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| title: "Daga" |
| author: "Justin Bai" |
| bibliography: dgz.bib |
| output: html_document |
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| Last updated: 2019-12-16 |
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| # Background |
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| **Language family**: Trans–New Guinea / Main Section / Eastern / Central and Southeastern / Dagan |
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| * Daga is spoken in the Central, Milne Bay, and Oro provinces of Papua New Guinea. |
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| # Phonology |
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| ## Consonants |
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| ```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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| library(dplyr) |
| library(knitr) |
| library(kableExtra) |
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| consonants <- read.table(textConnection(' |
| "Manner of Articulation" Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar |
| Stops "p b" "t d" "" "k ɡ" |
| Nasals "m" "n" "" "" |
| Trills "" "r" "" "" |
| Approximants "w" "" "j" "" |
| '), TRUE) |
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| kable(consonants, col.names = c("Manner of Articulation", "Bilabial", "Alveolar", "Palatal", "Velar"), align = 'c') %>% |
| kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
| add_header_above(c("", "Place of Articulation" = 4)) %>% |
| column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) %>% |
| footnote(general = "Note: For phonemes that share a cell, those on the left are voiceless and those on the right are voiced.", general_title = "") |
| ``` |
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| ## Vowels |
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| * Like many Trans-New Guinea languages, Daga includes a large amount of diphthongs (and some triphthongs) [@sil2011daga, pp. 2-3]. However, these can also be interpreted as vowel sequences [@John1972, p. 24], so they won't be accounted for in the rules. |
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| ```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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| vowels <- read.table(textConnection(' |
| Front Central Back |
| High "i" "" "u" |
| Mid "e" "" "o" |
| Low "" "a" "" |
| '), TRUE) |
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| kable(vowels, align = 'c') %>% |
| kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
| column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) |
| ``` |
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| # Alphabet |
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| * There is some debate as to how ⟨a⟩ is realized: @Murane1974 transcribes it as /a/ whereas @sil2011daga uses /ɑ/ (p. 5; p. 1). I have opted to use /a/ in the ruleset. |
| * ⟨l⟩ appears in loanword proper nouns [@sil2011daga, p. 3]. |
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| ```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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| alphabet <- read.table(textConnection(' |
| Grapheme Phoneme |
| "a" "/a/" |
| "b" "/b/" |
| "d" "/d/" |
| "e" "/e/" |
| "g" "/ɡ/" |
| "i" "/i/" |
| "k" "/k/" |
| "m" "/m/" |
| "n" "/n/" |
| "o" "/o/" |
| "p" "/p/" |
| "r" "/r/" |
| "s" "/t/" |
| "t" "/t/" |
| "u" "/u/" |
| "v" "/w/" |
| "w" "/w/" |
| "y" "/j/" |
| '), TRUE) |
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| kable(alphabet, align = 'c') %>% |
| kable_styling("bordered") |
| ``` |
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| # Syllable Structure |
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| * Syllables in Daga include the following structures [@sil2011daga, p. 3]: |
| - V |
| - VV |
| - VC |
| - CV |
| - CVV |
| - CVC |
| - CVVC |
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| # Lenition |
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| * /t/ spirantizes to [s] preceding front vowels [@sil2011daga, p. 3]. |
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| # Misc. Rules |
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| * There is free variation between /r/, [ɾ], and [l] [@John1972, p. 20]. |
| * /n/ assimilates to velar stops (ibid.). |
| * /w/ becomes [β] preceding front vowels (ibid.). |
| * A phonetic glottal stop is epenthesized preceding word-initial vowels, between like-vowels, and following all word-final vowels (ibid.). |
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| # References |
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