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Last Updated: 2019-06-17

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SLIGHTLY COMPROMISED: glottal stops not transcribed consistently

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Background

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Language Family: Austronesian / Malayo-Polynesian / Western Malayo-Polynesian / Meso Philippine / Central Philippine / Bikol / Coastal / Naga

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Phonology

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Consonants

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  • Loans from Spanish and English have introduced /f/, /v/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /ɲ/, /ʎ/, /tʃ/, and /dʒ/ to Bikol, although not all speakers use those sounds (Mattes 2014, 8).
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+Place of Articulation +
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+Manner of Articulation + +Labial + +Alveolar + +Palatal + +Velar + +Glottal +
+Stops + +p b + +t d + + +k ɡ + +ʔ +
+Nasals + +m + +n + + +ŋ + +
+Fricatives + + +s + + + +h +
+Flaps + + +ɾ + + + +
+Approximants + +ʋ + +l + +j + + +
+ Note: For phonemes that share a cell, those on the left are voiceless and those on the right are voiced. +
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Vowels

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  • Although the orthography includes ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩, [e] and [o] only exist as allophones of /i/ and /u/ respectively (Mattes 2014, 8).
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+ +Front + +Central + +Back +
+High + +i + + +u +
+Mid + + + +
+Low + + +a + +
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+Diphthongs +
+/iu/, /ui/, /ai/, /au/ +
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Alphabet

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+Grapheme + +Phoneme +
+a + +/a/ +
+b + +/b/ +
+d + +/d/ +
+e + +/i/ +
+g + +/ɡ/ +
+h + +/h/ +
+i + +/i/ +
+k + +/k/ +
+l + +/l/ +
+m + +/m/ +
+n + +/n/ +
+o + +/u/ +
+p + +/p/ +
+r + +/ɾ/ +
+s + +/s/ +
+t + +/t/ +
+u + +/u/ +
+w + +/ʋ/ +
+y + +/j/ +
+’ ; - + +/ʔ/ +
+Digraph + +
+ng + +/ŋ/ +
+aw + +/au/ +
+ay + +/ai/ +
+iw + +/iu/ +
+oy + +/ui/ +
+uy + +/ui/ +
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Syllable Structure

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Misc. Rules

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References

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Mattes, Veronika. 2014. Types of Reduplication: A Case Study of Bikol. De Gruyter.

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Mintz, Malcolm W. 1971. Bikol Dictionary. University of Hawai’i Press.

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