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title: "Chuvash" |
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author: "Emily Strand" |
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bibliography: cv.bib |
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output: html_document |
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Last Updated: 2019-08-06 |
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**Language Family**: Turkic / Bolgar |
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* Chuvash, also called Bulgar, is spoken in the Chuvashia republic in western Russia. |
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* /b/, /d/, /g/, /f/, /z/, /ʒ/, /ts/, and /dʒ/ are preserved only in loanwords (Russian) [@johanson_chuvash_2006, p. 434]. Therefore, voicing is not phonemic within the Chuvash language. |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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library(dplyr) |
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library(knitr) |
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library(kableExtra) |
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consonants <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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"Manner of Articulation" Labial Alveolar Alveopalatal Postalveolar Palatal Velar |
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Stops "p" "t" "" "" "" "k" |
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Affricates "" "" "" "tʃ" "" "" |
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Fricatives "v" "s" "ɕ" "ʃ" "" "χ" |
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Nasals "m" "n" "" "" "" "" |
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Trills "" "r" "" "" "" "" |
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Approximants "" "l" "" "" "j" "" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(consonants, col.names = c("Manner of Articulation", "Labial", "Alveolar", "Alveolo-Palatal", "Postalveolar", "Palatal", "Velar"), align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
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add_header_above(c("", "Place of Articulation" = 6)) %>% |
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column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) |
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``` |
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* There is some debate concerning /ӗ/ and /ӑ/ in terms of what phonemes they actually represent. They are said to be reduced, with /ӑ/ being a back-to-central vowel and /ӗ/ being a front to central vowel [@johanson_chuvash_2006, p. 434]. Based on this description and the diagram he provides, I have chosen to use /ɛ/ and /ʌ/. |
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* **Note:** /o/ does not seem to be included in the phonemic inventory; however, it is often mentioned as appearing heavily through Russian loanwords (and in the Crúbadán corpus) [@johanson_chuvash_2006, p. 434]. I have opted to include it in the ruleset. |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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vowels <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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Front Back |
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High "i y" "ɯ u" |
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High-Mid "e" "" |
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Low-Mid "ɛ" "ʌ" |
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Low "" "ɑ" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(vowels, align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
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column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) %>% |
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footnote(general = "Note: The high front and back vowel are ordered unrounded and rounded. The rest of the vowels are unrounded.", general_title = "") |
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``` |
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* Much of the grapheme to phoneme mapping was inferred from @kruger_chuvash_1997. |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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alphabet <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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Grapheme Phoneme Comment |
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"a" "/ɑ/" "" |
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"ӑ" "/ʌ/" "" |
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"в" "/v/" "" |
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"e" "/je/; /e/" "/je/: word-initially; /e/: elsewhere" |
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"ӗ" "/ɛ/" "" |
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"и" "/i/" "" |
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"й" "/j/" "" |
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"к" "/k/" "" |
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"л" "/l/" "" |
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"м" "/m/" "" |
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"н" "/n/" "" |
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"п" "/p/" "" |
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"о" "/o/" "appears heavily in loanwords" |
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"р" "/r/" "" |
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"с" "/s/" "" |
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"ҫ" "/ɕ/" "" |
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"т" "/t/" "" |
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"у" "/u/" "" |
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"ӳ" "/y/" "" |
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"х" "/χ/" "" |
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"ч" "/tʃ/" "" |
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"ш" "/ʃ/" "" |
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"ы" "/ɯ/" "" |
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"э" "/e/" "" |
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"ю" "/ju/" "" |
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"я" "/jɑ/" "" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(alphabet, align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") |
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``` |
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* Voiceless consonants are voiced intervocalically, after sonorants, and before vowels [@johanson_chuvash_2006, p. 435] |
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* Consonants palatalize preceding and following front vowels [@johanson_chuvash_2006, p. 435]. |
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* The Chuvash language requires vowel harmony [@johanson_chuvash_2006, p. 436]. |
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* Gemination can occur with any consonant (specification only on native phonemes) [@dobrovolsky_chuvash_1996, p. 31]. |
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* Geminate consonants are realized as voiceless (ibid.). |
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