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title: "Bargam" |
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author: "Emily Strand" |
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bibliography: mlp.bib |
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output: html_document |
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Last Updated: 2020-06-30 |
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**SLIGHTLY COMPROMISED: conflation between /n/ and /ŋ/** |
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# Background |
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**Language Family:** Trans-New Guinea / Madang-Adelbert Range / Adelbert Range / Pihom-Isumrud-Mugil / Mugil |
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# Phonology |
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## Consonants |
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* /ŋ/ is marginal [@Hepner1989, p. 18]. |
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* /p/ and /f/ are also rare (not to the extent of /ŋ/) [@Hepner1989, p. 25]. |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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library(dplyr) |
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library(knitr) |
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library(kableExtra) |
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consonants <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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"Manner of Articulation" Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal |
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Stops "p b" "t d" "" "k ɡ" "ʔ" |
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Fricatives "f" "s z" "" "" "h" |
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Nasals "m" "n" "" "ŋ" "" |
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Flaps "" "ɾ" "" "" "" |
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Approximants "w" "l" "j" "" "" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(consonants, col.names = c("Manner of Articulation", "Labial", "Alveolar", "Palatal", "Velar", "Glottal"), align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
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add_header_above(c("", "Place of Articulation" = 5)) %>% |
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column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) %>% |
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footnote(general = "Note: For phonemes that share a cell, those on the left are voiceless and those on the right are voiced.", general_title = "") |
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``` |
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## Vowels |
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* Glides /w/ and /j/ preceding or following vowels are always interpreted as consonants and never part of complex nuclei with adjacent vowels [@Hepner1992, p. 3]. |
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- Consecutive vowels constitute separate syllables [@Hepner1989, p. 24]. |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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vowels <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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Front Central Back |
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High "i" "" "u" |
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Mid "e" "" "o" |
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Low "" "a" "" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(vowels, align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
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column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) |
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``` |
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# Alphabet |
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* The orthographic contrast between /n/ and /ŋ/ is somewhat convoluted. @Hepner1992 represents /ŋ/ with ⟨ng⟩ (p. 1). @Hepner1989, however, state that /n/ preceding velar consonants is phonetically realized as [ŋ]. While @Hepner1989 identify /ŋ/ as a distinctive phoneme, it appears that the sequence ⟨ng⟩ may, depending on the instance, represent both the underlying form and surface realization of /ŋ/, compromising the language. Given that /ŋ/ is rare underlyingly in this language, I have chosen to transcribe ⟨ng⟩ sequences as /nɡ/. **This means that /ŋ/ is not represented in the Crúbadán corpus.** |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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alphabet <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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Grapheme Phoneme |
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"a" "/a/" |
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"b" "/b/" |
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"d" "/d/" |
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"e" "/e/" |
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"f" "/f/" |
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"g" "/ɡ/" |
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"h" "/h/" |
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"i" "/i/" |
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"k" "/k/" |
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"l" "/l/" |
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"m" "/m/" |
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"n" "/n/" |
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"o" "/o/" |
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"p" "/p/" |
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"q" "/ʔ/" |
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"r" "/ɾ/" |
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"s" "/s/" |
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"t" "/t/" |
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"u" "/u/" |
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"w" "/w/" |
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"y" "/j/" |
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"z" "/z/" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(alphabet, align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") |
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``` |
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# Syllable Structure |
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* Syllables in Bargam follow the order of (C)(C)V(C)(C) [@Hepner1989, p. 31]. |
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# Lenition Rules |
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* When a geminate is created by adding a consonantal suffix, the cluster always degeminates to a single consonant [@Hepner1989, p. 41]. |
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# Misc. Rules |
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* /ɾ/ may vary freely with /r/ word-initially and word-medially [@Hepner1989, p. 19]. |
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* Phonetic glottal stops occur preceding word-initial vowels [@Hepner1989, p. 8]. |
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* Consonant clusters generally are realized with an intervening epenthetic vowel [@Hepner1989, p. 15]. |
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# References |
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