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title: "Guhu-Samane" |
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author: "Emily Strand" |
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bibliography: ghs.bib |
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output: html_document |
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Last updated: 2020-06-03 |
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# Background |
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**Language family**: Trans-New Guinea / Main Section / Eastern / Binanderean / Guhu-Samane |
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* Guhu-Samane is spoken in the Oro and Morobe provinces of Papua New Guinea. |
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# Phonology |
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## Consonants |
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* /艐/ is only found initially and medially [@Richert2002, p. 13]. |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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library(dplyr) |
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library(knitr) |
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library(kableExtra) |
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consonants <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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"Manner of Articulation" Labial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Velar Glottal |
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Stops "p b" "t酞" "t" "" "k 伞" "蕯" |
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Affricates "" "" "dz" "" "kx" "" |
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Fricatives "" "" "s" "" "" "h" |
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Nasals "m" "" "n" "" "艐" "" |
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Flaps "" "" "" "山" "" "" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(consonants, col.names = c("Manner of Articulation", "Labial", "Dental", "Alveolar", "Retroflex", "Velar", "Glottal"), align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
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add_header_above(c("", "Place of Articulation" = 6)) %>% |
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column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) %>% |
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footnote(general = "Note: For phonemes that share a cell, those on the left are voiceless and those on the right are voiced.", general_title = "") |
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``` |
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## Vowels |
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* Vowel length is phonemic. Long vowels are represented by duplicate graphemes [@Richert2002, p. 11]. |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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vowels <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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Front Central Back |
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High "i" "" "u" |
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Mid "e" "" "o" |
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Low "" "a" "" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(vowels, align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") %>% |
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column_spec(1, bold = TRUE) |
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diphthongs <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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Diphthongs |
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"/ae/, /ai/, /ao/, /au/, /ei/, /eo/, /eu/, /iu/, /oe/, /oi/, /ou/, /ui/" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(diphthongs, align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") |
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``` |
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# Alphabet |
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```{r echo=FALSE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, results = 'asis'} |
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alphabet <- read.table(textConnection(' |
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Grapheme Phoneme |
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"a" "/a/" |
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"b" "/b/" |
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"e" "/e/" |
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"g" "/伞/" |
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"h" "/h/" |
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"i" "/i/" |
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"k" "/k/" |
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"m" "/m/" |
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"n" "/n/" |
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"o" "/o/" |
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"p" "/p/" |
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"q" "/蕯/" |
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"r" "/山/" |
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"s" "/s/" |
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"t" "/t/" |
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"u" "/u/" |
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**Digraph** "" |
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"dz" "/dz/" |
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"kh" "/kx/" |
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"ng" "/艐/" |
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"tt" "/t酞/" |
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'), TRUE) |
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kable(alphabet, align = 'c') %>% |
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kable_styling("bordered") |
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``` |
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# Lenition Rules |
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* /b/ is realized as /尾/ intervocalically [@Richert2002, p. 12]. |
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* /t/ varies with /s/ frequently in the Garaina dialect (ibid.). |
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# Misc. Rules |
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* /山/ is realized as [蓷] following /i/ [@Richert2002, p. 13]. |
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* /山/ is realized as [森] following /u/ (ibid.). |
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# References |
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