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title: "Mapudungun" |
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author: "Emily Strand" |
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bibliography: arn.bib |
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output: html_document |
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Last updated: 2020-06-26 |
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**COMPROMISED: ambiguity due to non-standard alphabet; conflation of dental and alveolar consonants /t̪/ and /t/ (most likely with the others as well)** |
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**Language Family:** Araucanian |
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* Also referred to as Mapuche or Araucana, it is spoken throughout Chile. |
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* In some dialects of Mapudungun, the distinction between the dental and alveolar phonemes have merged [@sadowsky_mapudungun_2013, p. 89], leaving the dentals to appear as a result of allophonic variation. |
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* /ʃ/ is rather infrequent, often alternating with /s/, yet it is still considered in most sources to be a phoneme [@smeets_grammar_2008, p. 23]. |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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library(dplyr) |
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library(knitr) |
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library(kableExtra) |
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consonants <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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"Manner of Articulation" Labial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar |
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Stops "p" "t̪" "t" "" "" "" "k" |
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Affricates "" "" "" "tʃ" "ʈʂ" "" "" |
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Fricatives "f" "θ" "s" "ʃ" "ʐ" "" "ɣ" |
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Nasals "m" "n̪" "n" "" "" "ɲ" "ŋ" |
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Approximants "" "l̪" "l" "" "" "j ʎ" "w" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(consonants, col.names = c("Manner of Articulation", "Labial", "Dental", "Alveolar", "Postalveolar", "Retroflex", "Palatal", "Velar"), align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
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add_header_above(c("", "Place of Articulation" = 7)) %>% |
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column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) %>% |
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footnote(general = "Note: The palatal approximant on the right is lateral.", general_title = "") |
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``` |
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* Diphthongs aren't prevalent in Mapudungun; however, /ae/ is generally realized as one [@smeets_grammar_2008, p. 52]. Because it can also occur as a sequence of vowels, it will not be transcribed in the rules. |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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vowels <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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Front Central Back |
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High "i" "" "u" |
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Mid "e" "ɘ" "o" |
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Low "" "a" "" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(vowels, align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
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column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) |
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``` |
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* Although there isn't a standardization of the alphabet, the three alphabets commonly referred to provide a rather comprehensive picture in terms of depicting each phoneme. These alphabets include the Alfabeto Mapuche Unificado, the Frafemario Raguileo, and the Azumchefi [@bronzino_loanword_nodate, p. 22]. Listed below is the Alfabeto Mapuche Unificado, but following it, I have provided the orthographic variations from the other two. |
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* Regarding the corresponding phoneme of ⟨g⟩, the Unified Alphabet uses /ɣ/ whereas the Raguileo and Azumchefi alphabets use /ŋ/. I went with the ⟨g⟩ to /ŋ/ correspondence due to the inclusion of ⟨q⟩ in the Crúbadán corpus, which based on the Raguileo and Azumchefi alphabets corresponds to /ɣ/. |
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* Based on the Alfabeto Mapuche Unificado, the dentals are not represented in the Crúbadán corpus. With the grapheme correspondences of the other two alphabets, they appear (except /t̪/, as the distinction between it at /t/ is not maintained in either). Based on this, conflation most likely occurs between all alveolar consonants and their dental counterparts, compromising the language. |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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alphabet <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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Grapheme Phoneme Comment |
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"a" "/a/" "" |
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"d" "/θ/" "" |
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"e" "/e/" "" |
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"f" "/f/" "" |
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"g" "/ŋ/" "" |
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"i" "/i/" "" |
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"ï" "/ɘ/" "" |
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"k" "/k/" "" |
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"l" "/l/" "" |
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"ḻ" "/l̪/" "" |
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"m" "/m/" "" |
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"n" "/n/" "" |
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"ṉ" "/n̪/" "" |
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"ñ" "/ɲ/" "" |
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"o" "/o/" "" |
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"p" "/p/" "" |
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"r" "/ʐ/" "" |
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"s" "/s/" "" |
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"t" "/t/" "" |
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"ṯ" "/t̪/" "not reflected in the Crúbadán corpus" |
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"u" "/u/" "" |
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"ü" "/ɘ/" "" |
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"w" "/w/" "" |
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"y" "/j/" "" |
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**Digraph** "" "" |
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"ch" "/tʃ/" "" |
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"tr" "/ʈʂ/" "" |
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"sh" "/ʃ/" "" |
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"ng" "/ŋ/" "" |
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"ll" "/ʎ/" "" |
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"**Orthographic Variation**" "" "" |
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"c" "/tʃ/" "Raguileo" |
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"x" "/ʈʂ/" "Raguileo" |
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"tx" "/ʈʂ/" "Azumchefi" |
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"z" "/θ/" "Raguileo and Azumchefi" |
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"h" "/n̪/" "Raguileo" |
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"nh" "/n̪/" "Azumchefi" |
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"q" "/ɣ/" "Raguileo and Azumchefi" |
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"b" "/l̪/" "Raguileo" |
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"lh" "/l̪/" "Azumchefi" |
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"j" "/ʎ/" "Raguileo" |
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"v" "/ɘ/" "Raguileo" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(alphabet, align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") |
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``` |
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* Geminates occur in the language, but they are often realized as single consonants [@smeets_grammar_2008, p. 51]. |
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* /ʐ/ can approximate to /ɻ/ [@sadowsky_mapudungun_2013, p. 90]. |
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* Aspiration of some of the stops can occur [@sadowsky_mapudungun_2013, p. 89]. |
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* Unstressed vowels are often deleted in word-final positions following voiceless consonants [@sadowsky_mapudungun_2013, p. 94]. |
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* /ɘ/ may be deleted following a stressed syllable (ibid.). |
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* Consonant clusters are only allowed intervocalically [@smeets_grammar_2008, pp. 37, 38]. |
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* The velar phonemes /k/, /ŋ/, /ɣ/ tend to be fronted preceding front vowels [@sadowsky_mapudungun_2013, p. 89]. |
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