PianoBench: Evaluating Musical Perception and Reasoning in Language Models

Multimodal language models continue to improve on broad music understanding benchmarks, but which musical features can they perceive and reason about? We investigate this question by introducing PianoBench, a benchmark that tasks language models with reasoning about musical performances across congruent acoustic and symbolic input representations. PianoBench is derived from our new multimodal, training-scale dataset comprising more than 20,000 hours of interleaved transcripts of music and spoken musical commentary from instructional piano videos. Open-weight audio-language models achieve at most 52.8% accuracy on PianoBench, and at best only modestly outperform their accuracy on a no-audio control. In contrast, frontier models using chain of thought achieve up to 93.2% accuracy when provided transcripts of music as text, exposing a gap between perceiving musical features from audio and reasoning about musical events when they are given explicitly. We then test whether mid-training on interleaved musical instruction can improve question answering without chain of thought, raising Qwen 3.5 9B Base's zero-shot accuracy on PianoBench with music transcripts from 42.8% to 56.0% after instruction tuning. These experiments suggest that instructional videos may represent an overlooked source of multimodal supervision for music. Available: https://gclef-cmu.org/pianobench.