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title: "Malayalam" |
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author: "Becky Mathew" |
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bibliography: ml.bib |
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output: html_document |
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Last Updated: 2020-06-16 |
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**SLIGHTLY COMPROMISED: conflation between dental and alveolar /n/** |
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**Language Family:** Dravidian / Southern / Tamil-Kannada / Tamil-Kodagu / Tamil-Malayalam / Malayalam |
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* Malayalam, the official language of Kerala and Lakshadweep, is a Dravidian language from South India. It is also heavily influenced by Sanskrit, and has become influenced by English with the introduction of /f/. |
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* It is spoken in the states of Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep, Puducherry, and Tamil Nadu located in southern India. |
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* Consonant length is contrastive for voiceless (unaspirated) stops (including /tʃ/), nasals, and laterals /l/ and /ɭ/, and it is indicated orthographically by duplicate characters separated by a virama [@Panel2018, p. 6; @Jiang2010, p. 8], see Alphabet. |
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* /t̪ʰ/, /d̪ʱ/, /ʈʰ/, and /ɖʱ/ are very marginal [@Jiang2010, p. 17]. |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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library(dplyr) |
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library(knitr) |
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library(kableExtra) |
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consonants <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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"Manner of Articulation" Labial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal |
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"Stops (plain)" "p b" "t̪ d̪" "" "ʈ ɖ" "" "ɟ" "k ɡ" "" |
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"Stops (aspirated)" "pʰ bʱ" "t̪ʰ d̪ʱ" "" "ʈʰ ɖʱ" "" "ɟʱ" "kʰ ɡʱ" "" |
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Affricates "" "" "" "" "tʃ tʃʰ" "" "" "" |
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Fricatives "" "" "s" "ʂ" "ʃ" "" "" "h" |
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Nasals "m" "n̪" "n" "ɳ" "" "ɲ" "ŋ" "" |
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Flaps "" "" "ɾ" "" "" "" "" "" |
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Trills "" "" "r" "" "" "" "" "" |
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Approximants "ʋ" "" "l" "ɻ ɭ" "" "j" "" "" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(consonants, col.names = c("Manner of Articulation", "Labial", "Dental", "Alveolar", "Retroflex", "Postalveolar", "Palatal", "Velar", "Glottal"), align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
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add_header_above(c("", "Place of Articulation" = 8)) %>% |
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column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) %>% |
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footnote(general = "Note: For phonemes that share a cell, those on the left are voiceless and those on the right are voiced. Both retroflex approximants are voiced, but the one on the right is lateral.", general_title = "") |
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``` |
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* Vowel length is contrastive. The diphthongs listed below do not have a length contrast [@Jiang2010, p. 18]. |
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* Most sources [e.g. @Jiang2010, p. 18] include schwa as part of the vowel inventory; however, its phonemic status is somewhat vague. The only minimal pairs @Jiang2010 lists involve contrast word-finally (pp. 18-19), which some sources argue merely as the reduction of /u/ [@Swenson2016, p. 133; @Malayalam, p. 2]. I have chosen not to include /ə/ below, treating /u/ as the underlying form. |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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vowels <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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Front Central Back |
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High "i" "" "u" |
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Mid "e" "" "o" |
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Low "" "a" "" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(vowels, align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
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column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) |
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diphthongs <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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Diphthongs |
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"/ai/, /au/" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(diphthongs, align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") |
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``` |
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* **Note**: /n/ and /ɟʱ/ are not represented in the Crúbadán corpus. |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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alphabet <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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"Consonant Grapheme" Phoneme Comment |
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"ക" "/ka/" "" |
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"ഖ" "/kʰa/" "" |
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"ഗ" "/ɡa/" "" |
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"ഘ" "/ɡʱa/" "" |
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"ങ" "/ŋa/" "" |
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"ച" "/tʃa/" "" |
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"ഛ" "/tʃʰa/" "" |
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"ജ" "/ɟa/" "" |
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"ഝ" "/ɟʱa/" "" |
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"ഞ" "/ɲa/" "" |
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"ട" "/ʈa/" "" |
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"ഠ" "/ʈʰa/" "" |
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"ഡ" "/ɖa/" "" |
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"ഢ" "/ɖʱa/" "" |
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"ണ" "/ɳa/" "" |
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"ത" "/t̪a/" "" |
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"ഥ" "/t̪ʰa/" "" |
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"ദ" "/d̪a/" "" |
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"ധ" "/d̪ʱa/" "" |
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"ന" "/n̪a/; /na/" "/n̪a/: used as default in the rules" |
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"ഩ" "/na/" "rare" |
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"പ" "/pa/" "" |
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"ഫ" "/pʰa/" "" |
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"ബ" "/ba/" "" |
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"ഭ" "/bʱa/" "" |
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"മ" "/ma/" "" |
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"യ" "/ja/" "" |
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"ര" "/ɾa/" "" |
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"റ" "/ra/" "" |
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"ല" "/la/" "" |
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"ള" "/ɭa/" "" |
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"ഴ" "/ɻa/" "" |
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"വ" "/ʋa/" "" |
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"ശ" "/ʃa/" "" |
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"ഷ" "/ʂa/" "" |
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"സ" "/sa/" "" |
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"ഹ" "/ha/" "" |
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"**Consonant Grapheme**" "" "called chillaksharams, these characters don\'t carry an inherent vowel [@Panel2018, p. 9]" |
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"ൺ" "/ɳ/" "" |
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"ൻ" "/n̪/" "" |
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"ർ" "/r/" "" |
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"ൽ" "/l/" "" |
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"ൾ" "/ɭ/" "" |
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"ൿ" "/k/" "" |
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"**Vowel Grapheme (word-initial)**" "" "" |
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"അ" "/a/" "" |
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"ആ" "/aː/" "" |
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"ഇ" "/i/" "" |
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"ഈ" "/iː/" "" |
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"എ" "/e/" "" |
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"ഏ" "/eː/" "" |
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"ഉ" "/u/" "" |
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"ഊ" "/uː/" "" |
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"ഐ" "/ai/" "" |
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"ഒ" "/o/" "" |
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"ഓ" "/oː/" "" |
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"ഔ" "/au/" "" |
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**Diacritic** "" "" |
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"ാ" "/aː/" "" |
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"ി" "/i/" "" |
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"ീ" "/iː/" "" |
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"െ" "/e/" "" |
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"േ" "/eː/" "" |
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"ു" "/u/" "" |
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"ൂ" "/uː/" "" |
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"ൈ" "/ai/" "" |
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"ൊ" "/o/" "" |
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"ോ" "/oː/" "" |
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"ൌ; ൗ" "/au/" "" |
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"്" "∅; /u/" "called a virama, this diacritic either removes the inherent vowel or reduces word-final /u/ to [ə] [@Malayalam, p. 2]" |
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"ം; ൦" "/m/" "called an anusvara(m), this character follows a vowel, often resulting in assimilation to the following consonant [@Panel2018, p. 9]" |
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"ഃ" "/h/" "called a visarga(m), this character follows a vowel (ibid.)" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(alphabet, col.names = c("Consonant Grapheme", "Phoneme", "Comment"), align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") |
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``` |
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* Syllables in Malayalam follow the order of (C)(C)(C)V(V)(C) [@Jiang2010, p. 24]. |
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* Voiceless stops become voiced intervocalically [@Jiang2010, p. 22]. |
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* Nasals and lateral approximants are unreleased word-finally [@Jiang2010, p. 22]. |
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