| |
| title: "Oriya" |
| author: "Becky Mathew" |
| edited by: "Emily Strand" |
| bibliography: or.bib |
| output: html_document |
| |
|
|
| Last Updated: 2020-02-25 |
|
|
| **COMPROMISED: diacritics not always marked and used interchangeably** |
|
|
| |
|
|
| **Language Family:** Indo-European / Indo-Iranian / Indo-Aryan / Eastern zone / Oriya |
|
|
| * Oriya (now Romanized as Odia) is the official language of Orissa, an eastern Indian state. There are four major dialects of Oriya, and this project focuses on Standard Oriya [@Ray2003, p. 485]. |
|
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
|
| ```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
|
|
| library(dplyr) |
| library(knitr) |
| library(kableExtra) |
|
|
|
|
| consonants <- read.table(textConnection(' |
| "Manner of Articulation" Bilabial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal |
| "Stops (plain)" "p b" "t̪ d̪" "" "ʈ ɖ" "c ɟ" "k ɡ" "" |
| "Stops (aspirated)" "pʰ bʱ" "t̪ʰ d̪ʱ" "" "ʈʰ ɖʱ" "cʰ ɟʱ" "kʰ ɡʱ" "" |
| Fricatives "" "" "s" "" "" "" "h" |
| Nasals "m" "n̪" "" "ɳ" "" "ŋ" "" |
| Flaps "" "" "ɾ" "" "" "" "" |
| Approximants "w" "" "l" "ɭ" "j" "" "" |
| '), TRUE) |
|
|
| kable(consonants, col.names = c("Manner of Articulation", "Bilabial", "Dental", "Alveolar", "Retroflex", "Palatal", "Velar", "Glottal"), align = 'c') %>% |
| kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
| add_header_above(c("", "Place of Articulation" = 7)) %>% |
| column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) %>% |
| footnote(general = "Note: For phonemes that share a cell, those on the left are voiceless and those on the right are voiced.", general_title = "") |
| ``` |
|
|
| |
|
|
| * Nasal vowels are contrastive in Oriya [@Ray2003, p. 448]; however, they don't always contrast with their oral counterparts [@Pattanayak1959 as cited in @Ray2003, p. 448]. /o/ does not have a nasal counterpart. |
| * Vowel length is said to be a phonetic feature rather than a phonemic one [@Ray2003, p. 447]. Long vowels will be transcribed as short. |
| * The two diphthongs generally associated with Indo-Aryan languages /ɔi/ and /ɔu/ (variants of /ai/ and /au/), may be interpreted as separate monophthongss so, I have chosen not to transcribe them as complex nuclei [@Ray2003, p. 447]. |
|
|
| ```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
|
|
| vowels <- read.table(textConnection(' |
| Front Central Back |
| High "i" "" "u" |
| Mid "e" "" "o" |
| Low-Mid "" "" "ɔ" |
| Low "" "a" "" |
| '), TRUE) |
|
|
| kable(vowels, align = 'c') %>% |
| kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
| column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) |
|
|
| ``` |
|
|
| |
|
|
| * Oriya descends from the Brahmi script, but it does not hang from a horizontal line. It is a left-to-right abugida script without capital letters. As an abugida script, every consonant carries an inherent /ɔ/ following it [@Ray2003, p. 487]. |
|
|
| ```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
|
|
| alphabet <- read.table(textConnection(' |
| "Consonant Grapheme" Phoneme Comment |
| "କ" "/kɔ/" "" |
| "ଖ" "/kʰɔ/" "" |
| "ଗ" "/ɡɔ/" "" |
| "ଘ" "/ɡʱɔ/" "" |
| "ଙ" "/ŋɔ/" "" |
| "ଚ" "/cɔ/" "" |
| "ଛ" "/cʰɔ/" "" |
| "ଜ; ଯ" "/ɟɔ/" "" |
| "ଝ" "/ɟʱɔ/" "" |
| "ଟ" "/ʈɔ/" "" |
| "ଠ" "/ʈʰɔ/" "" |
| "ଡ" "/ɖɔ/" "" |
| "ଢ" "/ɖʱɔ/" "" |
| "ଣ" "/ɳɔ/" "" |
| "ତ" "/t̪ɔ/" "" |
| "ଥ" "/t̪ʰɔ/" "" |
| "ଦ" "/d̪ɔ/" "" |
| "ଧ" "/d̪ʱɔ/" "" |
| "ନ; ଞ" "/n̪ɔ/" "" |
| "ପ" "/pɔ/" "" |
| "ଫ" "/pʰɔ/" "" |
| "ବ" "/bɔ/" "" |
| "ଭ" "/bʱɔ/" "" |
| "ମ" "/mɔ/" "" |
| "ର" "/ɾɔ/" "" |
| "ଳ" "/ɭɔ/" "" |
| "ୱ; ଵ" "/wɔ/" "" |
| "ଶ; ଷ; ସ" "/sɔ/" "" |
| "ହ" "/hɔ/" "" |
| "ୟ" "/jɔ/" "" |
| "ଲ" "/lɔ/" "" |
| "**Independent Grapheme**" "" "vowels and syllabic consonants" |
| "ଅ" "/ɔ/" "" |
| "ଆ" "/a/" "" |
| "ଇ; ଈ" "/i/" "" |
| "ଉ; ଊ" "/u/" "" |
| "ଋ; ୠ" "/ɾu/" "" |
| "ଌ; ୡ" "/lu/" "" |
| "ଏ" "/e/" "" |
| "ଐ" "/ɔi/" "" |
| "ଓ" "/o/" "" |
| "ଔ" "/ɔu/" "" |
| **Diacritic** "" "" |
| "ା" "/a/" "" |
| "ି; ୀ" "/i/" "" |
| "ୁ; ୂ" "/u/" "" |
| "ୃ; ୄ" "/ɾu/" "" |
| "ୢ; ୣ" "/lu/" "" |
| "େ" "/e/" "" |
| "ୈ" "/ɔi/" "" |
| "ୋ" "/o/" "" |
| "ୌ" "/ɔu/" "" |
| "ଁ" "" "called a candrabindu, this diacritic indicates vowel nasalization [@Mahapatra1996, p. 405]; however, @Giri2011 states that it may be used in place of the anusvara, which represents a separate phonemic feature, compromising the language. It also denotes nasalization of preceding consonants [@NBGP2018, p. 5], but given that nasal consonants aren\'t contrastive, the diacritic in these instances will be removed in the rules." |
| "ଂ" "/m/" "called an anusvara, this diacritic represents a nasal, either word-finally or in homorganic sequences (/m/ appears to be underlying) [@Mahapatra1996, p. 404; @Mohapatra2016, p. 23]" |
| "ଃ" "/h/" "called a visarga, this diacritic represents a word-final /h/ [@Mohapatra2016, p. 23]" |
| "୍" "" "called a halanta, this diacritic removes the inherent vowel from a consonant [@Mahapatra1996, p. 404]; however, it is not always marked, which compromises the language [@Ray2003, p. 447]" |
| "◌़" "" "called a nukta, this diacritic indicates non-native sounds [@Ishida2002, p. 4]. Given this, the diacritic will not be accounted for in the rules." |
| '), TRUE) |
|
|
| kable(alphabet, col.names = c("Consonant Grapheme", "Phoneme", "Comment"), align = "c") %>% |
| kable_styling("bordered") |
| ``` |
|
|
| |
|
|
| * Consonant gemination occurs in Odia [@Ray2003, pp. 449-450]. |
| - For many speakers, duplicate consonants undergo degemination [@Ray2003]. |
| * /ɖ/ and /ɖʱ/ may become flaps intervocalically and word-finally [@Ray2003, p. 449]. |
|
|
| |
|
|
| * Aspirated consonants are de-aspirated when preceded by /s/ and followed by a vowel [@Ray2003, p. 449]. |
|
|
| |
|
|
