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license: mit
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---
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# Model Card for SNRAware
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<!-- Provide a quick summary of what the model is/does. -->
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A deep learning imaging AI model with imaging transformer, for MR denoising.
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## Model Details
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SNRAware is an imaging transformer model trained to denoise complex MR image data.
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Imaging transformers use attention modules to capture local, global, and inter-frame
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signal and noise characteristics. Denoising training used the SNRAware method,
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generating MR-realistic noises on the fly to create low SNR samples with unitary noise scaling.
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Model received low SNR complex images and g-factor maps as input, producing high SNR complex images as output.
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Please refer to the publication for technical details.
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### Model Description
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<!-- Provide a longer summary of what this model is. -->
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The published model was instantiated with a high-res net (HRnet) backbone and consists of multiple imaging attention modules.
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Two models were published:
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- SNRAware-small: a 27.7 million parameter model
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- SNRAware-medium: a 55.1 million parameter model
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- SNRAware-large: a 109 million parameter model
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Input to model is 5D tensor [B, C, T/F, H, W] for batch, channel, time/frame, height and width. Output tensor is in the shape of
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[B, C-1, T/F, H, W]. The last channel in input is the g-factor map.
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- **Developed by:** Microsoft Research, Health Futures
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- **Model type:** Imaging Transformer
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- **License:** MIT
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### Model Sources
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<!-- Provide the basic links for the model. -->
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- **Repository:** https://github.com/microsoft/SNRAware
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- **Paper:** https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/ryai.250227
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## Uses
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<!-- Address questions around how the model is intended to be used, including the foreseeable users of the model and those affected by the model. -->
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The model should accept the reconstructed MR complex images and g-factor maps and produce the denoising images.
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The model expects the unitary noise level in the input images. This can be achieved by reconstruction images with
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Gadgetron framework.
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### Direct Use
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<!-- This section is for the model use without fine-tuning or plugging into a larger ecosystem/app. -->
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Denoise the complex MR images.
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### Out-of-Scope Use
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<!-- This section addresses misuse, malicious use, and uses that the model will not work well for. -->
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No out-of-scope use should be attempted. Input to the model should be SNRUnit reconstructed.
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## Bias, Risks, and Limitations
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<!-- This section is meant to convey both technical and sociotechnical limitations. -->
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No bias and risks are associated with this model. Only limitation is input data should have unitary noise scaling.
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### Recommendations
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<!-- This section is meant to convey recommendations with respect to the bias, risk, and technical limitations. -->
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None
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## How to Get Started with the Model
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Please refer to the documentation in https://github.com/microsoft/SNRAware to get started.
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## Training Details
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### Training Data
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<!-- This should link to a Dataset Card, perhaps with a short stub of information on what the training data is all about as well as documentation related to data pre-processing or additional filtering. -->
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Training data is not shared.
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### Training Procedure
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<!-- This relates heavily to the Technical Specifications. Content here should link to that section when it is relevant to the training procedure. -->
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Please refer to the publication for training details.
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#### Training Hyperparameters
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- **Training regime:** fp32 <!--fp32, fp16 mixed precision, bf16 mixed precision, bf16 non-mixed precision, fp16 non-mixed precision, fp8 mixed precision -->
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#### Speeds, Sizes, Times
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<!-- This section provides information about throughput, start/end time, checkpoint size if relevant, etc. -->
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For a typical MR image data, the inference time on H100 is ~3-7s for SNRAware-small and ~5-11s for SNRAware-medium.
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## Evaluation
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Both in-distribution and generalization tests were performed. For the in-distribution tests, the MR noise was generated and added to clean images to lower its SNR.
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Model was applied to restore the image quality. PSNR and SSIM were computed against the ground-truth. For the generalization tests, new data outside the training cohort
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were acquired for different imaging sequences, field strength, anatomies and resolution. Model outputs were compared to raw inputs and scored by clinicians to judge quality.
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Please refer to the publication for evaluation details.
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### Results
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Imaging transformer model outperformed competing model architectures in the in-distribution tests.
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The SNRAware training also enabled imaging transformer models to generalize well to unseen applications without further training.
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#### Summary
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## Environmental Impact
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<!-- Total emissions (in grams of CO2eq) and additional considerations, such as electricity usage, go here. Edit the suggested text below accordingly -->
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- **Hardware Type:** B200
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- **Hours used:** 100
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- **Cloud Provider:** Azure
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- **Compute Region:** westus2
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- **Carbon Emitted:** 7.5
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### Model Architecture and Objective
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Imaging Transformer with a high-res net backbone
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### Compute Infrastructure
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Azure GPU VMs
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#### Hardware
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NVIDIA B200 x16
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#### Software
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Pytorch 2.8.0+cu128
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## Citation
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<!-- If there is a paper or blog post introducing the model, the APA and Bibtex information for that should go in this section. -->
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**BibTeX:**
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```latex
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@article{
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doi:10.1148/ryai.250227,
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author = {Xue, Hui and Hooper, Sarah M. and Pierce, Iain and Davies, Rhodri H. and Stairs, John and Naegele, Joseph and Campbell-Washburn, Adrienne E. and Manisty, Charlotte and Moon, James C. and Treibel, Thomas A. and Hansen, Michael S. and Kellman, Peter},
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title = {SNRAware: Improved Deep Learning MRI Denoising with Signal-to-noise Ratio Unit Training and G-factor Map Augmentation},
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journal = {Radiology: Artificial Intelligence},
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volume = {0},
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number = {ja},
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pages = {e250227},
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year = {0},
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doi = {10.1148/ryai.250227},
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note ={PMID: 41123451},
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URL = {https://doi.org/10.1148/ryai.250227}
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}
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@misc{xue2024imagingtransformermridenoising,
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title={Imaging transformer for MRI denoising with the SNR unit training: enabling generalization across field-strengths, imaging contrasts, and anatomy},
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author={Hui Xue and Sarah Hooper and Azaan Rehman and Iain Pierce and Thomas Treibel and Rhodri Davies and W Patricia Bandettini and Rajiv Ramasawmy and Ahsan Javed and Zheren Zhu and Yang Yang and James Moon and Adrienne Campbell and Peter Kellman},
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year={2024},
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eprint={2404.02382},
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archivePrefix={arXiv},
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primaryClass={eess.IV},
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url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.02382},
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}
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```
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## Model Card Contact
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Hui Xue, xueh@microsoft.com
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