README.md

---
language:
- en
license: apache-2.0
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- generated_from_trainer
- dataset_size:6116
- loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
base_model: nomic-ai/modernbert-embed-base
widget:
- source_sentence: What should you do if you experience any bleeding after 3 months
    of starting HRT?
  sentences:
  - 'So it is best used actually not alone but with the help of hair reduction laser
    as an adjuvant therapy. Then talking about the cosmetic treatments. So shaving,
    threading, waxing.


    These methods are pretty good but they are temporary because they do not cause
    a permanent damage to the hair follicle. Does shaving leads to increased hair
    growth? So medically it has been proven with experiments, control experiments
    that that is not the case. Medically we have done shaving then after that we have
    checked the hair caliber, hair length, rate of growth.


    It is bound to be the same. Then we have hair removal creams. They basically work
    by dissolving the shaft of the hair and once again these creams may cause allergies
    in some people.


    So make sure that you do a patch test before using them. Then we have the bleaches.
    So this basically works by lightening the hair color and making it less noticeable
    against the skin and most of these bleaching agents contain a chemical called
    hydrogen peroxide.


    So once again make sure that you do a patch test on the skin before using them.
    Then talking about the permanent method of the hair removal. So few years back
    people used to do electrolysis.


    So it is difficult to target larger areas of skin with electrolysis and it can
    be very time consuming also. But now we have lasers available which are very effective.
    They can be used to target bigger areas of the skin.


    So we asked Dr. Sachin about what types of lasers, how to choose where to go for
    laser, how many sitting and a lot more. Laser hair reduction treatment essentially
    involves a single wavelength of light which gets absorbed inside your hair follicle,
    the color inside it and partially causes damage so that it doesn''t either produce
    hair or produces hair which is very thin and almost baby like or it delays the
    growth a lot. So let''s say if you shave and your hair comes back in five days
    or ten days, once you do laser and you reach a certain point where you''ve done
    a certain number of sessions, it may not come for three months or four months
    and you only have to do maintenance sessions then.


    But you have to realize the right candidate for doing laser hair reduction is
    somebody who''s got terminal hair, somebody who''s got thick, coarse hair.'
  - '(0:00 - 0:59)

    Periods, Menses, Menstruation, Monthly, Maasik, Mahawari, so how can something
    which is so very essential for the survival of species be so dirty and impure?
    Something which is very normal, which happens to 50% of the population every month.
    Something which is the sign of womanhood, something which is the sign of motherhood.
    How can that be so impure? How can that be so dirty? So why don''t people talk
    about it? As far as I know, even in schools, the sex education class or the e-production
    chapter is in 7th or 8th class.


    (0:59 - 1:33)

    But these days, as a gynecologist, I see young girls as young as 8 or 9 years
    coming to me with the periods. We don''t talk about it in school, parents don''t
    talk about it, so who will? I find it so strange when the women in the family
    actually tell their daughters not to do this, not to do this. I don''t understand
    even till today, even in educated class, women don''t find it comfortable to talk
    to their fathers, their brothers about the period.


    (1:34 - 2:07)

    From centuries till today, when you go to buy a pad, the shopkeeper first wraps
    the pad in the newspaper, then puts it in black polythene, and then gives it to
    you. And since we do not talk about this, we also do not talk about our right
    to have the sex education, the right to have the basic sanitation during periods,
    the right to have the access to menstrual hygiene products. And we also lose our
    right to have the opportunities in life.


    (2:07 - 2:44)

    How many opportunities will there be in life, which she may miss due to periods.
    So what is a period? Period happens because the inner lining of the uterus, which
    we call medically endometrium, every month, under the influence of hormones, which
    are estrogen and progesterone, it proliferates, and at the end of the month, it
    dies and it sheds off in form of bleeding. So this interplay of hormones happens
    because the body prepares the uterus every month for the pregnancy.


    (2:45 - 3:00)

    And when the pregnancy does not happen, all that preparation goes waste and the
    bleeding happens. So let''s today and onwards, talk about the periods the way
    we should be talking about them. My name is Pooja Gupta, I am from Uttar Pradesh.


    (3:01 - 3:06)

    My name is Shashi Yadav. My name is Hemanti. My name is Sejal Kumar and I am from
    Delhi.


    (3:06 - 3:13)

    My name is Beena.'
  - 'Your healthcare professional should discuss your individual risks based on the
    research evidence at your consultation.

    Can I still have HRT if I have had breast cancer or clots in my legs or lungs?

    HRT may still be an option for you and you should discuss this with your healthcare
    professional, who may seek advice or refer you to a menopause specialist.

    Can I take HRT if I have diabetes or high blood pressure?

    HRT should not affect your blood sugar control. If you are diabetic or have very
    high blood pressure, your healthcare professional may consult with a specialist
    before prescribing HRT.

    Would taking HRT prevent dementia?

    It is not known whether HRT affects the development of dementia.

    Do I still need to use contraception when taking HRT?

    HRT does not provide contraception. You need to continue using contraception for
    1 year after your last period if this happens after the age of 50 years. If your
    last period happens before you are 50 years of age then you need to continue using
    contraception for 2 years.

    When should I seek advice after starting HRT?

    You should have a review appointment with your healthcare professional after 3
    months of starting or changing HRT, and then yearly thereafter if all remains
    well.

    You may notice some vaginal bleeding in the first 3 months of starting or changing
    HRT, but if you experience any bleeding after 3 months then you should see your
    healthcare professional straight away.

    How long can I take HRT for?

    There are no set time limits for how long you can be on HRT. The benefits and
    risks of taking HRT will depend on your individual situation, and your healthcare
    professional should discuss these with you.

    How do I stop HRT?

    You can stop your HRT suddenly or  reduce gradually before stopping it. The chances
    of your symptoms coming back is the same either way.

    Do I need a referral to a menopause specialist?'
- source_sentence: What percentage of the foodborne disease burden is carried by children
    under 5 years of age?
  sentences:
  - "Access to enough safe and nutritious food is key to sustaining life and promoting\
    \ good health. Unsafe food containing harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites or\
    \ chemical substances can cause more than 200 different diseases, ranging from\
    \ diarrhoea to cancers.\n    Around the world, an estimated 600 million – almost\
    \ 1 in 10 people – fall ill after eating contaminated food each year, resulting\
    \ in 420 000 deaths and the loss of 33 million healthy life years (DALYs). Food\
    \ safety, nutrition and food security are closely linked. Unsafe food creates\
    \ a vicious cycle of disease and malnutrition, particularly affecting infants,\
    \ young children, elderly and the sick. In addition to contributing to food and\
    \ nutrition security,\n    a safe food supply also supports national economies,\
    \ trade and tourism, stimulating sustainable development. The globalization of\
    \ food trade, a growing world population, climate change and rapidly changing\
    \ food systems have an impact on the safety\n    of food. WHO aims to enhance\
    \ the capacity to prevent, detect and respond to public health threats associated\
    \ with unsafe food at the global and country levels. Learn about Nutrition and\
    \ Food Safety and COVID-19\nFoodborne diseases impede socioeconomic development\
    \ by straining health care systems and harming national economies, tourism and\
    \ trade. The burden of foodborne diseases to public health and to economies has\
    \ often been underestimated due to underreporting\n    and difficulty to establish\
    \ causal relationships between food contamination and resulting illness or death.\
    \ Children under 5 years of age carry 40% of the foodborne disease burden, with\
    \ 125 000 deaths every year. The consumption and production of safe food have\
    \ immediate and long-term benefits for people, the planet and the economy. Safe\
    \ food is essential to human health and well-being, only food that is safe can\
    \ be traded. Safe food allows for the uptake of nutrients\n    and promotes long-term\
    \ human development. When food is not safe, humans cannot develop, and the Sustainable\
    \ Development Goals cannot be achieved. The 2019 World Bank report on the economic\
    \ burden of the foodborne diseases indicated that US$ 110 billion is lost each\
    \ year in productivity and medical expenses resulting from unsafe food in low-\
    \ and middle-income countries. Unsafe or contaminated food\n    leads to trade\
    \ rejections, economic losses and food loss and waste, while safe food production\
    \ improves economic opportunities by enabling market access and productivity.\n\
    WHO calls for the transformation of food systems to make food safe, healthy and\
    \ sustainably produced for all the world population. WHO provides scientific advice\
    \ and research to help develop international standards for food safety through\
    \ the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/WHO Codex Alimentarius. WHO provides\
    \ global leadership in facilitating investment and coordinated evidence-based\
    \ action across multiple sectors. This supports Member States in building strong,\
    \ sustainable and resilient national food control systems with a balance of responsibilities\
    \ between the different stakeholders, including consumers."
  - 'A volcano is a vent in the Earth’s crust from which eruptions occur. There are
    about 1500 potentially active volcanoes worldwide. When volcanoes erupt they can
    spew hot, dangerous gases, ash, lava and rock that can cause disastrous loss of
    life and property, especially in heavily populated areas. Volcanic activities
    and wildfires affected 6.2 million people and caused nearly 2400 deaths between
    1998-2017. There are different types of volcanic eruptive events, including: pyroclastic
    explosions, with is fast-moving hot gas and volcanic matter hot ash releases lava
    flows gas emissions glowing avalanches, when gas and ashes release. Volcanic eruptions
    can also cause secondary events, such as floods, landslides and mudslides, if
    there are accompanying rain, snow or melting ice. Hot ashes can also start wildfires.
    Volcanic eruptions can impact climate change through emitting volcanic gases like
    sulfur dioxide, which causes global cooling, and volcanic carbon dioxide, which
    has the potential to promote global warming.

    Volcanic eruptions can pose multiple health threats depending on the proximity
    of the volcano to the community and whether there was any warning. Volcanic eruptions
    can cause: suffocation infectious diseases, such as conjunctivitis acute and chronic
    respiratory diseases from falling ash and breathing gases and fumes burns and
    traumatic injuries, such as lacerations from falling rock eye and skin irritations
    from acid rain. Ash and chemicals from the eruption can also generate risk of
    food and water contamination, and compromise basic services, like water, transportation,
    communications and health services. Likewise, the accumulation of ash on roofs
    can cause damage or collapse of buildings, both immediately and after the event.

    WHO works with Member States to build resilient and proactive health systems that
    can anticipate the needs and challenges during emergencies so that they are more
    likely to reduce risks and respond effectively when needed. The magnitude of the
    physical and human costs from volcanoes can be reduced if adequate emergency prevention,
    preparedness, response and recovery measures are implemented in a sustainable
    and timely manner. This includes, ensuring early warning systems are in place,
    evaluating the population, and raises awareness about the risks of volcanic activities.
    As the health cluster lead for global emergencies, WHO works with partners to
    respond to: ensure appropriate food supplementation; restore primary care services,
    like immunization, child and maternal health, and mental health; assemble mobile
    health teams and outreach; conduct epidemic surveillance, early warning and response;
    call for emergency funding to support health action.'
  - 'Is it okay to take the vaccine before trying for pregnancy? Yes, it''s a very
    good idea. Please take both the doses of vaccine.


    Wait for about six to eight weeks after the second dose of the vaccine so that
    a good antibody response develops and then plan the pregnancy. Which vaccine should
    I take? So in India we have two vaccines available at present which is the Covaxin
    and Covashield. Both of them are equally effective and equally safe.


    So please take both the doses and please take the same vaccine for both the doses.
    Can COVID-19 vaccine cause infertility? No, the vaccine is absolutely safe. It
    does not contain the live virus and it is not known to cause infertility in either
    men or women.


    I''m having PCOD. I''m trying for pregnancy. Can I take the vaccine? Yes, very
    much.


    You can take the vaccine and you must take the vaccine. Are pregnant women at
    a higher risk of getting COVID-19 infection? No, the risk of getting the COVID-19
    infection in pregnancy is same as that of a non-pregnant woman. But the disease
    might become more severe in pregnancy as pregnancy is an immunocompromised state.


    Can COVID-19 infection in early pregnancy cause an abortion? No, we do not have
    any scientific data supporting this. Can COVID-19 infection cause premature labor
    in pregnancy? Yes, there have been some studies where it was shown that COVID-19
    infection is associated with higher risk of a woman going into premature labor.
    Can COVID-19 infection cause birth defects? No, there is no scientific data supporting
    this.


    But COVID-19 infection in men has been associated with DNA fragmentation in sperms,
    theoretically increasing the risk of birth defects. Can COVID-19 infection be
    passed from the mother to the fetus? No scientific studies till date have demonstrated
    a vertical transmission of COVID-19 virus from the mother to the baby. In fact,
    COVID-19 virus has also been not found in the amniotic fluid.


    How do I manage good medical care for my pregnancy in present times? I know it''s
    very difficult. It''s very stressful. But as far as possible, take online appointments
    with your doctor.


    As far as possible, go for home collection of the blood test.'
- source_sentence: What is the first step in calculating the due date using the first
    method?
  sentences:
  - '(0:00 - 1:53)

    Ask any expectant mom. She is eagerly waiting for the day to hold her newborn
    in her arms. She is waiting for her due date.


    So, hello everyone. I am Dr. Anjali Kumar. I am a gynecologist and obstetrician
    and I bring greetings to you from Maitri.


    Maitri is a space where we talk anything and everything about women''s health.
    So, today let''s understand the very basics of pregnancy which is how to calculate
    your due date. A lot of us assume that a pregnancy is exactly 9 months long but
    that''s not the case.


    A typical pregnancy lasts on an average 280 days or 40 weeks starting from the
    first day of the last menstrual period as day one. By the way, most of the doctors
    like to calculate the age of pregnancy in weeks. But doctor, why do we count the
    duration of pregnancy from the first day of L and D? I got conceived in the middle
    of the cycle.


    I can even tell you my date. That''s all right. In a 28 days cycle on day one
    of the period the egg starts to form in one of the ovaries.


    When it ovulates and gets fertilized it is already two weeks old and when you
    miss your period your pregnancy is already four weeks old. That''s why when you
    miss your period now the second month has already started and your pregnancy is
    already four weeks old. How can I calculate my due date? So, the due date is nothing
    but when you complete 40 weeks.


    (1:53 - 10:06)

    It may not actually match with the exact date of delivery also. So, there are
    two methods to calculate the due date. The first method, so for this you first
    determine or remember the first day of your last menstrual period.


    Now count back three calendar months from that date and then add one year and
    seven days to that date. For example, if your last menstrual period began on September
    9 2022. Now counting back three calendar months would be June 9th 2022.'
  - 'Now let''s talk about what are the medical checkups which are done in the second
    trimester. So typically in second trimester the doctor is going to be calling
    you once in every four weeks and at each visit the doctor is going to take a history
    examine you take your blood pressure weight clinically examine the size of the
    pregnancy check for the baby''s heartbeat.


    Roughly at about 18 to 20 weeks we do a detailed scan which is known as anomaly
    scan or also known as TIFA. The screening for gestational diabetes is typically
    done at about 24 to 26 weeks of pregnancy. It can also be done earlier in case
    you fall into a high risk category for developing gestational diabetes which means
    in case you are in a higher weight side you have a positive family history or
    if you had a history of gestational diabetes in the last pregnancy.


    We also like to give certain vaccinations in the second trimester. Typically at
    the beginning of second trimester we give a flu shot this basically protects you
    against the swine flu and we like to give a plain tetanus injection and then roughly
    by about 26 to 28 weeks of pregnancy we give another shot which is known as Tdap.
    Basically this prevents you against tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis and this
    is the time the usual supplements like iron, calcium, vitamin D, folic acid and
    DHA are usually prescribed to the woman.


    So the second trimester of pregnancy is actually known as the fun time of pregnancy
    where you can actually start celebrating the pregnancy. So this is the time you
    should be really happy, eat well and do not worry about these small small tiny
    problems which keep cropping here and there.'
  - 'Vault prolapse: when the top of the vagina (or vault) bulges down. This can happen
    if you have had a hysterectomy and may develop in up to 1 in 10 women.

    How common is pelvic organ prolapse?

    It is difficult to know exactly how many women are affected by prolapse since
    many do not see their doctor for it. However, it appears to be very common, especially
    in the older age group. In women over the age of 50 years, 1 in 10 will have some
    symptoms of pelvic organ prolapse.

    Why does pelvic organ prolapse happen?

    Pelvic organ prolapse can happen when the pelvic floor weakens. A weak pelvic
    floor can be due to the following:

    pregnancy and childbirth

    ageing – prolapse is more common as you get older, particularly after your menopause

    being overweight

    persistent constipation, coughing or heavy lifting

    a natural tendency to develop prolapse

    Often it is a combination of these factors that result in you having a prolapse.

    What are the symptoms of pelvic organ prolapse?

    Your symptoms will depend on the type and degree of your prolapse. The following
    is a list of possible symptoms:

    You may not have any symptoms at all.

    You may feel a bulge or a dragging sensation in the vagina. You may also have
    backache, heaviness or discomfort inside your vagina. These symptoms are often
    worse if you have been standing for a long time and may improve on lying down.

    You may be able to feel or see a bulge in your vagina.

    You may need to pass urine more frequently and urgently. Also, you may have difficulty
    in passing urine or a sensation that your bladder is not emptying properly.

    You may leak urine when coughing, laughing; lifting heavy objects or you may have
    frequent bladder infections (cystitis).

    You may notice constipation or incomplete bowel emptying. You may sometimes need
    to press on the bulge with your fingers to help open your bowels.

    You may be anxious about sex, find it uncomfortable or notice a lack of sensation
    during intercourse.

    Some of the above symptoms may not be directly related to your prolapse.

    How is prolapse diagnosed?

    Prolapse is diagnosed by performing an internal examination. Your healthcare professional
    will examine your vagina using a speculum to see exactly which organ(s) is bulging.'
- source_sentence: What type of seat is recommended to book on a plane?
  sentences:
  - 'You will be recommended to take those drugs considered best for you. You will
    also be advised when you should start and stop taking them. You may be in one
    of the following circumstances:

    - You are already taking anti-retrovirals: Your doctors will recommend that you
    take HAART during pregnancy and after you have had your baby. If you were taking
    this before pregnancy, you should not stop your medication.

    - You are not taking anti-retrovirals: You should be offered treatment to stop
    you passing on the virus to your baby. The usual treatment is HAART, as described
    above. Treatment with a single anti-retroviral drug (zidovudine) may be considered
    if your viral load is less than 10 000, your CD4 count is more than 350 and you
    are prepared to have a caesarean section. Your doctor will usually recommend that
    you start the treatment between 14 and 24 weeks of your pregnancy and continue
    until your baby is born.

    What is the best way to give birth to my baby?

    Your team will discuss with you the best way to give birth. The treatment you
    are taking, your viral load and CD4 count at 36 weeks and previous pregnancies
    will be taken into account.

    - You should be able to have a vaginal delivery, even if you have had a caesarean
    section before, if you are taking HAART, have a viral load less than 50 and a
    CD4 count more than 350.

    - If you are taking HAART and your viral load is between 50 and 399, your doctors
    may recommend a caesarean section, usually at 38 weeks. This will depend on the
    pattern of your viral load, how long you have been on treatment and your wishes.'
  - 'If the growth slows down or the measurement suggests that your baby may be small,
    you will be advised to have an additional ultrasound scan.

    - If you have a higher chance of having a small baby, you will be offered a referral
    for either:

    - Additional ultrasound scans to measure your baby’s growth– how often you have
    these growth scans will depend on your individual circumstances.

    - A uterine artery Doppler scan – this is an ultrasound scan of the blood flow
    to your placenta. This is usually done at around 20 weeks when you have your routine
    anomaly scan. Depending on the results, you will be advised how often you need
    further growth scans to measure the size of your baby.

    If my baby is thought to be small or not growing, what will happen?

    What happens will depend on how small your baby is and how early in the pregnancy
    your baby has been found to be small. You may be offered the following tests to
    check your baby’s wellbeing:

    - An umbilical artery Doppler scan – this is an ultrasound scan which measures
    the flow of blood through the umbilical cord. It can help to tell whether your
    baby is at risk of becoming unwell and whether they may need to be born early

    - More frequent growth scans

    - Additional Doppler scans checking the blood flow in the baby’s brain and abdomen

    - A computerised cardiotocograph (cCTG) – this is a tracing of your baby’s heart
    rate.

    You may be referred to a specialist doctor (a fetal medicine specialist) for more
    frequent and detailed scans if:

    - your baby is very small,

    - they have been found to be small early in the pregnancy, or,

    - the umbilical artery Doppler scan is not normal.

    Depending on your individual circumstances you may be offered additional investigations.
    For example, you may be offered a test to check whether your baby has any genetic
    or chromosomal conditions (an amniocentesis), or blood tests to check for infections.

    Your blood pressure and urine will be checked regularly to see if you are developing
    pre-eclampsia.

    You will be advised to go straight to hospital to be checked if you are ever concerned
    that your baby is not moving normally.

    When is the best time for my baby to be born?

    This will depend on your individual circumstances.'
  - 'Number one, book an aisle seat so that you don''t have to climb over other passengers
    when you need to get up to go to the restroom or maybe walk around. Take a seat
    towards the front of the plane where the ride feels a little more smoother.


    (5:18 - 5:26)

    Drink plenty of water. Do not drink carbonated drinks such as soda. Do not eat
    foods such as beans.


    (5:26 - 5:38)

    They can cause gas. In fact the gas in your belly can expand at high altitudes
    and make you feel uncomfortable. Make sure that you fasten your seat belt whenever
    it is announced.


    (5:39 - 5:57)

    This can help you you know getting hurt in case of turbulences and turbulences
    actually happen when the air around the flying plane causes a bumpy ride. Obviously
    wear loose comfortable clothing. Move regularly every 30 minutes.


    (5:57 - 6:12)

    Make sure while you''re sitting also that you are flexing your ankles like this.
    You''re moving your ankles maybe like this moving your toes like that. So make
    sure that there is movement in your legs and feet.


    (6:13 - 6:30)

    Take a walk whenever it is safe to leave your seat. Now all these things lower
    your risk of DVT which is the blood clot inside the vein. In case you know you''re
    feeling sick or uncomfortable please do tell the flight attendant during the flight.


    (6:30 - 6:47)

    It''s also a good idea to buy a pair of graduated compression or support stockings
    from the pharmacy. Now coming to the car travel in pregnancy. Can I drive a car?
    Yes very much.


    (6:47 - 6:57)

    In case you''re a good driver you can definitely drive a car. Can I travel in
    a car? Yes very much. If you''re pregnant and traveling by car follow these tips.


    (6:57 - 7:20)

    Wear your seat belt even when you are in a co-driver''s seat.'
- source_sentence: What is the recommendation for a water birth if a woman has COVID-19?
  sentences:
  - 'All people, everywhere, have the right to achieve the highest attainable level
    of health. This is the fundamental premise of primary health care (PHC). Primary
    health care is a whole-of-society approach to effectively organize and strengthen
    national health systems to bring services for health and wellbeing closer to communities.
    It has 3 components: integrated health services to meet people’s health needs
    throughout their lives addressing the broader determinants of health through multisectoral
    policy and action empowering individuals, families and communities to take charge
    of their own health. Primary health care enables health systems to support a person’s
    health needs – from health promotion to disease prevention, treatment, rehabilitation,
    palliative care and more. This strategy also ensures that health care is delivered
    in a way that is centred on people’s needs and respects their preferences. Primary
    health care is widely regarded as the most inclusive, equitable and cost-effective
    way to achieve universal health coverage. It is also key to strengthening the
    resilience of health systems to prepare for, respond to and recover from shocks
    and crises.

    Universal health coverage will only be possible when everyone, everywhere can
    access the health services they need. Communities should be empowered to identify
    their health priorities and contribute to finding responsive solutions. Heath
    care and other sectors need to work together to ensure all decisions affecting
    health are addressed in an integrated way. This includes promoting policies to
    protect and improve people’s health and well-being; providing information, services
    and infrastructure for improved water and sanitation and other environmental determinants
    of health; prevention of noncommunicable diseases; preparing for and responding
    to health emergencies; providing services for pregnant women, routine vaccination
    for children and sexual and reproductive health services; mental health support;
    platforms for community consultation and many others. Primary health care brings
    these factors together to ensure the highest possible level of health and well-being
    and their equitable distribution. The impact is seen in health systems that focus
    on people’s needs and are as close as feasible to their everyday environment.
    Primary health care-oriented health systems consistently produce better outcomes,
    enhanced equity and improved efficiency. Scaling up primary health care interventions
    across low- and middle-income countries could save 60 million lives and increase
    average life expectancy by 3.7 years by 2030.

    WHO supports Member States in taking a primary health care approach to accelerate
    progress in achieving universal health coverage. Countries are demonstrating how
    this strategy has been effective in strengthening their health systems to address
    people’s needs, both in times of crisis as in normal times. The principles of
    primary health care were first outlined in the Declaration of Alma-Ata in 1978,
    a seminal milestone in global health. Forty years later, global leaders ratified
    the Declaration of Astana at the Global Conference on Primary Health Care which
    took place in Astana, Kazakhstan in October 2018.'
  - '- Specific medications and antibody treatment.

    If you are very unwell, your healthcare team may advise that your baby needs to
    be born early to help with your own treatment and recovery. How and when this
    may happen will depend on your individual situation.

    If I have COVID-19, will this affect where I give birth and my choice of pain
    relief in labour?

    If you have symptoms and have tested positive for COVID-19 at the time of birth:

    It is recommended that you give birth in a consultant led maternity unit where
    you and your baby can be monitored more closely during labour.

    It is safe for you to have a vaginal birth, and if you and your baby are both
    well you do not need to have a planned caesarean birth. Your birth choices should
    be respected and followed as closely as possible.

    A caesarean birth may be recommended if you or your baby are unwell or there are
    other complications. However, your chance of needing an emergency caesarean birth
    may be higher than usual.

    All the usual options for pain relief for labour and birth are available to you,
    however a water birth is not recommended. This is because it is harder to monitor
    and give you any treatments needed.

    If I have COVID-19, will this affect care of my baby after birth?

    If your baby is well and does not require care in the neonatal unit, you will
    stay together after you have given birth. Skin-to-skin contact is encouraged.

    How you feed your baby is dependent on your own circumstances and preferences,
    and your choices will be supported. Breastfeeding may help pass protection from
    infections (including COVID-19) to your baby. There is no strong evidence to show
    that COVID-19 can be passed on in breast milk.'
  - '(0:00 - 4:09)

    So what is the color of the cake? Pink or blue? What is the color of the nursery?
    Pink or blue? And what about the baby''s clothes? Are they frilly skirts or the
    soccer shirts? Have you ever wondered what is it which decides the sex of the
    baby inside? How that little pea-shaped embryo grows into that little baby girl
    or a baby boy? Since ages it was the mother who was held responsible for the sex
    of the baby. But now we know it is the father who decides whether it is going
    to be a pretty little daughter or a handsome baby boy. So hello everyone, this
    is Dr. Anjali Kumar once again bringing you greetings from Maitri.


    Maitri is a space where we talk anything and everything about women''s health.
    So today we are starting our pregnancy series season 2 with this very question
    which every parent wants to know. So the baby inherits its genes from both the
    parents.


    The genes are present in the DNA and the DNA is present in the chromosomes and
    the chromosomes are present in the nucleus of the cell. Every human cell has 23
    pairs of chromosomes. So total 46 chromosomes.


    Each pair inherited from one parent. 22 of these pairs are called autosomes. They
    look the same in both males and females.


    The 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes, that''s the special one. It differs between
    males and females. Females have two copies of X chromosomes which makes it XX,
    while males have one X and one Y which makes it XY.


    So at the time of fertilization, the father''s sperm and the mother''s egg each
    contributes one sex chromosomes to the baby. The mother can contribute only X
    since it has two copies of X chromosomes only, while the father can contribute
    either X or Y chromosomes. So the baby''s biological or the genetic sex which
    is male or female is determined by the chromosome which the father contributes.


    So if the father contributes his Y chromosome, it will be a male baby which is
    XY, while if he contributes the X chromosome, it will be a female baby XX. Baby''s
    sex is determined at the time of fertilization or the conception when the sperm
    fertilizes the egg. Now this typically happens around day 14 to maybe day 17 in
    women who have regular cycles.


    Now this is the time when you don''t even know that you are pregnant. You might
    not be even expecting a pregnancy. This is the time when the baby''s sex is decided.


    After that, nobody and nothing can ever change the genetic sex of the baby. No
    medicine, no food, no kada, no jariputi, no exercise can change the sex of the
    baby afterwards.'
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
library_name: sentence-transformers
metrics:
- cosine_accuracy@1
- cosine_accuracy@3
- cosine_accuracy@5
- cosine_accuracy@10
- cosine_precision@1
- cosine_precision@3
- cosine_precision@5
- cosine_precision@10
- cosine_recall@1
- cosine_recall@3
- cosine_recall@5
- cosine_recall@10
- cosine_ndcg@10
- cosine_mrr@10
- cosine_map@100
model-index:
- name: Fine-tuned with Transcripts + Documents v1
  results:
  - task:
      type: information-retrieval
      name: Information Retrieval
    dataset:
      name: Unknown
      type: unknown
    metrics:
    - type: cosine_accuracy@1
      value: 0.5191176470588236
      name: Cosine Accuracy@1
    - type: cosine_accuracy@3
      value: 0.7441176470588236
      name: Cosine Accuracy@3
    - type: cosine_accuracy@5
      value: 0.8
      name: Cosine Accuracy@5
    - type: cosine_accuracy@10
      value: 0.8911764705882353
      name: Cosine Accuracy@10
    - type: cosine_precision@1
      value: 0.5191176470588236
      name: Cosine Precision@1
    - type: cosine_precision@3
      value: 0.24803921568627454
      name: Cosine Precision@3
    - type: cosine_precision@5
      value: 0.15999999999999998
      name: Cosine Precision@5
    - type: cosine_precision@10
      value: 0.08911764705882352
      name: Cosine Precision@10
    - type: cosine_recall@1
      value: 0.5191176470588236
      name: Cosine Recall@1
    - type: cosine_recall@3
      value: 0.7441176470588236
      name: Cosine Recall@3
    - type: cosine_recall@5
      value: 0.8
      name: Cosine Recall@5
    - type: cosine_recall@10
      value: 0.8911764705882353
      name: Cosine Recall@10
    - type: cosine_ndcg@10
      value: 0.7050782073291749
      name: Cosine Ndcg@10
    - type: cosine_mrr@10
      value: 0.6456746031746027
      name: Cosine Mrr@10
    - type: cosine_map@100
      value: 0.6502703066787651
      name: Cosine Map@100
---

# Fine-tuned with Transcripts + Documents v1

This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [nomic-ai/modernbert-embed-base](https://huggingface.co/nomic-ai/modernbert-embed-base). It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

## Model Details

### Model Description
- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
- **Base model:** [nomic-ai/modernbert-embed-base](https://huggingface.co/nomic-ai/modernbert-embed-base) <!-- at revision d556a88e332558790b210f7bdbe87da2fa94a8d8 -->
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 1024 tokens
- **Output Dimensionality:** 768 dimensions
- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
<!-- - **Training Dataset:** Unknown -->
- **Language:** en
- **License:** apache-2.0

### Model Sources

- **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
- **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers)
- **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)

### Full Model Architecture

```
SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 1024, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: ModernBertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)
```

## Usage

### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

```bash
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```

Then you can load this model and run inference.
```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("schaitanya/modernbert-embed-base-transcript-documents-v1")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'What is the recommendation for a water birth if a woman has COVID-19?',
    '- Specific medications and antibody treatment.\nIf you are very unwell, your healthcare team may advise that your baby needs to be born early to help with your own treatment and recovery. How and when this may happen will depend on your individual situation.\nIf I have COVID-19, will this affect where I give birth and my choice of pain relief in labour?\nIf you have symptoms and have tested positive for COVID-19 at the time of birth:\nIt is recommended that you give birth in a consultant led maternity unit where you and your baby can be monitored more closely during labour.\nIt is safe for you to have a vaginal birth, and if you and your baby are both well you do not need to have a planned caesarean birth. Your birth choices should be respected and followed as closely as possible.\nA caesarean birth may be recommended if you or your baby are unwell or there are other complications. However, your chance of needing an emergency caesarean birth may be higher than usual.\nAll the usual options for pain relief for labour and birth are available to you, however a water birth is not recommended. This is because it is harder to monitor and give you any treatments needed.\nIf I have COVID-19, will this affect care of my baby after birth?\nIf your baby is well and does not require care in the neonatal unit, you will stay together after you have given birth. Skin-to-skin contact is encouraged.\nHow you feed your baby is dependent on your own circumstances and preferences, and your choices will be supported. Breastfeeding may help pass protection from infections (including COVID-19) to your baby. There is no strong evidence to show that COVID-19 can be passed on in breast milk.',
    "(0:00 - 4:09)\nSo what is the color of the cake? Pink or blue? What is the color of the nursery? Pink or blue? And what about the baby's clothes? Are they frilly skirts or the soccer shirts? Have you ever wondered what is it which decides the sex of the baby inside? How that little pea-shaped embryo grows into that little baby girl or a baby boy? Since ages it was the mother who was held responsible for the sex of the baby. But now we know it is the father who decides whether it is going to be a pretty little daughter or a handsome baby boy. So hello everyone, this is Dr. Anjali Kumar once again bringing you greetings from Maitri.\n\nMaitri is a space where we talk anything and everything about women's health. So today we are starting our pregnancy series season 2 with this very question which every parent wants to know. So the baby inherits its genes from both the parents.\n\nThe genes are present in the DNA and the DNA is present in the chromosomes and the chromosomes are present in the nucleus of the cell. Every human cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes. So total 46 chromosomes.\n\nEach pair inherited from one parent. 22 of these pairs are called autosomes. They look the same in both males and females.\n\nThe 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes, that's the special one. It differs between males and females. Females have two copies of X chromosomes which makes it XX, while males have one X and one Y which makes it XY.\n\nSo at the time of fertilization, the father's sperm and the mother's egg each contributes one sex chromosomes to the baby. The mother can contribute only X since it has two copies of X chromosomes only, while the father can contribute either X or Y chromosomes. So the baby's biological or the genetic sex which is male or female is determined by the chromosome which the father contributes.\n\nSo if the father contributes his Y chromosome, it will be a male baby which is XY, while if he contributes the X chromosome, it will be a female baby XX. Baby's sex is determined at the time of fertilization or the conception when the sperm fertilizes the egg. Now this typically happens around day 14 to maybe day 17 in women who have regular cycles.\n\nNow this is the time when you don't even know that you are pregnant. You might not be even expecting a pregnancy. This is the time when the baby's sex is decided.\n\nAfter that, nobody and nothing can ever change the genetic sex of the baby. No medicine, no food, no kada, no jariputi, no exercise can change the sex of the baby afterwards.",
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
```

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</details>
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You can finetune this model on your own dataset.

<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

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## Evaluation

### Metrics

#### Information Retrieval

* Evaluated with [<code>InformationRetrievalEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.InformationRetrievalEvaluator)

| Metric              | Value      |
|:--------------------|:-----------|
| cosine_accuracy@1   | 0.5191     |
| cosine_accuracy@3   | 0.7441     |
| cosine_accuracy@5   | 0.8        |
| cosine_accuracy@10  | 0.8912     |
| cosine_precision@1  | 0.5191     |
| cosine_precision@3  | 0.248      |
| cosine_precision@5  | 0.16       |
| cosine_precision@10 | 0.0891     |
| cosine_recall@1     | 0.5191     |
| cosine_recall@3     | 0.7441     |
| cosine_recall@5     | 0.8        |
| cosine_recall@10    | 0.8912     |
| **cosine_ndcg@10**  | **0.7051** |
| cosine_mrr@10       | 0.6457     |
| cosine_map@100      | 0.6503     |

<!--
## Bias, Risks and Limitations

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### Recommendations

*What are recommendations with respect to the foreseeable issues? For example, filtering explicit content.*
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## Training Details

### Training Dataset

#### Unnamed Dataset

* Size: 6,116 training samples
* Columns: <code>anchor</code> and <code>positive</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
  |         | anchor                                                                            | positive                                                                             |
  |:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
  | type    | string                                                                            | string                                                                               |
  | details | <ul><li>min: 7 tokens</li><li>mean: 15.08 tokens</li><li>max: 33 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 38 tokens</li><li>mean: 389.33 tokens</li><li>max: 683 tokens</li></ul> |
* Samples:
  | anchor                                                                      | positive                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
  |:----------------------------------------------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
  | <code>What lifestyle changes are recommended before pregnancy?</code>       | <code>(0:02 - 0:50)<br>Are you excited to be a father? How do you think you can help your wife or partner in this journey? Would you want to help your wife or partner during labour? Do you know how does the delivery occurs? Have you read something about the delivery in the baby care? So a lot has been written about women and pregnancy, but we do not talk much about the fathers. Is their role only up to providing the sperm to fertilize the egg? Is it all about the moms? So hello everyone, this is Dr. Anjali Kumar, once again bringing greetings from Maitri. Maitri is a space where we talk anything and everything about women's health.<br><br>(0:50 - 1:06)<br>But this time in this episode, we will talk about the fathers. We were not sure when to plan our family. She wanted a baby early and I wanted to wait for a few years.<br><br>(1:07 - 1:28)<br>Plan and talk when you want to plan the pregnancy. Plan well the career, the finances, visit a doctor together for the pre-conceptional checks, tests and the contraceptive ...</code>       |
  | <code>Does the absence of symptoms indicate an absence of infection?</code> | <code>(0:00 - 0:21)<br>Very important point. Some people with STDs may not actually have any symptoms. Now this means that the person is a carrier of infection but she is absolutely capable of transmitting the infection to the other person.<br><br>So remember absence of symptoms does not mean absence of infection.</code>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
  | <code>When does pre-eclampsia usually occur during pregnancy?</code>        | <code>What is pre-eclampsia?<br>Pre-eclampsia is a condition that usually happens after 20 weeks of pregnancy. The exact cause of pre-eclampsia is not understood. It is usually a combination of:<br>raised blood pressure (hypertension)<br>protein in your urine (proteinuria).<br>Sometimes pre-eclampsia can affect your liver, kidneys and blood clotting without protein in your urine.<br>Pre-eclampsia is common, affecting between 1–5 in 100 women during pregnancy. It is usually mild but in a small number of cases, it can develop into a more serious illness. Around one in 200 women develop severe pre-eclampsia, which can be life-threatening for both you and your baby.<br>How will I know if I have pre-eclampsia?<br>Often you will have no symptoms and pre-eclampsia may be diagnosed for the first time at your routine antenatal appointments or during labour when you have your blood pressure checked<br>and your urine tested.<br>If you do develop symptoms they usually happen towards the end of your pregnancy but can also happen f...</code> |
* Loss: [<code>MultipleNegativesRankingLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#multiplenegativesrankingloss) with these parameters:
  ```json
  {
      "scale": 20.0,
      "similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
  }
  ```

### Training Hyperparameters
#### Non-Default Hyperparameters

- `eval_strategy`: epoch
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 16
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 16
- `learning_rate`: 2e-05
- `num_train_epochs`: 4
- `lr_scheduler_type`: cosine
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `log_level`: debug
- `bf16`: True
- `tf32`: True
- `load_best_model_at_end`: True
- `optim`: adamw_torch_fused
- `batch_sampler`: no_duplicates

#### All Hyperparameters
<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

- `overwrite_output_dir`: False
- `do_predict`: False
- `eval_strategy`: epoch
- `prediction_loss_only`: True
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 16
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 8
- `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
- `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 16
- `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
- `torch_empty_cache_steps`: None
- `learning_rate`: 2e-05
- `weight_decay`: 0.0
- `adam_beta1`: 0.9
- `adam_beta2`: 0.999
- `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
- `max_grad_norm`: 1.0
- `num_train_epochs`: 4
- `max_steps`: -1
- `lr_scheduler_type`: cosine
- `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `warmup_steps`: 0
- `log_level`: debug
- `log_level_replica`: warning
- `log_on_each_node`: True
- `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
- `save_safetensors`: True
- `save_on_each_node`: False
- `save_only_model`: False
- `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False
- `no_cuda`: False
- `use_cpu`: False
- `use_mps_device`: False
- `seed`: 42
- `data_seed`: None
- `jit_mode_eval`: False
- `use_ipex`: False
- `bf16`: True
- `fp16`: False
- `fp16_opt_level`: O1
- `half_precision_backend`: auto
- `bf16_full_eval`: False
- `fp16_full_eval`: False
- `tf32`: True
- `local_rank`: 0
- `ddp_backend`: None
- `tpu_num_cores`: None
- `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
- `debug`: []
- `dataloader_drop_last`: False
- `dataloader_num_workers`: 0
- `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
- `past_index`: -1
- `disable_tqdm`: False
- `remove_unused_columns`: True
- `label_names`: None
- `load_best_model_at_end`: True
- `ignore_data_skip`: False
- `fsdp`: []
- `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
- `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
- `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
- `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
- `deepspeed`: None
- `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
- `optim`: adamw_torch_fused
- `optim_args`: None
- `adafactor`: False
- `group_by_length`: False
- `length_column_name`: length
- `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None
- `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
- `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False
- `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
- `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
- `skip_memory_metrics`: True
- `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
- `push_to_hub`: False
- `resume_from_checkpoint`: None
- `hub_model_id`: None
- `hub_strategy`: every_save
- `hub_private_repo`: None
- `hub_always_push`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None
- `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
- `include_for_metrics`: []
- `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
- `fp16_backend`: auto
- `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
- `push_to_hub_organization`: None
- `mp_parameters`: 
- `auto_find_batch_size`: False
- `full_determinism`: False
- `torchdynamo`: None
- `ray_scope`: last
- `ddp_timeout`: 1800
- `torch_compile`: False
- `torch_compile_backend`: None
- `torch_compile_mode`: None
- `dispatch_batches`: None
- `split_batches`: None
- `include_tokens_per_second`: False
- `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False
- `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
- `optim_target_modules`: None
- `batch_eval_metrics`: False
- `eval_on_start`: False
- `use_liger_kernel`: False
- `eval_use_gather_object`: False
- `average_tokens_across_devices`: False
- `prompts`: None
- `batch_sampler`: no_duplicates
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: proportional

</details>

### Training Logs
| Epoch      | Step   | Training Loss | cosine_ndcg@10 |
|:----------:|:------:|:-------------:|:--------------:|
| 0.4178     | 10     | 5.9152        | -              |
| 0.8355     | 20     | 2.7824        | -              |
| 0.9608     | 23     | -             | 0.6781         |
| 1.2924     | 30     | 1.9575        | -              |
| 1.7102     | 40     | 1.5202        | -              |
| 1.9608     | 46     | -             | 0.6943         |
| 2.1671     | 50     | 1.4008        | -              |
| 2.5849     | 60     | 1.1741        | -              |
| 2.9608     | 69     | -             | 0.7031         |
| 3.0418     | 70     | 1.0995        | -              |
| 3.4595     | 80     | 1.0416        | -              |
| 3.8773     | 90     | 1.1648        | -              |
| **3.9608** | **92** | **-**         | **0.7051**     |

* The bold row denotes the saved checkpoint.

### Framework Versions
- Python: 3.11.11
- Sentence Transformers: 3.4.1
- Transformers: 4.49.0
- PyTorch: 2.6.0+cu124
- Accelerate: 1.3.0
- Datasets: 3.4.1
- Tokenizers: 0.21.1

## Citation

### BibTeX

#### Sentence Transformers
```bibtex
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}
```

#### MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
```bibtex
@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
```

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