Are Frontier VLM Agents Ready to Be Robot Generalists? An Empirical Study with the Embodied Agent Arena
Abstract
Frontier vision-language models vary widely in embodied task performance, with closed-weight systems leading in planning and manipulation while open-weight models lag, and failure patterns reveal distinct geometric, control, and reasoning errors rather than uniform deficits.
A robot generalist must interpret a scene, act on it, and satisfy every condition of a task. How far do frontier vision-language models (VLMs) meet these demands? We introduce Embodied Agent Arena, evaluating ten VLM agents across Geometry, Spatial Reasoning, Affordance, Task Planning, and Manipulation. Its 1,000 cases combine 32 established sources with GeoProbe, our 168-case benchmark for camera, motion, depth, and scale estimation. A minimal harness leaves task decisions to the model through source-native interfaces. Closed-weight models lead all five domains, whereas open-weight VLMs show useful spatial reasoning but substantially lower planning and manipulation success. Beneath these averages, similar geometric errors conceal different scale and shape distortions, and valid region estimates need not identify usable action points. During execution, agents can achieve early subgoals yet lose object control, bind an action to the wrong receiving region, or stop before the required physical state holds. Additional computation does not uniformly resolve these failures: code repair can restore execution without completing the task, while self-review can reverse correct judgments. Failure costs also differ: the strongest planners concentrate failed-token expenditure in prolonged body-control tasks, whereas other models fail broadly across procedures. Matched traces show how successful recovery uses feedback to restore a missing prerequisite and advance the remaining task.
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Embodied Agent Arena evaluates ten frontier VLM agents on 1,000 cases across Geometry, Spatial Reasoning, Affordance, Task Planning, and Manipulation. It combines 32 established sources with GeoProbe, a new 168-case benchmark for camera, motion, depth, and scale estimation.
The results reveal distinct strengths across models: similar spatial scores can accompany very different planning success, and achieving early subgoals does not ensure completion of a full task sequence. Matched execution traces show where object control, action grounding, and recovery break down. The accompanying video compares all ten models across the five capability domains.
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