| --- |
| title: "Ankave" |
| author: "Jordan Schuster" |
| bibliography: aak.bib |
| output: html_document |
| --- |
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| Last Updated: 2020-06-24 |
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| # Background |
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| **Language Family:** Trans-New Guinea / Main Section / Central and Western / Angan / Angan Proper |
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| * Also referred to as Angave, this language is spoken in the Gulf Province of Papua New Guinea. |
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| # Phonology |
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| ## Consonants |
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| ```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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| library(dplyr) |
| library(knitr) |
| library(kableExtra) |
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| consonants <- read.table(textConnection(' |
| "Manner of Articulation" Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal |
| "Stops (plain)" "p" "t" "" "k" "ʔ" |
| "Stops (prenasalized)" "ᵐb" "ⁿd" "" "ᵑɡ" "" |
| "Affricates (prenasalized)" "" "ⁿdz" "" "" "" |
| Fricatives "" "s" "" "x" "" |
| Nasals "m" "n" "" "ŋ" "" |
| Flaps "" "ɾ" "" "" "" |
| Approximants "" "" "j" "w" "" |
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| '), TRUE) |
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| kable(consonants, col.names = c("Manner of Articulation", "Bilabial", "Alveolar", "Palatal", "Velar", "Glottal"), align = 'c') %>% |
| kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
| add_header_above(c("", "Place of Articulation" = 5)) %>% |
| column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) |
| ``` |
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| ## Vowels |
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| * @speece1992 transcribes ⟨ɨ⟩ as /ə/ |
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| ```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
| consonants <- read.table(textConnection(' |
| Front Central Back |
| High "i" "" "u" |
| Mid "e" "ɘ" "o" |
| Low "" "a" "" |
| '), TRUE) |
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| kable(consonants, align = 'c') %>% |
| kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
| column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) |
| ``` |
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| # Alphabet |
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| **Note:** ⟨v⟩ appears in Crúbadán only within "Ankave". Our guess is that it acts similarly to other languages in the Trans-New Guinea family, such that it varies freely with [w]. However, we have not yet found evidence to support this. |
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| ```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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| alphabet <- read.table(textConnection(' |
| Grapheme Phoneme |
| "a" "/a/" |
| "b" "/ᵐb/" |
| "d" "/ⁿd/" |
| "e" "/e/" |
| "g" "/ᵑɡ/" |
| "i" "/i/" |
| "ɨ" "/ɘ/" |
| "j" "/ⁿdz/" |
| "k" "/k/" |
| "x" "/x/" |
| "m" "/m/" |
| "n" "/n/" |
| "ŋ" "/ŋ/" |
| "o" "/o/" |
| "p" "/p/" |
| "r" "/ɾ/" |
| "s" "/s/" |
| "t" "/t/" |
| "u" "/u/" |
| "w" "/w/" |
| "y" "/j/" |
| "\'" "/ʔ/" |
| '), TRUE) |
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| kable(alphabet, align = 'c') %>% |
| kable_styling("bordered") |
| ``` |
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| # Syllable Structure |
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| * Ankave syllables include the following structures [@speece1992, p. 3]: |
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| - VV |
| - VC |
| - CV |
| - CVV |
| - CVVV |
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| # Lenition Rules |
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| * When preceded by voicing, stops become fricatives [@speece_phonological_1988, pp. 37-38]. |
| * /p/ may spirantize at a word boundary [@speece_phonological_1988, pp. 45-46]. |
| * When word-initial /ᵐb/ becomes word-medial (i.e., through prefixation), it weakens to [β] [@speece_phonological_1988, p. 46]. |
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| # Misc. Rules |
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| * Vowels may be followed optionally by a glottal stop [@speece1992, p. 3]. |
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| # References |
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