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title: "Maltese" |
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author: "Bill Mizgerd" |
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bibliography: mt.bib |
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output: html_document |
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Last Updated: 2020-07-01 |
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**COMPROMISED: conflation between /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ and between /ts/ and /dz/** |
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**Language Family:** Afro-Asiatic / Semitic / Central / South / Arabic |
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* Maltese is spoken in Malta and throughout the European Union. |
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* /ʒ/ and /dz/ are commonly included in the phonemic inventory of Maltese through loanword integration; however, their native voiceless counterparts are represented by the same graphemes, which compromised the language [@MtBorg1997, p. 248]. The ruleset only accounts for the voiceless variants. |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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library(dplyr) |
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library(knitr) |
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library(kableExtra) |
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consonants <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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"Manner of Articulation" Labial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Pharyngeal Glottal |
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Stops "p b" "t̪ d̪" "" "" "" "k ɡ" "" "ʔ" |
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Affricates "" "" "ts dz" "tʃ dʒ" "" "" "" "" |
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Fricatives "f v" "" "s z" "ʃ ʒ" "" "" "ħ" "" |
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Nasals "m" "" "n" "" "" "" "" "" |
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Trills "" "" "r" "" "" "" "" "" |
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Approximants "" "" "l" "" "j" "w" "" "" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(consonants, col.names = c("Manner of Articulation", "Labial", "Dental", "Alveolar", "Postalveolar", "Palatal", "Velar", "Pharyngeal", "Glottal"), align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
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add_header_above(c("", "Place of Articulation" = 8)) %>% |
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column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) %>% |
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footnote(general = "Note: For phonemes that share a cell, those on the left are voiceless and those on the right are voiced.", general_title = "") |
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``` |
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* Vowel length is contrastive [@MtBorg1997, p. 251]. See rules for more detail. |
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* Authors seem to vary in terms of the vowel inventory: |
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- @MtHume1996: /a/ /e/ /i/ /o/ /u/ |
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- @MtOrtho1996: /a/ /ɛ/ /i/ /o/ /u/ |
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- @MtBorg1997: /a/ /e/ /i/ /o/ /u/ |
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- @MtHumeEtAl2009: /ɐ/ /ɛ/ /i/ /ɔ/ /u/ |
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- @MtPuech2016: /a/ /ɛ/ /ɪ/ /ɔ/ /ʊ/ |
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- NB: @MtHumeEtAl2009 only use phonetic transcriptions, rather than phonemic, so it is ambiguous whether her choices of vowels reflect phonemes rather than realizations. |
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* Vowels with grave accents (´) tend to appear word-finally, denoting stress; however, we do not account for stress, so accented vowels in this position will be transcribed to their plain representations. |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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vowels <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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Front Central Back |
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High "i iː" "" "u uː" |
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Near-High "ɪː" "" "" |
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Mid "e" "" "o" |
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Low "" "a" "" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(vowels, align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
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column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) |
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diphthongs <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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Diphthongs |
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"/aj/, /ej/, /oj/, /aw/, /ew/, /iw/, /ow/" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(diphthongs, align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") |
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``` |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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alphabet <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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Grapheme Phoneme Comment |
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"a" "/a/" "some authors use /ɐ/" |
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"b" "/b/" "" |
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"ċ" "/tʃ/" "" |
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"d" "/d̪/" "" |
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"e" "/e/" "some authors use /ɛ/" |
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"f" "/f/" "" |
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"ġ" "/dʒ/" "" |
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"g" "/ɡ/" "" |
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"h" "/ː/; /ħ/" "/ː/: lengthens associated vowels (see rules); /ħ/: word-finally" |
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"ħ" "/ħ/" "realized by some speakers as [x] or [h]" |
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"i" "/i/; /iː/" "" |
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"j" "/j/" "" |
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"k" "/k/" "" |
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"l" "/l/" "" |
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"m" "/m/" "" |
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"n" "/n/" "" |
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"o" "/o/" "some authors use /ɔ/" |
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"p" "/p/" "" |
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"q" "/ʔ/" "" |
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"r" "/r/" "" |
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"s" "/s/" "" |
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"t" "/t̪/" "" |
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"u" "/u/, /uː/" "some authors use /ʊ/" |
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"v" "/v/" "" |
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"w" "/w/" "" |
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"x" "/ʃ/" "/ʒ/ appears in certain loanwords" |
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"ż" "/z/" "" |
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"z" "/ts/" "/dz/ appears in certain loanwords" |
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**Digraph** "" "" |
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"għ" "/ː/" "lengthens associated vowels (see rules)" |
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"ie" "/ɪː/" "some authors use /ie/" |
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"aj" "/aj/" "" |
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"aw" "/aw/" "" |
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"ew" "/ew/" "occasionally realized as [ow]" |
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"għi" "/ej/" "" |
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"għu" "/ow/" "" |
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"iw" "/iw/" "" |
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"oj" "/oj/" "" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(alphabet, align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") |
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``` |
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* Clusters of obstruents assimilate to be either fully voiced or fully voiceless [@MtBorg1997, p. 250]. |
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* Consonants geminate [@MtBorg1997, pp. 251-252]. |
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- Word-final long consonants are sometimes shortened (ibid.). |
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* In the definite article, ⟨il-⟩, the /l/ typically assimilates to subsequent coronal segments (except /dʒ/) [@MtBorg1997, p. 255]. |
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* Long vowels are shortened word-finally [@MtBorg1997, p. 267]. |
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* Metathesis of the definite article occurs before Italian-derived words with initial sibilants [@MtBorg1997, p. 273]. |
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* The ⟨h⟩ in the suffixed pronouns (⟨-ha⟩, ⟨-hom⟩) is replaced by a glide after stressed stem-final vowels [@MtBorg1997, p. 261]. |
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* Elision of short vowels occurs in unstressed open syllables [@MtBorg1997, p. 273]. |
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* CCC clusters are pronounced as CVCC when the middle C is a sonorant [@MtBorg1997, p. 274]. |
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* ⟨għ⟩ represents the Old Arabic phones [ʕ] or [ɣ], which were deleted at some point during the evolution of modern Maltese [@MtBorg1997, p. 261]. |
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* ⟨h⟩ represents the Old Arabic phone [h], which was deleted at some point during the evolution of modern Maltese [@MtBorg1997, p. 259]. |
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