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Last updated: 2020-06-26

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COMPROMISED: ambiguity due to non-standard alphabet; conflation of dental and alveolar consonants /t̪/ and /t/ (most likely with the others as well)

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Background

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Language Family: Araucanian

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Phonology

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Consonants

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  • In some dialects of Mapudungun, the distinction between the dental and alveolar phonemes have merged (Sadowsky et al. 2013, 89), leaving the dentals to appear as a result of allophonic variation.
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  • /ʃ/ is rather infrequent, often alternating with /s/, yet it is still considered in most sources to be a phoneme (Smeets 2008, 23).
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+Place of Articulation +
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+Manner of Articulation + +Labial + +Dental + +Alveolar + +Postalveolar + +Retroflex + +Palatal + +Velar +
+Stops + +p + +t̪ + +t + + + + +k +
+Affricates + + + + +tʃ + +ʈʂ + + +
+Fricatives + +f + +θ + +s + +ʃ + +ʐ + + +ɣ +
+Nasals + +m + +n̪ + +n + + + +ɲ + +ŋ +
+Approximants + + +l̪ + +l + + + +j ʎ + +w +
+ Note: The palatal approximant on the right is lateral. +
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Vowels

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  • Diphthongs aren’t prevalent in Mapudungun; however, /ae/ is generally realized as one (Smeets 2008, 52). Because it can also occur as a sequence of vowels, it will not be transcribed in the rules.
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+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +Front + +Central + +Back +
+High + +i + + +u +
+Mid + +e + +ɘ + +o +
+Low + + +a + +
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Alphabet

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+Grapheme + +Phoneme + +Comment +
+a + +/a/ + +
+d + +/θ/ + +
+e + +/e/ + +
+f + +/f/ + +
+g + +/ŋ/ + +
+i + +/i/ + +
+ï + +/ɘ/ + +
+k + +/k/ + +
+l + +/l/ + +
+ḻ + +/l̪/ + +
+m + +/m/ + +
+n + +/n/ + +
+ṉ + +/n̪/ + +
+ñ + +/ɲ/ + +
+o + +/o/ + +
+p + +/p/ + +
+r + +/ʐ/ + +
+s + +/s/ + +
+t + +/t/ + +
+ṯ + +/t̪/ + +not reflected in the Crúbadán corpus +
+u + +/u/ + +
+ü + +/ɘ/ + +
+w + +/w/ + +
+y + +/j/ + +
+Digraph + + +
+ch + +/tʃ/ + +
+tr + +/ʈʂ/ + +
+sh + +/ʃ/ + +
+ng + +/ŋ/ + +
+ll + +/ʎ/ + +
+Orthographic Variation + + +
+c + +/tʃ/ + +Raguileo +
+x + +/ʈʂ/ + +Raguileo +
+tx + +/ʈʂ/ + +Azumchefi +
+z + +/θ/ + +Raguileo and Azumchefi +
+h + +/n̪/ + +Raguileo +
+nh + +/n̪/ + +Azumchefi +
+q + +/ɣ/ + +Raguileo and Azumchefi +
+b + +/l̪/ + +Raguileo +
+lh + +/l̪/ + +Azumchefi +
+j + +/ʎ/ + +Raguileo +
+v + +/ɘ/ + +Raguileo +
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Lenition Rules

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Misc. Rules

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References

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Bronzino, Dana. 2015. “Loanword Adaptation in Spanish and Mapudungun: A Phonological and Sociolinguistic Analysis.” PhD thesis, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania: Bryn Mawr College.

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Sadowsky, Scott, Héctor Painequeo, Gastón Salamanca, and Heriberto Avelino. 2013. “Mapudungun.” Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 87–96. doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369.

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Smeets, Ineke. 2008. A Grammar of Mapuche. Mouton Grammar Library 41. Berlin ; New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

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