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title: "Bislama" |
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author: "Becky Mathew" |
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bibliography: bi.bib |
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output: html_document |
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Last Updated: 2020-06-23 |
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**Language family**: Creole / English-based / Pacific |
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* Bislama is a relatively new language (from the mid 19th century) that is the national language of Vanuatu, a Pacific island country. Bislama is a creole language that has some basis in English [@crowley2004, pp. 1-2]. |
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* Not all speakers make a contrast between voiced and voiceless stops and between /v/ and /f/ [@crowley2004, p. 14]. |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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library(dplyr) |
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library(knitr) |
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library(kableExtra) |
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consonants <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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"Manner of Articulation" Labial Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal |
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Stops "p b" "t d" "" "" "k ɡ" "" |
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Affricates "" "" "tʃ" "" "" "" |
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Fricatives "f v" "s" "" "" "" "h" |
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Nasals "m" "n" "" "" "ŋ" "" |
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Flaps "" "ɾ" "" "" "" "" |
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Approximants "w" "l" "" "j" "" "" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(consonants, col.names = c("Manner of Articulation", "Labial", "Alveolar", "Postalveolar", "Palatal", "Velar", "Glottal"), align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
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add_header_above(c("", "Place of Articulation" = 6)) %>% |
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column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) %>% |
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footnote(general = "Note: For phonemes that share a cell, those on the left are voiceless and those on the right are voiced.", general_title = "") |
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``` |
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* Although consecutive vowels are apparent in Bislama, there is much controversy around their interpretation as complex phonemes or vowel sequences. I have chosen not to include them in the inventory based on the argument that they are representative of vowel sequences [@Lynch1975, p. 195]. |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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vowels <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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Front Central Back |
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High "i" "" "u" |
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Mid "e" "" "o" |
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Low "" "a" "" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(vowels, align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
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column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) |
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``` |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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alphabet <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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Grapheme Phoneme |
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"a" "/a/" |
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"b" "/b/" |
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"d" "/d/" |
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"e" "/e/" |
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"f" "/f/" |
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"g" "/ɡ/" |
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"h" "/h/" |
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"i" "/i/" |
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"j" "/tʃ/" |
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"k" "/k/" |
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"l" "/l/" |
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"m" "/m/" |
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"n" "/n/" |
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"o" "/o/" |
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"p" "/p/" |
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"r" "/ɾ/" |
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"s" "/s/" |
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"t" "/t/" |
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"u" "/u/" |
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"v" "/v/" |
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"w" "/w/" |
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"y" "/j/" |
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**Digraph** "" |
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"ng" "/ŋ/" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(alphabet, align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") |
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``` |
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* /h/ is frequently deleted intervocalically [@crowley2004, p. 14]. |
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* /h/ may often be epenthesized preceding vowels in word-initial positions [@crowley2004, p. 14]. |
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