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| title: "Mapos Buang" |
| author: "Emily Strand" |
| bibliography: bzh.bib |
| output: html_document |
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| Last Updated: 2020-05-06 |
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| **SLIGHTLY COMPROMISED: possible misrepresentation of /ɛ/** |
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| # Background |
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| **Language Family:** Austronesian / Malayo-Polynesian / Central-Eastern / Eastern Malayo-Polynesian / Oceanic / Western Oceanic / North New Guinea / Huon Gulf / South / Hote-Buang / Buang |
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| * Mapos Buang, also referred to as Central Buang, is spoken in the Morobe province of Papua New Guinea. |
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| # Phonology |
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| ## Consonants |
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| ```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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| library(dplyr) |
| library(knitr) |
| library(kableExtra) |
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| consonants <- read.table(textConnection(' |
| "Manner of Articulation" Bilabial Dental Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Labiovelar Uvular |
| Stops "p ᵐb" "t̪ ⁿd̪" "" "" "" "k ᵑɡ" "kʷ ᵑɡʷ" "q ᶰɢ" |
| Affricates "" "" "tʃ ⁿdʒ" "" "" "" "" "" |
| Fricatives "β" "" "" "" "" "ɣ" "" "ʁ" |
| Nasals "m" "n̪" "" "" "ɲ" "ŋ" "ŋʷ" "ɴ" |
| Flaps "" "" "" "ɽ" "" "" "" "" |
| Approximants "" "l̪" "" "" "j" "" "w" "" |
| '), TRUE) |
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| kable(consonants, col.names = c("Manner of Articulation", "Bilabial", "Dental", "Palatal", "Retroflex", "Palatal", "Velar", "Labiovelar", "Uvular"), align = 'c') %>% |
| kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
| add_header_above(c("", "Place of Articulation" = 8)) %>% |
| column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) %>% |
| footnote(general = "Note: For phonemes that share a cell, those on the left are voiceless and those on the right are voiced.", general_title = "") |
| ``` |
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| ## Vowels |
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| * Vowel length is contrastive in Mapos Buang [@Hooley2006, pp. 5-6]. Long vowels are indicated by duplicate graphemes. |
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| ```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
| consonants <- read.table(textConnection(' |
| Front Central Back |
| High "i" "" "u" |
| High-Mid "e" "" "o" |
| Low-Mid "ɛ" "" "ɔ" |
| Low "" "a" "" |
| '), TRUE) |
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| kable(consonants, align = 'c') %>% |
| kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
| column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) |
| ``` |
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| # Alphabet |
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| * In unstressed syllables, ⟨e⟩ represents [ə]; it is not contrastive with other vowels, generally manifesting in consonant sequences [@Hooley2006, p. 6]. ⟨e⟩ also represents /ɛ/ and, for the purposes of this project, shouldn't necessarily compromise the language. However, it seems that, based on the description provided in @Hooley2006, ⟨e⟩ represents a surface realization that may in some instances stem from nothing underlyingly. In the rules, I have transcribed ⟨e⟩ to /ɛ/ by default in all instances, but this may skew the representation of /ɛ/, such that it appears more frequently than it actually should. |
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| ```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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| alphabet <- read.table(textConnection(' |
| Grapheme Phoneme |
| "a" "/a/" |
| "b" "/ᵐb/" |
| "d" "/ⁿd̪/" |
| "e" "/ɛ/" |
| "ë" "/e/" |
| "g" "/ᵑɡ/" |
| "ġ" "/ᶰɢ/" |
| "h" "/ʁ/" |
| "i" "/i/" |
| "j" "/ⁿdʒ/" |
| "k" "/k/" |
| "ḳ" "/q/" |
| "l" "/l̪/" |
| "m" "/m/" |
| "n" "/n̪/" |
| "ö" "/ɔ/" |
| "o" "/o/" |
| "p" "/p/" |
| "r" "/ɽ/" |
| "s" "/tʃ/" |
| "t" "/t̪/" |
| "u" "/u/" |
| "v" "/β/" |
| "w" "/w/" |
| "y" "/j/" |
| **Multigraph** "" |
| "kw" "/kʷ/" |
| "gg" "/ɣ/" |
| "gw" "/ᵑɡʷ/" |
| "ng" "/ŋ/" |
| "nġ" "/ɴ/" |
| "ny" "/ɲ/" |
| "ngw" "/ŋʷ/" |
| '), TRUE) |
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| kable(alphabet, align = 'c') %>% |
| kable_styling("bordered") |
| ``` |
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| # Misc. Rules |
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| * /ɽ/ may be realized by some speakers as [ɭ] [@Hooley2006, p. 4]. |
| * /l̪/ and /j/ may be realized with some frication [@Hooley2006, pp. 4-5]. |
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| # References |
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