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- ---
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- license: mit
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- ---
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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+ ---
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+ license: mit
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+ datasets:
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+ - vesteinn/babylm
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+ ---
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+ # rootxhacker/arthemis-lm
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+
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+ Building capable language models shouldn't require massive corporate budgets. While the industry pushes toward increasingly large models, this project explores what's possible with neuromorphic architectures and limited resources.
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+
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+ I developed this 155.8M parameter Llama-SNN-LTC model with specific constraints:
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+
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+ - Budget limit: Under $50 using Google Colab Pro Plus
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+ - From-scratch pretraining with fully open-source dataset
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+ - No fine-tuning or synthetic data generation from existing LLMs
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+ - Focus on architectural innovation over scale
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+
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+ ## Model Details
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+
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+ This project is heavily inspired by **keeeeenw/MicroLlama**, which is an awesome open-source project aimed at pretraining a 300M Llama model on a budget.
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+
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+ This project incorporates **Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs)** and **Liquid Time Constants (LTCs)** into the Llama architecture, creating a neuromorphic language model. I spent under $50 on Google Colab Pro Plus and used the first 1M samples from the BabyLM challenge dataset, which contains approximately 100M tokens.
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+
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+ **Model Type**: Causal Language Model with Neuromorphic Enhancements
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+ **Supported Languages**: English
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+ **Number of Parameters**: 155.8M
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+ **Context Length**: 1024 tokens
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+ **Base Architecture**: Llama with SNN/LTC modifications
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+ **Training Data**: BabyLM (vesteinn/babylm) - 1M samples (~100M tokens)
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+
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+ ### Architecture Features
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+ - **Spiking Neural Networks** in attention mechanisms for temporal processing
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+ - **Liquid Time Constants** in feed-forward layers for adaptive dynamics
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+ - **12-layer transformer backbone** with neuromorphic enhancements
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+ - **RoPE positional encoding** for sequence understanding
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+ - **Custom surrogate gradient training** for differentiable spike computation
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+
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+ Here are my major model configurations:
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+
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+ ```
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+ hidden_size = 768
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+ intermediate_size = 2048
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+ num_hidden_layers = 12
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+ num_attention_heads = 12
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+ num_key_value_heads = 12
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+ max_position_embeddings = 1024
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+ vocab_size = 50257
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+ spiking_threshold = 1.0
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+ ltc_hidden_size = 256
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+ ltc_layers = 2
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Usage
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+
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+ ### Install dependencies
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+ ```bash
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+ pip install transformers torch numpy
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Evaluation
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+
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+ I performed evaluation using the standard lm-evaluation-harness setup. Following similar methodology to TinyLlama and MicroLlama, I used acc_norm for most datasets except for winogrande and boolq which used acc as the metrics.
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+
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+ ### Results Comparison
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+
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+ | Model | Params | Budget | HellaSwag | OBQA | WinoGrande | ARC_e | ARC_c | BoolQ | Avg |
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+ |-------|--------|--------|-----------|------|------------|-------|-------|-------|-----|
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+ | **rootxhacker/arthemis-lm** | **155.8M** | **<$50** | **24.65** | **20.60** | **48.10** | **28.20** | **22.20** | **39.80** | **30.59** |
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+ | google/bert-large-uncased | 336M | N/A | 24.53 | 26.20 | 49.80 | 25.08 | 25.68 | 40.86 | 32.03 |
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+
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+ ## Observations
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+
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+ - **Budget Efficiency**: Our model achieves competitive performance with only ~$50 budget, demonstrating that meaningful language models can be built with limited resources.
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+ - **Neuromorphic Advantages**: The SNN-LTC architecture shows particularly strong performance in WinoGrande (48.10%), suggesting enhanced reasoning capabilities from temporal dynamics.
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+ - **Parameter Efficiency**: With 155.8M parameters, our model performs comparably to BERT-large-uncased (336M parameters) while being significantly smaller.
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+ - **Room for Improvement**: More training data and compute would likely improve performance, but the current results validate the neuromorphic approach.
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+
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+
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+
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+ ```
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+ Architecture: Llama + Spiking Neural Networks + Liquid Time Constants
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+ Hidden Size: 768
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+ Intermediate Size: 2048
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+ Attention Heads: 12
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+ Layers: 12
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+ Max Position Embeddings: 1024
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+ Vocabulary Size: 50,257
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+ Spiking Threshold: 1.0
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+ LTC Hidden Size: 256
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+ Training Precision: FP32
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## Training Details
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+
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+ The model was pretrained from scratch using:
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+ - **Dataset**: BabyLM (vesteinn/babylm) - First 1M samples (~100M tokens)
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+ - **Hardware**: Google Colab Pro Plus (A100 GPU)
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+ - **Training Steps**: 20,000 steps
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+ - **Batch Size**: 8 with gradient accumulation
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+ - **Learning Rate**: 3e-4 with linear warmup
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+ - **Precision**: FP32 for stability with neuromorphic components
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+
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+ ### Key Innovations
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+ - **Custom SNN Implementation**: Leaky Integrate-and-Fire neurons with surrogate gradients
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+ - **Liquid Time Constants**: Adaptive time dynamics in feed-forward layers
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+ - **Budget-Conscious Training**: Optimized for maximum performance per dollar spent
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+ - **Neuromorphic Language Modeling**: First known integration of SNNs and LTCs in causal LM
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+
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+ ## Future Work
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+
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+ - Scale to larger datasets with increased compute budget
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+ - Explore different spiking neuron models (e.g., Adaptive LIF, Izhikevich)
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+ - Implement more sophisticated LTC architectures
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+ - Fine-tune for specific downstream tasks
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+ - Compare energy efficiency with standard transformers
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+
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+ ## Model Sources
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+
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+ - **Repository**: [Coming Soon]
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+ - **Paper**: [In Progress]
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+ - **Hugging Face**: [rootxhacker/arthemis-lm](https://huggingface.co/rootxhacker/arthemis-lm)
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+
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+ ## Uses
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+
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+ This model can be used for:
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+ - Text generation and completion
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+ - Few-shot learning tasks
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+ - Research into neuromorphic language models
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+ - Educational purposes for understanding SNN/LTC architectures
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+ - Base model for fine-tuning on specific tasks
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+
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+ ## Limitations
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+
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+ - **Training Data**: Limited to 100M tokens (much smaller than typical LLMs)
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+ - **Context Length**: Maximum 1024 tokens
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+ - **Domain**: Primarily trained on English text
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+ - **Compute**: Training limited by budget constraints
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+ - **Performance**: Lower than larger, more extensively trained models
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+
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+ ## Acknowledgments
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+
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+ Special thanks to **keeeeenw** for the inspiration and open-source MicroLlama project, which demonstrated that impressive language models can be built on a budget. This work builds upon those principles while exploring neuromorphic computing approaches to language modeling.
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+
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+ ## Citation
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+
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+ ```bibtex
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+ @misc{arthemis-lm-2024,
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+ title={Arthemis-LM: A Neuromorphic Language Model with Spiking Neural Networks and Liquid Time Constants},
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+ author={rootxhacker},
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+ year={2024},
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+ howpublished={\url{https://huggingface.co/rootxhacker/arthemis-lm}}
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+ }
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## License
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+
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+ Apache License 2.0