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| title: "Anjam" |
| author: "Daniela Wiepert" |
| bibliography: boj.bib |
| output: html_document |
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| Last Updated: 2020-06-26 |
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| # Background |
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| **Language Family:** Trans-New Guinea / Madang-Adelbert Range / Madang / Rai Coast / Mindjim |
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| * Anjam is spoken in the Madang province of Papua New Guinea. |
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| # Phonology |
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| ## Consonants |
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| * /j/ and /w/ are considered consonants in non-syllabic positions (i.e. in the onset or coda) [@rucker1990, p. 2]. |
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| ```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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| library(dplyr) |
| library(knitr) |
| library(kableExtra) |
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| consonants <- read.table(textConnection(' |
| "Manner of Articulation" Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular |
| Stops "p b" "t d" "" "k ɡ" "q" |
| Affricates "" "dʑ" "" "" "" |
| Fricatives "" "s" "" "" "" |
| Nasals "m" "n" "ɲ" "ŋ" "" |
| Trills "" "r" "" "" "" |
| Approximants "" "l" "j" "w" "" |
| '), TRUE) |
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| kable(consonants, col.names = c("Manner of Articulation", "Bilabial", "Alveolar", "Palatal", "Velar", "Uvular"), align = 'c') %>% |
| kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
| add_header_above(c("", "Place of Articulation" = 5)) %>% |
| footnote(general = "Note: For phonemes that share a cell, those on the left are voiceless and those on the right are voiced.", general_title = "") %>% |
| column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) |
| ``` |
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| ## Vowels |
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| ```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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| vowels <- read.table(textConnection(' |
| Front Central Back |
| High "i" "" "u" |
| Mid "e" "" "o" |
| Low "" "a" "" |
| '), TRUE) |
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| kable(vowels, align = 'c') %>% |
| kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
| column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) |
| ``` |
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| # Alphabet |
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| * A large percentage of the corpus (roughly 20%) seems to consist of ⟨ý⟩; however, it is unclear what this grapheme represents. At first glance, we thought it indicated stress or phonetic vowel length; however, stress is not orthographically marked and the acute accent only appears atop this one grapheme [@rucker2000, p. 4]. Looking deeper, we found that it's seemingly present only in scripture [@Anjam2013], so we have opted not to include it. |
| * **Note:** /ŋ/ is not represented in the Crúbadán corpus. |
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| ```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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| alphabet <- read.table(textConnection(' |
| Grapheme Phoneme |
| "a" "/a/" |
| "b" "/b/" |
| "d" "/d/" |
| "e" "/e/" |
| "g" "/ɡ/" |
| "i" "/i/" |
| "j" "/dʑ/" |
| "k" "/k/" |
| "l" "/l/" |
| "m" "/m/" |
| "n" "/n/" |
| "ñ" "/ɲ/" |
| "ŋ" "/ŋ/" |
| "o" "/o/" |
| "p" "/p/" |
| "q" "/q/" |
| "r" "/r/" |
| "s" "/s/" |
| "t" "/t/" |
| "u" "/u/" |
| "w" "/w/" |
| "y" "/j/" |
| '), TRUE) |
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| kable(alphabet, align = "c") %>% |
| kable_styling("bordered") |
| ``` |
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| # Syllable Structure |
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| * Syllables in Anjam follow the order of (C)(C)V(V)(C)(C) [@rucker2000, p. 4]. |
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| # Misc. Rules |
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| * /p/ and /b/ neutralize to /p/ word finally [@rucker2000, p. 4]. |
| * /dʑ/ devoices word-finally [@rucker2000, p.4]. |
| * /i/ deletes when followed by /r/ across a morpheme boundary [@rucker2000, p. 28]. |
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| # References |
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