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title: "Chayahuita" |
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author: "Bill Mizgerd" |
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bibliography: cbt.bib |
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output: html_document |
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Last Updated: 2020-06-26 |
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**Language Family**: Cahuapanan |
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* The language is known by several names, the most common of which are Chayahuita and Shawi. |
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* Chayahuita is spoken within the Loreto and San Martin regions in northern Peru, and along the Paranapura, Cahuapanas, Sillay, and Shanusi rivers. |
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* /β/ is attested as phonemic in @CbtPhonemesUCB, but is described as allophonic in @CbtBarraza2005 (see the Misc. Rules section). |
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* @CbtHart1976 and @CbtBarraza2005 both list /r/ as a "vibrant," a general term that could mean either a trill or a flap; because @CbtPhonemesUCB comes down decisively on the side of the flap, I have opted for that analysis. |
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* /ʔ/ and /h/ only contrast before voiceless consonants; otherwise, only /ʔ/ is attested [@CbtBarraza2005, p. 53]. Because of this, and because of the lack of clear attestation of /h/ in the orthography (i.e. sometimes, but not always, ⟨h⟩ is marked), I have opted to only use /ʔ/. |
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- Neither glottal consonant is attested as phonemic in @CbtHart1976. |
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* /ɾ/ and the glottal consonants do not occur word-initially [@CbtBarraza2005, p. 47]. |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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library(dplyr) |
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library(knitr) |
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library(kableExtra) |
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consonants <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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"Manner of Articulation" Labial Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal |
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Stops "p" "t" "" "" "k" "ʔ" |
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Affricates "" "" "tʃ" "" "" "" |
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Fricatives "" "s" "ʃ" "" "" "" |
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Nasals "m" "n" "" "" "" "" |
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Flaps "" "ɾ" "" "" "" "" |
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Approximants "w" "" "" "j" "" "" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(consonants, col.names = c("Manner of Articulation", "Labial", "Alveolar", "Postalveolar", "Palatal", "Velar", "Glottal"), align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
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add_header_above(c("", "Place of Articulation" = 6)) %>% |
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column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) |
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``` |
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* @CbtHart1976 list four suprasegmental features that can be added to vowels: (length) /ː/, (aspiration) /ʰ/, (glottalization) /ˀ/, and (nasalization) /◌̃/ (p. 2). These do not seem, however, to be phonemic. |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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consonants <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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Front Central Back |
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High "i" "ɨ" "u" |
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Low "" "a" "" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(consonants, align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
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column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) |
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``` |
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* Spanish loanwords into Chayahuita incorporate several letters not used in native words: ⟨d e f j l ñ u z⟩ [@CbtOrthography]. However, these rarely occur, so I have omitted them from the ruleset. |
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* The acute accent indicates "emphasis or intensity" but does not carry phonemic value [@CbtOrthography]. Thus, accented vowels will be transcribed to their plain counterparts. |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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alphabet <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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Grapheme Phoneme Comment |
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"a" "/a/" "" |
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"c" "/k/" "" |
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"ë" "/ɨ/" "" |
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"i" "/i/" "" |
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"m" "/m/" "" |
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"n" "/n/" "" |
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"o" "/u/" "" |
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"p" "/p/" "" |
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"q" "/k/" "typically followed by ⟨u⟩" |
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"r" "/ɾ/" "" |
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"s" "/s/" "" |
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"t" "/t/" "" |
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"y" "/j/" "" |
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"\'" "/ʔ/" "" |
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**Digraph** "" "" |
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"ch" "/tʃ/" "" |
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"hu" "/w/" "" |
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"sh" "/ʃ/" "" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(alphabet, align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") |
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``` |
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* Chayahuita has a (C)V(C) syllable structure [@CbtBarraza2005, p. 43]. |
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* Root-final nasals delete in suffixed words [@CbtBarraza2005, p. 45-46]. |
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* Consonants voice when (1) preceded by a nasal or (2) occurring in the third or later syllable of a word [@CbtBarraza2005, pp. 48-49; @CbtHart1976, pp. 5-6]. |
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* However, consonants do not voice in /ʔ/-final syllables (ibid.). |
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* For some speakers, especially near the Cahuapanas River, consonants in such positions weaken even farther, either becoming a glide or deleting completely [@CbtBarraza2005, p. 49]. |
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* Suffix-initial consonants are deleted when between two identical vowels. In such cases, the adjacent vowels are produced as a single long vowel [@CbtBarraza2005, p. 50]. |
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* Word-final nasals delete, and nasalize their preceding vowel [@CbtBarraza2005, p. 56]. |
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* /w/ deletes in the following sequences: /uwa, uwi/ [@CbtBarraza2005, p. 44]. |
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* /w/ spirantizes to [β] before /i/ [@CbtBarraza2005, pp. 51-52; @CbtHart1976, p. 7]. |
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* /j/ deletes when preceded by /i/ and followed by /a/ (ibid.). |
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* Various minimal pairs can be found on pages 39-42 of @CbtBarraza2005. |
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* When a vowel-initial suffix is added onto the end of a vowel-final root, the consecutive vowels are reanalyzed into a diphthong [@CbtBarraza2005, p. 45]. |
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* /p/ and /m/ are produced as [pʷ] and [mʷ] when before /ɨ/ [@CbtBarraza2005, p. 51; @CbtHart1976, p. 5]. |
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* Epenthesis of /ʔ/ occurs at the end of monosyllabic roots, as well as between root-medial identical vowels [@CbtBarraza2005, p. 53]. |
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* Nasals assimilate to the place of articulation of following consonants [@CbtBarraza2005, p. 51; @CbtHart1976, p. 7]. |
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* /s/ palatalizes to [ʃ] before /i/; in this environment, the contrast between /s/ and /ʃ/ is neutralized [@CbtBarraza2005, p. 52]. |
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* Similarly, word-medial /t/ goes to [tʃ] before /i/ [@CbtBarraza2005, pp. 52-53]. |
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* When occurring after a consonant-final syllable, /ɾ/ nasalizes to [n] [@CbtBarraza2005, p. 55]. |
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* In the sequence /tuɾu/, the first /u/ deletes [@CbtBarraza2005, p. 57]. |
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* The sequence /wɨ/ collapses to [u] word-finally (ibid.). |
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