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title: "Czech" |
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author: "Emily Strand" |
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bibliography: cs.bib |
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output: html_document |
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Last updated: 2020-06-26 |
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# Background |
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**Language Family**: Indo-European / Slavic / West / Czech-Slovak |
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* Speakers of Czech reside in a multitude of places included, but not limited to, the Czech Republic, Bosnia, Croatia, Slovenia, and Serbia. |
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# Phonology |
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## Consonants |
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* @harkins_modern_1980 argue for /t/, /d/, and /n/ as dental consonants (p. 4); however, @simackova_czech_2012 and @bican_phonotactics_2011 do not (p. 226; p. 14). |
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* @bican_phonotactics_2011 argues for /ɣ/ rather than /ɦ/ (p. 15). |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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library(dplyr) |
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library(knitr) |
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library(kableExtra) |
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consonants <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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"Manner of Articulation" Labial Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal |
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Stops "p b" "t d" "" "c ɟ" "k ɡ" "" |
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Affricates "" "ts" "tʃ" "" "" "" |
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Fricatives "f v" "s z" "ʃ ʒ" "" "x" "ɦ" |
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Nasals "m" "n" "" "ɲ" "" "" |
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Trills "" "r r̝" "" "" "" "" |
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Approximants "" "l" "" "j" "" "" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(consonants, col.names = c("Manner of Articulation", "Labial", "Alveolar", "Postalveolar", "Palatal", "Velar", "Glottal"), align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
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add_header_above(c("", "Place of Articulation" = 6)) %>% |
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column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) %>% |
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footnote(general = "Note: For phonemes that share a cell, those on the left are voiceless and those on the right are voiced. Both alveolar trills are voiced, but the phoneme on the right is pronounced with frication.", general_title = "") |
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``` |
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## Vowels |
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* Vowel length is contrastive in Czech, although /oː/ only appears in loanwords. Long vowels are indicated by an acute accent (´). An overring (˚) atop ⟨u⟩ also indicates length [@harkins_modern_1980, p. 7]. |
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* /eu/ and /au/ were introduced into the Czech language through loanwords; however, now days they are included in the vowel inventory [@bican_phonotactics_2011, p. 21; @simackova_czech_2012, p. 23]. |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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vowels <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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Front Central Back |
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High "i" "" "u" |
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Mid "ɛ" "" "o" |
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Low "" "a" "" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(vowels, align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
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column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) |
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``` |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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diphthongs <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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Diphthongs |
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"/ɛu/, /au/, /ou/" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(diphthongs, align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") |
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``` |
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# Alphabet |
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* Preceding /i/, ⟨ť⟩, ⟨ď⟩, and ⟨ň⟩ are written as ⟨t⟩, ⟨d⟩, and ⟨n⟩, respectively [@harkins_modern_1980, p. 6]. This does not pose any ambiguity related to whether the alveolar or palatal consonants are underlying because ⟨t⟩, ⟨d⟩, and ⟨n⟩, representing /t/, /d/, and /n/, respectively (in native words), are never followed by ⟨i⟩ or ⟨í⟩ [@harkins_modern_1980, p. 12]. |
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- Also, preceding /ɛ/, ⟨ť⟩, ⟨ď⟩, and ⟨ň⟩ are written as ⟨t⟩, ⟨d⟩, and ⟨n⟩, respectively, + ⟨ě⟩ (ibid.). This also does not create ambiguity, given that ⟨t⟩, ⟨d⟩, and ⟨n⟩, representing /t/, /d/, and /n/, respectively (in native words), are never followed by ⟨ě⟩. |
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* ⟨ó⟩, ⟨q⟩, ⟨w⟩, and ⟨x⟩ appear in loanwords [@harkins_modern_1980, pp. 2-3]. |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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alphabet <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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Grapheme Phoneme Comment |
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"a" "/a/" "" |
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"á" "/aː/" "" |
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"b" "/b/" "" |
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"c" "/ts/" "" |
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"č" "/tʃ/" "" |
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"d" "/d/" "" |
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"ď" "/ɟ/" "the uppercase form is ⟨Ď⟩" |
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"e" "/ɛ/" "" |
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"é" "/ɛː/" "" |
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"ě" "/ɛ/; /jɛ/" "/ɛ/ following palatal consonants; /jɛ/ elsewhere" |
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"f" "/f/" "" |
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"g" "/ɡ/" "" |
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"h" "/ɦ/" "" |
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"i" "/i/" "" |
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"í" "/iː/" "" |
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"j" "/j/" "" |
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"k" "/k/" "" |
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"l" "/l/" "" |
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"m" "/m/" "" |
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"n" "/n/" "" |
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"ň" "/ɲ/" "" |
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"o" "/o/" "" |
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"p" "/p/" "" |
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"r" "/r/" "" |
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"ř" "/r̝/" "" |
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"s" "/s/" "" |
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"š" "/ʃ/" "" |
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"t" "/t/" "" |
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"ť" "/c/" "the uppercase form is ⟨Ť⟩" |
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"u" "/u/" "" |
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"ú" "/uː/" "" |
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"ů" "/uː/" "" |
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"v" "/v/" "" |
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"y" "/i/" "" |
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"ý" "/iː/" "" |
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"z" "/z/" "" |
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"ž" "/ʒ/" "" |
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**Digraph** "" "" |
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"ch" "/x/" "" |
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"au" "/au̯/" "" |
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"eu" "/ɛu̯/" "" |
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"ou" "/ou̯/" "" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(alphabet, align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") |
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``` |
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# Lenition Rules |
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* Voiceless consonants become voiced if followed by voiced consonants [@harkins_modern_1980, p. 10]. |
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* /j/ may delete word-initially if preceding a consonant [@harkins_modern_1980, p. 14]. |
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* /ɦ/ is present in the language due to the lenition of /ɡ/, which is common within the Slavic languages [@sussex_slavic_2006, p. 143]. |
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* Consonant gemination is typically avoided in Czech [@harkins_modern_1980, p. 9]. Instances of it typically undergo degemination. |
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* /d/ may be realized intervocalically as a flap [@Machac2009 as cited in @simackova_czech_2012, p. 226]. |
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* /v/ may approximate to [ʋ] [@Skarnitzl2005 as cited in @simackova_czech_2012, p. 226]. |
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# Misc. Rules |
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* Glottal epenthesis occurs preceding vowels in word-initial positions [@harkins_modern_1980, p. 13]. |
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* The voiceless plosives are often aspirated, but it's not contrastive to their non-aspirated counterparts [@harkins_modern_1980, p. 5]. |
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* /n/ assimilates in place preceding velar consonants and /m/ assimilates in place preceding labio-dental consonants [@simackova_czech_2012, pp. 226-227]. |
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# References |
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