---
language:
- en
license: apache-2.0
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- generated_from_trainer
- dataset_size:72
- loss:MatryoshkaLoss
- loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
base_model: nomic-ai/modernbert-embed-base
widget:
- source_sentence: What do the packets contain that is essential for their travel?
sentences:
- 'Packet switching breaks data into small packets, each containing a destination
address. These packets travel independently across the network, taking different
paths if necessary, and reassemble at the destination. This method proved to be
more efficient and resilient, making it the backbone of modern internet communication.
The Birth of ARPANET'
- Early Concepts of Networking
- . Researchers such as Paul Baran at RAND Corporation and Donald Davies at the
National Physical Laboratory in the UK independently developed the concept of
packet switching.
- source_sentence: Which laboratory was Donald Davies associated with when he developed
packet switching?
sentences:
- . Understanding the beginning of the internet requires an exploration of the early
concepts of networking, the establishment of ARPANET, and the development of key
protocols that laid the foundation for the modern internet.
- . Researchers such as Paul Baran at RAND Corporation and Donald Davies at the
National Physical Laboratory in the UK independently developed the concept of
packet switching.
- 'The Beginning of the Internet: A Journey Through Innovation
Introduction'
- source_sentence: What role did commercial networking play in relation to the internet?
sentences:
- Beyond ARPANET, various institutions contributed to the internet’s expansion.
The emergence of local area networks (LANs), the Domain Name System (DNS), and
the rise of commercial networking played significant roles in shaping the internet.
- Beyond ARPANET, various institutions contributed to the internet’s expansion.
The emergence of local area networks (LANs), the Domain Name System (DNS), and
the rise of commercial networking played significant roles in shaping the internet.
- The TCP/IP Protocol SuiteIn 1973, Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn developed the Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP) and later, the Internet Protocol (IP), collectively known
as TCP/IP. This protocol suite allowed networks of different architectures to
communicate, forming the foundation of the modern internet.
- source_sentence: What type of communication system did the United States government
seek?
sentences:
- Packet Switching and Its RoleTraditional telephone networks relied on circuit-switching,
which established a direct connection between two parties. However, circuit-switching
was inefficient for data communication, as it required dedicated lines for each
connection
- 'Packet switching breaks data into small packets, each containing a destination
address. These packets travel independently across the network, taking different
paths if necessary, and reassemble at the destination. This method proved to be
more efficient and resilient, making it the backbone of modern internet communication.
The Birth of ARPANET'
- The idea of interconnected networks dates back to the 1950s and 1960s, during
the height of the Cold War. The United States government, concerned with maintaining
communication in the event of a nuclear attack, sought a decentralized communication
system that could withstand disruptions. This vision led to research in packet-switching
technology and distributed networks.
- source_sentence: What are the origins of the internet said to be rooted in?
sentences:
- The internet is one of the most transformative technological advancements in human
history, shaping the way we communicate, work, and interact with the world. However,
its origins are rooted in decades of research, experimentation, and collaboration
among scientists, engineers, and visionaries
- 'The Beginning of the Internet: A Journey Through Innovation
Introduction'
- 'The first successful ARPANET message was sent on October 29, 1969, from UCLA
to SRI. The intended message was “LOGIN,” but the system crashed after transmitting
only “LO.” This marked the first instance of networked digital communication,
paving the way for the modern internet.
Expansion and Development of Protocols'
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
library_name: sentence-transformers
metrics:
- cosine_accuracy@1
- cosine_accuracy@3
- cosine_accuracy@5
- cosine_accuracy@10
- cosine_precision@1
- cosine_precision@3
- cosine_precision@5
- cosine_precision@10
- cosine_recall@1
- cosine_recall@3
- cosine_recall@5
- cosine_recall@10
- cosine_ndcg@10
- cosine_mrr@10
- cosine_map@100
model-index:
- name: Fine-tuned with [QuicKB](https://github.com/ALucek/QuicKB)
results:
- task:
type: information-retrieval
name: Information Retrieval
dataset:
name: dim 768
type: dim_768
metrics:
- type: cosine_accuracy@1
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Accuracy@1
- type: cosine_accuracy@3
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Accuracy@3
- type: cosine_accuracy@5
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Accuracy@5
- type: cosine_accuracy@10
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Accuracy@10
- type: cosine_precision@1
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Precision@1
- type: cosine_precision@3
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Precision@3
- type: cosine_precision@5
value: 0.2
name: Cosine Precision@5
- type: cosine_precision@10
value: 0.1
name: Cosine Precision@10
- type: cosine_recall@1
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Recall@1
- type: cosine_recall@3
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Recall@3
- type: cosine_recall@5
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Recall@5
- type: cosine_recall@10
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Recall@10
- type: cosine_ndcg@10
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Ndcg@10
- type: cosine_mrr@10
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Mrr@10
- type: cosine_map@100
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Map@100
- task:
type: information-retrieval
name: Information Retrieval
dataset:
name: dim 512
type: dim_512
metrics:
- type: cosine_accuracy@1
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Accuracy@1
- type: cosine_accuracy@3
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Accuracy@3
- type: cosine_accuracy@5
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Accuracy@5
- type: cosine_accuracy@10
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Accuracy@10
- type: cosine_precision@1
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Precision@1
- type: cosine_precision@3
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Precision@3
- type: cosine_precision@5
value: 0.2
name: Cosine Precision@5
- type: cosine_precision@10
value: 0.1
name: Cosine Precision@10
- type: cosine_recall@1
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Recall@1
- type: cosine_recall@3
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Recall@3
- type: cosine_recall@5
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Recall@5
- type: cosine_recall@10
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Recall@10
- type: cosine_ndcg@10
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Ndcg@10
- type: cosine_mrr@10
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Mrr@10
- type: cosine_map@100
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Map@100
- task:
type: information-retrieval
name: Information Retrieval
dataset:
name: dim 256
type: dim_256
metrics:
- type: cosine_accuracy@1
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Accuracy@1
- type: cosine_accuracy@3
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Accuracy@3
- type: cosine_accuracy@5
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Accuracy@5
- type: cosine_accuracy@10
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Accuracy@10
- type: cosine_precision@1
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Precision@1
- type: cosine_precision@3
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Precision@3
- type: cosine_precision@5
value: 0.2
name: Cosine Precision@5
- type: cosine_precision@10
value: 0.1
name: Cosine Precision@10
- type: cosine_recall@1
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Recall@1
- type: cosine_recall@3
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Recall@3
- type: cosine_recall@5
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Recall@5
- type: cosine_recall@10
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Recall@10
- type: cosine_ndcg@10
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Ndcg@10
- type: cosine_mrr@10
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Mrr@10
- type: cosine_map@100
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Map@100
- task:
type: information-retrieval
name: Information Retrieval
dataset:
name: dim 128
type: dim_128
metrics:
- type: cosine_accuracy@1
value: 0.875
name: Cosine Accuracy@1
- type: cosine_accuracy@3
value: 0.875
name: Cosine Accuracy@3
- type: cosine_accuracy@5
value: 0.875
name: Cosine Accuracy@5
- type: cosine_accuracy@10
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Accuracy@10
- type: cosine_precision@1
value: 0.875
name: Cosine Precision@1
- type: cosine_precision@3
value: 0.29166666666666663
name: Cosine Precision@3
- type: cosine_precision@5
value: 0.17500000000000002
name: Cosine Precision@5
- type: cosine_precision@10
value: 0.1
name: Cosine Precision@10
- type: cosine_recall@1
value: 0.875
name: Cosine Recall@1
- type: cosine_recall@3
value: 0.875
name: Cosine Recall@3
- type: cosine_recall@5
value: 0.875
name: Cosine Recall@5
- type: cosine_recall@10
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Recall@10
- type: cosine_ndcg@10
value: 0.9195258983885027
name: Cosine Ndcg@10
- type: cosine_mrr@10
value: 0.8958333333333334
name: Cosine Mrr@10
- type: cosine_map@100
value: 0.8958333333333334
name: Cosine Map@100
- task:
type: information-retrieval
name: Information Retrieval
dataset:
name: dim 64
type: dim_64
metrics:
- type: cosine_accuracy@1
value: 0.625
name: Cosine Accuracy@1
- type: cosine_accuracy@3
value: 0.625
name: Cosine Accuracy@3
- type: cosine_accuracy@5
value: 0.875
name: Cosine Accuracy@5
- type: cosine_accuracy@10
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Accuracy@10
- type: cosine_precision@1
value: 0.625
name: Cosine Precision@1
- type: cosine_precision@3
value: 0.20833333333333331
name: Cosine Precision@3
- type: cosine_precision@5
value: 0.17500000000000002
name: Cosine Precision@5
- type: cosine_precision@10
value: 0.1
name: Cosine Precision@10
- type: cosine_recall@1
value: 0.625
name: Cosine Recall@1
- type: cosine_recall@3
value: 0.625
name: Cosine Recall@3
- type: cosine_recall@5
value: 0.875
name: Cosine Recall@5
- type: cosine_recall@10
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Recall@10
- type: cosine_ndcg@10
value: 0.7662391001971381
name: Cosine Ndcg@10
- type: cosine_mrr@10
value: 0.6958333333333334
name: Cosine Mrr@10
- type: cosine_map@100
value: 0.6958333333333333
name: Cosine Map@100
---
# Fine-tuned with [QuicKB](https://github.com/ALucek/QuicKB)
This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [nomic-ai/modernbert-embed-base](https://huggingface.co/nomic-ai/modernbert-embed-base). It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.
## Model Details
### Model Description
- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
- **Base model:** [nomic-ai/modernbert-embed-base](https://huggingface.co/nomic-ai/modernbert-embed-base)
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 1024 tokens
- **Output Dimensionality:** 768 dimensions
- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
- **Language:** en
- **License:** apache-2.0
### Model Sources
- **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
- **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers)
- **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)
### Full Model Architecture
```
SentenceTransformer(
(0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 1024, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: ModernBertModel
(1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
(2): Normalize()
)
```
## Usage
### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)
First install the Sentence Transformers library:
```bash
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```
Then you can load this model and run inference.
```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("onecd2000/modernbert-embed-test")
# Run inference
sentences = [
'What are the origins of the internet said to be rooted in?',
'The internet is one of the most transformative technological advancements in human history, shaping the way we communicate, work, and interact with the world. However, its origins are rooted in decades of research, experimentation, and collaboration among scientists, engineers, and visionaries',
'The first successful ARPANET message was sent on October 29, 1969, from UCLA to SRI. The intended message was “LOGIN,” but the system crashed after transmitting only “LO.” This marked the first instance of networked digital communication, paving the way for the modern internet.\n\nExpansion and Development of Protocols',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]
# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
```
## Evaluation
### Metrics
#### Information Retrieval
* Datasets: `dim_768`, `dim_512`, `dim_256`, `dim_128` and `dim_64`
* Evaluated with [InformationRetrievalEvaluator](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.InformationRetrievalEvaluator)
| Metric | dim_768 | dim_512 | dim_256 | dim_128 | dim_64 |
|:--------------------|:--------|:--------|:--------|:-----------|:-----------|
| cosine_accuracy@1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.875 | 0.625 |
| cosine_accuracy@3 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.875 | 0.625 |
| cosine_accuracy@5 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.875 | 0.875 |
| cosine_accuracy@10 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| cosine_precision@1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.875 | 0.625 |
| cosine_precision@3 | 0.3333 | 0.3333 | 0.3333 | 0.2917 | 0.2083 |
| cosine_precision@5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.175 | 0.175 |
| cosine_precision@10 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| cosine_recall@1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.875 | 0.625 |
| cosine_recall@3 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.875 | 0.625 |
| cosine_recall@5 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.875 | 0.875 |
| cosine_recall@10 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| **cosine_ndcg@10** | **1.0** | **1.0** | **1.0** | **0.9195** | **0.7662** |
| cosine_mrr@10 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.8958 | 0.6958 |
| cosine_map@100 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.8958 | 0.6958 |
## Training Details
### Training Dataset
#### Unnamed Dataset
* Size: 72 training samples
* Columns: anchor and positive
* Approximate statistics based on the first 72 samples:
| | anchor | positive |
|:--------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| type | string | string |
| details | - min: 9 tokens
- mean: 14.6 tokens
- max: 20 tokens
| - min: 8 tokens
- mean: 57.92 tokens
- max: 89 tokens
|
* Samples:
| anchor | positive |
|:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| What does the text focus on regarding the Internet? | The Beginning of the Internet: A Journey Through Innovation
Introduction |
| What was the primary purpose of the first web browser? | The First Web Browser – A tool for accessing and navigating websites.
The World Wide Web revolutionized internet usage, making it more accessible and appealing to the general public. By the mid-1990s, web browsers like Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer fueled rapid internet adoption, leading to the digital age we live in today.
Conclusion |
| What system contributed to the organization of internet addresses? | Beyond ARPANET, various institutions contributed to the internet’s expansion. The emergence of local area networks (LANs), the Domain Name System (DNS), and the rise of commercial networking played significant roles in shaping the internet. |
* Loss: [MatryoshkaLoss](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#matryoshkaloss) with these parameters:
```json
{
"loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss",
"matryoshka_dims": [
768,
512,
256,
128,
64
],
"matryoshka_weights": [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
],
"n_dims_per_step": -1
}
```
### Training Hyperparameters
#### Non-Default Hyperparameters
- `eval_strategy`: epoch
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 32
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 16
- `learning_rate`: 2e-05
- `num_train_epochs`: 4
- `lr_scheduler_type`: cosine
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `bf16`: True
- `tf32`: True
- `load_best_model_at_end`: True
- `optim`: adamw_torch_fused
- `batch_sampler`: no_duplicates
#### All Hyperparameters
Click to expand
- `overwrite_output_dir`: False
- `do_predict`: False
- `eval_strategy`: epoch
- `prediction_loss_only`: True
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 32
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 8
- `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
- `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 16
- `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
- `torch_empty_cache_steps`: None
- `learning_rate`: 2e-05
- `weight_decay`: 0.0
- `adam_beta1`: 0.9
- `adam_beta2`: 0.999
- `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
- `max_grad_norm`: 1.0
- `num_train_epochs`: 4
- `max_steps`: -1
- `lr_scheduler_type`: cosine
- `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `warmup_steps`: 0
- `log_level`: passive
- `log_level_replica`: warning
- `log_on_each_node`: True
- `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
- `save_safetensors`: True
- `save_on_each_node`: False
- `save_only_model`: False
- `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False
- `no_cuda`: False
- `use_cpu`: False
- `use_mps_device`: False
- `seed`: 42
- `data_seed`: None
- `jit_mode_eval`: False
- `use_ipex`: False
- `bf16`: True
- `fp16`: False
- `fp16_opt_level`: O1
- `half_precision_backend`: auto
- `bf16_full_eval`: False
- `fp16_full_eval`: False
- `tf32`: True
- `local_rank`: 0
- `ddp_backend`: None
- `tpu_num_cores`: None
- `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
- `debug`: []
- `dataloader_drop_last`: False
- `dataloader_num_workers`: 0
- `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
- `past_index`: -1
- `disable_tqdm`: False
- `remove_unused_columns`: True
- `label_names`: None
- `load_best_model_at_end`: True
- `ignore_data_skip`: False
- `fsdp`: []
- `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
- `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
- `tp_size`: 0
- `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
- `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
- `deepspeed`: None
- `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
- `optim`: adamw_torch_fused
- `optim_args`: None
- `adafactor`: False
- `group_by_length`: False
- `length_column_name`: length
- `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None
- `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
- `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False
- `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
- `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
- `skip_memory_metrics`: True
- `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
- `push_to_hub`: False
- `resume_from_checkpoint`: None
- `hub_model_id`: None
- `hub_strategy`: every_save
- `hub_private_repo`: None
- `hub_always_push`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None
- `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
- `include_for_metrics`: []
- `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
- `fp16_backend`: auto
- `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
- `push_to_hub_organization`: None
- `mp_parameters`:
- `auto_find_batch_size`: False
- `full_determinism`: False
- `torchdynamo`: None
- `ray_scope`: last
- `ddp_timeout`: 1800
- `torch_compile`: False
- `torch_compile_backend`: None
- `torch_compile_mode`: None
- `dispatch_batches`: None
- `split_batches`: None
- `include_tokens_per_second`: False
- `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False
- `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
- `optim_target_modules`: None
- `batch_eval_metrics`: False
- `eval_on_start`: False
- `use_liger_kernel`: False
- `eval_use_gather_object`: False
- `average_tokens_across_devices`: False
- `prompts`: None
- `batch_sampler`: no_duplicates
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: proportional