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| title: "Ossetic" |
| author: "Bill Mizgerd" |
| bibliography: os.bib |
| output: html_document |
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| Last Updated: 2019-12-02 |
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| **COMPROMISED: conflation among /u/, /w/, /ʷ/; some orthographic ambiguity related to consonant gemination** |
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| **Language Family:** Indo-European / Indo-Iranian / Iranian / Eastern / Northeastern / Ossetic |
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| * Also known as Ossetian, it is spoken in Russia and Georgia. |
| * Where dialects diverge, I will be following the more widely spoken Iron dialect. |
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| * A small number of southern dialects include /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ [@OsTesten1997, p. 710]. |
| * @OsAbaev1964 and @OsTesten1997 regard /j/ and /w/ as distinct phonemes (p. 6; p. 711), while @OsThordarson1989 argues that they are just allophones of [i] and [u] respectively (p. 462). I have chosen to include them in the inventory below. |
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| ```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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| library(dplyr) |
| library(knitr) |
| library(kableExtra) |
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| consonants <- read.table(textConnection(' |
| "Manner of Articulation" Labial Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Labiovelar Uvular Labiouvular |
| Stops "p b pʼ" "t d tʼ" "" "" "k ɡ kʼ" "kʷ ɡʷ kʷʼ" "q" "qʷ" |
| Affricates "" "ts dz tsʼ" "tʃ dʒ tʃʼ" "" "" "" "" "" |
| Fricatives "f v" "s z" "" "" "" "" "χ ʁ" "χʷ ʁʷ" |
| Nasals "m" "n" "" "" "" "" "" "" |
| Trills "" "r" "" "" "" "" "" "" |
| Approximants "" "l" "" "j" "" "w" "" "" |
| '), TRUE) |
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| kable(consonants, col.names = c("Manner of Articulation", "Labial", "Alveolar", "Postalveolar", "Palatal", "Velar", "Labiovelar", "Uvular", "Labiouvular"), align = 'c') %>% |
| kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
| add_header_above(c("", "Place of Articulation" = 8)) %>% |
| footnote("Note: From left to right, phonemes that share a cell are voiceless, voiced, and ejective.", general_title = "") %>% |
| column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) |
| ``` |
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| * @OsThordarson1989 argues that /æ/ is actually realized closer to [ɐ] (p. 459). |
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| ```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
| consonants <- read.table(textConnection(' |
| Front Central Back |
| High "i" "ɨ" "u" |
| Mid "e" "" "o" |
| Low "æ" "a" "" |
| '), TRUE) |
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| kable(consonants, align = 'c') %>% |
| kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
| column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) |
| ``` |
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| * There is some amount of orthographic confusion regarding ⟨y⟩, which can be /u/, /w/, or simply a marker of labialization. Therefore, the language is compromised. In the ruleset, I use ⟨y⟩ to mark labialization wherever possible, and default to /u/ otherwise. |
| - **Note:** Due to this, /w/ is not represented. |
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| ```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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| alphabet <- read.table(textConnection(' |
| Grapheme Phoneme Comment |
| "а" "/a/" "" |
| "ӕ" "/æ/" "" |
| "б" "/b/" "" |
| "в" "/v/" "" |
| "г" "/ɡ/" "" |
| "д" "/d/" "" |
| "е" "/e/" "" |
| "з" "/z/" "" |
| "и" "/i/" "" |
| "й" "/j/" "" |
| "к" "/k/" "" |
| "л" "/l/" "" |
| "м" "/m/" "" |
| "н" "/n/" "" |
| "о" "/o/" "" |
| "п" "/p/" "" |
| "р" "/r/" "" |
| "с" "/s/" "" |
| "т" "/t/" "" |
| "у" "/u/; /w/" "/u/: default" |
| "ф" "/f/" "" |
| "х" "/χ/" "" |
| "ц" "/ts/" "" |
| "ч" "/tʃ/" "" |
| "ы" "/ɨ/" "" |
| **Multigraph** "" "" |
| "гу" "/ɡʷ/" "" |
| "гъ" "/ʁ/" "" |
| "гъу" "/ʁʷ/" "" |
| "дж" "/dʒ/" "" |
| "дз" "/dz/" "" |
| "ку" "/kʷ/" "" |
| "къ" "/kʼ/" "" |
| "къу" "/kʷʼ/" "" |
| "пъ" "/pʼ/" "" |
| "тъ" "/tʼ/" "" |
| "ху" "/χʷ/" "" |
| "хъ" "/q/" "" |
| "хъу" "/qʷ/" "" |
| "цъ" "/tsʼ/" "" |
| "чъ" "/tʃʼ/" "" |
| '), TRUE) |
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| kable(alphabet, align = 'c') %>% |
| kable_styling("bordered") |
| ``` |
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| * Word-medial consonants voice after voiced consonants or vowels [@OsAbaev1964, p. 8]. |
| * In a few specific words, /z/ approximantizes to [r] and /n/ approximantizes to [l] (ibid.). |
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| * Epenthesis of [h] occurs before word-initial vowels [@OsThordarson1989, p. 465]. |
| * Gemination (which systematically occurs morphophonologically) causes stops to devoice [@OsTesten1997, pp. 711, 713-15]. It however is not consistently marked orthographically [@OsAbaev1964, p. 9]; thus, it is not reflected in the rule set. |
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