,1881,1
+"This Invention has reference chiefly to the application of cleaning or licking rollers to the bottom pressing rollers (wood) of wet spinning frames for the treatment of flax, hemp, and other similar substances, and is accomplished in the following manner :-. The cleaning rollers are driven-by-contact with the wood pressing rollers and by their action when in operation ""lick up "" from the circumference of the pressing rollers the particles of fibre or dirt which usually adhere to and accumulate thereon, thus preserving the surface of the pressing rollers in a clean condition.",GB188104056A,1881,0
+"My Invention relates to coats, ladies' riding habits, and such like garments, and is designed for economizing materials and labor in the manufacture thercof. This I propose to effect by cutting the materials of such shapo as to have fewer seams than garments as heretofore manufactured.",GB185701064A,1857,1
+"""A further part of our Invention relates to the manufacture and con-
+struction of hollow caps or stoppers intended to be employed with what
+are called and known in the trade as essence, scent, perfume, or such like bottles, and has for its object not only to prevent waste of these expensive
+liquids, but to distribute them more conveniently and in a. more
+minutely dispersed or divided state. by causing the liquid in its egress
+from the bottle to sprinkle the article or surface instead of being poured
+thereon from the bottle mouth. whereby a given quantity of the liquid
+may by the slightest movement of the vessel be deposited in the hand
+or on the hankerchief, or distributed in any desired place in the most
+desirable and convenient manner, thus avoiding the waste of any
+superfluous quantity of the liquid.""",GB186802763A,1868,1
+"This invention has reference to an improved method and apparatus for delivering, on the insertion of a pre-payment penny or other coin or coins, a ticket having a number and particulars which shall act as a token for engaging any particular seat within a railway carriage, or which can be used for delivering railway accident insurance tickets, and for other like purposes.",GB189507827A,1895,0

capital_saving_classifier_val_split.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+stated_aims,patent_id,year,label
+With this object I shape the insulator with prominent corners or projecting points which rest in little places or recesses that are chipped out of or formed in the pipe.,GB189317445A,1893,0
+"This Invention has for its object an improved mode of and apparatus for utilizing fuel for heating purposes. For this purpose I cause the products of combustion from an ordinary fire to pass through or amongst and between fragments or pieces of semi or partially combustible matter, placed according to my Invention in à suitable receptacle so arranged in relation to the main grate or fireplace, the inlet to the chimney, and the opening into the room or apartment to be warmed as that the draught or currents of air flowing towards the chimney shall carry the products of combustion from the main fireplace to and cause the same to pass through or amongst and between the fragments or pieces of semi or partially combustible matter in such manner as to cause the same to become heated and incandescent to absorb and consume the flame and smoke from the original fire, and to radiate into the room or apartment a considerable quantity of heat, which in fireplaces constructed and used in the ordinary way would pass away unutilized. The object of this box or flue is to increase the draught immediately behind the register, and to obviate the defects of bad or imperfect ""setting.""",GB187602481A,1876,1
+"My invention relates to elastic tires for carriages, motor cars and like vehicles and it consists in the combination of two or more parts of resilient material of unequal quality, one or more inferior parts being secured to the wheel rim and having fixed thereto a part of superior quality constituting the running surface of the tire, whereby said part can be readily removed and renewed when worn without necessitating the replacement of the other part or parts, thereby economising the cost of both production and upkeep.",GB189911198A,1899,1
+"The objects of this invention are
+1. To provide targets or objects of aim more nearly resembling the objects a
+soldier would see in actual warfare surrounded by apparently the ordinary landscape-
+and more particularly adapted to miniature or indoor ranges.
+2. To provide by what may be called the mantlet and butt portion of the apparatus
+for the perfect protection of the marker.
+3. To provide by the rovolving target record a complete check marker.
+My invention has for its object to provide for rifle practice intended more particu-
+larly for short or miniature ranges an improved target and apparatus_connected
+therewith whereby objects closely resembling those aimed at in actual war are
+provided and a record of the accuracy of the firing is obtained.",GB188920632A,1889,0
+"My invention relates to porous earthenware products, and it has for its object to supply artificially to such structures a fibre indestructible by the fire used in converting clays into bricken products. I propose by my invention to supply a fibre to the clay, or clayey compositions, which will remain as an element of the porous brick product after it has been subjected to the firing process, whereby a high degree of tensile strength is permanently imparted to the structure.",GB188909645A,1889,0
+"The object of my invention is by a more suitable disposition of materials than heretofor employed, to considerably reduce the weight of iron and copper entering
+into the construction of dynamo electric generators and motors, and to reduce the
+space occupied by the said machines, employing a simple construction in which the
+main structure of the machine may be made in wrought or cast iron.",GB188906568A,1889,1
+"My Invention consists of the improvements herein-after described in machinery for cutting screws, by which improvements two, three, or more screws may be cut simultaneously in the same machine.",GB186502652A,1865,0
+"The invention has for its object the production of a cheap and simple mortice door latch, which is capable of easy application to a door without cutting so much of the latter away as when using ordinary mortice latches, thereby avoiding the unsightly appearance of outside latches and retaining the strength of the door.",GB189017805A,1890,0
+"The primary object of my invention is to so treat coke, that its volume is materially reduced, into a compact state, whereby it is rendered particularly suitable for export, owing for example, to the reduction of freight consequently to be obtained, while the coke itself is improved as a fuel, in that it is superior, as a fuel to coke used without the treatment, forming the subject of my present invention. With the object of reducing the expense in the manufacture the waste heat from retort houses, of gas-works, or other industrial works, may be utilized for dissolving the glue or other cementitious or gelatinous substances. To accomplish this object the moulds are constructed with internal projections thereon so as to produce indentations in the cakes or cubes, when moulded to permit the easy separation fro:n one another of the cubes or cakes.",GB189605916A,1896,1
+"My improvement consists mainly in using carbonic acid gas to inflate the tyre.in place of ordinary air, and for this purpose I have designed the hereinafter described valve, though I do not wish to bind myself to this special form.",GB189608796A,1896,0
+"The object of the invention is to provide a motor of simple construction, which is very effective in operation and arranged to uniformly transmit power to machines to be driven.",GB189301590A,1893,0
+"Our present invention relates to multiple drills or boring machines and has for
+its object to construct a new or improved machine which will drill a number of holes
+radially towards a centre or at varying angles simultaneously in effecting the said
+object therefore we employ any number of drills corresponding to the number of
+holes required to be drilled or bored and we secure said drills to a corresponding
+number of spindles which we support in either a circular or partly circular frame
+in such a inanner that the points of the drills are directed or extend towards-
+where desired-one common centre in such a manner for instance that all the radial
+holes in the hub of a bicycle wheel or other similar article where such holes are required may be drilled or bored at one operation.",GB189016004A,1890,0
+"The said Invention relates to a novel application of cast steel, and consists in the employment of cast steel for the manufacture or construction of steam boilers or generators; the plates, bolts, screws, and rivets of such boilers, according to this Invention, being all composed of cast steel, in place of cast or wrought iron or copper, such metals being found generally either too weak to bear great pressure or too expensive to be generally used for such purposes.",GB185500265A,1855,1
+"The object of this Invention is to provide a stoppering apparatus in which the actual stopper or closing piece, although moveable relatively to the whole apparatus, always remains attached to the same, and requires only a rotary movement to be given to it in one or another direction in order to open or close the aperture whence the liquid escapes. By turning the said stopper more or less the said aperture is more or less uncovered, so that the flow of the liquid can be regulated at will, that is to say, the liquid may be caused to issue in drops, with any desired intermission or interval between them, or in a very fine jet.",GB187702930A,1877,0
+"The said transverse bars are chiefly designed for preventing smoke and economising fuel in furnaces and fire-places, and this object is more effectually accomplished by the use of my present Invention in combination with such bars.",GB187001406A,1870,1
+"Its objects are to obtain greater economy of fuel and labour; also increased cleanliness, particularly in respect to boilers used for heating water for domestic purposes.Its objects are to obtain greater economy of fuel and labour; also increased cleanliness and durability, particularly in respect to water-boilers for domestic purposes.",GB189819368A,1898,1
+"One object of my invention is to advertise by means of the said whips and tops, any article which may be described briefly. My present invention relates to children's tops generally known by the names of peg-tops whip-tops and whips and the object of said invention is to improve the construction of the ordinary peg or whip top so that they become more easy to spin and also to so improve the construction of the whip that the lash thereof may be more expeditiously secured to the stock than is the case with whips as arranged hitherto to attain which I construct my improved whips and my improved tops in the manner hereinafter described and partly set forth in the accompanying sheet of drawings in which
+Fig. 1 is a part sectional elevation of my improved whip.",GB189000576A,1890,0
+"This invention relates to the production of automatic apparatus for the application of electrical currents to one or more persons for the purpose of restoring diminished nerve power, and for the electrical treatment of disease generally, and has also for its object the conservation of the energy of the battery when not in use. My invention relates to the production of apparatus for the automatic application of electrical currents to one or more persons for the purpose of restoring diminished nerve power, and for the electrical treatment of disease generally, and has also for its object the conservation of the energy of the battery when not in use. In order to prevent the wasting of the energy of the battery by maintenance of a closed circuit when a current is not required, and further to obviate the liability to probable damage to, and consequent exhaustion of the battery by meddlesome people, I arrange a slider E preferably rectangular in section of brass or other suitable conducting material terminating in a knob or handle e to serve as one of the con- ducting poles of the improved apparatus.",GB188714062A,1887,1
+"The object of this improvement is to protect the detonating powder from wet or moisture when applied to the fire-arm, and at the same time obtain an efficient means to prevent the casual explosion of the detonating powder either by the direct action of the hammer itself, or through the medium of percussive force exerted on the hammer when the latter is in contact with the detonating powder, or the receptacle that contains it. The object of this Invention, as communicated to me by my foreign correspondent, is to protect the detonating powder from wet or moisture when applied to the fire-arm, and at the same time obtain an efficient means to prevent the casual explosion of the detonating powder either by the direct action of the hammer itself or through the medium of percussive force exerted on the hammer when the latter is in contact with the detonating powder or the receptacle that contains it.",GB185901419A,1859,0
+"My Invention is designed for the purpose of affording ventilation to boots, shoes, galoshes, and other coverings for the foot, and also for giving ease in walking, by the application of elastic substances to the soles thereof.",GB186101828A,1861,0
+the primary object of my invention being to provide dry lying for the animals to be sheltered.,GB189008596A,1890,0
+"A further object of the invention is that the oil may be so presented to the heating apparatus that perfect combustion is obtained; that more heat may be obtained from a given quantity of the material than by the usual methods of supplying heat; that the petroleum be atomized and rarefied so that continuous uninterrupted combustion is obtained, and that a safe, continual and economical heat be obtained for mechanical and other purposes.",GB189016762A,1890,1
+"This Invention has for its object improvements in machinery for preparing and spinning flax, tow, jute, and other fibrous materials, and relates especially to the weighting or pressing together of the rollers between which the fibre passes.",GB186602462A,1866,0
+"This Invention relates to the class of machinery for purposes above, known as hand mules, and to self-acting mules, and the object of the Invention is the construction, arrangement, and application of apparatus to such machinery, so as to admit of two or more threads being spun on one mule spindle at the same time, and also that such threads may be doubled on the same mule, and so not only produce two threads at the same time on one machine, but also by doubling on the same machine as the spinning is effected, I dispense with the use of a separate machine for doubling, with consequent economy of time, labour, and power required as heretofore.",GB187301943A,1873,1
+"It is desirable to have the gates as near to each other as possible to economise in space and material necessary to inclose them, and by making one incline steeper than the other on each wedge-piece, I am able to provide for lapping the wedges upon each other, as seen in Fig. 1, without laterally offsetting the bases of the inclines relatively to their supporting shanks, thereby preventing the base of each incline from projecting beyond the periphery of the hollow shank.",GB189509549A,1895,1
+"""This invention has reference to the combustion of fuel such as coal, but more especially small and poor fuels, such as coke dust, breeze, coal dust, ashpit refuse, and the like, and has for one of its objects to provide improved apparatus for utilising the fuel to the best advantage, that is, to effect complete combustion of it.""",GB188920353A,1889,1
+"This invention relates to an improvement in governors, and has been designed especially for application to the fluid motors employing turbine wheels.",GB189409518A,1894,0
+"Heretofore scarf bands have been provided with a tip of metal to facilitate their passage through the scarf for engagement by the retaining pin. These tips are enclosed in the ends of the bands, and are objectionable as they render the end of the band so cumbersome that at times it is exceedingly difficult to pass it through the scarf. Then again, these tips almost invariably after a little use cut through the ends of the bands, thus permitting the material enclosing them to be pushed back upon the tips, thereby obstructing the passage of the band through the scarf. To overcome these objections, and to provide a tip or leader by the use of which a great saving of material required to make the band will be effected, thereby lessening the cost of manufacture, is the object of my invention.",GB188803471A,1888,1
+"By this means a rapid circulation of the water is set up, which enables steam to be raised much more quickly by utilizing the superheater as boiler heating surface, and by this means also the superheater is protected from damage during the time when no steam is passing through it.",GB189805220A,1898,0
+"This Invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture of varnish and lacker, and consists in dissolving the gums or resinous bodies usually employed in or suitable for the preparation of varnish and lacker in solvents prepared by mixing alcohol, wood spirit, or methylated spirit, with coal tar naptha, or volatile hydrocarbons separated therefrom by distillation or with volatile hydrocarbons obtained by the destructive distillation of peat, shale, and other bituminous matters.",GB185901456A,1859,0
+"The principal object of the Invention is a rolled wrought-iron sleeper intended to replace the wooden sleepers on the railway lines. It includes also
+.1°. The way of filling the inside of the sleeper.
+2°. The way of fastening the vignole or Brunel rails on this sleeper.
+3°. The cast-iron chair wanted for using the double-headed rails with this sleeper and the way of fastening it on the sleeper. The said part a is particularly intended to keep unchangeable the distance between the rails which by this process can never either move farther from or closer to each other. The same sheets e, intended to avoid the vibrations, is to be put between the chairs and the sleepers.",GB186301180A,1863,1
+"The object of this Invention is to effect a very considerable saving in the consumption of fuel and in the necessary repairs, and to give also a greater regularity to the feed of the fire so that the supply of fuel can be so regulated that it shall be in accordance with the consumption, causing both economy in the fuel and also in the labor of working the furnace. The object or purpose of this Invention is to effect a very considerable saving in the consumption of fuel, and in the necessary repairs of furnaces, and to give also a greater regularity to the feed of the fire so that the supply of fuel can be so regulated that it shall be in accordance with the consumption, causing both economy in the fuel and in the labor of working the furnace.",GB187503133A,1875,1
+"This invention relates to improvements in gas fittings, its object being to lessen the waste of gas and is specially applicable to the lighting of offices, workshops, and the like.",GB189122662A,1891,1
+The objects of the invention are to provide an improved cooking and heating apparatus adapted to be used either for gas or solid fuel. The objects of the invention are to provide an improved cooking and heating apparatus adapted to be used either for gas or solid fuel. One of the advantages arising from this arrangement of apparatus is the ready interchangeability of the heating means-from gas to solid fuel-or vice versa from solid fuel to gas-and the economy of time and fuel and the facility with which the stove may be heated or kept heated by the gas until solid fuel heat be required or is again required.,GB188411464A,1884,1
+This invention relates to an improved construction of telephonic transmitter by the use of which greatly improved results are obtained with a smaller battery power than is at present generally necessary.,GB189614613A,1896,1
+"The design of my Invention is to lessen the quantity of power now consumed in friction and lateral resistance, and thus diverted from its proper object of propelling the vessel. To attain this object I make a portion of my propeller blades flexible, but with this important difference compared with all previous flexible propellers, videlicit, that it shall be so constructed as only to be capable of bending in one direction; and I still further diminish the friction and lateral resistance by receiving the thrust of the propeller shaft on a fluid or soft substance inserted in an air-tight cylinder, into which the end of the propeller shaft is to fit, like the piston of a steam engine fits into its cylinder; whilst, instead of using gearing or a trunk engine, and suffering the loss from friction inseparable from either. I propose to work the propeller shaft direct from the piston by means of two connecting rods jointed to a ring (attached by appropriate framework to the piston head), which will traverse the outside of the cylinder, steadied by appropriate guides or grooves.",GB185301109A,1853,1
+"My Invention consists of the improvements, herein-after described, in implements or machines for digging or removing growing potatoes from the earth, the object of my said improvements being the more rapid and economical removal of the potatoes.
+
+My Invention consists of the improvements, herein-after described, in implements or machines for digging or removing growing potatoes from the earth; the object of my said improvements being so to construct the machines that the removal of the potatoes is effected more rapidly and economically than by the ordinary machines.",GB187702625A,1877,0
+"My improvements consist in refining a certain kind of indigo known by the name of Manilla indigo, by expelling from it considerable portions of saling and calcareous matters, which at present render it unfit for most purposes. The distinguishing feature of this Invention hence consists in indicating the precise nature of the impurities which render Manilla indigo useless, and to afford cheap and practical means for rectifying the same, so as to render it applicable on an equal footing with other qualities, and in particular cases even more advantageously than ordinary indigo, on account of the peculiar redness which the Manilla indigo naturally possesses.",GB185401291A,1854,1
+Our invention has for its object improvements in the manufacture of casements and their parts and has particular reference to the bars forming such casements by which economy in the manufacture is effected as by our invention we only require three sections of bars to enable us to construct a casement whereas in the present method four sections are required.,GB189901742A,1899,1
+By our invention we so arrange the supply of lubricant to the wires as to prevent the carpets or rugs from being marked or stained by the lubricant. We also prevent waste of lubricant and make the same less expensive than the lubricant which is commonly used. We also provide means by which the positions of the wires under the lash or surface of the carpet can be altered slightly at will so as to cause the wires to wear smooth and prevent their being worn into notches thus further lessening the friction on the wires as they are drawn out from under the lash and also preventing the bows of the wires from bending.,GB189324592A,1893,1
+"By using the fastening arrangement above described the inconvenience accompanying the use of the ordinary method of fastening on buttons by thread is avoided, said inconvenience consisting in the thread getting worn or rapidly torn off leaving loose threads hanging around the button or causing the latter, to fall off. By the fastening-arrangement in question the button, and the like can be easily and securely fastened or easily moved, if required, without marks or holes appearing in the cloth.",GB189726903A,1897,0
+"The object of this Invention is to enable tables and various other articles of furniture which are fitted with castors to be moved with greater facility than at present. The object of this Invention is to enable tables and various other articles of furniture which are fitted with castors to be moved in direct line with greater facility than at present. This object (as also the obtaining of greater stability) we effect by an improved form of castor which is constructed mainly as follows:-A ball or sphere of any suitable material forms the portion which rests on the floor, and this ball is enclosod in a suitably formed cup to receive same, said cup forming part of a casting, which at the end opposite to the ball terminates in a screw, which screw is for the purpose of attaching the castor to the leg of the article to which the castor is fitted.",GB187601672A,1876,0
+"The objects of this Invention are to reconvert ordinary breeze produced during the process of gas manufacture into coke; to raise the illuminating power of coal gas to a high standard by the peculiar and economical process of mixing and carbonizing coal tar in the retorts usually employed in-gas works as herein-after described; and to improve the The value of coke resulting from the carbonizing of cannel and cannel nuts, by making said coko more coherent and moro valuable as fuel.The objects of this Invention are to reconvert ordinary breeze produced during the process of gas manufacture into coke, and to raise the illuminating power of coal gas to a high standard. For this purpose we employ the peculiar and economical process of mixing breeze when in a heated stato with gas tar, and carbonizing the mixture in the retorts usually employed in gas works as hercin-after described.",GB187102655A,1871,1
+"This Invention relates to the construction of a simple, cheap, and effective clog or apparatus for roughing horses whereby the clog or apparatus can be placed on the horse's foot and the roughing effected in a few minutes; at the same time the clog or apparatus can also be quickly removed.
+In some cases the cross bar e is made in three parts, the two outer parts being screwed to the middle part, the object of this construction being to allow of the apparatus being adjusted to shoes of different sizes.",GB187900370A,1879,0
+"""Its object is to prevent the rapid corrosion of the orifices and vertical portions of the hearth.""",GB187601210A,1876,0
+"This invention has for its object to facilitate the manufacture of bars of any desired cross section, and of short bars of a given length, but variable cross. The object of this invention shown in the accompanying drawing Figs 1 to 3, is to produce objects of any section, adapted for rolling, by the employment of so-called friction-rings, with, or without the use of adjustable rolls.",GB188409492A,1884,0
+The object of this invention is the application of Hardened Asbestos as a substitute for the materials used at the present time for Bearings for Machinery. The object of this invention is the application of hardened asbestos as substitute for the materials used at the present time for bearings for machinery.,GB188511975A,1885,1
+"My invention relates to hydraulic lifting or hoisting machinery, in which the lift to be lifted is raised by the admission of water to one or more suitable cylinders containing pistons or plungers connected with the lifting gear. It has for its objects novel methods of constructing and operating such hydraulic lifts, by which the power required and the quantity of water consequently used, are varied automatically according to the weight which is being lifted, or lowered, whilst the entire apparatus is simple, inexpensive, safe, and economical in the quantity of water used.",GB189018148A,1890,1
+"""This invention relates to improvements in and connected with horse shoe nail blank cutting machinery and in the production of the blanks the object being to provide an effective form of horse shoe nail blank cutting machine the purpose of which is to cut the blanks out of a flat ribbon or strip of metal having swollen sides with a very small waste of material.""",GB189620306A,1896,1
+"Now the object of my invention is to completely overcome the foregoing objections by swelling the rounded ends of the caps to much greater width than that of the thickness of the steel either by non-crushing it in the press, or by the insertion of a wire, cord, or twine as a liner therein against which as a cushion the end of the steel can bear when the cap is pushed home just prior to the pressure on the tang part of the cap.",GB189420706A,1894,0
+"My Improvement in Machinery or Apparatus applicable to the Preparation and Spinning of Cotton, &c., consists,-
+Firstly, in the application of a novel and peculiar arrangement of mechanism
+to the well-known preparation machines called ""the slubbing and roving
+or jack frames,"" the object of which improved apparatus is for the purpose of
+producing the variable speed required for winding on the slubbings or rovings,
+according to the increasing diameter of the bobbin or bobbins used in such
+machines whilst the said bobbins are being filled. Secondly, my improvements consist in the application, employment, or use of
+two of the ""differential boxes or ""equational mechanism,"" (commonly called
+""Houldsworth,"" ""Jack in the box,"") instead of one, as usually employed in such
+machines, either in connection with the apparatus above described or with the
+mechanism usually employed for producing such variable speed with a single
+differential box; the object of introducing such additional differential box
+being for the purpose of producing such variable speed in a much more steady
+and certain manner. Thirdly, my improvements apply solely to those machines used in spinning
+cotton, &c., called or known by the name of ""mules,"" and especially to that
+part of such machines called the ""shaper"" or shaping plate, as described in
+the Specification of a Patent granted to Mr. James Smith, and commonly
+known to spinners as ""Smith's self-acting mule,"" the top part of which shaper
+is to be worked by a cam or excentric for the purpose of crossing the yarn on
+the cop, and thereby binding it more compactly together, and consequently
+making it less liable to injury in carriage, &c.",GB184511012A,1845,0
+"Now this invention has for its object to obviate the above disadvantages and to this end the metal parts of pianos, pianinos and like musical instruments are wholly or partially made of pure or alloyed aluminium.",GB189718021A,1897,1
+This Invention has for its object improvements in machinery for comb- ing wool and other fibres.,GB185900996A,1859,0
+"The apparatus is specially adapted for application where trucks, wagons, tubs, or like vehicles, are required to be gradually brought to rest at some fixed point and is intended to obviate the wear and tear of the wheel rims, axles, and bearings, and the chances of accidents, breakage, and loss of time by a truck or trucks being derailed as frequently happens by the use of ""sprags"" in the wheels which act to instantly stop the revolution of the wheels, causing them to ""skid"" or slide on the rails by which the tyres are worn into flat places which soon cause them to run untruly on the rails and cause great strains upon the axles and bearings.",GB189826570A,1898,1
+"My Invention relates to improvements in organs, harmoniums and like instruments and has for its principal object to secure the full volume of tone and beauty of sound obtainable from reeds or pipes without the necessity for using the great lengths of pipes which are at presont necessary for obtaining this result more especially with sounds of low pitch.",GB188200799A,1882,0
+Now to obviate these objections I fit on either the right or the left side of the casing or receptacle d a spring & held at one end by a screw and carrying at the other end a push-pin m which passes transversely through the trigger guard plate and projects at the other side.,GB188712243A,1887,0
+"""The advantages of the above improvements are that there will be a great saving of labor in stoking and minding the fires, the fuel is also consumed in a more economical and regular manner than heretofore, and as the fire is not being continually disturbed fuel of a cheaper kind than the ordinary fuel may be employed. The construction of the mechanism, moreover, admits of the working parts being repaired with facility and at moderate expense.""",GB186900116A,1869,1
+The object of this invention is to manufacture rotary paring cutters (such as those used in sole-paring machines) in a more economical manner than heretofore. The object of this invention is to manufacture rotary edge-paring cutters (suitable for use in sole paring machines) in a more economical manner than heretofore.,GB189204599A,1892,1
+"""This invention consists in certain improvements in the method of imparting movement to the horses, boats or other parts of merry-go-rounds or roundabouts, which directly carry the riders, in addition to the movement of such horses, boats or other parts, around their common axis, whereby greater simplicity and convenience of construction and of stripping for packing and transport, and subsequent re-crection, and greater durability, are secured, and the apparatus rendered less heavy, than in the case of the merry-go-rounds usually constructed in which movements are imparted to the parts directly carrying the riders, in addition to their movement around a common axis.""
+
+""For the purpose of preventing the horses (boats or other parts, aforesaid) from knocking against one another as they swing round, the rods d d d are coupled together at their lower ends, as shewn.""
+
+""For the purpose of controlling the outward swing of the horses (boats or other parts, aforesaid) due to the centrifugal force, an arrangement is employed consisting of a downward lever i fulcrumed to a bracket fixed to the swift B, and of a connecting-rod connecting the lower end of such lever with the central rod d¹ and provided with a suitable bow to pass around and allow of the movement and vibration of the rod 2, and consisting also of a spring buffer connected at one end with the swift B and at the other with the downward lever i.""",GB188612414A,1886,0
+"The object of this part of my Invention is to cause the envelope to be pressed between two flat surfaces, in order to ensure the holding of the gum or cement, and for this purpose I employ a flap 9 to act on as large a surface as possible, in fact I use it as large as the folded envelope, so that an envelope, having been folded and gummed, is finished by a flat pressure between the folding instrument 7 and the moveable platform k.
+I will now proceed to describe the third part of my Invention, which has for its object the causing properly cut pieces of paper fed into machinery to have what may be called the ""seal flaps thereof coated with gum or cement, and then to be dried before being folded; also the arrangement of transmitting apparatus employed between process and process; likewise, when desired, impressing or embossing apparatus.",GB184912904A,1849,0
+"This invention has for its object, mainly to provide an improved means for obtaining the spelter separate from the lead, silver, and gold; for obtaining oxide of zine; and for the saving of a large percentage of the silver and gold which, when ores such as are under consideration are treated in contact with the atmosphere, are liable to be carried off with the oxide of zinc and other volatile matters.",GB189005407A,1890,1
+"My invention has reference to improvements in the construction of the frames of cycles, autocars, and similar vehicles, whereby such frames can be made of the same strength or stronger, though of much thinner material than the frames of such vehicles as heretofore usually constructed.",GB189627703A,1896,1
+"My invention relates to the fitting of lower deck, orlop or cabin sole horizontal plate stringers in ships and has for its object an improved construction whereby the weight of material for equal strength is less and the cost of manufacture is less than the methods of construction now in use. My invention relates to the fitting of lower deck, orlop, or cabin sole horizontal plate stringers in ships and has for its object an improved construction whereby, and in combination with other advantages the weight of material for equal strength is less and the cost of manufacture is less than the methods of construction now in use.",GB189221988A,1892,1
+"This invention relates to that description of trap and gullies used to convey slop water or rain water to the main sewer, and so prevent the ascension of sewer gas up the slopstone or other pipes.",GB189306081A,1893,0
+"This Iuvention relates, firstly, to an improved mode of cutting and making up the uppers of boots with the view to the manufacture of waterproof boots; and, secondly, to the mode of and machinery for finishing such boots, and also boots and shoes of the ordinary construction, so as to effect an economy in and improve the quality of the manufacture.",GB186900966A,1869,1
+"Our invention relates to protectors or guards, the object of which is to prevent
+mud from the road being thrown from the wheels of the machine on to the clothing
+or person of the rider, and also to prevent dirt from the chain soiling the clothing
+upon the leg of the rider, and further that with the means employed for removing
+the mud or dirt, any obstacle or sharp cutting substance that may be picked up
+while travelling would also be removed and the cutting or puncturing of the tyre
+prevented.",GB189221282A,1892,0
+"This Invention has for its object an improvement in the manufacture of metallic reels, and consists of causing the metal ends (which are made with openings through them in order to be enabled to see the quantity of thread wound thereon) to be fixed on to metal tubes, by turning over the ends of the metal tubes after passing them partly through the centres of the ends, thus connecting the parts of such reels more conveniently and at less cost than when they have been fixed by soldering.",GB185501625A,1855,1
+Our invention has reference to improvements in locks and similar fastenings and has for its object the doing away with the revolving motion of knobs or handles and substitutes for this motion verticle motion of a handle or lever.,GB189104836A,1891,0
+"""Now the object of my invention is to fit painters' brushes with improved adapt- able ferrules or collars, by the use of which the above mentioned defects are entirely obviated.""",GB189007657A,1890,0
+"""This Invention relates principally to means of increasing the illuminating and beating effect of the gas or oil consumed in lamps or proportionally economising the oil or the gas and the coal used in its manufacture, in order to produce a certain amount of light or heat, by previously heating the air, or, in some cases, the gas that supplies the flame, and thereby elevating the temperature and enhancing the brilliancy of the flame.""",GB187902231A,1879,1
+This Invention has for its object improvements in machinery for excavating narrow channels or trenches for draining land. This invention has for its object improvements in machinery for excavating narrow channels or trenches for draining land.,GB188201547A,1882,0
+"My Invention relates to the construction of the outside seats of tram. way cars and omnibuses and other vehicles, and has for its object to protect the seats from the rain when unoccupied.",GB187503726A,1875,0
+"The object of my invention is to represent by colored lights, suspended in air, a letter, monogram, design, portrait, figure, or other device. The object of my invention is to represent by colored lights suspended in air a letter, monogram, design, portrait, figure or other device.",GB189409657A,1894,0
+"This invention relates to distensible and resilient woven wire mattresses, bed bottoms, sackings and the like, and has for its object, the prevention of sagging in the middle or at both ends and middle, or at intermediate points in the sacking or bed bottom.
+
+This invention relates to distensible and resilient woven wire mattresses, bed-bottoms, sackings and the like, and has for its object, the prevention of sagging in the middle or at both sides and middle, or at intermediate points in the sacking or bed bottom.",GB189403946A,1894,0
+"The ultimate object to be attained by the Invention is the passing of boats or other vessels from a bigher to a lower level, or contrarywise, upon canals, without the loss or expenditure of water, I will proceed to describe the application of the said Invention to that purpose, as follows, that is to say:-The dotted line over which upper level is written in Figure 1 represents the height of the water in the upper level of the canal, and the dotted line over which lower level is written represents the height of the water in the lower level of the said canal.",GB181804302A,1818,1
+The following sum of effects is therefore obtained. This arrangement offers the advantage of utilizing two kinds of induction concurring in their action and of affording a probable economy in the power absorbed as regards the currents resulting from the galvanic induction these being directly produced without depending upon any intermediary transmutation.,GB188202885A,1882,1
+"Now our Invention is designed to effectually provide means whereby the Smoke may enter the mouth, in a cooler and more Agreeable Condition than by any of these means referred to. This we do by effecting an equable distribution of the smoke so as to cause it to enter the mouth of the Smoker in a Shower like manner as it emerges from the mouth piece.",GB189720266A,1897,0
+This our said Invention has for its object the construction of letter boxes and other like receptacles in such a way as to prevent letters or other articles deposited therein being surreptitiously extracted therefrom through the opening by which they are inserted.,GB186201096A,1862,0
+"The invention consists in improved means for actuating the toolholder slides whereby the machine can be driven and maintained at a very much increased speed; secondly in improved means for feeding the moulding uninterruptedly consecutively through the machine whereby the machine can be kept continuously running while the attendant merely pushes in one moulding after, and against the end of, the other, so that the daily yield of the machine is greatly increased; thirdly in means for holding the tools, the toolholder chuck being easily removable whereby the machine needs only to be stopped while one toolholder chuck is taken out in order to be replaced by another the tools of which have meanwhile or previously been sharpened without being removed from their chuck. The above improvements thus all tend to enormously increase the yield of the machine and to enable it to be worked by one attendant. Fourthly the invention comprises means for altering the angle at which the tools act on the moulding and means for adapting them to mouldings of various widths and thicknesses.",GB189728449A,1897,0
+"One advantage may be named, that is, that the parts cut out of or off the plate are not buckled or twisted and in the case of a piece cut out to form the aperture of a door it is perfectly straight and flat and available for making the door.",GB188201046A,1882,1
+"The object of this Invention is to enable the engine-driver or other person in charge of the lamp to light, trim and adjust the light whilst the engine is running, without having to open the large door forming the entire side of the lamp case, which is very objectionable when the engine is running or in windy weather, as it is almost impossible to light the lamp at all under these circumstances.",GB188408435A,1884,0
+"Our improvements consist :-
+Firstly, in making the column oblong instead of square so as to greatly increase the length of contra-current traverse between any two openings; an oblong still with shelves or diaphragms of the same superficial area as those of a square one giving a much longer contra-current traverse than one of the latter form. The advantages we thus secure are two fold-
+(a.) By lengthening the total contra-current traverse we make practicable the more complete exhaustion of the descending liquor by a given quantity of ascending steam, whilst at the same time we are enabled to deliver stronger ammoniacal gas or vapour at the gas exit of the still and in this way to economise steam.
+(b.). By lessening the width of the stratum of liquor passing along the diaphragms it follows that we deepen and proportionately increase the speed of its current and thus directly lessen the tendency of the lime to silt and accumulate on the shelves or diaphragms used for lime liquor as will be hereinafter described. In this way the accelerated current assisted only by the ebullition caused by the giving off of the ammonia gas enables us to completely overcome the tendency to deposit lime upon these lime liquor diaphragms and thus to obviate the necessity either of the objectionable bubbling valves or openings in the diaphragms or of the bulky sloping, curved or other inclined surfaces now employed in so many stills to secure the constant suspension of the lime in the liquor.
+Fifthly, in providing the first of the lower series of diaphragm's or shelves with a considerably deeper lip than is given to any of the diaphragms or shelves above or below it. This ensures its holding, at all times a considerable store of liquor.
+Sixthly, in providing near the closed end of the highest of the upper diaphragms or shelves a vertical plate or lip of such depth as will retain behind it sufficient liquor to immerse the mouth of the ammoniacal liquor supply-pipe and thus protect it from the injurious action of the gases in the still and also ensure the spreading of the liquor across the whole width of the diaphragm or shelf.",GB189307485A,1893,1
+"This invention has for its object to cheapen the cost of packing goods (such as groceries) in small parcels, and is especially applicable for the packing of coffee, ground and ready for immediate use. It is at present customary to sell ground coffee in tins, the cost of which adds materially to the selling price of the coffee, when sold in small quantities, and it is to enable these tins to be dispensed with, that my invention is especially designed. The invention has for its object to cheapen cost of packing goods, groceries &c. in small parcels especially applicable for coffee ground and ready for use. and this invention is designed to dispense with these tins.",GB188610228A,1886,1
+The object of this Invention is to provide an improved machine for sharpening the cutters of mowing and harvesting machines while they are attached to the cutter bar.,GB186903711A,1869,0
+"My said Invention relates to the construction of window blinds and screens, whereby economy of production and facility for changing the blind or material forming the screen are obtained.",GB186502699A,1865,1
+"Our said Invention has for its object to avoid the great expence of providing stationary engines for drawing trains up inclines, and to permit of railways, particularly for mineral traffic, being constructed with inclines, in many cases in which the cost of construction will be thereby greatly reduced. Our improved arrangements are also applicable for various hauling or winding operations, and will be very convenient and advantageous in many cases as an inexpensive temporary, preliminary, or tentative purpose.",GB187403939A,1874,1
+"The object of the self-acting parachute is to keep the load in the air in case of the breaking of the raising apparatus, or of its rope or chain.",GB186700389A,1867,0
+"The object is to obtain a perfect balancing of the engines without the aid of counterweights, and to employ the double-acting engine, whereby a higher duty, or in other words, a more economical working is attained.",GB185602853A,1856,1
+"This invention relates to improvements in the arrangement and construction of Gas Engines, and has for its object: To obtain a double expansion in utilising the heat of the products of combustion to maintain the pressure in another cylinder having a compressed charge of air or inert gases, thus producing an additional work for an equal consumption of gas. This invention consists in the application to the gas engines having their cycle completed by four strokes of the piston, viz.: the first sucking, the second compressing, the third igniting and expanding an explosive charge of air and gas, and the fourth blowing out the products of combustion of another cylinder of a larger volume working on the same cycle as the other, but sucking and compressing only air or other inert gases; the expansion being obtained by the heat added to the air from the hot gases of the small cylinder exhausting in the compressed charge of air.",GB188900875A,1889,1
+My Invention relates to the bars and grates of steam generator and other furnaces and fire places and consists of arrangements for preventing the bars from becoming distorted or destroyed by heat and also for rendering the said bars or their parts capable of being more easily and economically replaced than hitherto.,GB188301914A,1883,1
+"This Invention has for its object the carbonizing or destroying cotton and other vegetable fibre or material contained in mixed fabrics, and the separation and extraction of the wool therefrom more expeditiously than has hitherto been done by means of certain apparatus constructed as herein mentioned, and which apparatus is also applicable for drying rags, flocks, and other materials.",GB186702803A,1867,0
+"Our invention relates to an improvement in the construction of beer, sauce, and other bottles, and has for its object to provide means of preventing liquid escaping down the exterior of the bottle as usually happens with bottles as at present constructed, after pouring out part of the contents thereof.",GB189414552A,1894,0
+"The object of my Invention is to utilize old moulds used in the manufacture of earthenware, and also the scrapings, blocks, and batters, the refuse of the said manufacture now thrown away as useless, by mixing these materials with other matters and forming thereby a compost or manure suitable for agricultural purposes and free from the animal life which certain strong manures impart to the soil with which they are mixed.
+
+The object of my Invention is to utilize old moulds used in the manufacture of earthenware, china, and porcelain, and also the scrapings, blocks, and batters, the refuse of the said manufactures now almost if not entirely useless, by mixing these materials with other matters, and forming thereby a compost or manure suitable for agricultural and gardening purposes, and free from the animal life which certain strong manures impart to the soil with which they are mixed, or upon which they are spread.",GB187003368A,1870,1
+"The object of this part of the Invention is to retard the fall of the boxes, or lower them gradually, and prevent the noise and wear and tear occasioned by their being allowed to drop from one box to another. One of the principal objects of the Invention is to arrange the parts so that they can be moulded without the use of a core or ""chill,"" and be put together so that they form a hinge or joint.",GB188004198A,1880,0
+"My invention relates to a new composition more especially intended for making billiard balls, but which may also be employed with equal advantage for the manufacture of other articles suitable for being moulded, turned, or carved, such as those usually made by Ivory-Turners. By means of my invention I am thus enabled to produce billiard balls possessing all the qualities of Ivory balls from a material which is both more economical and more easily procurable.",GB188514244A,1885,1
+"""By manufacturing mats according to this invention it obviates the necessity of wrapping the yarn round the rod with the fingers thus effecting a great saving of time and waste of material and making a very strong mat.""",GB188204030A,1882,1
+"The flyers or tourniquets keep floating in each vat, the water, the tan, and the hides; and this simple combination of apparatus permits the entire system to be kept working night and day without supervision, and thus offers great economy of time and labour. As in the before-mentioned vats or troughs, the water, the leather, and the tan are constantly kept in motion by the rotation of the apparatus, and the same economy and advantages are obtained, namely, a very fine grain and perfect colour in the leather, and the preservation of the hair side from those little indentations which are so annoying to the currier, and cost him so much time and labour.",GB186000895A,1860,0
+"My said Invention has for its object to secure increased economy in the manufacture of alcoholic liquids, such increased economy being due to the fact that when the Invention is practically applied a considerably increased quantity of alcohol can be manufactured with apparatus of a given capacity as compared with the quantity obtained by the ordinary method.",GB188707277A,1887,1
+"This invention has for its object a novel process and machine for forming or generating the teeth of bevel gears. The invention more particularly, has in view the generation of bevel gears for chainless bicycles, although I do not limit myself solely thereto.",GB189815061A,1898,0
+"The improvements in Axle boxes of Cycles relates to a better arrangement of the parts so as to avoid their working loose when in use, and loss of oil from the internal working parts the oil constituting a bath, in which the internal parts are flushed with. The arangement hereinafter described has also the great advantage of having its parts readily adjustable when and as required.",GB189626323A,1896,0