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title: "Aymara" |
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author: "Bill Mizgerd" |
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bibliography: ay.bib |
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output: html_document |
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Last Updated: 2020-06-26 |
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**Language Family**: Aymaran |
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* Aymara is a Native American language spoken along the Andean Mountains in Bolivia, Peru, and Chile. |
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* Voiced stops are not native to Aymara, but do appear in some loanwords [@AyWexler1967, p. xiv]. |
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* Wexler argues for /r/ rather than /ɾ/ [@AyWexler1967, p. xiv]; Briggs, meanwhile, argues that [r] exists as an allophone of /ɾ/ [@AyBriggs1976, p. 82]. |
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* /ŋ/ is phonemic in a small number of dialects [@AyBriggs1976, pp. 82-83]. |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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library(dplyr) |
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library(knitr) |
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library(kableExtra) |
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consonants <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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"Manner of Articulation" Labial Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Uvular |
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Stops "p pʰ pʼ" "t tʰ tʼ" "" "" "k kʰ kʼ" "q qʰ qʼ" |
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Affricates "" "" "tʃ tʃʰ tʃʼ" "" "" "" |
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Fricatives "" "s" "" "" "x" "χ" |
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Nasals "m" "n" "" "ɲ" "" "" |
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Flaps "" "ɾ" "" "" "" "" |
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Approximants "w" "l" "" "j ʎ" "" "" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(consonants, col.names = c("Manner of Articulation", "Labial", "Alveolar", "Postalveolar", "Palatal", "Velar", "Uvular"), align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
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add_header_above(c("", "Place of Articulation" = 6)) %>% |
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footnote(general = "Note: From left to right, phonemes in a given cell are plain, aspirated, and ejective; the exception is in the approximants row, where the phoneme on the right of a cell is lateral.", general_title = "") %>% |
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column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) |
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``` |
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* Older sources also include [e] and [o], but these are allophones of /i/ and /u/ that emerge next to uvular obstruents [@AyWexler1967, p. xiv]. |
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* Vowel length is phonemic [@AyBriggs1976, p. 80]. Long vowels are marked with an umlaut (¨) [@AyColer2014, p. 31]. |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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consonants <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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Front Central Back |
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High "i" "" "u" |
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Low "" "a" "" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(consonants, align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
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column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) |
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``` |
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* The orthography I will be using is the Unified Alphabet, which was made official by the governments of Bolivia and Peru in 1984 and 1985 respectively [@AyColer2014, pp. 31-32]. Older sources, such as Wexler and Hardman, use different orthographies. |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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alphabet <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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Grapheme Phoneme Comment |
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"a" "/a/" "" |
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"i" "/i/" "" |
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"j" "/x/" "" |
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"k" "/k/" "" |
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"k\'" "/kʼ/" "" |
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"l" "/l/" "" |
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"m" "/m/" "" |
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"n" "/n/" "" |
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"ñ" "/ɲ/" "" |
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"p" "/p/" "" |
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"p\'" "/pʼ/" "" |
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"q" "/q/" "" |
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"q\'" "/qʼ/" "" |
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"r" "/ɾ/" "" |
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"s" "/s/" "" |
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"t" "/t/" "" |
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"t\'" "/tʼ/" "" |
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"u" "/u/" "" |
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"w" "/w/" "" |
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"x" "/χ/" "" |
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"y" "/j/" "" |
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**Multigraph** "" "" |
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"ch" "/tʃ/" "" |
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"chh" "/tʃʰ/" "" |
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"ch\'" "/tʃʼ/" "" |
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"kh" "/kʰ/" "" |
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"ll" "/ʎ/" "" |
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"nh" "/ŋ/" "only phonemic in some dialects (given the option to transcribe in the rules)" |
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"ph" "/pʰ/" "" |
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"qh" "/qʰ/" "" |
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"th" "/tʰ/" "" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(alphabet, align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") |
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``` |
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* Roots are typically either CV(C)CV or (less commonly) V(C)CV. Most suffixes are CV but there are several other options [@AyColer2014, p. 29]. |
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* Vowel clusters are avoided [@AyHardman1981, p. 190]. |
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* /x/ debuccalizes to [h] in some dialects [@AyBriggs1976, p. 84]. |
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* Word-final vowels can be devoiced and are sometimes dropped [@AyHardman1981, p. 190]. |
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* /χ/ and /ɾ/ rarely if ever occur word-initially [@AyBriggs1976, p. 87]. |
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* Glides and vowels do not occur adjacent to each other [@AyBriggs1976, p. 89]. |
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* High vowels are lowered in uvular environments [@AyBriggs1976, p. 85]. |
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* Nasals assimilate to following consonants [@AyColer2014, pp. 41-42]. |
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