Text Generation
Transformers
Safetensors
English
Chinese
llama
minicpm
minicpm5
long-context
tool-calling
on-device
edge-ai
conversational
text-generation-inference
4-bit precision
Instructions to use openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B-MLX with libraries, inference providers, notebooks, and local apps. Follow these links to get started.
- Libraries
- Transformers
How to use openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B-MLX with Transformers:
# Use a pipeline as a high-level helper from transformers import pipeline pipe = pipeline("text-generation", model="openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B-MLX") messages = [ {"role": "user", "content": "Who are you?"}, ] pipe(messages)# Load model directly from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B-MLX") model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B-MLX") messages = [ {"role": "user", "content": "Who are you?"}, ] inputs = tokenizer.apply_chat_template( messages, add_generation_prompt=True, tokenize=True, return_dict=True, return_tensors="pt", ).to(model.device) outputs = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=40) print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0][inputs["input_ids"].shape[-1]:])) - Notebooks
- Google Colab
- Kaggle
- Local Apps
- vLLM
How to use openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B-MLX with vLLM:
Install from pip and serve model
# Install vLLM from pip: pip install vllm # Start the vLLM server: vllm serve "openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B-MLX" # Call the server using curl (OpenAI-compatible API): curl -X POST "http://localhost:8000/v1/chat/completions" \ -H "Content-Type: application/json" \ --data '{ "model": "openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B-MLX", "messages": [ { "role": "user", "content": "What is the capital of France?" } ] }'Use Docker
docker model run hf.co/openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B-MLX
- SGLang
How to use openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B-MLX with SGLang:
Install from pip and serve model
# Install SGLang from pip: pip install sglang # Start the SGLang server: python3 -m sglang.launch_server \ --model-path "openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B-MLX" \ --host 0.0.0.0 \ --port 30000 # Call the server using curl (OpenAI-compatible API): curl -X POST "http://localhost:30000/v1/chat/completions" \ -H "Content-Type: application/json" \ --data '{ "model": "openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B-MLX", "messages": [ { "role": "user", "content": "What is the capital of France?" } ] }'Use Docker images
docker run --gpus all \ --shm-size 32g \ -p 30000:30000 \ -v ~/.cache/huggingface:/root/.cache/huggingface \ --env "HF_TOKEN=<secret>" \ --ipc=host \ lmsysorg/sglang:latest \ python3 -m sglang.launch_server \ --model-path "openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B-MLX" \ --host 0.0.0.0 \ --port 30000 # Call the server using curl (OpenAI-compatible API): curl -X POST "http://localhost:30000/v1/chat/completions" \ -H "Content-Type: application/json" \ --data '{ "model": "openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B-MLX", "messages": [ { "role": "user", "content": "What is the capital of France?" } ] }' - Docker Model Runner
How to use openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B-MLX with Docker Model Runner:
docker model run hf.co/openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B-MLX
Update model card README
Browse files
README.md
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license: apache-2.0
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---
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license: apache-2.0
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+
language:
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- en
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- zh
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library_name: mlx
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pipeline_tag: text-generation
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tags:
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- mlx
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- minicpm
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- minicpm5
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- llama
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- text-generation
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- long-context
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- tool-calling
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- on-device
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- edge-ai
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- apple-silicon
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- quantized
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- 4bit
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datasets:
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- openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb-L3
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- openbmb/UltraData-SFT-2605
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---
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<div align="center">
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<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/minicpm5/assets/minicpm_logo.png" width="500em" />
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</div>
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<p align="center">
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<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.07900" target="_blank">MiniCPM Paper</a> |
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<a href="https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/tree/minicpm5" target="_blank">GitHub Repo</a> |
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<a href="https://huggingface.co/openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B/blob/main/README-cn.md" target="_blank">中文</a> |
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<a href="https://ultradata.openbmb.cn/" target="_blank">UltraData</a> |
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<a href="https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM-Desk-Pet" target="_blank">MiniCPM Desk Pet</a>
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</p>
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> This repository hosts the MLX 4-bit quantized version of **MiniCPM5-1B** for Apple Silicon. For the BF16 weights and the full model card, please refer to [MiniCPM5-1B](https://huggingface.co/openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B).
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## Highlights
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We are releasing **MiniCPM5-1B**, the first model in the **MiniCPM5** series. It is a dense 1B Transformer built for on-device, local deployment, and resource-constrained scenarios, reaching 1B-class open-source SOTA on the benchmark suite.
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🏆 **1B-class open-source SOTA**: compared with strong open-source models in the same size class, MiniCPM5-1B reaches SOTA within this comparison set. Its advantage is most visible in agentic tool use, code generation, and difficult reasoning.
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🧠 **Dual Mode Reasoning**: built-in `<think>` chat template, switch via `enable_thinking`. The same checkpoint serves as both a fast assistant and a deliberate reasoner.
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🛠️ **Deployment / Fine-tuning Resources**: the MiniCPM GitHub repo provides single-page cookbooks and Agent Skills for major inference backends and fine-tuning frameworks.
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🐱 **Desktop Pet**: a local-LLM desktop pet driven by MiniCPM5-1B. Click the cover below to open the demo video.
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[<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/minicpm5/assets/minicpm5/minicpm5_desktop_pet_cover.png" alt="MiniCPM Desk Pet" width="720">](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/raw/minicpm5/assets/minicpm5/minicpm5_desktop_pet_demo.mp4)
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## Model List
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Use this directory to choose the model format that matches your runtime:
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- **[MiniCPM5-1B](https://huggingface.co/openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B)** · [ModelScope](https://www.modelscope.cn/models/OpenBMB/MiniCPM5-1B) · BF16 final release (post-trained with RL + OPD)
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- **[MiniCPM5-1B-SFT](https://huggingface.co/openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B-SFT)** · [ModelScope](https://www.modelscope.cn/models/OpenBMB/MiniCPM5-1B-SFT) · BF16 SFT-only checkpoint (before RL / OPD)
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- **[MiniCPM5-1B-Base](https://huggingface.co/openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B-Base)** · [ModelScope](https://www.modelscope.cn/models/OpenBMB/MiniCPM5-1B-Base) · BF16 base checkpoint (pre-training only)
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- **[MiniCPM5-1B-GGUF](https://huggingface.co/openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B-GGUF)** · [ModelScope](https://www.modelscope.cn/models/OpenBMB/MiniCPM5-1B-GGUF) · GGUF for llama.cpp / Ollama / LM Studio
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- **[MiniCPM5-1B-MLX](https://huggingface.co/openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B-MLX)** · [ModelScope](https://www.modelscope.cn/models/OpenBMB/MiniCPM5-1B-MLX) · MLX / 4bit for Apple Silicon **👈 you are here**
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- **[MiniCPM5-1B-AWQ](https://huggingface.co/openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B-AWQ)** · [ModelScope](https://www.modelscope.cn/models/OpenBMB/MiniCPM5-1B-AWQ) · AWQ-Marlin Int4 for vLLM
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- **[MiniCPM5-1B-GPTQ](https://huggingface.co/openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B-GPTQ)** · [ModelScope](https://www.modelscope.cn/models/OpenBMB/MiniCPM5-1B-GPTQ) · GPTQ-Marlin Int4 for vLLM
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## Model Information
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MiniCPM5-1B has the following features:
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- **Type**: Causal Language Model
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- **Architecture**: Standard `LlamaForCausalLM`
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- **Number of Parameters**: 1,080,632,832
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- **Number of Non-Embedding Parameters**: 679,552,512
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- **Number of Layers**: 24
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- **Number of Attention Heads (GQA)**: 16 for Q and 2 for KV
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- **Context Length**: 131,072
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## Introduction
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MiniCPM5-1B is the first checkpoint in the MiniCPM5 series. It is designed for local assistants, coding agents, tool-use workflows, and reasoning scenarios where a compact model is preferred. The model keeps a small deployment footprint while providing native long-context support and both Think / No Think chat modes through the same checkpoint.
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## Evaluation Results
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We compare MiniCPM5-1B with strong open-source models in the same size class, including **LFM2.5-1.2B-Thinking**, **Qwen3-0.6B/think** and **Qwen3.5-0.8B/think**. These are capable baselines; within this comparison set, MiniCPM5-1B reaches 1B-class open-source SOTA, with its advantage most visible in tool use, code generation, and difficult reasoning. This makes it a practical choice for local coding agents, tool assistants, and reasoning assistants.
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## Training Recipe
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The training of MiniCPM5-1B is a full-stack practice of **[UltraData Tiered Data Management](https://ultradata.openbmb.cn/)**, covering three stages: base training, mid-training, and post-training.
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During **base training**, the model goes through stable training and decay training to build core language capability and training stability. It then enters **mid-training** to further strengthen target capabilities and adapt to the target data distribution. The training corpus is released alongside the model as [Ultra-FineWeb-L3](https://huggingface.co/datasets/openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb-L3).
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During **post-training**, we proceed in three steps: **SFT**, **RL**, and **OPD**. We first use **200B tokens of deep-thinking SFT** and **200B tokens of hybrid-thinking SFT** to establish deep-thinking, hybrid-thinking, and general chat abilities; the SFT data is released as [UltraData-SFT-2605](https://huggingface.co/datasets/openbmb/UltraData-SFT-2605). We then train specialized **RL teachers** for math, code, closed-book QA, writing, and related domains, and use **On-Policy Distillation (OPD)** to distill these teachers back into one release model.
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### What does RL + OPD bring?
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**RL + OPD** is a key part of MiniCPM5-1B post-training. On math, code and instruction-following tasks, RL + OPD raises the average score by **↑16 points** while cutting the share of responses that hit the max-tokens budget by **↓29 percentage points**. The figures below show the two-stage Reasoning RL pipeline, score gains, and the drop in overlong responses.
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**RL** combines several complementary training signals. Reasoning RL uses [DAPO-Math-17k](https://huggingface.co/datasets/BytedTsinghua-SIA/DAPO-Math-17k) to strengthen mathematical reasoning. Closed-book QA uses [TriviaQA](https://huggingface.co/datasets/mandarjoshi/trivia_qa) and [NQ-Open](https://huggingface.co/datasets/google-research-datasets/nq_open), with a system prompt that encourages the model to acknowledge uncertainty instead of guessing. Writing is trained with [LongWriter-Zero-RLData](https://huggingface.co/datasets/THU-KEG/LongWriter-Zero-RLData); instruction following and long-context comprehension use verifiable RLVR data synthesized from general corpora. For general dialogue, we build pair-wise RLHF signals from anchor responses and use a Generative Reward Model for preference judgment.
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**OPD** builds on Thinking Machines Lab's [On-Policy Distillation](https://thinkingmachines.ai/blog/on-policy-distillation/) and incorporates implementation improvements from [Rethinking On-Policy Distillation](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2604.13016). In the RL framework, we use reverse KL divergence as the advantage estimate, replacing the original verification-based advantage. At each response position, we take top-k logits from both the student and teacher models, compute reverse KL on the union of the two token sets, and balance the accuracy of the RKL signal with training efficiency. OPD reuses the in-domain prompts used to train each RL teacher as distillation data, so no additional data curation is required.
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## Quickstart
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### vLLM
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```bash
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pip install "vllm>=0.21"
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vllm serve openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B --port 8000
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```
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```bash
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curl http://localhost:8000/v1/chat/completions \
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-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
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-d '{
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"model": "openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B",
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"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Who are you? Please briefly introduce yourself."}],
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"max_tokens": 128,
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"temperature": 0.7
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}'
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```
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### SGLang
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```bash
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pip install "sglang[srt]>=0.5.12"
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python -m sglang.launch_server --model-path openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B --port 30000
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```
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```bash
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curl http://localhost:30000/v1/chat/completions \
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-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
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-d '{
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"model": "openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B",
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"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Who are you? Please briefly introduce yourself."}],
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"max_tokens": 128,
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"temperature": 0.7
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}'
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```
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### Transformers
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```bash
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pip install -U "transformers>=5.6" accelerate torch
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```
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```python
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from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
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model_id = "openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B"
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tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
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model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
|
| 164 |
+
model_id,
|
| 165 |
+
torch_dtype="auto",
|
| 166 |
+
device_map="auto",
|
| 167 |
+
)
|
| 168 |
+
|
| 169 |
+
messages = [{"role": "user", "content": "Who are you? Please briefly introduce yourself."}]
|
| 170 |
+
inputs = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(
|
| 171 |
+
messages,
|
| 172 |
+
tokenize=True,
|
| 173 |
+
add_generation_prompt=True,
|
| 174 |
+
enable_thinking=False,
|
| 175 |
+
return_tensors="pt",
|
| 176 |
+
).to(model.device)
|
| 177 |
+
|
| 178 |
+
outputs = model.generate(inputs, max_new_tokens=128)
|
| 179 |
+
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0][inputs.shape[-1]:], skip_special_tokens=True))
|
| 180 |
+
```
|
| 181 |
+
|
| 182 |
+
Recommended chat template sampling:
|
| 183 |
+
|
| 184 |
+
| Mode | Recommended params | Enable |
|
| 185 |
+
| --- | --- | --- |
|
| 186 |
+
| **Think** | `temperature=0.9, top_p=0.95` | `enable_thinking=True` |
|
| 187 |
+
| **No Think** | `temperature=0.7, top_p=0.95` | `enable_thinking=False` |
|
| 188 |
+
|
| 189 |
+
## Tool Calling
|
| 190 |
+
|
| 191 |
+
For tool / function calling, **SGLang is the recommended backend**. MiniCPM5-1B emits XML-style tool calls and SGLang's built-in `minicpm5` parser converts them to OpenAI-compatible `tool_calls` natively:
|
| 192 |
+
|
| 193 |
+
```bash
|
| 194 |
+
python -m sglang.launch_server --model-path openbmb/MiniCPM5-1B --port 30000 \
|
| 195 |
+
--tool-call-parser minicpm5 # or: --tool-call-parser auto
|
| 196 |
+
```
|
| 197 |
+
|
| 198 |
+
## GitHub Cookbooks and Agent Skills
|
| 199 |
+
|
| 200 |
+
MiniCPM5-1B uses the **standard `LlamaForCausalLM` architecture**, so mainstream inference engines can load it directly: **no custom kernels, no model-code fork**. For step-by-step deployment and fine-tuning instructions, use the GitHub cookbooks below. Agent Skills are linked as GitHub resources for users working with Cursor / Claude Code style coding agents.
|
| 201 |
+
|
| 202 |
+
| Backend / framework | Model format / use case | Cookbook | Agent Skill |
|
| 203 |
+
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 204 |
+
| Transformers | BF16 / FP16 local Python inference, GPU + CPU | [transformers.md](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/minicpm5/docs/deployment/transformers.md) | [minicpm5-deploy-transformers](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/minicpm5/skills/minicpm5-deploy-transformers/SKILL.md) |
|
| 205 |
+
| vLLM | BF16 / FP16 OpenAI server; supports AWQ / GPTQ-Marlin Int4 quantized weights | [vllm.md](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/minicpm5/docs/deployment/vllm.md); quantized: [awq.md](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/minicpm5/docs/deployment/awq.md) / [gptq.md](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/minicpm5/docs/deployment/gptq.md) | [minicpm5-deploy-vllm](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/minicpm5/skills/minicpm5-deploy-vllm/SKILL.md); quantized: [awq](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/minicpm5/skills/minicpm5-deploy-awq/SKILL.md) / [gptq](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/minicpm5/skills/minicpm5-deploy-gptq/SKILL.md) |
|
| 206 |
+
| SGLang | BF16 / FP16 OpenAI server, recommended for tool calling | [sglang.md](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/minicpm5/docs/deployment/sglang.md) | [minicpm5-deploy-sglang](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/minicpm5/skills/minicpm5-deploy-sglang/SKILL.md) |
|
| 207 |
+
| llama.cpp | GGUF local inference, CPU/GPU | [llama_cpp.md](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/minicpm5/docs/deployment/llama_cpp.md) | [minicpm5-deploy-llama-cpp](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/minicpm5/skills/minicpm5-deploy-llama-cpp/SKILL.md) |
|
| 208 |
+
| Ollama | GGUF local on-device runtime | [ollama.md](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/minicpm5/docs/deployment/ollama.md) | [minicpm5-deploy-ollama](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/minicpm5/skills/minicpm5-deploy-ollama/SKILL.md) |
|
| 209 |
+
| LM Studio | GGUF Mac desktop app and OpenAI server | [lmstudio.md](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/minicpm5/docs/deployment/lmstudio.md) | [minicpm5-deploy-lmstudio](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/minicpm5/skills/minicpm5-deploy-lmstudio/SKILL.md) |
|
| 210 |
+
| MLX | MLX / 4bit local inference on Apple Silicon | [mlx.md](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/minicpm5/docs/deployment/mlx.md) | [minicpm5-deploy-mlx](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/minicpm5/skills/minicpm5-deploy-mlx/SKILL.md) |
|
| 211 |
+
| TRL + PEFT | LoRA / SFT fine-tuning | [trl.md](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/minicpm5/docs/finetune/trl.md) | [minicpm5-finetune-trl](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/minicpm5/skills/minicpm5-finetune-trl/SKILL.md) |
|
| 212 |
+
| LLaMA-Factory | Fine-tuning | [llamafactory.md](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/minicpm5/docs/finetune/llamafactory.md) | [minicpm5-finetune-llamafactory](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/minicpm5/skills/minicpm5-finetune-llamafactory/SKILL.md) |
|
| 213 |
+
| ms-swift | Fine-tuning | [ms_swift.md](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/minicpm5/docs/finetune/ms_swift.md) | [minicpm5-finetune-ms-swift](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/minicpm5/skills/minicpm5-finetune-ms-swift/SKILL.md) |
|
| 214 |
+
| unsloth | Fine-tuning | [unsloth.md](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/minicpm5/docs/finetune/unsloth.md) | [minicpm5-finetune-unsloth](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/minicpm5/skills/minicpm5-finetune-unsloth/SKILL.md) |
|
| 215 |
+
| xtuner | Fine-tuning | [xtuner.md](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/minicpm5/docs/finetune/xtuner.md) | [minicpm5-finetune-xtuner](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/minicpm5/skills/minicpm5-finetune-xtuner/SKILL.md) |
|
| 216 |
+
|
| 217 |
+
## Desktop Pet
|
| 218 |
+
|
| 219 |
+
We also ship **[OpenBMB/MiniCPM-Desk-Pet](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM-Desk-Pet)**, a desktop pet driven locally by MiniCPM5-1B. It supports Apple Silicon / NVIDIA GPU / CPU paths, can work with coding agents such as Cursor, Claude Code, and Codex, and supports LoRA persona switching.
|
| 220 |
+
|
| 221 |
+
## Limitations and Responsible Use
|
| 222 |
+
|
| 223 |
+
MiniCPM5-1B is a language model that generates content based on learned statistical patterns from training data. It may produce inaccurate, biased, or unsafe outputs, and generated content should be reviewed and verified before use in high-stakes settings.
|
| 224 |
+
|
| 225 |
+
Users are responsible for evaluating outputs, applying appropriate safeguards, and complying with applicable laws, regulations, and platform policies.
|
| 226 |
+
|
| 227 |
+
## License
|
| 228 |
+
|
| 229 |
+
This repository and MiniCPM model weights are released under the [Apache-2.0](https://github.com/OpenBMB/MiniCPM/blob/main/LICENSE) License.
|
| 230 |
+
|
| 231 |
+
## Citation
|
| 232 |
+
|
| 233 |
+
Please cite our paper if you find our work valuable:
|
| 234 |
+
|
| 235 |
+
```bibtex
|
| 236 |
+
@article{minicpm4,
|
| 237 |
+
title={Minicpm4: Ultra-efficient llms on end devices},
|
| 238 |
+
author={MiniCPM, Team},
|
| 239 |
+
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.07900},
|
| 240 |
+
year={2025}
|
| 241 |
+
}
|
| 242 |
+
```
|