import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
from sklearn.ensemble import IsolationForest

def apply_detection(df):
    """
    Apply Two-Layer Detection System.
    """
    df = df.copy()
    
    rule_flags_list = []
    
    # Layer 1 - Rule-Based Flags
    for idx, row in df.iterrows():
        flags = []
        amt = row['amount']
        
        # Structuring
        if 9000 <= amt <= 9999:
            flags.append("Structuring")
        
        # Rapid Fire Transactions
        if row.get('transaction_velocity', 0) > 5:
            flags.append("Rapid Fire Transactions")
            
        # Large Cash Out
        if row['transaction_type'] == 'CASH_OUT' and amt > 50000:
            flags.append("Large Cash Out")
            
        # Dormant Account Spike
        if row.get('account_age_days', 365) < 30 and amt > 10000:
            flags.append("Dormant Account Spike")
            
        # International High Value
        if row.get('is_international', 0) == 1 and amt > 25000:
            flags.append("International High Value")
            
        # Suspicious Round Amount
        if amt % 10000 == 0 and amt > 0:
            flags.append("Suspicious Round Amount")
            
        rule_flags_list.append(flags)
        
    df['rule_flags'] = rule_flags_list
    
    # Layer 2 - Isolation Forest
    features = ['amount_log', 'transaction_velocity', 'hour_of_day', 'is_international', 'account_age_days']
    # fillna for safety
    X = df[features].fillna(0)
    
    iso_forest = IsolationForest(contamination=0.05, random_state=42)
    # The anomaly score of the input samples. The lower, the more abnormal.
    # We want a higher score to be more anomalous for consistency, so we invert it or just use predictions.
    df['ml_anomaly_score'] = iso_forest.fit_predict(X)
    df['ml_anomaly_score_raw'] = iso_forest.score_samples(X) 
    
    # IsolationForest returns -1 for outliers and 1 for inliers.
    df['ml_anomaly_flag'] = (df['ml_anomaly_score'] == -1).astype(int)
    
    # Combined Risk Score
    def calc_risk(row):
        rule_count = len(row['rule_flags'])
        score = min((rule_count * 20) + (row['ml_anomaly_flag'] * 30), 100)
        return score
        
    df['risk_score'] = df.apply(calc_risk, axis=1)
    
    def calc_level(score):
        if score <= 30:
            return "Low"
        elif score <= 60:
            return "Medium"
        else:
            return "High"
            
    df['risk_level'] = df['risk_score'].apply(calc_level)
    df['is_flagged'] = (df['risk_level'] != "Low").astype(int)
    
    return df