You are an expert evaluator. Rate the TEXT SAMPLE on four dimensions: Format, Voice, Knowledge Density, and Diversity.
Follow the rubrics exactly and return ONLY a JSON object that matches the schema below.

RUBRICS
1) Format (0–3)
  0 = Disorganized/unreadable
  1 = Partially structured; noticeable formatting issues
  2 = Mostly clear and well-structured; minor issues
  3 = Very clean, polished, professional formatting

2) Voice (0–1)
  0 = Generic tone; no distinct style
  1 = Clear, distinctive authorial voice/style

3) Knowledge Density (0–3)
  0 = Mostly filler/vague; little information
  1 = Some information but redundant/low substance
  2 = Moderately dense; clear informative content
  3 = Highly informative; most sentences add distinct info

4) Diversity (0–2)
  0 = Common/generic knowledge
  1 = Somewhat specialized/uncommon
  2 = Very niche/specialized/rare domain

OUTPUT SCHEMA (must be valid JSON; no extra text):
{
  "format":        {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "voice":         {"score": <int 0-1>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "diversity":     {"score": <int 0-2>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"}
}

CONSTRAINTS
- Use integers only for scores and keep them within the allowed ranges.
- Justifications must be concise (≤2 sentences each).
- Do not include any commentary outside the JSON object.

TEXT SAMPLE:
"""“The very basic core of a man’s living spirit is his passion for adventure.” This was the philosophy of a young man who abandoned his family, car and possessions, inventing a new life for himself. Into The Wild is the story of Christopher McCandless, a twenty-four year old from the East Coast, who walked alone into the Alaskan wilderness and never came out. At the discovery of his remains, the puzzling circumstances of the boys death received huge media attention. Many called him reckless, incompetent, selfish, a wacko, a “narcissist who perished out of arrogance and stupidity.” Jon Krakauer, author of Into the Wild, reported on McCandless’s death, and soon realized the connection he had with the boy who perished in the Alaskan bush.While Krakauer’s work is technically a biography, the essence of his novel is very complex: a narrative at times, and most importantly a persuasive and comparative essay. Jon Krakauer’s comparisons of Christopher McCandless to Everett Ruess, Walt McCandless, and Krakauer himself, compels readers to change their view of McCandless to brilliant rather than arrogant.

Everett Ruess, a young man who mysteriously disappeared in a remote area of Utah in 1934, is extensively discussed in Jon Krakauer’s Into The Wild. Krakauer’s description of Everett Ruess and Christopher McCandless draws significant parallels between their personalities. Rather than focusing on the misjudgements that led to their deaths, Krakauer brings to light the motives behind them. First, Krakauer describes in detail Ruess’s family; successful, educated and wealthy, not so different from McCandless’s family. Strangely enough, Ruess like McCandless began travelling the wilderness alone just after high school. And to the bewilderment of his family returned home less and less until one day, he didn’t return at all. Without background knowledge, this appears to be a selfish act; completely undermining the love and support of family. Krakauer however, reveals a different perspective Ruess had, which the reader can’t help but apply to Christopher McCandless. To open the chapter, Krakauer includes an excerpt from a letter Ruess wrote to his brother in 1934, the last letter ever received from him. In it, Ruess not only justifies his abandonment of civilization, but McCandless’s as well who held his life to the same principles: “Do you blame me for staying here, where I feel that I belong and am one with the world around me? It is true that I miss intelligent companionship, but there are so few with whom I can share the things that mean so much to me that I have learned to contain myself. It is enough that I am surrounded by beauty.” Krakauer’s strategic placement of this excerpt before retelling Ruess’s story destroys any misconceptions that Ruess (and McCandless) were running away from relationship trouble, which would undermine his pure and authentic awe with the wilderness. He was not trying to get revenge on those he loved by walking out of their lives, rather he felt so inspired the wild that he couldn’t bear to leave it. Krakauer discusses their similarities further by stating specific examples of these parallels, such as adopting a new name before entering the wild. Ruess inscribed “Nemo 1934” on a canyon wall while McCandless inscribed “Alexander Supertramp 1992” on an abandoned bus in Alaska. Both McCandless and Ruess were undeterred by physical discomfort, and obsessed with the pursuit of adventure. By showing these similarities, the perception that McCandless had unprecedented feelings is challenged, as he mirrored another man’s actions from decades before. Krakauer’s decision to share Ruess’s story changes the way McCandless’s actions are interpreted: “In attempting to understand Everett Ruess and Chris McCandless, It can be illuminating to consider their deeds in a larger context. It is helpful to look at counterparts from a distant place and a century far removed.” This comparison is crucial in depicting McCandless as a courageous young man whose pursuit of adventure has been shared by other men before him.

While the comparison of Ruess discussed adventurous motivations, Krakauer’s analysis of McCandless’s relationship with his father shed light on his frustration with the world around him, further explaining his desire to go to Alaska. Krakauer dedicates nearly an entire chapter of Into the Wild on Walter McCandless’s life and his interactions with his son, drawing on personal statements from Walter, and interpreting those statements based on Christopher’s actions. Krakauer’s description of the tension between Christopher and his father is supported and further developed by examples. First, Krakauer describes a fundamental point of contention-money. To provide background information on Walt, Krakauer outlines his life and struggle from a poor child to successful businessman. With enough money to finally provide for his family, Walt showered his wife and kids with expensive things, a loving act in his mind. Krakauer provides a quote from Chris’s mother who acknowledges that Chris was “embarrassed” by it, as he was strictly against materialism. To further inform the reader, more background is given on Chris’s childhood and his revulsion to any kind of fatherly advice. The examples given in Chris’s early years are effective foreshadowing to greater disagreements that Krakauer will discuss later, such as the value of a college education. Walt thought college was necessary to make an impact, while Chris viewed it as a waste of time and money. To further establish the tension between Chris and Walt, Krakauer uses juxtaposition and places their point of view side by side. Like setting up a row of dominos, Krakauer uses each source of conflict to prepare the reader for the major relational flaw. First the reader is left wondering why Chris’s anger towards his father increases after high school. Krakauer places the reader in the position of Chris’s family, who were bewildered by his sudden disconnect. Next, the perspective changes, as Krakauer reveals the missing piece to the puzzle of Chris’s anger. Walt had continued his relationship with his first wife while he was married to Chris’s mother Billie, and had fathered one of her children after having Chris. This only hardened the resentment Chris felt for his father, solidifying the distance between them. Krakauer’s detached tone during this chapter forces readers to analyze the gray areas between the turbulent relationship of Chris and his father. However, by including the father aspect, the reader must place themselves in Chris’s childhood and family life which is crucial in understanding him. Krakauer’s keen sense to include this is vital in the portrayal of McCandless as misunderstood; destroying the notion that he had no reason for dissatisfaction with his life before entering the wild.

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Perhaps the most formative comparison Krakauer makes of McCandless is to himself. Krakauer has a personal connection to McCandless in many ways; a strained relationship with his father, a love of the outdoors, and most importantly a desire of adventure that brushed with death. In destroying the notion that McCandless was suicidal, Krakauer uses his personal experience as a young man who nearly lost his life while climbing an ice cap. He first states: “As a youth, I am told, I was willful, self-absorbed, intermittently reckless, moody,” then shares his plan to climb Devil’s Thumb, a unclimbed mountain in Alaska. He describes this ordeal in detail, a terrifying experience that nearly ended with him falling three thousand feet to his death. Most importantly, Krakauer emphasizes the emotions that led to his actions; feelings that can be applied to McCandless: “It is easy, when you are young, to believe that what you desire is no less than what you deserve, to assume that if you want something badly enough, it is your God-given right to have it. When I decided to go to Alaska that April, like Chris McCandless, I was a raw youth who mistook passion for insight and acted according to an obscure, gap-ridden logic…I suspect we had a similar intensity, a similar heedlesness, a similar agitation of the soul.” Krakauer’s personal story portrays a young man whose sense of adventure nearly cost him his life; not a suicidal maniac. This is critical in understanding McCandless. Many of McCandless’s critics portrayed him as naive, incompetent, even insane. As a well known and respected author known for his knowledge of the wilderness, the connections between McCandless and Krakauer help improve Chris’s image from someone who was mentally unstable, to an adventurous young man who suffered from bad luck. Krakauer points out that in a different array of events he could’ve died on the ice cap, and people would be saying of him exactly what they were saying of McCandless. The two men’s stories were very much alike, apart from a very different end. The emotional link between Krakauer and McCandless is key in the portrayal of McCandless as a young man searching for a purpose, not a death wish.

Into the Wild successfully reports the outcome and events leading up to Christopher McCandless’s journey into the wilderness. It completely fits the role of biography, yet Krakauer’s approach defend McCandless’s actions against the judgement of the world. Krakauer successfully does this through a series of comparisons that not only increases the readers understanding of McCandless, but portrays him as a young man with a deep passion for life, an intense moral compass, and a restlessness that many young people can relate to.With each small part of the larger whole that is the novel, Krakauer draws the reader in, using pathos to change the view of McCandless. In comparison to Ruess, Krakauer proves that the desire for unpredictability offered by the wilderness is universal to young men with a certain agitation of the soul. The investigation of McCandless’s relationship with his father reveal a strong sense of moral rectitude possessed by Chris, further improving his image. Lastly, the personal connection Krakauer had with McCandless depicted a similar experience which highlighted the characteristics of post-adolescence and the struggle to find identity. Into The Wild is the defense of a man who pursued the life he wanted, and all who share a similar passion.
"""

```json
{
  "format": {"score": 3, "justification": "The text sample is well-structured with clear headings and paragraphs, presenting information in a polished and professional manner. There are no formatting issues observed."},
  "voice": {"score": 1, "justification": "The author's style is clear and informative, but it leans towards a more academic tone, lacking a distinctive personal voice or unique style that stands out distinctly."},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": 3, "justification": "The text is highly informative, providing detailed insights into Christopher McCandless's life, his motivations, and his relationship with Jon Krakauer. The information is dense and adds distinct new information throughout."},
  "diversity": {"score": 1, "justification": "The text primarily discusses themes related to adventure, biography, and personal relationships, without delving into niche or specialized domains."}
}
```


You are an expert evaluator. Rate the TEXT SAMPLE on four dimensions: Format, Voice, Knowledge Density, and Diversity.
Follow the rubrics exactly and return ONLY a JSON object that matches the schema below.

RUBRICS
1) Format (0–3)
  0 = Disorganized/unreadable
  1 = Partially structured; noticeable formatting issues
  2 = Mostly clear and well-structured; minor issues
  3 = Very clean, polished, professional formatting

2) Voice (0–1)
  0 = Generic tone; no distinct style
  1 = Clear, distinctive authorial voice/style

3) Knowledge Density (0–3)
  0 = Mostly filler/vague; little information
  1 = Some information but redundant/low substance
  2 = Moderately dense; clear informative content
  3 = Highly informative; most sentences add distinct info

4) Diversity (0–2)
  0 = Common/generic knowledge
  1 = Somewhat specialized/uncommon
  2 = Very niche/specialized/rare domain

OUTPUT SCHEMA (must be valid JSON; no extra text):
{
  "format":        {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "voice":         {"score": <int 0-1>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "diversity":     {"score": <int 0-2>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"}
}

CONSTRAINTS
- Use integers only for scores and keep them within the allowed ranges.
- Justifications must be concise (≤2 sentences each).
- Do not include any commentary outside the JSON object.

TEXT SAMPLE:
"""Posted: April 7th, 2021

Intro to philosophy | Philosophy homework help

Read chapters 1-3  from the book provided below and Please answer the following questions in your own words.  The format is that of a “short answer” test, meaning that each question can be answered in a short paragraph.  This exam is also “open book,” so I expect you to use your textbook.

1. Please explain the meaning of an “Ad hominem” attack.

2. What was the rationale that Thales of Miletus gave for his idea concerning the fundamental nature of the world?

3. Name and explain Plato’s tripartite theory of the soul.

4. In terms of validity, what is the difference between inductive and deductive arguments?

5. Name and explain Aristotle’s “Four causes.”

6. What is Philosophy?

7. Under what division of Philosophy would skepticism fall?  Please give a definition of skepticism and describe one example of its ontological limitations.

8. According to Bertrand Russell, what is the primary task of philosophizing?

9. Explain how divine commands are related to the field of Ethics.

10. From your textbook, name and explain one of the most popular sayings of Heraclitus.

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```json
{
  "format": {"score": 1, "justification": "The text sample has a basic structure with chapter headings and numbered questions, but the formatting is inconsistent (e.g., line breaks and spacing). The presence of pricing-related text at the end disrupts the academic tone."},
  "voice": {"score": 0, "justification": "The tone is generic and instructional, typical of a homework help prompt, lacking a distinct authorial style or voice."},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": 1, "justification": "The content provides specific philosophical questions and references to chapters, but the answers are not provided, and the questions are repetitive and broad."},
  "diversity": {"score": 0, "justification": "The topics covered (e.g., ad hominem, Thales, Plato, Aristotle, Russell) are common philosophical concepts, lacking specialized or rare domain knowledge."}
}
```


You are an expert evaluator. Rate the TEXT SAMPLE on four dimensions: Format, Voice, Knowledge Density, and Diversity.
Follow the rubrics exactly and return ONLY a JSON object that matches the schema below.

RUBRICS
1) Format (0–3)
  0 = Disorganized/unreadable
  1 = Partially structured; noticeable formatting issues
  2 = Mostly clear and well-structured; minor issues
  3 = Very clean, polished, professional formatting

2) Voice (0–1)
  0 = Generic tone; no distinct style
  1 = Clear, distinctive authorial voice/style

3) Knowledge Density (0–3)
  0 = Mostly filler/vague; little information
  1 = Some information but redundant/low substance
  2 = Moderately dense; clear informative content
  3 = Highly informative; most sentences add distinct info

4) Diversity (0–2)
  0 = Common/generic knowledge
  1 = Somewhat specialized/uncommon
  2 = Very niche/specialized/rare domain

OUTPUT SCHEMA (must be valid JSON; no extra text):
{
  "format":        {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "voice":         {"score": <int 0-1>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "diversity":     {"score": <int 0-2>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"}
}

CONSTRAINTS
- Use integers only for scores and keep them within the allowed ranges.
- Justifications must be concise (≤2 sentences each).
- Do not include any commentary outside the JSON object.

TEXT SAMPLE:
"""Baseband Processor

  • What is it?
    A baseband processor is a chip in a smartphone, tablet or other device that helps convert digital data into radio frequency signals (and vice-versa) which can then be transmitted over a RAN (Radio Access Network).

  • Why do you need it?
    A baseband processor manages all the wireless radio functions of a cellular device. Without it, it would would be impossible for the device to connect to a wireless cellular network. Some important manufacturers of baseband processors include Broadcom, Icera, Intel, MediaTek and Qualcomm.

  • How is GIGABYTE helpful?
    A baseband processor will include to be an integral part of any mobile device including in use of upcoming 5G networks. GIGABYTE’s server technology will also be essential in building out the infrastructure needed deploy 5G networks, with our Edge Server solutions ideal to be adopted as Baseband Units (that fulfill a similar function to a baseband processor but at the network infrastructure level) or as a MEC (Multi-access Edge Computing) server to support a range of 5G applications at the network edge.

    What is Edge Computing? Definition and Cases Explained.
    Back to top"""

```json
{
  "format": {"score": 2, "justification": "The text is mostly well-structured with clear headings and bullet points. However, there are minor formatting inconsistencies, such as inconsistent capitalization in the headings."},
  "voice": {"score": 1, "justification": "The text has a technical tone, which is appropriate for the subject matter, but it lacks a distinct authorial voice or style that would make it distinctive."},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": 2, "justification": "The text provides clear and informative content about baseband processors, 5G networks, and Edge Computing, though some sections are repetitive in terms of the information provided."},
  "diversity": {"score": 1, "justification": "The content covers common technical knowledge about baseband processors and 5G, but there is some specialized information regarding Edge Computing and MEC that adds a bit of diversity."}
}
```


You are an expert evaluator. Rate the TEXT SAMPLE on four dimensions: Format, Voice, Knowledge Density, and Diversity.
Follow the rubrics exactly and return ONLY a JSON object that matches the schema below.

RUBRICS
1) Format (0–3)
  0 = Disorganized/unreadable
  1 = Partially structured; noticeable formatting issues
  2 = Mostly clear and well-structured; minor issues
  3 = Very clean, polished, professional formatting

2) Voice (0–1)
  0 = Generic tone; no distinct style
  1 = Clear, distinctive authorial voice/style

3) Knowledge Density (0–3)
  0 = Mostly filler/vague; little information
  1 = Some information but redundant/low substance
  2 = Moderately dense; clear informative content
  3 = Highly informative; most sentences add distinct info

4) Diversity (0–2)
  0 = Common/generic knowledge
  1 = Somewhat specialized/uncommon
  2 = Very niche/specialized/rare domain

OUTPUT SCHEMA (must be valid JSON; no extra text):
{
  "format":        {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "voice":         {"score": <int 0-1>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "diversity":     {"score": <int 0-2>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"}
}

CONSTRAINTS
- Use integers only for scores and keep them within the allowed ranges.
- Justifications must be concise (≤2 sentences each).
- Do not include any commentary outside the JSON object.

TEXT SAMPLE:
"""“Unlike Any Other” –Exoplanet Discovered Three-Times Mass of Jupiter

Jupiter-Like Exoplanet

“This planet is unlike the planets in our solar system, but more than that, it is unlike any other exoplanets we have discovered so far,” says Caltech’s Sarah Blunt about a planet discovered with three times the mass of Jupiter that travels on a long, slingshot-shaped path around its star.

“Copernicus taught us that Earth is not the center of the solar system, and as we expanded into discovering other solar systems of exoplanets, we expected them to be carbon copies of our own solar system,” said Andrew W. Howard, Caltech professor of Astronomy and head of California Planet Search. “But it’s just been one surprise after another in this field. This newfound planet is another example of a system that is not the image of our solar system but has remarkable features that make our universe incredibly rich in its diversity.”

“Alien Glow” –May Indicate Hidden Biospheres on Exoplanets

If this planet were somehow placed into our own solar system, it would swing from within our asteroid belt to out beyond Neptune. Other giant planets with highly elliptical orbits have been found around other stars, but none of those worlds were located at the very outer reaches of their star systems like this one.

“Other planets detected far away from their stars tend to have very low eccentricities, meaning that their orbits are more circular,” added Blunt, first author of the new study. “The fact that this planet has such a high eccentricity speaks to some difference in the way that it either formed or evolved relative to the other planets.”

California Planet Search, led Howard, is one of the few groups that watches stars over the decades-long timescales necessary to detect long-period exoplanets using radial velocity. In addition to Keck Observatory, the California Planet Search also used the Lick Observatory in Northern California and the McDonald Observatory in Texas.

The data needed to make the discovery of the new planet were first provided by W. M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii. In 1997, the team began using the High-Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES) on the Keck I telescope to take measurements of the planet’s star, called HR 5183.

The Daily Galaxy, Max Goldberg, via Keck Observatory

Image credit: ESO Hot Jupiter"""

```json
{
  "format": {"score": 3, "justification": "The text is well-structured with clear headings and paragraphs, and the layout is professional and easy to follow. There are no formatting issues or typos observed."},
  "voice": {"score": 1, "justification": "The text has a clear, authoritative voice typical of scientific news reporting, which is consistent and professional, but lacks distinctive stylistic elements or personal voice."},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": 2, "justification": "The text provides specific information about the exoplanet, such as its mass, orbital characteristics, and the observatory data sources, which add substance. However, some sentences could be more concise to increase density."},
  "diversity": {"score": 1, "justification": "The text covers scientific discovery and its implications but remains within the realm of mainstream astronomy topics, lacking specialized or niche information."}
}
```


You are an expert evaluator. Rate the TEXT SAMPLE on four dimensions: Format, Voice, Knowledge Density, and Diversity.
Follow the rubrics exactly and return ONLY a JSON object that matches the schema below.

RUBRICS
1) Format (0–3)
  0 = Disorganized/unreadable
  1 = Partially structured; noticeable formatting issues
  2 = Mostly clear and well-structured; minor issues
  3 = Very clean, polished, professional formatting

2) Voice (0–1)
  0 = Generic tone; no distinct style
  1 = Clear, distinctive authorial voice/style

3) Knowledge Density (0–3)
  0 = Mostly filler/vague; little information
  1 = Some information but redundant/low substance
  2 = Moderately dense; clear informative content
  3 = Highly informative; most sentences add distinct info

4) Diversity (0–2)
  0 = Common/generic knowledge
  1 = Somewhat specialized/uncommon
  2 = Very niche/specialized/rare domain

OUTPUT SCHEMA (must be valid JSON; no extra text):
{
  "format":        {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "voice":         {"score": <int 0-1>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "diversity":     {"score": <int 0-2>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"}
}

CONSTRAINTS
- Use integers only for scores and keep them within the allowed ranges.
- Justifications must be concise (≤2 sentences each).
- Do not include any commentary outside the JSON object.

TEXT SAMPLE:
"""Understanding with the Heart

There are seed that fall in good soil, who produce good fruit, yielding one hundred-fold, sixty, or thirty.  These are those who hear the word and understand it.

                                                             Matthew 13:23

The parable of the sower is somewhat unusual because Jesus tells the disciples its meaning.  Its broad purpose is to explain the failure of the grace God has poured out on the earth and its inhabitants to produce universally faith, hope, love, and obedience, and in some the seed, understood, has produced fruit pleasing to God.

Jesus gives three examples of failure, examples now familiar.   The seed that falls along the path is easily taken away by the birds because the one thus gifted has no understanding.   The seed that fell on rocky ground represents those who receive the word with joy but whose understanding is superficial; when their faith is tried, when the commands of Christ seem hard, these fall away.  The seed that falls among thorns  does not bear fruit because the one to whom it is entrusted is seduced by the cares of the world, delights in the good things of the world to the exclusion of faithfulness to Christ.

Jesus also gives a single example of success.  These are  seed that fall in good soil, who produce good fruit , yielding one hundred-fold, sixty, or thirty.   They hear the word and understand it.  The good soil is the heart prepared by grace given and received, enabling the elect to understand  the Word.

The verb beneath the word “understand”  is a compound of the prefix together or with and a verb that has many meanings.  Its use in Matthew must signal its importance, for, although it appears in other biblical texts, in the Gospels it is limited to parallel texts and to those describing the disciples’ understanding of Jesus’ words.   Of  course Jesus spoke Aramaic, but we trust the Greek-speaker who recorded His words for the Graeco-Roman world to have used the verb translated as “understand“ accurately.  In any event we know that “to understand” is different from knowledge that signifies our recognition of the facts of the  matter, although it includes that recognition, but to understand the Word sown means something deeper.   Monsignor Knox and the Douay-Rheims and the Authorized Version translate “understand” as “understanding of the heart,” and RSV in another place as “hear and grasp.”

The translators are telling us something important.  The word “heart” does not appear in either the Greek or Latin. The Greek for “grasp” is also missing from the text. Jesus is explaining that those  who failed to enter the Kingdom, although they heard did not take the Word into their hearts.   But there were those who  both heard and understood, who located Christ and His Gospel at the center of their lives, those who have grasped Jesus and His message, who make His person and His words the very principle of their thoughts and actions, bearing fruit for the Kingdom of the New Heart over which Christ now reigns as king.

           Jesus offers an explanation of the failure of those who hear but do not understand.   Christians are not permitted to say that Satan caused them to sin (James 1:13), but it is evident from Scripture that he never stops trying, and that with the cooperation of the human will, he may have his successes.  From the moment of the Incarnation, Satan has roamed the earth seeking to destroy the faith of the children of the Woman Clothed with the Sun (Revelation 12:17).  His principle method is obfuscation and studied neglect. It is he who sows weeds among the wheat that grows in the Church.  And the weeds will continue to grow because Jesus warns the zealous disciples that if they try to clear the field of weeds, in rooting up the weeds the wheat may be damaged.   And this means that the Kingdom in its historical manifestation as the Church will always be a mixed community consisting of some who have taken the Gospel to heart and some who hear but do not understand.   It is a mercy that only Christ knows who has understood with the heart and who has not; this will not be revealed until He comes again, until the book of life is opened at the end of the age.

Meanwhile understanding the Good News planted in the human heart prompts many actions: belief, obedience, and above all love, love for God and love for our neighbors, for those we come upon as we walk the path that is our life.   Each of these has its own necessity.   Belief involves belief in the merciful acts of Jesus by which He bought our freedom with His death and resurrection.  But it involves more; each sentence in the Creed invites our belief, and we dare not prefer belief in one of Jesus’ actions to another.    For belief to be effective it must be what is called theological faith, belief that is ours not because we consider it suitable or even because we are grateful for it, but belief because the truths of our religion are expressions of the authority of God.   In an analogous way heart-understanding expresses itself in obedience.  Very often the yoke is easy and the burden light, but the day will come when conscience makes a claim that desire can follow only with difficulty and humility.  It is the evangelist John who reminds the ages that the sure sign of our love for Christ is our obedience to His commandments, of which the first is love of our brothers and sisters.  And as for love, it is the supernatural empowering gift that enables belief and obedience.

What the Word in our hearts promotes may seem simple, but it is in reality deep.  Jesus commands us to love God with all our hearts, all our souls, and all our minds (Matthew 22:37).  And perfecting the Word understood in a life lived is made difficult by the fact that God is not unopposed in this world.  As Matthew 13:24–30 tells us, there is an enemy roaming the earth, seeking endlessly with demonic energy to snatch the Word from every life, sowing doubt, ever proclaiming the glory and the satisfactions of “the lust of the flesh, the lust of the eyes, and pride of life.”  In our present century Satan has an easy sell, for he moves among a people, perhaps even  Christian people, who have never taken Christ and His words into their hearts, who do not understand and who do not know that they do not  understand.

Therefore to our duty to believe, to obey, and to love, there is added one more, the duty to witness.   You, said Jesus, are my witnesses to the ends of the earth.   Laying aside not the grace of conversational engagement but the fear of intruding upon others and the pusillanimity that cannot bear a challenge, refusing the stance that considers religion too private to have any place in the public square, the time has come to accept the scandal of the Gospel, that no one comes to the Father except through His Son Jesus, that men are appointed once to die and after that comes judgement, that God’s judgement is the ultimate source of meaning, that this same judgement rewards those who long to see the face of God and allows those who have not and will not understand the consequences of their neglect.

Leave a Reply"""

```json
{
  "format": {"score": 2, "justification": "The text is well-structured but has minor formatting issues, such as inconsistent spacing and indentation. It is not disorganized, but it could be polished further."},
  "voice": {"score": 1, "justification": "The text has a religious and theological perspective, but the authorial voice is not distinctively personal; it adheres to a scholarly tone typical of religious texts."},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": 2, "justification": "The text provides informative content about the parable of the sower, its meaning, and biblical references. However, some sentences are somewhat redundant and could benefit from more concise phrasing."},
  "diversity": {"score": 0, "justification": "The text focuses primarily on religious and theological themes, lacking specialized or niche knowledge that would qualify it as diverse beyond the given domain."}
}
```


You are an expert evaluator. Rate the TEXT SAMPLE on four dimensions: Format, Voice, Knowledge Density, and Diversity.
Follow the rubrics exactly and return ONLY a JSON object that matches the schema below.

RUBRICS
1) Format (0–3)
  0 = Disorganized/unreadable
  1 = Partially structured; noticeable formatting issues
  2 = Mostly clear and well-structured; minor issues
  3 = Very clean, polished, professional formatting

2) Voice (0–1)
  0 = Generic tone; no distinct style
  1 = Clear, distinctive authorial voice/style

3) Knowledge Density (0–3)
  0 = Mostly filler/vague; little information
  1 = Some information but redundant/low substance
  2 = Moderately dense; clear informative content
  3 = Highly informative; most sentences add distinct info

4) Diversity (0–2)
  0 = Common/generic knowledge
  1 = Somewhat specialized/uncommon
  2 = Very niche/specialized/rare domain

OUTPUT SCHEMA (must be valid JSON; no extra text):
{
  "format":        {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "voice":         {"score": <int 0-1>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "diversity":     {"score": <int 0-2>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"}
}

CONSTRAINTS
- Use integers only for scores and keep them within the allowed ranges.
- Justifications must be concise (≤2 sentences each).
- Do not include any commentary outside the JSON object.

TEXT SAMPLE:
"""Printer Friendly

By Yuval Noah

$29.99, 464 pages

ISBN 9780062316097

eBook available

Originally published in Israel, Dr. Yuval Noah Harari's brilliant history of humankind has already become an international bestseller. A specialist in world history, Harari undertakes a daunting task in Sapiens: to examine the rise of our species and discern the reasons behind our remarkable success.

"How did we manage to settle so rapidly in so many distant and ecologically different habitats?" Harari asks. "How did we push all other human species into oblivion?"

Harari is clear about the most likely answer: our unique language. And the author's own command of words and ideas is part of what makes this account so engaging.

Harari traces the rise of human language, focusing on a period about 70,000 years ago he calls the Cognitive Revolution, which led to the extinction of the Neanderthals.

Harari's scope is both deep and broad, yet while immersing the reader in the sweep of history, he also presents fascinating information about the roles money, science and religion have played.

Finally, Harari speculates about the future, wondering whether we will continue to improve the human condition while wreaking havoc on our planet and the plants and animals that share it with us.

COPYRIGHT 2015 BookPage
Copyright 2015 Gale, Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Article Details
Printer friendly Cite/link Email Feedback
Author:Hopkinson, Deborah
Article Type:Book review
Date:Feb 1, 2015
Previous Article:Screening Room.
Next Article:Beauty and the beast.
"""

```json
{
  "format": {"score": 2, "justification": "The text sample has a basic, unformatted structure with excessive line breaks and no headings, making it somewhat difficult to read. However, it is not disorganized and the layout is generally clear."},
  "voice": {"score": 1, "justification": "The text sample has a straightforward, informative tone typical of a book review. It lacks a distinct, distinctive authorial voice or style."},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": 2, "justification": "The text provides specific information about the book's content, such as its title, author, ISBN, and a summary of its main arguments. However, some sentences could be more concise."},
  "diversity": {"score": 1, "justification": "The text primarily discusses a well-known book and its author, which are common knowledge. There is little specialized or niche information present."}
}
```


You are an expert evaluator. Rate the TEXT SAMPLE on four dimensions: Format, Voice, Knowledge Density, and Diversity.
Follow the rubrics exactly and return ONLY a JSON object that matches the schema below.

RUBRICS
1) Format (0–3)
  0 = Disorganized/unreadable
  1 = Partially structured; noticeable formatting issues
  2 = Mostly clear and well-structured; minor issues
  3 = Very clean, polished, professional formatting

2) Voice (0–1)
  0 = Generic tone; no distinct style
  1 = Clear, distinctive authorial voice/style

3) Knowledge Density (0–3)
  0 = Mostly filler/vague; little information
  1 = Some information but redundant/low substance
  2 = Moderately dense; clear informative content
  3 = Highly informative; most sentences add distinct info

4) Diversity (0–2)
  0 = Common/generic knowledge
  1 = Somewhat specialized/uncommon
  2 = Very niche/specialized/rare domain

OUTPUT SCHEMA (must be valid JSON; no extra text):
{
  "format":        {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "voice":         {"score": <int 0-1>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "diversity":     {"score": <int 0-2>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"}
}

CONSTRAINTS
- Use integers only for scores and keep them within the allowed ranges.
- Justifications must be concise (≤2 sentences each).
- Do not include any commentary outside the JSON object.

TEXT SAMPLE:
"""The Šarplaninac is an ancient breed of dog from southeastern Yugoslavia's mountain region, which during Roman times was referred to as Illyria. It was originally bred to guard livestock, and is still used today frequently in their homeland for flock protection from predators, but they are not known widely in the United States. [1] While they have some similarities to other dog breeds, they have several unique characteristics as well. This wikiHow will help you with figuring out whether a dog is a Šarplaninac.

Method 1
Method 1 of 3:
Body Structure

  1. 1
    Consider the dog's size. Šarplaninacs are typically anywhere from 23 to 24 inches (58 to 61 cm) tall, and they usually weigh somewhere between 66 to 99 pounds (30 to 45 kg). [2]
  2. 2
    View the dog's head. When the dog's height is average, the length of their head should be around 9.75 inches (24.8 cm) going from their occiput to nose tip. However, this will vary proportionate to the dog's size. When looked at in a profile view, you should notice that the dog's muzzle length when measured from the stop to their nose is a little shorter than the skull when measured from the stop to the occiput. You should also notice a little stop. [3]
  3. 3
    Check the dog's ears. Šarplaninacs should have drop ears that are in the shape of a V, hang near their cheeks, and are covered in hair which is dense and short. When the ears are brought forwards, their tips should reach the eye's inside corner. The dog's ears should be set right below or on a line that goes from the nose tip to their eye's inside corner. [4]
  4. 4
    Take note of the dog's eyes. Šarplaninacs should have moderate-sized eyes that are almond in shape. The color of the dog's eyes can be anywhere from dark brown to chestnut-colored. [5]
  5. 5
    Look at the dog's tail. Šarplaninacs should have a thick tail that appears to be a natural topline extension, and has a base which is muscular. Their tail should also taper in the shape of a saber to the tip. If the tail is of the right length, it should reach to their hock or further. When the dog is at rest, their tail should be hanging naturally down, and when they are alert or in motion, their tail should be raised to or a little higher than the back's level. If the dog is quite agitated, they may raise their tail above their back. [6]
  6. 6
    Examine the dog's overall appearance. Overall, Šarplaninacs should appear bigger than they actually are due to a coat that is thick and bone which is heavy. When the dog is trotting, they should freely move using medium length strides. When they are alert, they should have purposeful, determined movement, and their head may be lowered a little and they may raise their tail higher than their back. [7]

Method 2
Method 2 of 3:

  1. 1
    Analyze the dog's coat color. Šarplaninacs can be any any solid color, ranging from white to quite dark (almost black) brown. Most often, the dog is an iron gray color. On the dog's neck, body and head, the color may be darker, and this shade may become lighter in color going towards their extremities, though this is gradual and not appearing to form color patches or spots. You may also notice black-tipped outer coat hairs, which create a color pattern that is sable. While not ideal, the dog may also have small markings that are white in color on their toes and chest. [8]
  2. 2
    See if the coat is of varying lengths. Šarplaninacs should have a long outer coat, and an undercoat that is shorter. The dog should also have short hair on their ears, head, and the front of their legs. On the dog's tail, buttocks, back of their legs and neck, the hair should be longer. The outer coat on the dog's withers should be between 4 to 5 inches (10 to 13 cm) in length, though it should not be any shorter than 2.75 inches (7.0 cm). Because of the varying coat length, you should notice a neck ruff, a frill that is noticeable at the neck's nape, a tail plume, and breeches found on the back of the dog's legs and their buttocks. [9]
  3. 3
    View the coat's overall appearance. Overall, Šarplaninacs should have a double coat, with a straight outer coat that feels relatively rough in texture and a thicker undercoat that is a lot more fine. [10]
  4. 4
    Look for a large grooming need. Due to a relatively large amount of shedding, Šarplaninacs will need regular grooming that starts while they are young. [11]

Method 3
Method 3 of 3:

  1. 1
    Know if the dog is a good guard dog. Because of their protectiveness and wariness towards strangers, Šarplaninacs are known to be good guard dogs. [12]
    • Although they are not usually aggressive, Šarplaninacs may attack if they think they should, so this is something you should be aware of. [13] A good amount of socialization can be helpful for this dog to be able to handle strangers. [14]
  2. 2
    Recognize whether the dog is calm. Despite being protective, Šarplaninacs are known to be quiet, calm dogs on the most part who are okay with relaxing after they complete a job they are given. [15]
  3. 3
    Check for a need for regular exercise. Šarplaninacs need regular exercise, such as farmland work or time in a securely, completely fenced-in yard. [16]
  4. 4
    Make sure the dog is trained by someone with confidence and experience. Šarplaninacs can be willful and stubborn, and will need to be trained with persistence. They tend to do well with repetition and fixed commands. [17]
  5. 5
    See if the dog is independent. Šarplaninacs are known to be independent dogs who usually do not develop separation anxiety. [18]

Community Q&A

Ask a Question
200 characters left

      • Look in to dog DNA testing if you would like to know your dog's breed, because this can help confirm whether or not your dog is a Šarplaninac.

      Related wikiHows

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      Check Cats for FleasCheck Cats for Fleas
      Know if Your Rabbit is PregnantKnow if Your Rabbit is Pregnant
      Tell a Turtle's AgeTell a Turtle's Age
      Remove Warts on DogsRemove Warts on Dogs
      Deworm CatsDeworm Cats
      Train a Guard DogTrain a Guard Dog
      Take Care of a DogTake Care of a Dog
      Tell the Age of a BudgieTell the Age of a Budgie

      About this article

      How helpful is this?
      Co-authors: 1
      Updated: September 27, 2021
      Views: 61

      Did this article help you?"""

```json
{
  "format": {"score": 2, "justification": "The text is well-structured with clear headings and subheadings, but there are some minor formatting inconsistencies, such as the use of [number] in the text which should be inline with the main text."},
  "voice": {"score": 1, "justification": "The text maintains a professional, informative tone throughout, but there is no distinct authorial voice or style that stands out as distinctive."},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": 2, "justification": "The text provides detailed information about the Šarplaninac dog breed, including its physical characteristics, coat color, and behavioral traits, but some sections are repetitive and could be more concise."},
  "diversity": {"score": 1, "justification": "The content covers various aspects of the breed but is focused on general information and lacks specialized or rare domain knowledge."
}
}
```


You are an expert evaluator. Rate the TEXT SAMPLE on four dimensions: Format, Voice, Knowledge Density, and Diversity.
Follow the rubrics exactly and return ONLY a JSON object that matches the schema below.

RUBRICS
1) Format (0–3)
  0 = Disorganized/unreadable
  1 = Partially structured; noticeable formatting issues
  2 = Mostly clear and well-structured; minor issues
  3 = Very clean, polished, professional formatting

2) Voice (0–1)
  0 = Generic tone; no distinct style
  1 = Clear, distinctive authorial voice/style

3) Knowledge Density (0–3)
  0 = Mostly filler/vague; little information
  1 = Some information but redundant/low substance
  2 = Moderately dense; clear informative content
  3 = Highly informative; most sentences add distinct info

4) Diversity (0–2)
  0 = Common/generic knowledge
  1 = Somewhat specialized/uncommon
  2 = Very niche/specialized/rare domain

OUTPUT SCHEMA (must be valid JSON; no extra text):
{
  "format":        {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "voice":         {"score": <int 0-1>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "diversity":     {"score": <int 0-2>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"}
}

CONSTRAINTS
- Use integers only for scores and keep them within the allowed ranges.
- Justifications must be concise (≤2 sentences each).
- Do not include any commentary outside the JSON object.

TEXT SAMPLE:
"""Call us 02 9635 7159
Text us 0451 005 151

Migraines And Headaches

The Ayurvedic history of migraines dates back to 6000 BC when Ayurveda originated from Divinities as an oral tradition. First documented evidence of headache can be found in the ancient Vedic texts like Ashtanga Hridayam, Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita where it is termed Sirasoola and we can find description about its different types and clinical subtypes. Though Hippocrates defined about headaches in 400 B.C.E.

Please Mind Your Head!

Headache has been ranked as the second leading cause of disorders by the Global burden of disease studies because it affects the normal and work life, increases absenteeism causing social and economic burden making them disable. Migraine comes in the third position affecting the people in the age group between 20 to 50 years. Based on the studies, there can be up to three million migraine sufferers in Australia and up to seven million tension-type headache sufferers. At least one migraine suffering person is present in one fourth of the houses of Australia. Proper history, CT or MRI will help in reaching to a causative factor of headache.

Headaches can be of structural, physiological or psychological. Though it may cause physical, emotional, and economic burdens proper guidance is less sought. Structural headaches are mainly due to space occupying lesions/tumours, inflammatory responses or increased intracranial pressure. Among them some can be dangerous and life-threatening.b90% of the headaches are physiological or psychological and they are classified under primary type in clinical medicine. They can be like cluster headache, tension head ache, migraine and Trigeminal neuralgia.

Migraines can be unilateral lasting from several hours to 3 days preceded with or without aura and sensitivity to light; sound and pain. It will be of moderate to severe type and will be relieved on vomiting. Many of you can have an evident family history. If left untreated it may lead to serious complications. Cluster headaches are usually unilateral around one eye lasting about 4 hours and patient will be active. Trigeminal neuralgic patients will be having shooting pain to the face. Tension headaches are one of the other most common types with squeezing pain and pressure on both sides of the head and neck and people rarely seek medical advice. Sinus headaches usually have pain behind fore head and cheekbones. Some other types of primary headaches are cough head ache, exertional headache, Headache associated with sexual activity, Medication over use headache and  Dull Headaches which develops only during sleep.

Ayurvedic management of Migraine and other head aches at Ayur Healthcare:

Ayurveda understands migraine as a reflection of poor metabolism associated with accumulation of toxins leading to imbalance of doshas. Vata is heavily imbalanced and disturb Pitta and Kapha as well as per your body’s conditions. The preventive treatment for migraine at Ayur Healthcare helps in reducing frequency, severity and duration of migraine attacks. At Ayur Healthcare, tailored plans will be recommended to address migraine from root causes after a detailed assessment via consultation by Ayurvedic experts.

Diet and Lifestyle

Following Ayurvedic concepts of Dinacharya (daily regimen) and Ritucharya (seasonal regimen) will helpsto maintain the body’s homeostasis and neurological balance as there can be involvement of multiple Doshas. Since neurotransmitters play a major role in the formation of migraines and headache, it is necessary to maintain a perfect gut and healthy nervous system. Eat a healthy diet without skipping meals. Include soups and salads in your diet. Reduce sour foods and hot spices. Foods prepared using immunomodulatory medicinal herbs like garlic; Cinnamons and Ginger tend to reduce the intensity of headache. Use rock salt instead of sea salt. Drink Plenty of Juices especially, coconut water. Abstain from smoking and drinking for a better neuronal health. Walk at least 30 minutes a day. Listen to nice music for 15 minutes every day. Always sleep early and wake up early, avoid mobiles at bed time especially during sleep and if you are the kind of person keeping mobiles under your pillow your brain will suffer because,  research studies show that due to hypersensitivity of several brain areas to these triggering factors  knowingly or unknowingly initiating a stimuli may initiate a migraine attack .

Always note the triggering factors of disease. A headache diary should always be maintained. Migraines always need immediate treatment before it becomes full blown. Treatment should start when the prodromal symptoms start so that it will never lead to intolerable pain. Keeping an eye on hormonal fluctuations will help in taking necessary precautions. Minimize use of pain killers. Relaxing techniques should be practiced. Regular head and shoulder massages with medicated herbal oils are of great help in headache. Avoid sleeping during day time.

So it’s time to refresh your Brain!!!!

Panchakarma treatment is inevitable in this condition as it provides you with the safest mode of herbal relief. Specially processed herbal Ghee’s can be taken under the supervision of an Ayurvedic consultant. Purgation once in a month can help in the elimination of toxins and improve gut brain interaction. Steam bath with different types of herbal steams will help in release toxins.

Once your toxins are released its time to revitalise. Following the preventive and curative principles of Ayurveda do Nasya (the nasal detox) regularly or as sessions followed by herbal smoke with incense made of purifying herbs. Nasya helps to protect, stabilise and strengthen sensory organs, shoulders, chest, skin, and neck.Circulation and blood flow are the undebatable factors needed to keep a healthy brain which is possible through leech therapy. Shirodhara the streaming of warm herbal oil at third eye helps to relax the body deeply and reduce stress thereby reducing the frequency of migraines.

Follow the Ayur Health Care’s time tested formula for Migraine. Feel Yourself Revitalised. Find the better you with the ancient wisdom"""

```json
{
  "format": {"score": 2, "justification": "The text is well-structured with clear headings and paragraphs, but there are minor formatting inconsistencies such as inconsistent spacing and some sentences that are too long. Overall, it is mostly clean and professional."},
  "voice": {"score": 1, "justification": "The text has a distinct authorial voice that is informative and somewhat specialized, particularly in the Ayurvedic medicine and headache management context."},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": 2, "justification": "The text provides detailed information on migraines and headaches, including Ayurvedic perspectives, types, and treatments, though some sections could benefit from more depth."},
  "diversity": {"score": 1, "justification": "The content covers common knowledge related to migraines and headaches, though it does touch on some specialized Ayurvedic aspects, making it somewhat niche."}
}
```


You are an expert evaluator. Rate the TEXT SAMPLE on four dimensions: Format, Voice, Knowledge Density, and Diversity.
Follow the rubrics exactly and return ONLY a JSON object that matches the schema below.

RUBRICS
1) Format (0–3)
  0 = Disorganized/unreadable
  1 = Partially structured; noticeable formatting issues
  2 = Mostly clear and well-structured; minor issues
  3 = Very clean, polished, professional formatting

2) Voice (0–1)
  0 = Generic tone; no distinct style
  1 = Clear, distinctive authorial voice/style

3) Knowledge Density (0–3)
  0 = Mostly filler/vague; little information
  1 = Some information but redundant/low substance
  2 = Moderately dense; clear informative content
  3 = Highly informative; most sentences add distinct info

4) Diversity (0–2)
  0 = Common/generic knowledge
  1 = Somewhat specialized/uncommon
  2 = Very niche/specialized/rare domain

OUTPUT SCHEMA (must be valid JSON; no extra text):
{
  "format":        {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "voice":         {"score": <int 0-1>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "diversity":     {"score": <int 0-2>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"}
}

CONSTRAINTS
- Use integers only for scores and keep them within the allowed ranges.
- Justifications must be concise (≤2 sentences each).
- Do not include any commentary outside the JSON object.

TEXT SAMPLE:
"""Having better learned here how action potential creation works in some detail, I'd like to pin down the functional role of voltage-gated potassium channels: they mainly shorten the time it takes the neuron to get back to rest potential. Without potassium channels, the sodium ions that entered the neuron through a sodium channel would slowly diffuse away (electrotonically) and the sodium potassium pumps reset the potential. With potassium channels, this process is drastically accelerated (by quickly moving positively charged ions out of the neuron in situ). Without potassium channels, an action potential would be created nevertheless by the sodium channels alone, i.e. a peak of 40mV would be generated (equally fast!), but it would decay much slower, not yielding a pronounced peak.

Would you agree that this is a correct description of the main "purpose" of potassium channels involved in producing action potentials?

In any case, potassium channels seem to work equally well when their "closing" potential would not be -80mV, but e.g. -70mV, i.e. the resting potential. But because it's -80mV the potassium channels produce an afterhyperpolarization. My second question is:

Does afterhyperpolarization play a ("positive") functional role, too, or is it just unavoidable? If so: Which "negative" and undesirable effects might it have? (In some respects it might have been better, if there was no afterhyperpolarization.)

The meaning of reversal potential

Ion channels do not themselves have reversal potentials except for via a weighted average of the ions that they conduct. The reversal potential for a given ion is given by the Nernst equation and besides physical constants is a function only of the relative concentrations of ions inside and outside the cell.

The equilibrium potential of the whole cell is given by the Goldman equation, which is similar to the Nernst equation but covers any number of ions. Note that you can also calculate a "reversal potential" for a channel using the Goldman equation by considering all the ions that a given channel will conduct.

The reason that a cell's equilibrium potential at rest is not equal to the potassium reversal potential is because cells are not permeable only to potassium at rest; although potassium dominates, there is some conductance to other ions, which depolarizes the cell slightly.

There is no way for a potassium-selective channel to have a reversal potential any different from the potassium reversal potential, unless it were to be permeable to other ions as well.

What would happen if there were no potassium channels?

If there were no potassium channels at all, cells would rest near 0 mV, give or take a few mV. The "leak" channels that allow cells to rest at a negative potential are primarily potassium channels. However, it seems like your question is mostly directed towards voltage-gated potassium channels.

What would happen if there were no voltage-gated potassium channels?

As you suggest, cells would repolarize much more slowly. However, your question still has inaccuracies.

1) This repolarization would not be from sodium diffusing away, it would be from potassium leaving the cell through leak channels.

2) The sodium-potassium ATPase is not directly responsible for the membrane potential or for repolarization in an action potential. Ion concentrations change very little during an action potential. The thing that changes is the permeability to different ions. The sodium-potassium ATPase is important, however, for maintaining the relative inside concentrations of sodium and potassium ions over the long term.

In addition, as you also suggest, there would be no afterhyperpolarization.

Is there a purpose to the afterhyperpolarization? Is it just unavoidable?

There is somewhat of a purpose. Although the afterhyperpolarization isn't strictly necessary to get action potentials to fire, there are some hyperpolarization-activated channels in some cells, and in all cells the hyperpolarization facilitates the removal of the inactivation block of sodium channels. In general words, it serves as a bit of a 'reset signal' beyond mere repolarization.

However, the afterhyperpolarization is also pretty much unavoidable without a very fine-tuned engineering of the repolarization process (you would need to rapidly close potassium channels as they approached rest, which would also slow down the return to rest).

Overall, this material would be well-covered in an introductory neuroscience textbook. My personal recommendation is Purves:

(any other edition is fine, too, and there a lot of other good alternatives as well)

  • $\begingroup$ Thanks a lot for this - once again - great answer! You say: "repolarization would not be from sodium diffusing away". Not at all? Or only to a (much?) lesser extent than potassium leaking? $\endgroup$ Dec 5 '17 at 9:07
  • $\begingroup$ (Yes, you are right, I was mainly interested in voltage-gated potassium channels, I should have made this explicit. On the other side: I wouldn't have learnt about the important functional role of potassium leak channels!) $\endgroup$ Dec 5 '17 at 9:09
  • $\begingroup$ @HansStricker The net diffusion of sodium across the membrane will (almost) always be sodium coming in, because the reversal potential of sodium is greater than the membrane potential of the cell. The Nernst equation is your friend. Only if the membrane potential is raised higher than the reversal potential for sodium could sodium net flow out. This is plausible if calcium currents push the membrane potential to a high voltage, but this would be a very minor amount and would reverse as soon as the cell was back to the sodium reversal potential. $\endgroup$
    – Bryan Krause
    Dec 5 '17 at 23:13
  • $\begingroup$ Ah, once again, I've not been clear enough! I meant diffusion not across but parallel to the membrane. $\endgroup$ Dec 6 '17 at 6:28
  • $\begingroup$ @HansStricker Since you'd like to emphasize your question on voltage gated potassium channels, you are mainly talking about action potentials; in the context of an action potential, you have sodium coming in all throughout the cell. There could be some flow into the dendrites, but the flow of sodium into the dendrites is going to depolarize them (and many dendrites also have active sodium conductances) unless there is leak of potassium out of the dendrites: you have to cross the membrane eventually. :) $\endgroup$
    – Bryan Krause
    Dec 6 '17 at 9:05

As theorized about here, there might be another "purpose" of voltage-gated potassium channels: They give spreading action potentials - especially in myelinated axons - the form of wandering decaying pulses (compared to a stationary peak at the site of creation, that simply decays, nevertheless giving rise to a rise of the potential at distant sites).

What this shaping is good for – per se – is another question. Why is it per se better that the potential arrives at the next trigger zone as a pulse: the ion channels there won't see a difference, will they? They are unaware of whether potassium channels were present or not at the first trigger zone, they will experience roughly the same (rise of) potential after roughly the same time.

Well, as a pulse (which fades out as it faded it) the signal is shorter, otherwise it lasts longer, making temporal fine tuning harder.

  • $\begingroup$ I don't understand what you are suggesting here, and your link in reference is simply to another answer by yourself. $\endgroup$
    – Bryan Krause
    Dec 6 '17 at 18:21
  • $\begingroup$ Sorry for that, I'll try to explain - and visualize - it in more detail.I guess it's not nonsense - and maybe even common knowledge - but hard to explain in a few words. $\endgroup$ Dec 6 '17 at 19:01
  • $\begingroup$ Sorry, I could also be more explicit in my criticism. What is a "wandering decaying pulse"? That doesn't sound at all like what an action potential is, so I don't understand how voltage gated potassium channels could be conveying a property that action potentials don't have. $\endgroup$
    – Bryan Krause
    Dec 6 '17 at 20:54

Your Answer

"""

```json
{
  "format": {
    "score": 2,
    "justification": "The text is well-structured with clear headings and paragraphs, but there are some formatting inconsistencies such as the use of bullet points and references that could be standardized."
  },
  "voice": {
    "score": 1,
    "justification": "The text maintains a clear and informative authorial voice, particularly evident in the detailed explanations of complex neuroscience concepts."
  },
  "knowledge_density": {
    "score": 3,
    "justification": "The text is highly informative, providing detailed explanations of ion channels, their functions, and the effects of their absence, which adds distinct and valuable information."
  },
  "diversity": {
    "score": 1,
    "justification": "The content primarily covers specialized knowledge in neuroscience, with little to no diversity in topics or perspectives."
  }
}
```


You are an expert evaluator. Rate the TEXT SAMPLE on four dimensions: Format, Voice, Knowledge Density, and Diversity.
Follow the rubrics exactly and return ONLY a JSON object that matches the schema below.

RUBRICS
1) Format (0–3)
  0 = Disorganized/unreadable
  1 = Partially structured; noticeable formatting issues
  2 = Mostly clear and well-structured; minor issues
  3 = Very clean, polished, professional formatting

2) Voice (0–1)
  0 = Generic tone; no distinct style
  1 = Clear, distinctive authorial voice/style

3) Knowledge Density (0–3)
  0 = Mostly filler/vague; little information
  1 = Some information but redundant/low substance
  2 = Moderately dense; clear informative content
  3 = Highly informative; most sentences add distinct info

4) Diversity (0–2)
  0 = Common/generic knowledge
  1 = Somewhat specialized/uncommon
  2 = Very niche/specialized/rare domain

OUTPUT SCHEMA (must be valid JSON; no extra text):
{
  "format":        {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "voice":         {"score": <int 0-1>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "diversity":     {"score": <int 0-2>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"}
}

CONSTRAINTS
- Use integers only for scores and keep them within the allowed ranges.
- Justifications must be concise (≤2 sentences each).
- Do not include any commentary outside the JSON object.

TEXT SAMPLE:
"""Essay Example on the Sedition Act

Date:  2021-04-09 17:29:09
3 pages  (610 words)
Back to categories
University of Richmond
Type of paper:

As the 18th century approached its end, during the Adams administration, America was still a young democracy and at the time federalist had majority rule over Congress. However despite this, the Democratic-Republicans opposing parties which were led by Jefferson were developing due to the dissent they had with the federalist polices (Edsitement, 2010, pg. 2). This dissent by opposing party brought into question if the ruling party was capable of protecting its citizens, those who opposed them inclusive, but still allow them the freedom to oppose them. For a democracy to be able to grow there had to be those who opposed the ones in rule so as to keep them in order. However, too much dissent was seen as a security threat to the nation and arguments were brought up so as to see means of controlling such opposition. Due to this in 1997 The Sedition Act was introduce as a debate to Congress (Edsitement, 2010, pg. 3).

Due to this strong opposition, which was even more hastened when pandemonium broke loose on February 15, 1798, in the House of Representatives when, Roger Griswold scuffled with Matthew Lyon congress argued on how to minimize such dissent (Edsitement, 2010, pg. 5). The federalist argued that dissent needed to be controlled because domestic and foreign nations, France to be exact were trying to cause a separation between the American citizen and the government through introductions factions who undermined their rule (Edsitement, 2010, pg. 8). Hence John Adams proposed The Sedition act in preparation for an anticipated war with France. The Sedition Act would limit freedom of speech and writing scandalous or malicious things concerning the government this would help in controlling dissent among the opposition and citizens. Furthermore, they said the Sedition Act would help in improving of security especially in this time of looming war with France.

However, not all people agreed to the Sedition Act saying that it was unconstitutional. Those who opposed said it was a complete violation of ones first amendment rights, according to Mr. S. Smith one should be able to speak the truth even if its damaging to anyone in power or authority (Edsitement, 2010, pg. 9). Mr. Nicholas also went on to argue that both the House of Representatives and congress had no authority to pass such a bill since it was prohibited by the Constitution saying that Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press.(Edsitement, 2010, pg. 10). In fact the majority argued that the bill should not be passed due to its nature in prohibiting democracy (Carroll, 1920).

I would side with the opposing side, freedom of speech and press is a very necessary right and no one should be allowed to take that away. If one is blasphemous and abuses freedom of expression or press then that should be dealt by through a court of law but not through prohibiting everyones rights. The opposing side against the Sedition Act, Constitutionally wise is correct in that the constitution also states that everyone has a right to freedom of speech and press, which is a first amendment right that should not be taken away from you in any way (Martin, 1999). If this Act were passed to date I believe American would not have grown to be such a democratic country like it is today.

Works Cited

Carroll, Thomas F. "Freedom of Speech and of the Press in the Federalist Period; The Sedition Act." Michigan Law Review 18.7 (1920): 615-651.

Martin, James P. "When repression is democratic and constitutional: the federalist theory of Representation and the Sedition Act of 1798." The University of Chicago Law Review (1999): 117-182.

"The Sedition Act: Certain Crimes Against The United States | Edsitement". N.p., 2010. Web. 28 Feb. 2017, (Pg. 4 - 25).

Request Removal
"""

```json
{
  "format": {"score": 1, "justification": "The text is well-structured with clear headings and a logical flow, but there are minor formatting inconsistencies, such as the citation style and some sentence fragments. These issues do not significantly detract from readability but make it slightly less polished."},
  "voice": {"score": 1, "justification": "The author displays a clear, distinctive voice with a historical and analytical perspective, particularly evident in the discussion of the Sedition Act and its implications."},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": 2, "justification": "The text provides some detailed information about the Sedition Act, including historical context and opposing viewpoints. However, some sentences repeat similar ideas and lack additional unique insights."},
  "diversity": {"score": 0, "justification": "The text covers common historical knowledge about the Sedition Act and its implications without delving into specialized or rare domain knowledge."}
}
```


You are an expert evaluator. Rate the TEXT SAMPLE on four dimensions: Format, Voice, Knowledge Density, and Diversity.
Follow the rubrics exactly and return ONLY a JSON object that matches the schema below.

RUBRICS
1) Format (0–3)
  0 = Disorganized/unreadable
  1 = Partially structured; noticeable formatting issues
  2 = Mostly clear and well-structured; minor issues
  3 = Very clean, polished, professional formatting

2) Voice (0–1)
  0 = Generic tone; no distinct style
  1 = Clear, distinctive authorial voice/style

3) Knowledge Density (0–3)
  0 = Mostly filler/vague; little information
  1 = Some information but redundant/low substance
  2 = Moderately dense; clear informative content
  3 = Highly informative; most sentences add distinct info

4) Diversity (0–2)
  0 = Common/generic knowledge
  1 = Somewhat specialized/uncommon
  2 = Very niche/specialized/rare domain

OUTPUT SCHEMA (must be valid JSON; no extra text):
{
  "format":        {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "voice":         {"score": <int 0-1>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "diversity":     {"score": <int 0-2>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"}
}

CONSTRAINTS
- Use integers only for scores and keep them within the allowed ranges.
- Justifications must be concise (≤2 sentences each).
- Do not include any commentary outside the JSON object.

TEXT SAMPLE:
"""First Past the Post electoral system

From Academic Kids

The First Past the Post electoral system, is a voting system for single-member districts. The name first past the post (abbreviated FPTP or FPP) is an analogy to horse racing; the system is also variously called winner-take-all, plurality voting, or relative majority. In political science, it is known as Single-Member District Plurality or SMDP. When this system is in use at all levels of politics it usually results in a true two-party system, based on single seat district voting systems. However, the system of forming a governing government is also crucial; it is very common in former British colonies and is the single most commonly used system for election of parliaments [1] (http://www.aceproject.org/main/english/es/esh.htm) based on FPTP voting districts. A thorough list is given below.

The United Kingdom continues to use First Past The Post for national and most regional elections. Changes to the UK system have been proposed, and alternatives were examined by the Jenkins Committee in the late 1990s but no major changes have been implemented. Canada also uses First Past The Post for national and provincial elections. In May 2005 the citizens of the Canadian province of British Columbia had a chance to cast a ballot for a referendum for abolishing plurality in favor of the Single Transferable Vote after the Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform made a recommendation for the reform. The referendum obtained 57% of the vote, but failed to meet the 60% requirement for passing.

Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, and New Zealand have fairly recently implemented different election systems.

The term "first past the post" refers to a now seldom-used analogy with horse racing, where the winner is the first to pass a particular point (in this case a plurality of votes), upon which all other runners automatically and completely lose ("winner take all"). There is, however, no "post" that the winning candidate must pass in order to win, they are just required to receive the largest number of votes in their favour. This sometimes results in the alternate name "furthest past the post".

Duverger's law predicts that constituencies that use first-past-the-post systems will become two-party systems.

Each voter in a given electoral district selects one candidate. All votes are counted and the candidate with more votes than any of the other candidates is the winner. The winner represents the entire electoral district.

Simple example

For this example, consider the election for the president of a school class. Each class has a president, who sits on a school council. Further assume that, in this imaginary school, girl and boy students disagree with each other on most issues, and students prefer to vote for others of the same sex as themselves.

The election for class president

There are three candidates, Amy, Brian and Chloe. Each class member gets a ballot paper, with these three names on it. The class member must put an "X" against one of the names.

After the election finishes, the papers are sorted into three piles. One pile contains all the papers where there is an "X" against Amy (that is, votes for Amy). The other two piles contain votes for Brian and for Chloe.

The largest pile decides the winner. For instance, if Amy's pile has 11 votes, Brian's pile has 16 votes, and Chloe's pile has 13 votes, then the winner is Brian.

Notice that there were a total of 11 + 16 + 13 = 40 votes, and the winner had only 16 of them — only 40%. But that is only the result for this one class.

The election to the school council

Some might argue that a boy won for this class because there were two girls, who "split the vote": some of the girls in the class voted for Amy and others for Chloe. Perhaps if Amy had not been a candidate, all the girls would have voted for Chloe and she would have won this class; this in turn would make the girls the winners of the whole council. Arguments exactly like this, but on a larger scale, are common wherever there are first-past-the-post elections.

More complex example

Imagine an election for the capital of Tennessee, a state in the United States that is over 500 miles (800 km) east-to-west, and only 110 miles (180 km) north-to-south. In this vote, the candidates for the capital are Memphis, Nashville, Chattanooga, and Knoxville. The population breakdown by metro area is as follows:

Tennesee's four cities are spread throughout the state
  • Memphis: 826,330
  • Nashville: 510,784
  • Chattanooga: 285,536
  • Knoxville: 335,749

If the voters cast their ballot based strictly on geographic proximity, the voters' sincere preferences might be as follows:

42% of voters (close to Memphis)
  1. Memphis
  2. Nashville
  3. Chattanooga
  4. Knoxville

26% of voters (close to Nashville)

  1. Nashville
  2. Chattanooga
  3. Knoxville
  4. Memphis

15% of voters (close to Chattanooga)

  1. Chattanooga
  2. Knoxville
  3. Nashville
  4. Memphis
17% of voters (close to Knoxville)
  1. Knoxville
  2. Chattanooga
  3. Nashville
  4. Memphis

If voting follows sincere preferences, Memphis is selected with the most votes. Note that this system does not require that the winner have a majority, but only a plurality. That is, Memphis wins because it has the most votes, even though more than half of the voters preferred another option.

Fewer parties

Single-member districts also mean that parties need to appeal to a wide cross-section of the populace rather than a political niche. Some argue that this discourages "extremist" parties.

Each representative must be a winner

Sometimes, the voters are in favour of a political party, but do not like specific candidates. An example was the premier of Alberta, Donald Getty. His government was re-elected in 1989, but because of voter dissatisfaction with the way the government was led, Getty, the leader of the Alberta Progressive Conservative Party, was not re-elected by voters from his electoral district.

However this can also have the opposite effect. A candidate who is very popular among the electrorate in general may lose if the candidate or the candidate's party is unpopular or has caused dissatisfaction in his or her seat.

Similarly, in the 1999 Ontario provincial election, Mike Harris and his Progressive-Conservative party was re-elected to a majority government, but symbolic of the growing discontent among voters about cuts to education, his education minister and strong ally was resoundingly defeated by the opposition candidate.

The most commonly expressed disadvantage – perhaps because it is easiest to express and explain – of first-past-the-post is that it frequently produces disproportional results, i.e. results in which a party's share of the seats does not match up with its share of the votes. Thus, substantial bodies of opinion can be left out of the final outcome, and a party can obtain a majority of seats without a majority of the vote. Examples include the recent United Kingdom general election of 2005 where the new government won a majority of the seats with less than 38% of the national vote. The dispproportonate nature of this system also means that whole regions may have M.P.s from only one party. The British Conservatives won large majorities of seats in the 1980's on a minority of votes while almost all the Scottish seats were Labour or Liberal or SNP, thus creating tremendous disatisfaction in Scotland.

Tactical voting

To a greater extent than most other methods, first-past-the-post encourages the tactical voting technique known as "compromising"; voters are frequently pressured to vote for one of the two options most likely to win, even if it is not their most preferred option. In the above example, voters from Chattanooga and Knoxville may "compromise" by voting for Nashville, which they prefer to Memphis.

If enough voters use this tactic, the first-past-the-post system becomes a form of runoff voting where the first round is held in the court of public opinion. This can give substantial power to the media as voters will tend to believe their viewpoint on who the leading contenders are likely to be in the election and use that viewpoint to decide where a "tactical" vote would be (in the voter's opinion) best used. This can also become a system promoting votes against more so than votes for.

Tactical voting can lead to situations where voters pass over a candidate who is preferred by a majority of voters and instead vote for a "lesser evil" who has shown themselves as good vote getters in the past.

One often-overlooked flaw in the FPTP system is that invariably, voters can select only one candidate in a single-member district, whilst in multi-member districts they can never select more canidates than the number of seats in the district. Some argue that FPTP would work better if electors could cast a vote for as many candidates as they wish. This would allow voters to "vote against" a certain despised candidate if they choose without having to guess at who they should vote for to defeat that candidate, thus eliminating the need for tactical voting. Such a system would also serve to reduce the spoiler effect.

Anomalous results

An interesting anomaly in the results of this system arose in the Canadian federal election of 1926 for the province of Manitoba. The province was entitled to 17 seats in that election. The result was very different from how people voted.

Political party Percentage of votes Number of seats Percentage of Seats
Conservatives 42.2% 0 0%
Labour Progressives 19.5% 7 41%
Liberals 18.4% 4 24%
Progressives 11.2% 4 24%
Labour 8.7% 2 12%

The Conservatives clearly had the largest number of votes across the province, but received no seats at all. The other parties were able to have success by having concentrated support in particular constituencies, and by not running candidates in others.

This presents a problem because the parties tend to focus narrowly on the needs and well-beings of specific electoral districts where they can be sure to win seats, rather than be sensitive to the sentiments of voters everywhere. In order to secure election results, some also choose to use gerrymandering, that is, redistricting to distort election results by enclosing party voters together in one electoral district.

Fewer parties

First-past-the-post's tendency toward fewer parties and more frequent one-party rule can produce both advantages and disadvantages.

One disadvantage of having fewer parties is that the government does not consider as wide a range of perspectives and concerns.

Another disadvantage is that fewer choices are offered to the voters, often pressuring voters to vote for a candidate whom they largely disagree with, in order to oppose a candidate whom they disagree with even more. (See "tactical voting" above.) The likely result of this is that candidates will less closely reflect the viewpoints of those who vote for them.

It may also be argued that one-party rule is more likely to lead to radical changes in government policy that are only favored by a plurality or bare majority of the voters, whereas multi-party systems usually require greater consensus in order to make dramatic changes.

Wipe out and clean sweep results

Since FPTP combined with single member constituencies generate a winner's bonus, if not winner takes all, the loyal opposition can be left with few if any seats.(See above)

An opposition that is weak or absent, because of an electoral wipeout, is not good for good governance, it is argued. Provincal elections in several Canadian provinces provide suitable examples.

This is the missing corollary of strong-government argument for FPTP.

No system can guarantee a clear result

A close election is one where the winner's majority is very small, or where third parties or independents hold the balance of power.

Where First Past the Post systems are used

See Table of voting systems by nation

The first past the post election system is used in the Republic of China on Taiwan for executive offices such as county magistrates, mayors, and the president, but not for legislative seats which used the single non-transferable vote system. This has produced an interesting party structure in which there are two broad coalitions of parties which cooperate in executive elections but which compete internally in legislative elections. Source: Making Votes Count, Gary Cox (1997).

India is using a proportional representation system for its upper house.

Ballot types

Ballots can be of two forms. The simplest form is a blank ballot where the name of a candidate is written in by hand. A more structured ballot will list all the candidates and allow a mark to be made by a single candidate. (A ballot with a candidate list can include space for a write-in candidate as well)

Missing image

See also

External links

Academic Kids Menu

  • Art and Cultures
  • Space and Astronomy

  • Clip Art (http://classroomclipart.com)
Personal tools"""

```json
{
  "format": {
    "score": 3,
    "justification": "The text sample is well-structured with clear headings, bullet points, and examples that enhance readability. Formatting is clean and professional with no apparent issues."
  },
  "voice": {
    "score": 1,
    "justification": "The text has a distinct voice that is informative and authoritative, particularly in explaining electoral systems and their implications."
  },
  "knowledge_density": {
    "score": 3,
    "justification": "The text provides a comprehensive overview of the First Past the Post electoral system, including examples, history, and implications, which adds substantial depth and informative content."
  },
  "diversity": {
    "score": 1,
    "justification": "The content, while informative, is primarily focused on electoral systems and lacks diversity in terms of topics or specialized knowledge beyond this domain."
  }
}
```


You are an expert evaluator. Rate the TEXT SAMPLE on four dimensions: Format, Voice, Knowledge Density, and Diversity.
Follow the rubrics exactly and return ONLY a JSON object that matches the schema below.

RUBRICS
1) Format (0–3)
  0 = Disorganized/unreadable
  1 = Partially structured; noticeable formatting issues
  2 = Mostly clear and well-structured; minor issues
  3 = Very clean, polished, professional formatting

2) Voice (0–1)
  0 = Generic tone; no distinct style
  1 = Clear, distinctive authorial voice/style

3) Knowledge Density (0–3)
  0 = Mostly filler/vague; little information
  1 = Some information but redundant/low substance
  2 = Moderately dense; clear informative content
  3 = Highly informative; most sentences add distinct info

4) Diversity (0–2)
  0 = Common/generic knowledge
  1 = Somewhat specialized/uncommon
  2 = Very niche/specialized/rare domain

OUTPUT SCHEMA (must be valid JSON; no extra text):
{
  "format":        {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "voice":         {"score": <int 0-1>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": <int 0-3>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"},
  "diversity":     {"score": <int 0-2>, "justification": "<1–2 sentences>"}
}

CONSTRAINTS
- Use integers only for scores and keep them within the allowed ranges.
- Justifications must be concise (≤2 sentences each).
- Do not include any commentary outside the JSON object.

TEXT SAMPLE:
"""Перейти к основному содержанию

WFP West Africa Annual Achievements 2020

+ 19
Дата публикации

19 countries covered by WFP West Africa region

57.6 million people estimated to be food insecure by the end of 2020

11 million children aged 6-59 months estimated to be acutely malnourished in 2020

In 2020, the West Africa region faced unprecedented levels of challenges, including protracted conflicts, climatic shocks, and poor macroeconomic conditions. The increasing number of emergencies coupled with the impact of COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the food and security needs in the region, with households living in poverty and fragile environments being more affected. Compared to the pre-COVID estimates of acute food insecurity, an additional 36 million people were projected to be food insecure (Cadre Harmonisé Phase 3-5) by the end of 2020, increasing the total burden of food insecurity to 57.6 million people (135 percent increase). This included 40 percent residing in Nigeria (23 million), a further 10 percent in Niger, and between 4 and 6 percent each in Burkina Faso,
Chad, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Mali, and Senegal. The key drivers of food insecurity expanded beyond conflict in 2020, affecting countries differently.

Countries with chronic vulnerabilities and active conflict were affected more severely by the socioeconomic consequences of the COVID-19 restrictions that were put into place, that disrupted supply chains, led to food price increases and worsened tensions. This included the Central Sahel countries (Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger),
Lake Chad Basin (Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad) and Central African Republic. Within the coastal countries, Sierra Leone and Liberia were the most impacted, likely explained by the deepening of recession this year, fuelled by food price increases of over 40 percent and persistent depreciation of the local currencies.

2020 was also characterized by a significant deterioration of the nutrition situation in the region. The number of acute malnutrition cases among children aged 6-59 months was estimated at nearly 11 million, an increase of 40 percent compared to 2019. This was the highest number in a decade, of which half can be attributed to COVID-19. WFP contributed to these estimates by providing a methodology to estimate additional cases of wasting due to COVID19. Levels were especially alarming in the Sahel countries. The joint WFP-UNICEF Nutrition Hotspot Analysis done for the six Sahel countries (Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger and Senegal) demonstrated that approximately half of the estimated figure for the region (5.4 million children) would be in these six countries.

Fill the Nutrient Gap analysis, carried out in 4 countries in 2019 and 2020 (Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Mali and Niger) indicated that on average three out of five households in the Central Sahel cannot afford of a nutritious diet. This is even higher in remote or conflict affected areas. The non-affordability of a nutritious diet is especially affecting pregnant and lactating women, as well as young children since proportionally their nutrient requirements are highest. To prevent malnutrition at scale, it is therefore essential to restructure food systems with the aim to ensure access to affordable nutritious diets for all, including in remote and conflict affected areas.

Lastly, the upsurge in insurgency and violence due to protracted conflicts, and contested presidential election results (such as in Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea and Niger) resulted in forced displacement, disruption of livelihoods and operational and access challenges. As of 15 December 2020, 5.6 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) and 2.1 million refugees were reported by UNHCR across the seven hotspots for insecurity in the region (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Mali, Niger and Nigeria). The number of IDPs increased significantly between February and November, with the highest increase in Chad (100 percent), followed by Niger (40 percent), Burkina Faso (35 percent) and Mali (30 percent). Moreover, the crisis in the Central Sahel continued to spill-over in the region, spreading to Benin and Côte d’Ivoire this year."""

```json
{
  "format": {"score": 3, "justification": "The text is well-structured with clear headings and bullet points, making it easy to follow. No formatting issues are apparent."},
  "voice": {"score": 1, "justification": "The text maintains a professional and informative tone, indicative of a distinct authorial voice that clearly communicates specialized knowledge about the WFP West Africa region's situation."},
  "knowledge_density": {"score": 3, "justification": "The text provides detailed, specific information about food insecurity, malnutrition, and the socioeconomic impacts of COVID-19 in the region. Most sentences add distinct, informative data points."},
  "diversity": {"score": 1, "justification": "The text covers topics such as food insecurity, malnutrition, and conflict impacts, which are somewhat specialized but not very niche or rare. Information is mostly within the common knowledge domain for this subject matter."}
}
```