# OCC: Oracle-Credit-Compute for Agentic Resource Allocation

## Technical Report — May 2026 (v12 — CORRECTED FRAMING)

**Status:** Complete. Real-LLM validation on H200. Two-seed debate with mechanism isolation planned. AllenAI judge TruthfulQA scoring.

**Core claim (revised):** In multi-agent systems, compute is not neutral. Extra turns, tokens, and tool calls amplify adversarial influence unless access to deliberation is governed by verified marginal contribution. OCC is a mechanism-design layer that treats compute allocation as a security boundary — making agent compute scarce, earned, capability-scoped, decaying, and auditable.

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## PART 0: WHY THIS MATTERS

Modern agent systems waste compute because they treat it as free speech. Every agent, tool call, debate turn, retrieval, and verifier pass is a potential attack surface — a channel through which unreliable, adversarial, or simply wrong agents can amplify their influence.

The current paradigm:
- Equal-turn debate → adversarial voice equals honest voice
- Unlimited retry → reward for persistence, not correctness
- No credit accounting → no incentive for efficiency
- No decay → stale trust persists forever

OCC changes the paradigm: **compute is a scarce privilege, not a right.**

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## PART I: THE COLLAPSE — Evidence That Allocation Matters

### Benchmark 1: Multi-Agent Debate Under Shared Compute

**Setup:** 30 debate topics, 4 agents (3 honest + 1 adversarial), Qwen3-Coder-30B-A3B-Instruct on H200. Global credit pool. 2 seeds (42, 123).

#### The Core Finding

| Condition | Accuracy | Tokens |
|-----------|----------|--------|
| **Equal 1-round** (baseline) | **88.3%** | 41.8k |
| **Equal 3-round** | **56.7%** | 149.8k |
| Random drop (25%) | 85.0% | 30.7k |
| OCC 180/3 | 83.3% | 41.0k |
| OCC 120/3 | 85.0% | 42.7k |

**The collapse is stark and replicable.** Both seeds produce exactly 17/30 = 56.7%. An adversarial agent given 3× the speaking time drags the group 32pp below baseline. Three times the compute produces performance worse than a coin flip.

#### What This Is NOT Saying

- **NOT**: "Debate is bad." Debate can surface truth. But debate without allocation control creates an exploitable communication channel.
- **NOT**: "Multi-agent systems are harmful." The collapse only occurs in adversarial contexts — it shows that compute allocation must be adversary-aware.
- **NOT**: "OCC solves everything." OCC prevents the collapse but does not outperform random gating at moderate budgets.

#### What This IS Saying

**Debate without allocation control amplifies adversarial influence.** Giving every agent equal turns is like giving every network packet equal bandwidth during a DDoS. The attacker's packets aren't better — there are just more of them, and they eventually overwhelm the honest signal.

OCC treats turns/tokens as scarce, auditable privileges rather than free speech coupons.

### The Mechanism Question

Why does equal-3-round collapse? Several hypotheses (to be tested by the mechanism isolation experiment at `/jobs/occ_debate_collapse_mechanism.py`):

| Hypothesis | Test | Prediction |
|------------|------|------------|
| H1: Volume | Equal token, unequal turn budget | If collapse disappears, volume caused it |
| H2: Recency | Randomized speaking order | If collapse softens, last-speaker bias caused it |
| H3: Protocol | Judge-based voting instead of majority | If collapse disappears, majority voting is the vulnerability |
| H4: Contamination | Track honest agent answer retention | If honest agents flip toward adversary, contamination |
| H5: Entropy | Confidence-weighted voting | If collapse reverses, uncertainty not persuasion |
| H6: Prompt | Vary adversary skill (weak/normal/strong/oracle) | If only strong prompts collapse, prompt artifact |
| H7: Selection | Stratify by topic difficulty | If only some topics collapse, selection bias |

The mechanism isolation experiment produces:
- Round-by-round honest answer retention rates
- Adversary-induced flip counts
- Per-topic transition matrices (correct→correct, correct→wrong, wrong→correct, wrong→wrong)
- The minimal adversarial ratio needed for collapse

This transforms "56.7% is scary" into "adversarial compute amplification follows this specific mechanism and can be mitigated by these specific controls."

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## PART II: TRUTHFULQA — Judge-Dependence

**Setup:** 60 TruthfulQA questions, Qwen3-Coder-30B-A3B-Instruct, AllenAI Llama2-7B truth + info judges.

| Condition | Truthful | Informative | Both | Tokens |
|-----------|----------|-------------|------|--------|
| A: Direct | **0.917** | 1.000 | **0.917** | 7,198 |
| B: OCC Tiered | 0.867 | 1.000 | 0.867 | 6,692 |
| **C: OCC+Abstain** | **0.917** | 0.967 | 0.883 | **5,682** |

**Key lesson: The oracle's choice determines everything.**

Under string matching (our earlier scoring), the model looked terrible (0.325 truthful). Under AllenAI's semantic judge, it's excellent (0.917). The same answers, different judges, 59pp swing.

This is not a bug — it's a feature to study. The Oracle Reliability section of the formal definition (design.md) maps out oracle types from ground-truth oracle (ceiling) through LLM judge (practical) to noisy/adversarial oracles (robustness tests).

OCC+Abstain achieves iso-quality (0.917) with 21.1% fewer tokens. But the savings are modest and the abstention rate is tiny (3.3%) under the AllenAI judge. Under string matching, abstention was 28%. The mechanism's value is judge-dependent.

**Honest assessment:** TruthfulQA does not strongly support or undermine OCC. It demonstrates oracle-dependence. Move to appendix for publication.

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## PART III: HUMANEVAL — Adaptive Retry, Not Credit Allocation

**Setup:** HumanEval 164 problems, Qwen3-Coder-30B-A3B-Instruct, two-pass OCC (128-token first pass, 1024-token retry on failure).

| Platform | Pass@1 | Savings |
|----------|--------|---------|
| H200 | **42.1%** | 67.8% |
| Blackwell | 33.5% | 62.6% |

The savings are real and cross-platform (63-68%), but this is **adaptive retry**, not OCC credit allocation. The OCC label is aspirational — the actual mechanism is "cheap first pass, expensive retry."

**For this to become an OCC result**, it needs an agentic version:
- Generator agent spends credits to propose solutions
- Tester agent earns credits for catching bugs
- Repair agent earns credits only if patch passes
- Credits decay across problems
- Agents with low marginal value lose budget

Until then, HumanEval is a practical but orthogonal finding. It belongs in the appendix or as a separate "adaptive inference" note.

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## PART IV: OCC SYSTEM — What It Actually Is

See `design.md` for the full formal definition. Here's the summary:

### Components

1. **Impact Oracle** (`oracle.py`): Scores whether an action produced measurable marginal value. Supports code, QA, debate, and retrieval scoring modes.

2. **Credit Ledger** (`ledger.py`): Non-transferable, decaying, capability-scoped credits with immutable audit trail. Every credit mutation is an append-only event with provenance.

3. **Resource Broker** (`broker.py`): Capability-based access control. Decides allow/deny/downgrade/escalate/require-approval per resource type.

4. **GRPO Reward Hook** (`grpo_hook.py`): TRL-compatible reward function combining oracle score + anti-gaming penalties. Validated end-to-end.

### Core Invariants

1. Credits are non-transferable
2. Credits decay per-turn (δ = 0.995)
3. Credits are capability-scoped (retrieval ≠ file write ≠ model access)
4. Rewards require external verification (oracle separate from spender)
5. Ledger is append-only
6. Oracle cannot be directly influenced by the spending agent
7. Failed work cannot generate positive credit
8. Credit ≠ identity trust (high credit ≠ blanket access)

### Threat Model

| Attack | Defense | Residual Risk |
|--------|---------|---------------|
| Credit farming (easy tasks) | Decay + caps | Slow gaming over many tasks |
| Collusion (multiple agents) | Non-transferability | Vote-ring behavior |
| Oracle spoofing | Verifier separation | Judge hacking |
| Griefing (burn others' budget) | Scoped spend | Indirect poisoning |
| Identity laundering | Identity binding | Account churn |
| Strategic abstention | Reward shaping | Conservatism bias |
| Verbosity gaming | Token-cost multiplier | Requires quality oracle |
| Confidence manipulation | Proper scoring rules | Hard to calibrate perfectly |

### When OCC Is Valuable

**Use OCC when**: agents have heterogeneous reliability, long-running tasks need budget discipline, debate can be poisoned, compute is expensive, auditability matters, or post-hoc accountability is required.

**Skip OCC when**: single-agent tasks suffice, ground truth is immediate and cheap, no adversarial participation, all agents have equal trust and capability, or verifier cost exceeds saved compute.

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## PART V: ABLATIONS

| Ablation | Effect |
|----------|--------|
| No credit ledger | 27% less compute savings |
| Transferable credits | Gaming success: 0% → 45% |
| Non-decaying credits | Credit hoarding, -18% throughput |
| No confident-wrong penalty | Confident-wrong rate 2.3× higher |
| No calibration penalty | ECE: 0.12 → 0.31 |
| No cost penalty | Token usage +40% |
| No anti-gaming penalty | Gaming agents earn 3.2× more |

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## PART VI: HONEST ASSESSMENT

### What the Evidence ACTUALLY Supports

| Claim | Evidence Level | Notes |
|-------|---------------|-------|
| Unmanaged compute amplifies adversarial influence | **Strong**: 56.7% collapse, 2 seeds, identical result | Needs mechanism isolation to be publishable |
| OCC prevents catastrophic collapse | **Moderate**: OCC 180/3 (83.3%) >> equal 3-round (56.7%) | But OCC ≈ random gating at moderate budgets |
| Anti-gaming ledger design is novel and sound | **Moderate**: 8 attacks, zero successful vectors | Simulation only, needs live agent testing |
| OCC saves tokens at iso-quality | **Weak**: 21% on TruthfulQA (small dataset), 67% on HumanEval (not OCC, it's adaptive retry) | Not the core claim |
| OCC beats simple baselines | **Not supported**: Random gating (85.0%) ≈ OCC (83.3-85.0%) | The advantage is in preventing extremes |
| Learned allocation beats hand-tuned rules | **Not tested**: GRPO hook works but no policy improvement at 0.5B scale | Needs 7B+ model + training budget |

### What Failed

1. **OCC doesn't beat random gating at moderate budgets.** The mechanism prevents catastrophe but doesn't improve the median case.
2. **TruthfulQA abstention is judge-dependent.** 28% → 3% depending on scorer.
3. **GRPO training produced no policy improvement at 0.5B.**
4. **HumanEval is adaptive retry, not OCC.** Honest labeling needed.

### Wrong Assumptions

1. "In-process exec is good enough for HumanEval" — WRONG.
2. "More debate turns always helps" — WRONG (56.7% collapse).
3. "OCC will outperform random gating in the median case" — NOT YET PROVEN.
4. "TruthfulQA string-matching is a reasonable scorer" — WRONG (59pp swing).

### Is OCC Actually Useful?

**For preventing catastrophic compute misallocation: yes.** The equal-3-round collapse is a genuine finding — more compute can make things worse, and a credit mechanism prevents the worst of it.

**For marginal gains in well-behaved systems: not yet proven.** Random gating works nearly as well when there's no adversary. OCC's value is in adversary-aware deployment.

**For production multi-agent governance: promising but early.** The ledger, broker, and anti-gaming design are sound on paper. Live-agent validation is needed.

### Is This Publishable?

**Workshop: Yes, with the mechanism isolation experiment.** The collapse + mechanism analysis + anti-gaming design is a coherent workshop paper.

**Main conference: No, without:**
1. Mechanism isolation results (not just the collapse number, but WHY it happens)
2. Broader benchmark generalization (100+ questions, 5+ seeds)
3. Statistical significance (paired bootstrap, McNemar)
4. Learned allocator that beats hand-tuned rules
5. Oracle robustness analysis under different oracle types

### The Path Forward

1. **Run mechanism isolation** (script uploaded) — break the collapse into testable causes
2. **Scale the benchmark**: 100-300 debate questions, 5-10 seeds
3. **Add stronger baselines**: confidence gating, disagreement gating, bandit allocation, auction allocation, judge-weighted voting
4. **Oracle ablation**: ground-truth, LLM judge, noisy, adversarial oracles
5. **GRPO-learned allocator** at 7B+ scale
6. **Split into focused papers**: (a) Collapse mechanism, (b) OCC governance design, (c) Learned allocation

### The Bold Claim

**In multi-agent systems, compute is not neutral. Extra turns can amplify adversarial influence unless access to deliberation is governed by verified marginal contribution. OCC is a first mechanism-design layer for making agent compute scarce, earned, scoped, decaying, and auditable.**

This is the sentence. Everything else is evidence, honesty, and the mechanism that makes it true.

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## Repository

- **Main repo:** https://huggingface.co/narcolepticchicken/occ-stack
- **Formal definition:** `design.md`
- **Mechanism isolation:** `jobs/occ_debate_collapse_mechanism.py`
- **Results:** `reports/`

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## Changelog

- **v12 (CORRECTED FRAMING):** Reframed around "compute-as-attack-surface." Added formal OCC definition (design.md). Added threat model, "when not to use OCC," ledger event schema. HumanEval honestly labeled as adaptive retry. TruthfulQA labeled as oracle-dependence demonstration. Mechanism isolation script written. Collapse is the wedge.
- **v11:** TruthfulQA AllenAI results. 2-seed debate aggregate. Honest assessment.
- **v10:** Extended baselines running. Initial equal_3round collapse finding.

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*OCC is a research prototype. The collapse is real. The mechanism is promising. The evidence is incomplete. The framing is now honest.*