You are an expert evaluator. Rate the TEXT SAMPLE on four dimensions: Format, Voice, Knowledge Density, and Diversity.
Follow the rubrics exactly and return ONLY a JSON object that matches the schema below.

RUBRICS
1) Format (0–3)
  0 = Disorganized/unreadable
  1 = Partially structured; noticeable formatting issues
  2 = Mostly clear and well-structured; minor issues
  3 = Very clean, polished, professional formatting

2) Voice (0–1)
  0 = Generic tone; no distinct style
  1 = Clear, distinctive authorial voice/style

3) Knowledge Density (0–3)
  0 = Mostly filler/vague; little information
  1 = Some information but redundant/low substance
  2 = Moderately dense; clear informative content
  3 = Highly informative; most sentences add distinct info

4) Diversity (0–2)
  0 = Common/generic knowledge
  1 = Somewhat specialized/uncommon
  2 = Very niche/specialized/rare domain

OUTPUT SCHEMA (must be valid JSON; no extra text):
{
  "format":        {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "voice":         {"score": <int 0-1>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "diversity":     {"score": <int 0-2>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"}
}

CONSTRAINTS
- Use integers only for scores and keep them within the allowed ranges.
- Justifications must be concise (≤2 sentences each).
- Do not include any commentary outside the JSON object.

TEXT SAMPLE:
"""Japanese Idioms: A List of Expressions Based on Body Parts

Post date: Tuesday, April 20, 2021

When learning a language one of the most difficult, yet most interesting aspects is mastering the idioms and expressions that come with the language. From literal meanings that are seemingly completely at odds with metaphorical meanings to confusing colloquialisms, learning idioms can be an uphill battle. However, becoming aware of these expressions and being able to use them is a rewarding and motivating experience. Below we cover the most popular idioms related to body parts.

You may also be interested in "Japanese Verbal & Nonverbal Communication for Business" and if you are interested in learning Japanese using your phone, our article "Best Japanese Learning Apps - from beginners to advanced levels" would help you.

Head Expressions (頭)

Atama ga agaranai (頭が上がらない)

Atama ga agaranai, or “the head can’t rise,” is an expression used to indicate a relationship where the speaker feels they are unable to be equal with the other person. They feel they are always outclassed or outperformed, whether this be in authority, strength, or results.

Atama ga katai (頭がかたい)

This expression is used to describe a person who is inflexible, refusing to change their mind and stubborn about a situation. With a literal meaning of “hard-headed,” it is read atama ga katai.

Face Expressions (顔)

Awaseru kao ga nai (合わせる顔がない)

Awaseru kao ga nai, or “there is no matching face,” is an expression used to convey a sense of shame. It refers to a situation in which one feels too embarrassed or ashamed to meet someone.

Ôkina kao wo suru (大きな顔をする)

“To put on a big face” is similar to the English expression “to act big,” meaning to act important. It is read ôkina kao wo suru.

Kaoiro wo ukagau (顔色をうかがう)

The expression kaoiro wo ukagau has a similar literal and metaphorical meaning. The literal meaning is “to examine someone’s complexion/face” while the metaphorical meaning is “to gauge someone’s feelings.” Considering one aspect of understanding feelings is done through facial expressions, the link between the meanings is very clear.

Kao ga kiku (顔が利く)

When describing someone with a lot of influence and popularity you might use the term kao ga kiku. This expression literally means “to have a good or effective face” and is used to describe influential people.

Kao ga tsubureru (顔が潰れる)

Read as kao ga tsubureru, with a literal meaning of “the face is squashed,” this expression has a similar meaning to the English expression “to lose face”. When one’s integrity or credibility is injured, this expression could be used.

Kao ni doro wo nuru (顔に泥を塗る)

The expression “to put mud on one’s face” describes a situation where the speaker has brought disgrace or shame upon themselves. It is read kao ni doro wo nuru.

Kao ga hiroi (顔が広い)

Kao ga hiroi, or “to have a wide face” is a common expression referring to people who are well-connected or have a wide range of acquaintances. It could be compared to the English expression of being “widely known”.

Eye Expressions (目)

Shiroi me de miru (白い目で見る)

The expression shiroi me de miru, or “to look with white eyes,” is often used to describe looking coldly or frowning directly at someone in a malicious way.

Me ga kiku (目が利く)

This expression is almost identical to the English equivalent “to have an eye for something,” meaning to be good at understanding or distinguishing value in something. The Japanese version, read me ga kiku, literally means “to have an effective eye.”

Me ga koeru (目が肥える)

This expression is similar to the previous one, but differs in that the “good eye” comes from experience of seeing “good things” (such as art, cuisine, and the like) previously. Read me ga koeru, the literal meaning is that the “eye grows fat.”

Me ni irete mo itakunai (目に入れても痛くない)

Read me ni irete mo itakunai, this expression has the literal meaning of “it doesn’t hurt even if you put it in my eye.” This may be confusing as the metaphorical meaning is that something or someone is so cute or irresistible you don’t know what to do. It would be used to describe someone or something you love very much.

Me wo sara no yo ni suru (目を皿のようにする)

To be wide-eyed in surprise, confusion, or even looking for something, we can use the expression me wo sara no yo ni suru. This has the literal meaning “to make your eyes look like plates.”

Nose Expressions (鼻)

Hana de ashirau (鼻であしらう)

The phrase hana de ashirau is used to describe treating someone with contempt or snubbing someone. It has the literal meaning “to respond with the nose” and could be considered similar to the English expression “to turn up one’s nose”.

Hana ni kakeru (鼻にかける)

Hana ni kakeru has the literal meaning “to put on the nose” and is often used to describe someone who is overly prideful or boasting.

Ear Expressions (耳)

Mimi ga itai (耳が痛い)

“The ears hurt” is an expression used to describe a remark that is painfully true. It is read mimi ga itai and is used to refer to a comment that has hit home and is quite hurtful.

Mimi ni tako ga dekiru (耳にたこができる)

The phrase mimi ni tako ga dekiru has a literal meaning of “getting calluses on the ears.” It refers to a situation where one has heard the same thing too many times and is weary of hearing it so often.

Mimi wo soroeru (耳をそろえる)

If you have to collect enough money to pay off a debt, it can also be referred to as “collecting one’s ears.” This is read as mimi wo soroeru.

Mouth Expressions (口)

Kuchi ga karui (口が軽い)

This expression, “light-mouthed,” read as kuchi ga karui, describes someone who is talkative without thinking. They are unable to keep a secret and often say things they shouldn’t have said.

Kuchi ga katai (口がかたい)

This expression is the direct opposite of the previous one, both in meaning and word usage. To describe someone as “hard-mouthed” or kuchi ga katai, says they are able to keep a secret and are good at keeping their mouth shut when need be.

Kuchi ga omoi (口が重い)

Kuchi ga omoi, or “heavy-mouthed” differs from the above expression in that it describes someone who is incommunicative and taciturn, or someone who uses few words.

Kuchi kara saki ni umareru (口から先に生まれる)

“To be born from the mouth” describes a person who is very chatty and enjoys talking. They like to converse with anyone and everyone. The expression is read kuchi kara saki ni umareru.

Kuchiguruma ni noru (口車に乗る)

The expression kuchiguruma ni noru means “to get on or to follow someone’s smooth talk.” The metaphorical meaning is very close to this and describes being taken in or deceived by someone with honeyed words or glib talk.

Kuchi wo hasamu (口をはさむ)

To interrupt someone while they are speaking calls for the expression kuchi wo hasamu, or “to pinch one’s mouth.”

Neck and Throat Expressions (首・のど)

Kubi wo tsukkomu (首をつっこむ)

The expression kubi wo tsukkomu has a literal meaning of “to stick out one’s neck,” but metaphorically correlates to a different body part expression in English. While in English one might say “to poke your nose into someone’s business” to convey prying or interfering, Japanese uses “to stick/push your neck out.”

Kubi wo nagaku suru (首を長くする)

Kubi wo nagaku suru, or to elongate one’s neck, refers to a situation that the speaker is looking forward to or excited about. If you imagine stretching your neck closer to something you want to see, you can understand the logic behind this expression.

Nodo kara te ga deru (喉から手が出る)

If you desperately want something, you could use the expression nodo kara te ga deru, or “the hand comes out from the throat.” While this may sound strange, the origin story is based around a time of famine and starvation, where people wanted to eat so desperately that eating utensils were ignored.

Chest and Abdomen Expressions (胸・腹)

Hara ga kuroi (腹が黒い)

Hara ga kuroi literally means “the stomach is black.” It refers to scheming and having “evil thoughts,” similar to how one might refer to a “black heart” in English.

Hara no mushi ga osamaranai (腹の虫が治まらない)

This expression could be used to describe a situation in which you could not contain your anger. Such out-of-control anger is described as hara no mushi ga osamaranai, or “the insect in my stomach won’t settle.”

Mune ni kizamu(胸に刻む)

Mune ni kizamu, or “to carve into one’s chest,” has an easily understood meaning of something or someone that you will never forget; they are etched into your memory.

Mune wo nadeorosu (胸をなで下ろす)

When you are feeling relieved after an anxious or stressful situation, you may want to use mune wo nadeorosu. Literally, this means “to stroke down the chest.” This is another easily understood expression. Stroking an animal to comfort it comes as second nature, so the metaphorical idea of stroking your heart (chest) to relieve anxiety is quite logical.

Mune wo haru (胸を張る)

The expression mune wo haru, or “to spread one’s chest,” is similar in both literal and symbolic meaning to its English equivalent. This expression means to be very proud, or in some cases overly proud.

Shoulders and Arms Expressions (肩・腕)

Kata no ni ga oriru (肩の荷が下りる)

The English expression “to take a weight off one’s mind,” meaning to be relieved of a burden or responsibility, is very similar to its Japanese equivalent, varying only in body part. The Japanese version, kata no ni ga oriru, means “take down the weight of one’s shoulders” and is a clear equivalent to the English expression.

Katami ga semai (肩身が狭い)

Katami ga semai, or “the shoulders are narrow,” has the metaphorical meaning of feeling ashamed or embarrassed. It is often used in a situation where the speaker feels inferior to others.

Kata wo otosu (肩を落とす)

The expression “to drop one’s shoulders” is read as kata wo otosu. The meaning is to feel discouraged and down. It may refer to feeling discouraged about a certain project or just a general feeling.

Kata wo motsu (肩を持つ)

In English, we often use the expression “to have someone’s back,” meaning to support or be reliable for someone. In Japanese, the expression “to have someone’s shoulders,” read kata wo motsu, has the same meaning.

Ude wo migaku (腕を磨く)

If you are trying to improve your skills and abilities, you might find yourself using the expression ude wo migaku. This translates literally as “to polish one’s arm,” but more metaphorically means to polish your skills and work on improving yourself.

Hands and Fingers (手・指)

Kayui tokoro ni te ga todoku (かゆいところに手が届く)

Here we have the expression kayui tokoro ni te ga todoku, with the literal meaning “to reach the itchy area.” The more metaphorical meaning is to be focused on fine details. A person who is able to pay attention to all details and make sure even small tasks are completed correctly may be described with this expression.

Ushiro yubi wo sasareru (後ろ指を指される)

Ushiro yubi wo sasareru, or “to have fingers pointed at one’s back,” is an expression referring to a situation in which others are talking about you behind your back. This is usually a negative thing involving criticism or accusations.

Te no hira wo kaesu (手のひらを返す)

To flip-flop or do an about-face is often described with the expression te no hira wo kaesu. This has the literal meaning of “to turn over the palm of one’s hand,” a representation of turning over your decisions or opinions.

Te wo nuku (手を抜く)

The phrase te wo nuku has the literal meaning of “to pull out one’s hand.” It is used in a similar way to the English expression “cutting corners,” meaning to skip aspects of work that should be done or to relax on the job.

Te wo yaku (手を焼く)

“To burn one’s hands,” read as te wo yaku, describes a difficult situation. It may be a situation you can’t cope with, are unsure what to do, or feel it is out of your control.

Yubi wo kuwaeru (指をくわえる)

When in a situation where you are envious of someone or something but unable to do anything about it, you may want to use the expression “to hold your fingers in your mouth” or yubi wo kuwaeru.

Lower Back and Buttocks Expressions (腰・尻)

Koshi ga hikui (腰が低い)

This expression, read koshi ga hikui, means “to have a low/short back.” However, its idiomatic meaning is used to describe a person who is humble and modest.

Koshi wo sueru (腰を据える)

“Lower the waist,” or koshi wo sueru, refers to a situation in which you might have to take things calmly and move forward slowly but surely. It conveys a sense of being settled and calm.

Koshi wo nukasu (腰をぬかす)

This expression, read koshi wo nukasu, can seem confusing at first but soon makes clear sense. The literal meaning is “to pull out or dislocate one’s back,” but the metaphorical meaning is “to be very surprised.” The etymology relates to being so surprised that you lose strength and can’t stand up, similar to how you might feel with a dislocated back.

Shiri ni hi ga tsuku (尻に火がつく)

Shiri ni hi ga tsuku is an expression that literally means “the buttocks catch fire.” It is used in a situation where the situation is imminent and the speaker is pressed by urgent matters. They are so pressed for time that they might be running around like their pants are on fire, hence the expression.

Feet Expressions (足)

Ashi ga omoi (足が重い)

“To be heavy-footed” refers to a feeling of not wanting to go, but needing to go. It describes a sense of reluctance. The expression is read ashi ga omoi.

Ashi ga bo ni naru (足が棒になる)

Ashi ga bo ni naru, or “the legs have become rods,” describes a feeling when one’s legs have become stiff and tired. This is usually after standing or walking for a long time.

Ashimoto wo miru (足元を見る)

The expression ashimoto wo miru has the meaning “to look underfoot.” However, the more metaphorical meaning is to “take advantage of someone’s weaknesses” in an unfair way.

Other Expressions

Ago de tsukau (あごで使う)

“To use with one’s chin” is an expression used to describe treating someone in an arrogant fashion or pushing someone around. It is read ago de tsukau.

Ha ga tatanai (歯が立たない)

Ha ga tatanai has the literal meaning of “teeth can’t stand” but is used metaphorically to refer to a situation in which one is completely unable to compete or make progress at all. It describes a problem or opponent that is insurmountable.

Hone wo oru (骨を折る)

The expression “to break one’s bones” describes a person’s strong efforts to deal with a situation. It could be likened to the English expression “bone-breaking labor,” although it has a less intense feeling. It is read hone wo oru.

Heso wo mageru (へそを曲げる)

Heso wo mageru, or “to bend the belly button,” is often used in a similar way to the English expression “to get bent out of shape”. It describes creating a bad mood or ruining someone’s mood.

Great Materials for Self-Study Japanese"""

```json
{
  "format": {
    "score": 3,
    "justification": "The text sample is well-structured with clear headings and sections, making it easy to follow and understand."
  },
  "voice": {
    "score": 1,
    "justification": "The text has a distinct authorial voice, focusing on providing detailed explanations of Japanese idioms and their meanings."
  },
  "knowledge_density": {
    "score": 3,
    "justification": "The text is highly informative, providing clear and detailed explanations of various Japanese idioms related to different body parts and their metaphorical meanings."
  },
  "diversity": {
    "score": 1,
    "justification": "The content is somewhat specialized, focusing on Japanese idioms and their meanings, which is a niche domain."
  }
}
```


You are an expert evaluator. Rate the TEXT SAMPLE on four dimensions: Format, Voice, Knowledge Density, and Diversity.
Follow the rubrics exactly and return ONLY a JSON object that matches the schema below.

RUBRICS
1) Format (0–3)
  0 = Disorganized/unreadable
  1 = Partially structured; noticeable formatting issues
  2 = Mostly clear and well-structured; minor issues
  3 = Very clean, polished, professional formatting

2) Voice (0–1)
  0 = Generic tone; no distinct style
  1 = Clear, distinctive authorial voice/style

3) Knowledge Density (0–3)
  0 = Mostly filler/vague; little information
  1 = Some information but redundant/low substance
  2 = Moderately dense; clear informative content
  3 = Highly informative; most sentences add distinct info

4) Diversity (0–2)
  0 = Common/generic knowledge
  1 = Somewhat specialized/uncommon
  2 = Very niche/specialized/rare domain

OUTPUT SCHEMA (must be valid JSON; no extra text):
{
  "format":        {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "voice":         {"score": <int 0-1>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "diversity":     {"score": <int 0-2>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"}
}

CONSTRAINTS
- Use integers only for scores and keep them within the allowed ranges.
- Justifications must be concise (≤2 sentences each).
- Do not include any commentary outside the JSON object.

TEXT SAMPLE:
"""In association with
Logo Logo Logo

The World 9/11 Made

In hindsight, we can now see that 9/11 was a harbinger of what was to come: not the globalization of terrorism but the terrors of globalization. The attacks conveyed the message that distance and borders count for little in a global age.

This week marks the 20th anniversary of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States. On that day, 19 terrorists took control of four civilian aircraft, flew two into the towers of New York’s World Trade Center, struck the Pentagon with a third, and crashed the fourth in a Pennsylvania field after passengers physically prevented the terrorists from reaching their target, often thought to be the White House or another US government building in Washington, DC.

All the hijackers were from the Middle East, 15 from Saudi Arabia alone. All were trained in Afghanistan, and four at US flight schools, as part of an operation planned, organized, and carried out by al-Qaeda (the “base”), the terrorist group headed by Osama bin Laden. By the day’s end, 2,977 innocent men, women, and children had been killed, and more than 6,000 injured. Most were American, although citizens of more than a hundred other countries also lost their lives as well.

Many at the time feared that 9/11 had ushered in an era defined by global terrorism. And, to be sure, other al-Qaeda attacks followed, including the train bombings in Madrid in March 2004 and the attack on London’s transit system in July 2005. Moreover, terrorists claiming allegiance to the Islamic State (ISIS) killed 32 people at Brussels Airport in March 2016, and staged a series of smaller attacks (often using vehicles to mow down pedestrians). But neither the US nor any of its allies has experienced another attack on the scale of 9/11 – or one even close to it. It is therefore necessary to ask: Beyond the immediate costs, what difference did 9/11 make? How did history change, if at all, as a result?

There are many explanations for why terrorists have not succeeded in executing additional major attacks. With the US invasion of Afghanistan, al-Qaeda lost its sanctuary. Almost every government around the world has introduced new screening procedures that make it more difficult for would-be terrorists to gain access to airports and airplanes. Countries have dramatically increased their intelligence, police, and military capabilities devoted to minimizing risks and countering threats. Countries have also increased their cooperation with one another; counterterrorism is a rare domain where governments that often disagree are willing and able to work together to a considerable degree.

There is also now broad agreement on what constitutes terrorism – the use of armed force by individuals and groups against civilians for political purposes – and a degree of support for the principle that governments should not distinguish between terrorists and those who give them sanctuary and support. Mostly gone are the days when individuals and groups who killed on behalf of their cause were romanticized as freedom fighters.

This is not to say that terrorism has not continued to claim tens of thousands of lives each and every year, which it most surely has. But almost all the attacks have taken place in the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia as part of ongoing conflicts (mostly in Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, Libya, Somalia, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Yemen) as opposed to an isolated 9/11-style attack against one of the major powers. Terrorism is increasingly localized and decentralized. It is also resilient: capturing or killing the head of a terrorist organization does not necessarily spell its end. Al-Qaeda, for example, survived the killing of bin Laden by US special operations forces in Pakistan nearly a decade after the 9/11 attack.

It thus comes as no surprise that terrorism continues, with no end in sight. Nor can the possibility of a new 9/11 be ruled out, even though the US government has recently stated that the “most urgent terrorism threat” the country faces is domestic. As the Provisional Irish Republican Army put it after its failed effort to assassinate British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in 1984, “Today we were unlucky, but remember we only have to be lucky once. You will have to be lucky always.” The danger is that the day will come when terrorists gain access to nuclear material or figure out how to manufacture and deliver a biological or chemical weapon, in which case terrorism could come to define the age. For now, though, it has not.

Nonetheless, 9/11 marked a historical turning point, with a profound impact on US foreign policy in the two decades since. Although the attacks did not usher in an era of global terrorism, they did usher in the so-called Global War on Terrorism, which profoundly affected what the US did in the world, how the world came to regard the US, and how many Americans came to see their country’s foreign policy.

The saga begins in Afghanistan. Shortly after the 9/11 attacks, the US gave the Taliban, then in control of Afghanistan’s government, a choice: either hand over the al-Qaeda leaders who were living in their country and responsible for planning the 9/11 attack, or put their rule at risk. When the Taliban refused to hand over the al-Qaeda leaders, US intelligence and military personnel collaborated with a loose confederation of Afghan tribes known as the Northern Alliance in overthrowing the Taliban. The US helped assemble a successor government that took control of most of the country.

That control, though, was never complete or unchallenged. Many individuals loyal to the Taliban and al-Qaeda escaped to neighboring Pakistan, where they gradually rebuilt their strength and resumed military operations against the government that had replaced them. The US for its part did not do enough to build an Afghan military, reduce corruption, or deny the Taliban a sanctuary in Pakistan. Instead, it increased its own presence and military operations in Afghanistan, essentially becoming a partner of the government in its civil war.

At its peak, the US effort in Afghanistan involved more than 100,000 of its soldiers. Over two decades, US operations cost more than $2 trillion, and more than 2,300 Americans, as well as tens of thousands of Afghans, lost their lives. The effort was at once both too much and not enough. While the US presence robbed the Afghan government of much of its legitimacy and generated opposition in the US, the Taliban proved to have more staying power than the US, which by 2020 had lost its will to continue a fight that promised only an open-ended stalemate.

The Global War on Terrorism also led the US to launch a war in Iraq. It is an open question whether President George W. Bush would have initiated the war had it not been for 9/11. Certainly, the attacks increased his inclination to signal to the world that the US was not, as President Richard Nixon put it during the Vietnam War, a “pitiful helpless giant.” It made some in the administration (particularly Vice President Dick Cheney) unwilling to take the risk that terrorists might gain control of weapons of mass destruction, which Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein was widely thought (incorrectly, it turned out) to possess. Still others wanted to spread democracy to Iraq, and from there to the entire Middle East, on the assumption that this was not just possible, but also that it would make the region far less likely to produce terrorists and support terrorism.

The war in Iraq, launched in March 2003, did not go as intended or predicted by the Bush administration and the many in Congress (including then-Senator Joe Biden) and around the country who supported it. The US was unprepared for much of what was to come. Initial military victories ousted the government but soon gave way to widespread violent turmoil and civil war. Decisions to disband the Iraqi military and exclude from government jobs many of the Iraqis who had been associated with the previous regime exacerbated an already chaotic situation. More fundamentally, Iraq, like Afghanistan, demonstrated the limits of what military force could accomplish at a reasonable cost and in a reasonable timespan.

In the end, the US was forced to increase its military presence to nearly 170,000 troops to sustain the embattled successor government in Baghdad. A degree of stability was achieved, but at an enormous cost. The US spent at least as much there as in Afghanistan, but at a much higher human cost: more than 4,000 American soldiers killed, many times that number wounded, and soaring suicide rates among US troops (both in Iraq and Afghanistan). And this total excludes private contractors and Iraqi casualties, for which estimates vary widely but which certainly total several hundred thousand.

The war in Iraq also weakened the US in other ways. There was never any evidence that Iraq was involved in the 9/11 attacks, and America’s reputation suffered further when its stated rationale for launching a war without UN support – to eliminate Saddam’s weapons of mass destruction – turned out to have no basis in reality. Images of US soldiers mistreating Iraqi prisoners further tarnished the country’s reputation. Moreover, an Iraq at war with itself meant that Iran emerged as the most powerful country in the region (or one of two if Israel is included). Since the war, Iran has increased its sway over Iraq, Syria, Yemen, and Lebanon.

Iraq and Afghanistan also proved to be major strategic distractions. While the US was heavily involved in the Middle East and South Asia, regions that lacked any great-power presence or economic dynamism, the geopolitical balance moved against the US in both Europe and East Asia thanks to the emergence of a more aggressive Russia and a more capable and assertive China. The Global War on Terrorism did not and could not provide a compass for how US foreign policy should approach renewed great-power rivalry.

The wars fought in the wake of 9/11 also had significant domestic consequences for the US. They shook the confidence of a country that had emerged from the Cold War with a historically unprecedented preponderance of power and shattered the national unity that came to the surface in the immediate aftermath of the attacks. Moreover, their costs and failures stimulated opposition to a continuing, large US global role, giving rise to a new tendency toward isolationism. Likewise, the push for war, together with the 2007-09 global financial crisis and its economic fallout, powerfully undermined Americans’ faith in elites, stimulating the rise of populist sentiment that, among other things, helped pave the way for the presidency of Donald Trump. Today’s US is more divided than ever at home and increasingly disinclined to carry out the sort of active foreign policy that has been its hallmark since World War II’s end, and which has, on balance, greatly benefited Americans and many others.

In hindsight, we can now see that 9/11 was a harbinger of what was to come: less the globalization of terrorism than the terrors of globalization. The attacks conveyed the message that distance and borders count for little in a global age. Little stays local for long, whether terrorists born in the Middle East and trained in Afghanistan, or the effects of the global financial crisis that had its origins in American financial mismanagement. We are all living with a pandemic virus that has killed millions since emerging in central China in December 2019. The fires, droughts, floods, storms, and heat ravaging much of the world are the consequence of climate change, itself the cumulative effect of human activity that has concentrated unsustainable amounts of heat-trapping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

The era triggered by events in Afghanistan has now come full circle, marking its 20th anniversary with events in Afghanistan. Twenty years ago, the Taliban were quickly ousted from power; in recent weeks they have regained power just as quickly. It is too soon to know whether the Taliban will revert to their old ways, becoming once again enablers of terrorism, and whether terrorists everywhere will get a boost from their victory over the US and its allies. What we do know, however, is that terrorism will remain a feature of our world. It will not define the future, but it will remain a visible aspect of the globalization that already has.

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```json
{
  "format": {"score": 3, "justification": "The text is well-structured with clear headings and paragraphs, making it easy to follow. Formatting is clean and professional with no noticeable issues."},
  "voice": {"score": 1, "justification": "The text has a distinct, authoritative voice that clearly communicates historical and political analysis, reflecting a mature and informed perspective."},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": 3, "justification": "The text provides detailed, informative content that covers a wide range of aspects related to 9/11, its aftermath, and global implications without being overly repetitive."},
  "diversity": {"score": 1, "justification": "The text primarily discusses topics related to terrorism, globalization, and US foreign policy, which are not niche but rather common knowledge within relevant fields."}
}
```


You are an expert evaluator. Rate the TEXT SAMPLE on four dimensions: Format, Voice, Knowledge Density, and Diversity.
Follow the rubrics exactly and return ONLY a JSON object that matches the schema below.

RUBRICS
1) Format (0–3)
  0 = Disorganized/unreadable
  1 = Partially structured; noticeable formatting issues
  2 = Mostly clear and well-structured; minor issues
  3 = Very clean, polished, professional formatting

2) Voice (0–1)
  0 = Generic tone; no distinct style
  1 = Clear, distinctive authorial voice/style

3) Knowledge Density (0–3)
  0 = Mostly filler/vague; little information
  1 = Some information but redundant/low substance
  2 = Moderately dense; clear informative content
  3 = Highly informative; most sentences add distinct info

4) Diversity (0–2)
  0 = Common/generic knowledge
  1 = Somewhat specialized/uncommon
  2 = Very niche/specialized/rare domain

OUTPUT SCHEMA (must be valid JSON; no extra text):
{
  "format":        {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "voice":         {"score": <int 0-1>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "diversity":     {"score": <int 0-2>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"}
}

CONSTRAINTS
- Use integers only for scores and keep them within the allowed ranges.
- Justifications must be concise (≤2 sentences each).
- Do not include any commentary outside the JSON object.

TEXT SAMPLE:
"""
— Veronica Reynolds, Arvada, Colorado

Those numbers might make a person believe she could get by quite nicely without a gallbladder, but the organ does in fact serve an important purpose in digestion. It stores and releases bile, a substance that helps the body process fat.

When the gallbladder is removed, bile still flows from the liver (where it originates) into the small intestine. However, the release is more haphazard and can result in discomfort after a meal—particularly one that is high in fat.

My first recommendation is to consider eating smaller meals evenly spaced throughout the day and to reduce your intake of dietary fat. You may find these minor changes are all you need.

If that doesn't work, try slowly increasing your intake of fiber—from whole grains, fruits, vegetables, beans, and lentils—which helps speed the movement of food through your system. More efficient digestion can also help reduce bloating.

A few gradual adjustments should ensure that you and food get along just fine, even without your gallbladder there to referee.

Next Story"""

```json
{
  "format": {"score": 3, "justification": "The text is well-structured and easy to follow, with clear paragraphing and no formatting issues. It is polished and professional in appearance."},
  "voice": {"score": 1, "justification": "The text has a clear, informative, and authoritative tone, with a focus on providing practical advice. This indicates a distinct authorial voice."},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": 3, "justification": "The text provides detailed information about the gallbladder's function, the consequences of its removal, and dietary advice. Each sentence adds distinct information relevant to the topic."},
  "diversity": {"score": 1, "justification": "The content is focused on medical knowledge related to gallbladder function and dietary recommendations, which are common knowledge in this specialized domain."}
}
```


You are an expert evaluator. Rate the TEXT SAMPLE on four dimensions: Format, Voice, Knowledge Density, and Diversity.
Follow the rubrics exactly and return ONLY a JSON object that matches the schema below.

RUBRICS
1) Format (0–3)
  0 = Disorganized/unreadable
  1 = Partially structured; noticeable formatting issues
  2 = Mostly clear and well-structured; minor issues
  3 = Very clean, polished, professional formatting

2) Voice (0–1)
  0 = Generic tone; no distinct style
  1 = Clear, distinctive authorial voice/style

3) Knowledge Density (0–3)
  0 = Mostly filler/vague; little information
  1 = Some information but redundant/low substance
  2 = Moderately dense; clear informative content
  3 = Highly informative; most sentences add distinct info

4) Diversity (0–2)
  0 = Common/generic knowledge
  1 = Somewhat specialized/uncommon
  2 = Very niche/specialized/rare domain

OUTPUT SCHEMA (must be valid JSON; no extra text):
{
  "format":        {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "voice":         {"score": <int 0-1>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "diversity":     {"score": <int 0-2>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"}
}

CONSTRAINTS
- Use integers only for scores and keep them within the allowed ranges.
- Justifications must be concise (≤2 sentences each).
- Do not include any commentary outside the JSON object.

TEXT SAMPLE:
"""This morning it was announced that people must show two major symptoms of Covid-19 to qualify for a test, even those currently waiting must re-qualify by meeting the criteria. Patients must have a fever along with a cough or shortness of breath in order to be tested.

But there are milder symptoms we need to look out for that could be tell-tale signs you may have the sinister virus.

1. Lack of appetite

Most Covid-19 patients have said they have very little interest in food while some have no desire to eat at all.

2. Losing sense of smell and taste

The British Association of Otorhinolaryngology warned that losing your sense of smell and taste may mean you have Covid-19."Evidence from other countries that the entry point for the coronavirus is often in the eyes, nose and throat areas," the Association said in a statement.

3. Physical fatigue

Rest is always a great cure when you are ill but the overwhelming, constant feeling of fatigue is another common symptom of the Coronavirus. Many people have said they were unable to sleep due to coughing and having difficulty breathing.

4. Upset tummy

A newly published study by the American Journal of Gastroenterology links tummy problems to Covid-19. They found that 48.5% of 204 people who have been infected by the coronavirus in China's Hubei province had digestive symptoms such as diarrhoea.

Protect yourself from getting coronavirus

Things you can do to protect yourself from getting coronavirus include:

  • wash your hands properly and regularly
  • follow the travel advice from the Department of Foreign Affairs if travelling to China
  • You do not need to use a face mask.
  • Wash your hands

  • after coughing or sneezing
  • after toilet use
  • before eating
  • before and after preparing food
  • if your hands are dirty
  • if you have handled animals or animal waste

Cover your mouth when you cough and sneeze. If you have to sneeze or cough:

  • cover your nose and mouth with disposable tissues
  • put used tissues into a sealed bin
  • wash your hands

5. Sore eyes

A burning or itching sensation in your eyes as if you suffer from hay fever or other allergies is also a common telltale sign someone is brewing."""

```json
{
  "format": {"score": 2, "justification": "The text is mostly well-structured with clear headings and bullet points, but there are some minor formatting inconsistencies, such as repeated 'wash your hands' instructions and minor punctuation issues."},
  "voice": {"score": 1, "justification": "The text has a clear and practical tone, but it lacks a distinct authorial style or voice that stands out as unique."},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": 2, "justification": "The text provides informative content about Covid-19 symptoms and prevention measures, though some information is repetitive and could be streamlined for clarity."},
  "diversity": {"score": 1, "justification": "The text covers common Covid-19 symptoms and prevention methods, which are not specialized or rare but are presented in a somewhat detailed manner."}
}
```


You are an expert evaluator. Rate the TEXT SAMPLE on four dimensions: Format, Voice, Knowledge Density, and Diversity.
Follow the rubrics exactly and return ONLY a JSON object that matches the schema below.

RUBRICS
1) Format (0–3)
  0 = Disorganized/unreadable
  1 = Partially structured; noticeable formatting issues
  2 = Mostly clear and well-structured; minor issues
  3 = Very clean, polished, professional formatting

2) Voice (0–1)
  0 = Generic tone; no distinct style
  1 = Clear, distinctive authorial voice/style

3) Knowledge Density (0–3)
  0 = Mostly filler/vague; little information
  1 = Some information but redundant/low substance
  2 = Moderately dense; clear informative content
  3 = Highly informative; most sentences add distinct info

4) Diversity (0–2)
  0 = Common/generic knowledge
  1 = Somewhat specialized/uncommon
  2 = Very niche/specialized/rare domain

OUTPUT SCHEMA (must be valid JSON; no extra text):
{
  "format":        {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "voice":         {"score": <int 0-1>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "diversity":     {"score": <int 0-2>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"}
}

CONSTRAINTS
- Use integers only for scores and keep them within the allowed ranges.
- Justifications must be concise (≤2 sentences each).
- Do not include any commentary outside the JSON object.

TEXT SAMPLE:
"""Difference between revisions of "Free structure"

From HaskellWiki
Jump to: navigation, search
(Deleting page that hasn't been edited for over 10 years)
Line 1: Line 1:
[[Category:Theoretical foundations]]
=== Introduction ===
This article attempts to give a relatively informal understanding of "free" structures from algebra/category theory, with pointers to some of the formal material for those who desire it. The later sections make use of some notions from [[category theory]], so some familiarity with its basics will be useful.
=== Algebra ===
==== What sort of structures are we talking about? ====
The distinction between free structures and other, non-free structures, originates in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra abstract algebra], so that provides a good place to start. Some common structures considered in algebra are:
* '''[[Monoid]]s'''
** consisting of
*** A set <math>M</math>
*** An identity <math>e \in M</math>
*** A binary operation <math>* : M \times M \to M</math>
** And satisfying the equations
*** <math> x * (y * z) = (x * y) * z </math>
*** <math> e * x = x = x * e </math>
* '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(mathematics) Groups]'''
** consisting of
*** A monoid <math>(M, e, *)</math>
*** An additional unary operation <math>\,^{-1} : M \to M</math>
** satisfying
*** <math> x * x^{-1} = e = x^{-1} * x</math>
* '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(mathematics) Rings]'''
** consisting of
*** A set <math>R</math>
*** A unary operation <math>- : R \to R</math>
*** Two binary operations <math> +, * : R \times R \to R</math>
*** Distinguished elements <math>0, 1 \in R</math>
** such that
*** <math>(R, 0, +, -)</math> is a group
*** <math>(R, 1, *)</math> is a monoid
*** <math> x + y = y + x </math>
*** <math> (x + y)*z = x*z + y*z </math>
*** <math> x * (y + z) = x*y + x*z </math>
==== Free algebraic structures ====
Now, given such a description, we can talk about the free structure over a particular set <math>S</math> (or, possibly over some other underlying structure; but we'll stick with sets now). What this means is that given <math>S</math>, we want to find some set <math>M</math>, together with appropriate operations to make <math>M</math> the structure in question, along with the following two criteria:
* There is an embedding <math>i : S \to M</math>
* The structure generated is as 'simple' as possible.
** <math>M</math> should contain only elements that are required to exist by <math>i</math> and the operations of the structure.
So, in the case of a free monoid (from here on out, we'll assume that the structure in question is a monoid, since it's simplest), the equation <math>x * y = y * x</math> should not hold unless <math>x = y</math>, <math>x = e</math> or <math>y = e</math>. Further <math>i x \in M</math>, for all <math>x</math>, and <math>e \in M</math>, and <math>\forall x, y \in M.\,\, x * y \in M</math> (and these should all be distinct, except as required by the monoid laws), but there should be no 'extra' elements of <math>M</math> in addition to those.
M = [S]
e = []
* = (++)
i : S -> [S]
-- etc.
=== The category connection ===
==== Free structure functors ====
One possible objection to the above description (even a more formal version thereof) is that the characterization of "simple" is somewhat vague. [[Category theory]] gives a somewhat better solution. Generally, structures-over-a-set will form a category, with arrows being structure-preserving homomorphisms. "Simplest" (in the sense we want) structures in that category will then either be [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_and_terminal_objects initial or terminal], [1] and thus, freeness can be defined in terms of such universal constructions.
In its [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_object full categorical generality], freeness isn't necessarily categorized by underlying set structure, either. Instead, one looks at "forgetful" functors [2] from the category of structures to some other category. For our free monoids above, it'd be:
* <math>U : Mon \to Set</math>
The functor taking monoids <math>(M, e, *)</math> to their underlying set <math>M</math>. Then, the relevant universal property is given by finding an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjunction adjoint functor]:
* <math>F : Set \to Mon</math>, <math> F</math> ⊣ <math>U </math>
==== Algebraic constructions in a category ====
Category theory also provides a way to extend specifications of algebraic structures to more general categories, which can allow us to extend the above informal understanding to new contexts. For instance, one can talk about monoid objects in an arbitrary [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoidal_category monoidal category]. Such categories have a tensor product <math>\otimes</math> of objects, with a unit object <math>I</math> (both of which satisfy various laws).
A monoid object in a monoidal category is then:
* An object <math>M</math>
* A unit 'element' <math>e : I \to M</math>
* A multiplication <math>m : M \otimes M \to M</math>
such that:
* <math>m \circ (id_{M} \otimes e) = u_l</math>
* <math>m \circ (e \otimes id_M) = u_r</math>
* <math> m \circ (id_M \otimes m) = m \circ (m \otimes id_M) \circ \alpha</math>
* <math>u_l : M \otimes I \to M</math> and <math>u_r : I \otimes M \to M</math> are the identity isomorphisms for the monoidal category, and
* <math> \alpha : M \otimes (M \otimes M) \to (M \otimes M) \otimes M </math> is part of the associativity isomorphism of the category.
==== Monads ====
One example of a class of monoid objects happens to be [[monad (sans metaphors)|monads]]. Given a base category <math>C</math>, we have the monoidal category <math>C^C</math>:
* Objects are endofunctors <math>F : C \to C</math>
* Morphisms are [[Category theory/Natural transformation|natural transformations]] [3] between the functors
* The tensor product is composition: <math>F \otimes G = F \circ G</math>
* The identity object is the identity functor, <math>I</math>, taking objects and morphisms to themselves
* An endofunctor <math>M : C \to C</math>
* A natural transformation <math>\eta : I \to M</math>
* A natural transformation <math>\mu : M \circ M \to M</math>
==== Free Monads ====
But, what about our intuitive understanding of free monoids above? We wanted to promote an underlying set, but we have switched from sets to functors. So, presumably, a free monad is generated by an underlying (endo)functor, <math>F : C \to C</math>. We then expect there to be a natural transformation <math>i : F \to M</math>, 'injecting' the functor into the monad.
instance Functor f => Monad (Free f) where
return a = Return a
Return a >>= f = f a
-- join (Return fa) = fa
inj fa = Roll $ fmap Return fa
This should bear some resemblance to free monoids over lists. Return is analogous to [], and Roll is analogous to (:). Lists let us create arbitrary length strings of elements from some set, while Free f lets us create structures involving f composed with itself an arbitrary number of times (recall, functor composition was the tensor product of our category). Return gives our type a way to handle the 0-ary composition of f (as [] is the 0-length string), while Roll is the way to extend the nesting level by one (just as (:) lets us create (n+1)-length strings out of n-length ones). Finally, both injections are built in a similar way:
inj_list x = (:) x []
inj_free fx = Roll (fmap Return fx)
=== Further reading ===
For those looking for an introduction to the necessary category theory used above, Steve Awodey's [http://www.math.uchicago.edu/~may/VIGRE/VIGRE2009/Awodey.pdf Category Theory] is a popular, freely available reference.
=== Notes ===
==== Universal constructions ====
data T = C1 A B C | C2 D E T
we consider the following:
* A functor <math>F : Hask \to Hask</math>, <math>F X = A \times B \times C + D \times E \times X</math>
* F-algebras which are:
** An object <math>A \in Hask</math>
** An action <math>a : FA \to A</math>
* Algebra homomorphisms <math>(A, a) \to (B, b)</math>
** These are given by <math>h : A \to B</math> such that <math> b \circ Fh = h \circ a</math>
The datatype T is then given by an initial F-algebra. This works out nicely because the unique algebra homomorphism whose existence is guaranteed by initiality is the [[fold]] or 'catamorphism' for the datatype.
Intuitively, though, the fact that T is an F-algebra means that it is in some sense closed under forming terms of shape F---suppose we took the simpler signature FX = 1 + X of the natural numbers; then both Z = inl () and Sx = inr x can be incorporated into Nat. However, there are potentially many algebras; for instance, the naturals modulo some finite number, and successor modulo that number are an algebra for the natural signature.
However, initiality constrains what Nat can be. Consider, for instance, the above modular sets 2 and 3. There can be no homomorphism <math>h : 2 \to 3</math>:
* <math>h0=0 \,\, ;\, h1=0</math>
** <math>S(h1) = S0 = 1\,</math> but <math>h(S1) = h0 = 0 \neq 1</math>
* <math> h0=0 \,\,;\, h1=1</math>
** <math>S(h1) = S1 = 2\,</math> but <math>h(S1) = h0 = 0 \neq 2</math>
* <math> h0=0 \,\,;\, h1=2</math>
** <math>S(h0) = S0 = 1\,</math> but <math>h(S0) = h1 = 2 \neq 2</math>
* <math> h0 \neq 0 </math>
** <math> 0 = Z \neq hZ = h0</math>
This is caused by these algebras identifying elements in incompatible ways (2 makes SSZ = Z, but 3 doesn't, and 3 makes SSSZ = Z, but 2 doesn't). So, the values of an initial algebra must be compatible with any such identification scheme, and this is accomplished by identifying ''none'' of the terms in the initial algebra (so that h is free to send each term to an appropriate value in the target, according to the identifications there). A similar phenomenon occurs in the main section of this article, except that the structures in question have additional equational laws that terms must satisfy, so the initial structure ''is'' allowed to identify those, ''but no more'' than those.
==== Forgetful functors ====
* <math>U : Str \to Set</math>, where <math>Str</math> is any category of algebraic structures, and U simply forgets about all of the n-ary operations and equational laws, and takes structures to their underlying sets, and homomorphisms to functions over those sets.
* <math>U : Grp \to Mon</math>, which takes a group and forgets about the inverse operation to give a monoid. This functor would then be related to "free groups over a monoid".
==== Natural transformations ====
trans :: forall a. F a -> G a

Revision as of 14:19, 6 February 2021"""

```json
{
  "format": {
    "score": 3,
    "justification": "The text sample is well-structured with clear headings, mathematical notation, and cross-references, indicating a polished and professional format."
  },
  "voice": {
    "score": 1,
    "justification": "The text has a distinctive academic and technical voice, appropriate for its subject matter, but it lacks a distinct personal or conversational style."
  },
  "knowledge_density": {
    "score": 2,
    "justification": "The text provides detailed information on algebraic structures, category theory, and their applications, though some sections could be more concise."
  },
  "diversity": {
    "score": 1,
    "justification": "The content is specialized to mathematical and theoretical computer science, lacking broader domain diversity."
  }
}
```


You are an expert evaluator. Rate the TEXT SAMPLE on four dimensions: Format, Voice, Knowledge Density, and Diversity.
Follow the rubrics exactly and return ONLY a JSON object that matches the schema below.

RUBRICS
1) Format (0–3)
  0 = Disorganized/unreadable
  1 = Partially structured; noticeable formatting issues
  2 = Mostly clear and well-structured; minor issues
  3 = Very clean, polished, professional formatting

2) Voice (0–1)
  0 = Generic tone; no distinct style
  1 = Clear, distinctive authorial voice/style

3) Knowledge Density (0–3)
  0 = Mostly filler/vague; little information
  1 = Some information but redundant/low substance
  2 = Moderately dense; clear informative content
  3 = Highly informative; most sentences add distinct info

4) Diversity (0–2)
  0 = Common/generic knowledge
  1 = Somewhat specialized/uncommon
  2 = Very niche/specialized/rare domain

OUTPUT SCHEMA (must be valid JSON; no extra text):
{
  "format":        {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "voice":         {"score": <int 0-1>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "diversity":     {"score": <int 0-2>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"}
}

CONSTRAINTS
- Use integers only for scores and keep them within the allowed ranges.
- Justifications must be concise (≤2 sentences each).
- Do not include any commentary outside the JSON object.

TEXT SAMPLE:
"""Lighting, heating, transport... thanks to our waste? It’s possible! Obtained via the fermentation of organic matter, biogas can be used to produce electricity, heat and even fertilizer. Purified biogas, known as biomethane, which has equivalent characteristics to those of natural gas, can be used in natural gas networks or as engine fuel. A renewable energy source as promising as it is virtuous… but the costs of which remain relatively high, thereby requiring government support.

Biogaz et biométhane

What is biogas?

Biogas is usually derived from the fermentation of organic matter under the action of microorganisms. This fermentation process, which occurs spontaneously in natural ecosystems (marshland, paddy fields, soil, intestines of mammals, etc.), is known as methanization. Now, humans are able to harness the process and use it to convert our waste, replacing some fossil energy sources. The objective: to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions

Other production options?
New biogas production methods based on the gasification of lignocellulosic resources (straw, plant stems, wood chips, etc.) or methanization (production of synthetic methane via the conversion of bio-carbon monoxide or dioxide in the presence of hydrogen) are currently in the experimental or demonstration phases. The methanization of microalgae is also being considered as a longer-term option.

How is biogas produced?

All organic matter, whether of animal or plant origin, can be methanized to convert it into biogas. At present, the following types of waste are most frequently used:

  • agricultural waste (animal excrement, harvest residues such as straw, etc.),
  • green waste (grass clippings, etc.),
  • agrifood industry waste (abattoirs, vines, dairies, etc.),
  • water treatment plant sludge.

Methanization must take place in a confined facility known as a digester, in the absence of oxygen. Microorganisms naturally present in organic matter break this matter down and produce biogas, as well as a residue known as digestate.

Biogas is a mixture of:

  • 50 to 70% methane,
  • 20 to 50% carbon dioxide (CO2),
  • traces of nitrogen, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide.

Only the methane is used, once it has been separated from the other gases (depending on its degree of purity, the CO2 could also be used).

The different types of methanization units
Methanization can be implemented on several scales. Smaller units tend to be agricultural (“farm” methanization), operated by a farmer or a group of farmers.
Bigger, collective facilities also exist, mainly converting urban or industrial waste:
•  centralized units (waste of varying origin depending on the location of the facility),
•  industrial units (agrifood, chemical or paper industry waste),
•  units specializing in the conversion of water treatment plant sludge,
•  uhousehold waste methanization units (managed by local authorities or specialist companies).

Biogas, a renewable energy source

Biogas can have several uses:

  • Heat production: biogas is burned in a boiler to produce heat. The latter must be used close to the production source to limit heat dissipation / loss,
  • Electricity production: biogas is burned and the energy produced powers a generator that in turn produces electricity,
  • Cogeneration: this involves the combined generation of electricity and heat. This is the most frequent application of biogas. Electricity is produced by a generator, while heat is recovered in the cooling system and exhaust gases and used locally,
  • Vehicle fuel production: before it can be used as a fuel in a vehicle, the biogas must be purified (to remove carbon dioxide, water and hydrogen sulfide, which are corrosive for engines). The biomethane obtained is almost identical to NGV (natural gas for vehicles). This type of conversion has yet to be widely developed and primarily concerns captive fleets (urban transport, etc.).

In France, for example, buses in the northern city of Lille have been running on biomethane since 2006.

  • Injection into the natural gas network: as for fuel production, the biogas must first of all be purified to give biomethane. The matter can then be injected into existing natural gas networks. This type of conversion is most frequent in Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands. In France, 76 methanization sites injected 0.7 Twh of biomethane into the natural gas networks in 2018. The cumulative total from the 660 projects waiting for the biomethane injection facilities to be linked up is estimated to be 14 Twh/year (source GRDF). In 2017, total natural gas consumption in France was 465 Twh.
  • Residue not digested by the bacteria (digestate) can be processed (in particular, to remove pathogens) before being used as agricultural fertilizer, i.e., as a substitute for chemical fertilizers.

Biogas, benefits for the environment

Methanization is a solution that makes it possible to convert organic matter (thereby reducing the quantity of organic waste that has to be processed by other sectors) and produce energy.

As such, it contributes to the reduction in greenhouse gases enabling the use of biogas rather than fossil energies to produce heat, electricity or fuel. Moreover, its managed production and use avoid the uncontrolled release into the atmosphere of methane, a greenhouse gas with a warming potential 28 times greater than CO2 over a period of 100 years according to the IPCC.

Lastly, the use of digestate (residue that is not converted into biogas) avoids the use of chemical fertilizers, the manufacture of which requires fossil resources.

 Public support required to develop the biogas sector

In 2016 in Europe, biogas accounted for around 8% of renewable energy production and the equivalent of 4% of natural gas consumption. Germany is the principal producer (half of European production), followed by the United Kingdom and Italy. These three countries alone account for 80% of the European total.

France is ranked 5th in Europe in terms of biogas production. The development of methanization in the country is more recent and the focus has very much been on the use of biowaste, particularly livestock effluent, unlike in other countries, where production depends mainly on dedicated crops (corn, sugar or fodder beet, grassland, sorghum, etc.). In order to reconcile biogas development with challenges related to land use requirements, a 2016 decree limits the use of food crops for methanization to 15%

European production is set to double by 2030. But financial support remains necessary to achieve this objective, since the price of biogas is not yet competitive compared to fossil energies. Feed-in tariffs for electricity or biomethane are the most widely employed measure. The possible reduction in production costs and, above all, the increase in the price of CO2, are also likely to improve the competitiveness of biogas.

In 2016 in Europe, biogas accounted for around 8% of renewable energy production.

Objective for France: 10% of gas of renewable origin by 2030
The objective set by the 2015 French energy transition law is for renewable gas to account for 10% of total gas within the distribution network by 2030. The French long-term energy program presented by the French Ministry for the Ecological and Inclusive Transition in November 2018 confirms the objective of a 10% share of biogas in total gas consumption in France by 2030, provided costs fall.
The fermentation of agricultural waste, currently the best way of producing renewable gas in France, is the favored approach. At the start of 2018, France had 405 methanization facilities, of which 230 were farm-based.

Source: Ministry for the Ecological and Inclusive Transition > "Methanization” working group conclusions (in French - March 2018)"""

```json
{
  "format": {"score": 3, "justification": "The text is well-structured with clear headings and paragraphs, making it easy to follow. Formatting issues are minimal, if any exist at all."},
  "voice": {"score": 1, "justification": "The text has a distinctive authorial voice that is informative and technical, characteristic of educational or informational content about biogas and biomethane."},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": 3, "justification": "The text provides comprehensive information on biogas, covering its production, uses, environmental benefits, and the economic aspects of its development, adding distinct and valuable information."},
  "diversity": {"score": 1, "justification": "The content covers general knowledge about biogas and biomethane, without specialized or rare domain knowledge that would indicate niche or specialized expertise."}
}
```


You are an expert evaluator. Rate the TEXT SAMPLE on four dimensions: Format, Voice, Knowledge Density, and Diversity.
Follow the rubrics exactly and return ONLY a JSON object that matches the schema below.

RUBRICS
1) Format (0–3)
  0 = Disorganized/unreadable
  1 = Partially structured; noticeable formatting issues
  2 = Mostly clear and well-structured; minor issues
  3 = Very clean, polished, professional formatting

2) Voice (0–1)
  0 = Generic tone; no distinct style
  1 = Clear, distinctive authorial voice/style

3) Knowledge Density (0–3)
  0 = Mostly filler/vague; little information
  1 = Some information but redundant/low substance
  2 = Moderately dense; clear informative content
  3 = Highly informative; most sentences add distinct info

4) Diversity (0–2)
  0 = Common/generic knowledge
  1 = Somewhat specialized/uncommon
  2 = Very niche/specialized/rare domain

OUTPUT SCHEMA (must be valid JSON; no extra text):
{
  "format":        {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "voice":         {"score": <int 0-1>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "diversity":     {"score": <int 0-2>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"}
}

CONSTRAINTS
- Use integers only for scores and keep them within the allowed ranges.
- Justifications must be concise (≤2 sentences each).
- Do not include any commentary outside the JSON object.

TEXT SAMPLE:
"""Condor Legion

Page 1 of 13 - About 122 essays
  • The Condor Legion : Hitler Honed The Blitzkrieg In The Spanish Civil War

    920 Words  | 4 Pages

    The Condor Legion: Hitler Honed the Blitzkrieg in the Spanish Civil War In 1936, right-wing military commanders launched the coup d’état that sparked the Spanish Civil War. These insurgents, or Nationalists, quickly enlisted the support of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy in their struggle against the loyalists, or Republicans. Eager to counter Soviet participation on the Republican side – and to test his own armed forces – Hitler formed the Condor Legion. Ultimately, 19,000 German troops served in

  • Guernica By Pablo Picasso

    700 Words  | 3 Pages

    born in Spain and was devastated to see it be ruled by a fascist who has taken over the country. Hitler, preparing for a world war, was making new weapons and asked Franco if he could test them on a spanish city. On April 26, 1937, the German Condor Legion bombed the city of Guernica in Northern Spain, all with the permission of Franco. The bombing killed over a thousand people and left the world shocked. Picasso’s oil painting on canvas captures both the reactions of the public and the pain of the

  • Guernica's History Essay

    1081 Words  | 5 Pages

    it did not cause the bridge the bridge to collapse, would doubtless have made it unsafe for traffic (Gordon, Morgan 1975). The Condor Legion had had many successful missions to prove their accuracy. For example, they succeeded in dropping provisions squarely into the courtyard of the besieged Nationalist city of Alcazar. For the Guernica mission the Condor Legion was equipped with airplanes consisting of three German types, Junkers and Heinkel bombers and Heinkel fighters which were loaded with

  • Symbolism In Guernica

    720 Words  | 3 Pages

    Guernica, the title of the painting, is a town in Basque Country, Spain. It was the target of terror bombing during the Spanish civil war because it was the northern bastion of the Republican resistance movement. First, war is depicted as devastating and it cares no one – men, women, grandparents, children neither animals. Everyone is a victim. By looking at the paintings, the people are in pain. With their mouth open that might mean streaming out their agony; with their fingers wide spread, they

  • Disappearances In Ferguson Analysis

    1033 Words  | 5 Pages

    detainees once they disappeared into the hundreds of secret detention centers known as "pits" and "black holes". Aside from spreading confusion among guerrilla organizations, planting fear in Argentine society, destroying incriminating evidence, and misleading world opinion, the disappearances also served as a remembrance of the ‘Dirty War’. The armed forces did their best to influence national memory by impressing, the dirty war had been a legitimate antirevolutionary war against a guerrilla insurgency

  • Why Should Zoos Be Illegal

    1062 Words  | 5 Pages

    Imagine going to the zoo. Getting to see all sorts of unique animals. But has anyone wondered if the zoo is helping animals or is it the opposite? People had despised zoos for animal captivity and complained that zoos should be illegal. Why is that? Other’s imagine animals in a cramped cage as they are treated poorly, but that is not the case. Zoos had existed for a while and they have been helping animals ever since. Zoos should not be illegal because it keeps all animals safe and well fed

  • The Conservation Of Wildlife Animals

    925 Words  | 4 Pages

    California condors. Goodall starts the story with a humorous description about the condors; she describes the redness of condors ' bare head and their strong wings. She continued by informs the readers about the decline of California condors and how it raised a controversial between the biologists and the “protectionist” regarding the issue of captive breeding. As the possibility of condors surviving in the wild decreases, the argument finally comes to an end when the “last wild Condors [are] taken

  • Essay about Understanding Kissinger’s Actions Toward Chile

    1231 Words  | 5 Pages

    Understanding Kissinger’s Actions Toward Chile Can an individual influence foreign policy? Based upon the eight years that Henry Kissinger was the Secretary of State it is clear that an individual can (Starr 466). It has become apparent through recently released classified documents that Kissinger played a large role in allowing the brutal Pinochet dictatorship over Chile to take place and allowed massive human rights violations to continually occur during the Pinochet regime. What is continually

  • The Importance Of Zoos In The Conservation Of Animals

    828 Words  | 4 Pages

    “Zoos and aquariums are some of the best places for you and your family to get connected to nature and become engaged in conservation action” (“Society”). Zoos are essential in growing public awareness of nature. Recently, zoos have faced controversies from animal activists. Many believe animals are restrained of their rights. Furthermore, individuals believe it is wrong to display animals for entertainment which is unethical and unnecessary. However, such perception is only one of many aspects.

  • Paraguay's Archive Of Terror Analysis

    732 Words  | 3 Pages

    The article “Paraguay’s Archive of Terror: International Cooperation and Operation Condor” by Katie Zoglin centers around the way in which the Southern Cone countries, with a specific focus on Paraguay, dealt with political opponents. The article was written in the period of winter-spring in 2001. This is significant because the article is also from the American Law Review at Miami University in a period just after the 9/11 attacks. This could affect some of the ideas about military governments and"""

```json
{
  "format": {"score": 2, "justification": "The text sample is well-structured with clear headings and pagination, but there are minor formatting inconsistencies such as inconsistent indentation and spacing."},
  "voice": {"score": 1, "justification": "The text has a clear distinct style with a mix of historical and analytical tones, particularly evident in the sections discussing historical events and their implications."},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": 2, "justification": "The text provides a good amount of detailed information, particularly in sections discussing specific historical events and their impacts, though some sections could benefit from more specific details or examples."},
  "diversity": {"score": 1, "justification": "The content covers a variety of topics related to historical events and their impacts, but primarily focuses on European and North American history with limited diversity in terms of themes or perspectives."}
}
```


You are an expert evaluator. Rate the TEXT SAMPLE on four dimensions: Format, Voice, Knowledge Density, and Diversity.
Follow the rubrics exactly and return ONLY a JSON object that matches the schema below.

RUBRICS
1) Format (0–3)
  0 = Disorganized/unreadable
  1 = Partially structured; noticeable formatting issues
  2 = Mostly clear and well-structured; minor issues
  3 = Very clean, polished, professional formatting

2) Voice (0–1)
  0 = Generic tone; no distinct style
  1 = Clear, distinctive authorial voice/style

3) Knowledge Density (0–3)
  0 = Mostly filler/vague; little information
  1 = Some information but redundant/low substance
  2 = Moderately dense; clear informative content
  3 = Highly informative; most sentences add distinct info

4) Diversity (0–2)
  0 = Common/generic knowledge
  1 = Somewhat specialized/uncommon
  2 = Very niche/specialized/rare domain

OUTPUT SCHEMA (must be valid JSON; no extra text):
{
  "format":        {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "voice":         {"score": <int 0-1>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "diversity":     {"score": <int 0-2>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"}
}

CONSTRAINTS
- Use integers only for scores and keep them within the allowed ranges.
- Justifications must be concise (≤2 sentences each).
- Do not include any commentary outside the JSON object.

TEXT SAMPLE:
"""Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke

Discussion in 'Axis Units' started by canuck, Jan 13, 2013.

  1. canuck

    canuck Closed Account

    That he lived to the age of 90 is a complete travesty!

    Wilhelm Mohnke was an officer in the Waffen SS during the Second World War, who commanded a regiment of the Hitler Youth division during the Battle of Normandy. Despite personal responsibility for atrocities committed on British prisoners of war in 1940, Canadian prisoners in 1944, and US prisoners that same year, he was not brought to justice after the war. He is described by Howard Margolian in his book Conduct Unbecoming as "a brave soldier but a man beset by unspeakable inner demons, which seem to have been exacerbated by his addiction to morphine."1
    [IMG][IMG][IMG]Wilhelm Mohnke, after the award of his Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.Mohnke as a young junior officerAndré Hennicke, appearing as a steely-eyed, square jawed heroic figure, in the film Der Untergang.

    Wilhelm Mohnke, the son of a cabinet maker, was born in Lübeck, Germany on 15 Mar 1911. His father, whom shared his name with his son, was a cabinet maker. Mohnke worked for glass and porcelain manufacturer after the death of his father, and joined the Nazi Party on 1 Sep 1931, and the SS two months later. He served in several security units and ceremonial guards, and joined theWaffen SS prior to the campaign in Poland, where he served as an infantry company commander. He earned both the Iron Cross Second Class, and the First Class, for his service there.
    He still commanded a company of the LSSAH during the invasion of France in 1940, and acting as battalion commander when his CO was wounded. The pressures of his new duties were made evident by his actions on 28 May 1940. A group of about 100 British prisoners were collected at his headquarters near Wormhoudt; Margolian describes Mohnke as "Raving like a madman", and tells us "...he ordered the escorts to turn the prisoners around, herd them into an adjacent field, and shoot them en masse." Eighty British prisoners were killed - an unusual occurence even for the Waffen SS, given that the incident occurred so early in the war, and against western opponents.2
    He survived the Battle of France, and served in Yugoslavia in 1941, where as an SS-Sturmbannführer, he sustained serious wounds in an air attack on the first day of fighting and had to have his right foot amputated. He received the German Cross in Gold in Dec 1941. His personal drive and dedication got him through months of painful rehabilitation and he returned to duty with the LSSAH, helping organize the first tank unit, followed by transfer to the Replacement Battalion, where he served from Mar 1942 until transferring to the 12. SS Panzer Division "Hitlerjugend" in Sep 1943 as a regimental commander.
    Acknowledged as a skillful and courageous soldier, Mohnke nonetheless was a man about whom even fellow officers had nothing good to say. His lack of popularity seems to have stemmed from his dour manner and violent temper. It has been suggested that Mohnke's turbulent personality really only manifested itself after he became addicted to morphine, which had been administered to him on a daily basis during his post-amputation convalescence. Certainly an addiction of this kind might exacerbate an already explosive temper, particularly under battlefield conditions, where access to the narcotic on which he was dependent would be inconsistent at best. Yet there is evidence that Mohnke was prey to ungovernable rages long before his wounding in the Balkans. After going years without garnering a promotion, a frustrated Mohnke finally cracked in August 1939, allowing a drunken argument with one of his NCOs to degenerate into fisticuffs. Only the outbreak of war a few weeks later and the need for experienced officers at the front spared him the embarrassment of a disciplinary hearing and almost certain expulsion from the SS.3
    Mohnke was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross in Jul 1944 for his leadership of SS Panzergrenadier Regiment 26, which saw heavy combat from 10 Jun in the wake of the Normandy Landing, and again in Jul during the Allied offensives to take Caen. He led a battlegroup formed from remnants of the division during the breakout and escape from the Falaise pocket, and transferred to the LSSAH again, as divisional commander, on 31 Aug 1944, with effective command backdated to 20 Aug. While under his command, a battle group of the LSSAH perpetrated the infamous "Malmedy Massacre" in which 72 US soldiers were gunned down after having surrendered. The US Department of Justice maintains that there is evidence to suggest Mohnke had some responsibility for the crime though he was not present when it occurred. He served with the LSSAH during until early 1945, promoted to SS-Brigadeführer, and then injured in an air raid and suffering ear damage. His last combat posting was as commander of Kampfgruppe Mohnke in Berlin, devoted to defence of the Reich Chancellery, the seat of German government including Hitler's underground bunker.
    The Murders in Normandy

    Margolians book provides an excellent account of the actions leading up to and including the murders, and uniquely examines the military situation down to the platoon and section level, from the perspective of both the Germans and the Canadians. Mohnke's participation in, and responsiblity for, three separate instances of murder of Canadian soldiers in Normandy is well-chronicled in this account.
    Mass Killing on the Caen-Fontenary Road

    On 8 June, Mohnke's Regiment had concluded a successfuly counter-attack against troops of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division - inflicting 256 casualties on the Royal Winnipeg Rifles alone and effectively destroying three of their four rifle companies. But the action had been costly and frustrating. As prisoners were being collected, the town of Putot would actually be retaken by the Canadians. Mohnke, who had received a large number of prisoners (about 100) now heard from one of his battalion commanders that 40 more had been collected. Mohnke expressed some annoyance to the officer and told him not to send back such large numbers of prisoners, which the officer took to mean not to take prisoners at all. The officer refused to act, however, and insisted on sending prisoners back to regimental headquarters. The group was marched (two of them were carried on stretchers) to the rear. An SS officer met the group (difficult to see in the gathering darkness), yelled at the soldier in charge of the escort (and according to one eyewitness may even have threatened him) and left. Soon after this exchange, a group of Germans approached the 40 Canadians, sitting in rows in a field, and turned their machine pistols on them. Thirty-five men were killed, five managed the escape - briefly - and were recaptured by other Germans, and went into captivity as prisoners. They were able to tell the story of the 40 men after their liberation at war's end.

    Among those who were killed were:
    • Royal Winnipeg Rifles
      Lieutenant Ferguson, William
    • Sergeant Reid, James
    • Corporal Brown, George
    • Corporal Firman, Roger
    • Corporal Kines, Clare
    • Corporal Kyle, James
    • Corporal Scott, Robert
    • Lance Corporal Culleton, Stewart
    • Lance Corporal Hill, John
    • Rifleman Booth, Walter
    • Rifleman Bradley, Ernest
    • Rifleman Daniels, Walter
    • Rifleman Findlay, Robert
    • Rifleman Freeman, Lant
    • Rifleman Guiboche, Lawrence
    • Rifleman Horton, Charles
    • Rifleman Jones, Henry
    • Rifleman Lefort, Elmer
    • Rifleman Lewis, Gordon
    • Rifleman MacLeod, Angus
    • Rifleman Marych, Frederick
    • Rifleman Sigurdson, Kjartan
    • Rifleman Smith, Edward
    • Rifleman Thompson, John
    [*]Queen's Own Rifles of Canada
    • Rifleman Smith, Richard
    [*]3rd Anti-Tank Regiment, RCA
    • Lieutenant Barker, Reginald
    • Sergeant Beresford, William
    • Gunner Birston, Hilliard
    • Gunner Grant, Thomas
    • Gunner Harkness, Alvin
    [*]Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa
    • Private Burnett, Donald
    Margolian presents reasoning in his book that the officer who had spoken to the escort was Mohnke personally and suggests that he had given an order for the prisoners to be murdered. Unfortunately, eye witnesses by the end of the war were difficult to find and insufficient direct evidence for charges could be found. Mohnke's conduct was reminiscent of that he displayed at Wormhoudt, and his actions subsequent to the killings on 8 June further reinforce Margolian's theory.
    First Aid Post Murders

    Mohnke later visited the command post of the battalion commander who had refused to execute the prisoners, and as he made his displeasure known, an officer of the Panzer Lehr Division arrived, injured, to tell of his mistreatment while briefly in the custody of British soldiers. Mohnke was outraged and ordered his battalion commander to deny quarter in future and execute all prisoners taken by his men in future.
    Later on, Mohnke again returned to the battalion command post, just as that battalion's medical officer reported three wounded Canadians had been collected. Mohnke ordered these three prisoners executed and the battalion commander refused. The battalion commander testified after the war that Mohnke was enraged, ordered a supernumerary officer on the battalion commander's staff to carry out the executions, but that officer also refused. Mohnke left in a rage. The battalion commander then took the unusual step of circumventing the chain of command, contacting divisional headquarters for a clarification - had the division been ordered not to take prisoners? The division's chief of staff ensured the officer that no such order had been given, and in fact, encouraged officers in the field to take prisoners as they were often the only source of information on enemy dispositions. Allied mastery of the air over Normandy, for example, prevented aerial reconnaissance. Prisoner interrogations were considered a reliable means of intelligence gathering.
    Concerned by the battalion commander's report, the divisional chief of staff contacted regimental headquarters, talking to Mohnke's adjutant and reinforcing the importance of live enemy prisoners and insisting on humane treatment under the terms of the Geneva Convention. In the meantime, Mohnke again telephoned the 2nd Battalion, to find out if his orders had been carried out. The battalion commander was not available to talk on the phone, but Mohnke was informed that his orders had not been carried out. He hung up angrily, Margolian concluding that the orders for the executions now becoming a "matter of honour" in his mind. Mohnke again made a visit to the battalion command post, displaying what Margolian described as "a terrifying display of obsessive behaviour", lectured staff there about insubordination and disloyalty, but again left frustrated when the battalion commander wasn't available to talk to him.
    The next morning, the three Canadians had been interrogated and fed, and Mohnke appeared personally at the medical station to again order the same supernumerary officer from the night before to shoot the prisoners. The officer complied, and Private Harold Angel of the Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa, and Riflemen Frederick Holness and Ernest Baskerville were led outside and shot by four Germans with machine pistols, the supernumerary applying a coup de grace to each with his pistol.
    Command Post Murders

    Mohnke was involved in one last incident on 11 Jun 1944, when Sapper John Ionel and Sapper George Benner of the 6th Field Company, Royal Canadian Engineers and Private Allan Owens of "B" Company of the Royal Winnipeg Rifles were marched to Mohnke's regimental headquarters. As the prisoners were searched and personal papers inspected, Mohnke was reportedly angry, and during a 15 minute interrogation Mohnke began to yell and gesture dramatically. The interrogations concluded when the military policemen who had escorted the prisoners to the headquarters moved them thirty yards away, removed the identification tags from the Canadians, and in full view of Mohnke marched the men three hundred yards into a field where they were shot down with machine pistols.
    Wilhelm Mohnke had, in Margolian's words, "personally ordered, instigated, or abetted more atrocities" than any other officer in the division.
    Post War

    Mohnke was one of many in Hitler's inner circle who attempted a breakout from Berlin after the death of Hitler and the surrender of the city. He was captured by the Soviets, placed in solitary confinement unitl 1949, then moved to a prison camp for General Officers at Voikovo, 200 miles east of Moscow, until 10 Oct 1955. The Soviet refusal to turn him over to the western Allies was but one tiny act in the political battles of the Cold War. Mohnke, wanted for separate war crimes by the British (France, 1940), Canadians (Normandy, 1944) and Americans (Malmedy, Belgium, 1944), would have faced a much different future had he been tried.
    But when he returned to West Germany in 1955, he returned to civil life where he sold small trucks and trailers near Hamburg.
    Questions about his war record did not appear until the early 1970s, when the chaplain of the Dunkirk Veterans' Association talked to survivors of the Wormhoudt massacre. Reverend Leslie R. Aitken was so compelled he wrote a book about the subject, and his research brought up Mohnke's name as well as the connection to Normandy war crimes. In 1975, the German agency known as the Central Office of the Judicial Authorities for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes informed Aitken of Mohnke's whereabouts. Aitken informed the agency that Canada had an arrest warrant for him, still outstanding from 1945, but prosecutors in Lübeck wrote back to report that evidence to try him was insufficient. The case was put on hold, and Aitken was informed that if he could suggest additional evidence, it would be reopened. Aitken then wrote to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, who passed the letter to the Judge Advocate General's office in the Department of National Defence. The Directorate of History set to work verifying Aitken's claims, and re-examined the files on Canada's post-war investigation into Mohnke. DND passed their information on to the prosecutors in Germany, but the Judge Advocate General's office bureaucratically opined that there "may exist" reasons why the prosecution had not been pursued after the war - and without stating what those reasons were, declined to follow up. Canada had decided not to act further.
    In 1988, a German prosecutor did reopen the Wormhoudt case, but concluded there was insufficient evidence against him.
    Wilhelm Mohnke lived to the ripe old age of 90, dying on 6 Aug 2001, never having been prosecuted for the atrocities he is alleged to be responsible for. Controversially, he received a pension from the German government for his injuries, a special "victim pension" awarded under the "Social Compensation And Assistance To War Victims" law (Bundesversorgungsgesetz or BVG).
    Dramatic Portrayals

    André Hennicke depicted Wilhelm Mohnke in the German film Der Untergang, about the last days of the Third Reich in Berlin. In the film, Mohnke is shown as a professional and compassionate officer with no hint about his former conduct at Dunkirk or in Normandy. It is true that the film focuses on the events of Apr 1945 and that his earlier conduct is wholly irrelevant to the subject of the film. Nonetheless, Mohnke's sympathetic portrayal seems at odds with the historical figure. While Margolian paints Mohnke (admittedly, perhaps, not without some bias) as a raving madman and drug addict, the character in the film is a square-jawed heroic figure, who not only concentrates his efforts on acquiring medical care for the wounded under his command, but actually, physically carries a wounded man to safety. He expresses concern for the wounded and civilian population on more than one occasion in the film, and points out to Dr. Goebbels that the untrained soldiers being thrown into battle in Berlin are being sacrificed needlessly. His attitude towards the enemies he is fighting are never revealed. Viewers of the film with an understanding of his history have cause to be disappointed with this sympathetic treatment though technically, the character of Mohnke is not inaccurately portrayed. The film makers have chosen to concentrate - wittingly or unwittingly - on aspects of his character other than his temper and attitudes towards illegal killings. Certainly the portrayal of Mohnke as a dedicated professional officer is accurate as there could be little argument about the strength of will he possessed.
    David Cesarani (research professor in history at Royal Holloway, University of London) and Professor Peter Longerich (director of the centre for research on the Holocaust and 20th-century history also at Royal Holloway) wrote the following in the 7 Apr 2005 edition of "The Guardian" newspaper, in an article entitled "The Massaging of History":
    Most astonishingly, Waffen-SS General Wilhelm Mohnke is depicted as a humanitarian pleading with Hitler to evacuate civilians and arguing with Goebbels against the suicidal deployment of poorly armed militia against the Red Army.
    This is the same Mohnke whose Waffen-SS unit massacred 80 captured British soldiers outside Dunkirk in May 1940. He later led a Waffen-SS regiment in Normandy that murdered more than 60 surrendered Canadian troops.
    In one dramatic encounter, Mohnke protests to Goebbels against the pointless sacrifice of aged militia men. Goebbels retorts that they had consented to Nazi rule and "now their little throats are going to be cut". The effect is to engender contempt for the heartless Nazi propaganda chief and sympathy for his hapless victims who were hoodwinked into giving their mandate to a gang of murderous thugs.
    However, the scene is invented. The only source is the postwar memoir of Hans Fritzsche, who served in the Nazi propaganda ministry. Fritzsche claimed to have heard these words at the last Goebbels press conference, not addressed to Mohnke.
    Yet this fabrication goes to the heart of the film's mission, which is to depict the German people as the last victims of Nazism whose true defenders were a band of brave German soldiers, including SS men, who fought until overwhelmed by the Bolshevik hordes.
    Jonathan Ball likes this.
  2. Staffsyeoman

    Staffsyeoman Member

    There were many efforts to bring a case against Mohnke in the UK over the years, and a number of television reports. I am leaving out a lot of detail as I am away from my files. Jeff Rooker MP (now Lord Rooker)pressed the case in Parliament. Unfortunately Margolian's assertion cannot be proven - and people tried. The nearest can be got is Mohnke turning to the soldiers who brought in Royal Warwick s prisoners and saying 'What do you mean by bringing prisoners here, directly against orders' There is (sadly) no direct instruction that he ordered the shootings - which is why a case has not been brought for Wormhoudt, because it would not succeed.
  3. Drew5233

    Drew5233 #FuturePilot 1940 Obsessive

    I take it the author didn't do very much research on the 1940 section of his article?
  4. Another baffling example of how live sometimes works. This derailed man lives until he is ninety and countless good men didn't make it to twenty during that war. Here's hoping there is justice in the afterlife.
  5. Harry Ree

    Harry Ree Very Senior Member

    Mohnke was a career Nazi whose background is well known.

    He was lucky to be appointed as the Battle Commander of the Reich Chancellery and that ultimately led to be captured by the Russians and contributed to the failure to bring him to book for his involvement in battlefield excesses in the west.It transpired that he had vanished into Soviet captivity and not been killed on the fall of Berlin as generally supposed.The Russians denied his existence to the British authorities who were unaware of his existence until reports filtered through that he was alive and living in a Hamburg suburb.

    As regards Mohnke's release from Soviet captivity.After Adenauer visited Russia in September 1955,the outcome was the establishing of diplomatic relations between West Germany and Russia.But from this meeting,the last of the German POWs,who the Soviets had deemed to be war criminals, were released between October 1955 and January 1956, as a gesture by Bulganin.Among these prisoners was Mohnke, a prisoner who the Soviets,particularly Stalin had been interested in from the war end to establish beyond all doubt, that "that bastard Hitler was dead"...(as quoted by Stalin).Stalin remained unconvinced that Hitler was dead and even commissioned a document prepared by Linge and Gunsche,later available as "The Hitler Book" which detailed the last days of Hitler and his inner circle within the Hitler Chancellery.
  6. snake36bravo

    snake36bravo New Member

    There were many all around during that war who 'got away with it'. Im no fan of this rat SOB or of his chosen organization.

    In appearance alone he didnt met the criteria that was the soap opera of LSSAH. Not pretty enough, intelligent enough or charismatic enough. Revisionists or apologists attempt the line of drug addiction when working to explain away his mental state however they cant explain away his propensity for the killing of unarmed prisoners of war as early as 1940, his inability to control his brutality even towards his own men. He was universally not well liked but held favor with Dietrich who was his saving grace in the ass kiss that was the officer corps of the Waffen-SS.

    Attached Files:

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```json
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  "voice": {"score": 1, "justification": "The text has a distinct authorial voice, as evidenced by the author's critical and opinionated tone, particularly in discussing Mohnke's actions and their implications."},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": 2, "justification": "The text provides a moderate amount of information, with detailed accounts of Mohnke's actions and their consequences. However, some sections repeat or duplicate information unnecessarily."},
  "diversity": {"score": 1, "justification": "The text is somewhat specialized, focusing on a specific historical figure and his actions, but lacks niche or rare domain content."}
}
```