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title: "Apalaí" |
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author: "Emily Strand" |
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bibliography: apy.bib |
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output: html_document |
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Last Updated: 2020-06-25 |
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# Background |
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**Language family**: Carib / Northern / East-West Guiana / Wayana-Trio |
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* Apalaí is spoken in Brazil. |
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# Phonology |
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## Consonants |
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* @Koehn1995 argues for /b/ as an extremely marginal phoneme (p. iii). |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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library(dplyr) |
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library(knitr) |
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library(kableExtra) |
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consonants <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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"Manner of Articulation" Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal |
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Stops "p" "t" "" "" "k" "ʔ" |
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Affricates "" "" "" "" "" "" |
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Fricatives "" "s z" "ʃ" "" "" "" |
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Nasals "m" "n" "" "" "" "" |
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Flaps "" "ɾ" "" "" "" "" |
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Approximants "w" "" "" "j" "" "" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(consonants, col.names = c("Manner of Articulation", "Bilabial", "Alveolar", "Postalveolar", "Palatal", "Velar", "Glottal"), align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
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add_header_above(c("", "Place of Articulation" = 6)) %>% |
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column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) %>% |
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footnote(general = "Note: Where two phonemes share a cell, those on the left are voiceless and those on the right are voiced.", general_title = "") |
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``` |
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## Vowels |
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* Nasal vowels are contrastive in Apalaí [@Koehn1971, p. 3]. Nasal vowels are indicated by a tilde (˜) [@Koehn1995, p. iii]. |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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vowels <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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Front Central Back |
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High "i" "ɨ" "u" |
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Mid "e" "" "o" |
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Low "" "a" "" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(vowels, align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
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column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) |
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``` |
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# Alphabet |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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alphabet <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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Grapheme Phoneme |
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"a" "/a/" |
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"e" "/e/" |
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"h" "/ʔ/" |
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"i" "/i/" |
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"j" "/j/" |
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"k" "/k/" |
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"m" "/m/" |
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"n" "/n/" |
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"o" "/o/" |
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"p" "/p/" |
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"r" "/ɾ/" |
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"s" "/s/" |
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"t" "/t/" |
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"u" "/u/" |
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"w" "/w/" |
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"x" "/ʃ/" |
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"y" "/ɨ/" |
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"z" "/z/" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(alphabet, align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") |
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``` |
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# Syllable Structure |
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* Syllables in Apalaí follow the order of (C)V(C) [@Koehn1971, p. 4]. |
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# Misc. Rules |
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* /k/ may be realized as [ɣ] in unstressed final syllables preceding words beginning with stressed /a/ [@Koehn1971, p. 3]. |
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* In some dialects, /t/ and /k/ may palatalize following /i/. The palatalization of /t/ may result in some frication (ibid). |
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* /n/ may be realized as [ɲ] when contiguous with /i/ (ibid.). |
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# References |
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