# --- Master Disease Dictionary --- DISEASE_INFO = { 'Apple Apple Scab': { 'status': 'Infected', 'description': 'Apple Scab is a common fungal disease that affects apple and crabapple trees. It is caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis, which thrives in cool, wet spring weather, leading to cosmetic blemishes and potential defoliation.', 'symptoms': [ 'Olive-green or brown spots on leaves, which may become velvety.', 'Infected leaves can become twisted, puckered, and may drop prematurely.', 'Dark, scabby spots on fruit, which can crack and become deformed.', 'Blossom infections can lead to fruit not developing.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Plant scab-resistant apple varieties whenever possible.', 'Rake and destroy fallen leaves in autumn to reduce the amount of overwintering fungus.', 'Prune trees annually to improve air circulation and allow foliage to dry faster.', 'Apply appropriate fungicides during the critical period from bud break until dry weather is consistent.' ] }, 'Apple Apple Black rot': { 'status': 'Infected', 'description': 'Black Rot is a serious fungal disease of apple trees, caused by Botryosphaeria obtusa. It can infect the fruit, leaves, and branches, often gaining entry through wounds from insects, hail, or pruning.', 'symptoms': [ 'A firm, brown rot on fruit that enlarges and turns black, often showing concentric rings.', 'Infected fruit may shrivel into "mummies" that remain on the tree.', 'Purple spots on leaves that enlarge into a "frogeye" pattern with a tan center.', 'Sunken, reddish-brown cankers on branches can girdle and kill them.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Prune out dead or cankered wood during winter dormancy.', 'Remove and destroy all mummified fruit to reduce fungal spores.', 'Control insects and other pests to prevent wounds that allow fungal entry.', 'Apply fungicides as part of a comprehensive disease management program.' ] }, 'Apple Cedar apple rust': { 'status': 'Infected', 'description': 'Cedar Apple Rust is a fungal disease caused by Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae. It has a complex life cycle that requires both an apple or crabapple and an Eastern Red Cedar (or juniper) to survive.', 'symptoms': [ 'Bright, orange-yellow spots on apple leaves, often with a reddish border.', 'Tiny black dots appear in the center of the leaf spots, followed by small, tube-like structures on the underside.', 'Orange, rust-colored lesions on the fruit, typically near the calyx end.', 'On the cedar host, brown, woody galls form and produce orange, gelatinous "horns" in the spring.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Remove nearby Eastern Red Cedar trees, which are the alternate host (if feasible).', 'Choose apple varieties that are resistant to rust diseases.', 'Apply fungicides to protect apple trees during the infection period, from pink bud stage through early summer.', 'Prune and destroy cedar galls before they produce spores.' ] }, 'Apple Apple Healthy': { 'status': 'Healthy', 'description': 'The plant exhibits strong, vibrant foliage and shows no signs of fungal, bacterial, or viral distress. Its structure is sound and development appears normal for the current season.', 'symptoms': [ 'Leaves are a uniform green color without spots, lesions, or yellowing.', 'Stems and branches are free of cankers, galls, or discoloration.', 'There is no sign of wilting, distortion, or premature leaf drop.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Continue a regimen of proper watering to avoid stress.', 'Ensure the plant receives adequate sunlight and balanced nutrition.', 'Regularly monitor for early signs of pests or disease.', 'Maintain good air circulation through proper spacing and pruning.' ] }, 'Cherry Cherry Powdery mildew': { 'status': 'Infected', 'description': 'Powdery Mildew on cherry trees is caused by the fungus Podosphaera clandestina. The disease is favored by high humidity and moderate temperatures, affecting leaves, shoots, and fruit.', 'symptoms': [ 'White, talcum-powder-like patches of fungal growth on leaves and shoots.', 'Infected leaves may become distorted, curl upwards, and drop prematurely.', 'Young, developing fruit can be infected, leading to russeting and misshapen cherries.', 'New shoots may be stunted and covered in the white mildew.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Prune trees to promote good air circulation, which helps reduce humidity within the canopy.', 'Avoid excessive nitrogen fertilization, as it encourages susceptible new growth.', 'Apply fungicides, sulfur, or horticultural oils when conditions are favorable for disease development.', 'Remove and destroy heavily infected shoots during dormant pruning.' ] }, 'Cherry Cherry Healthy': { 'status': 'Healthy', 'description': 'The cherry tree is in excellent health, showing vigorous growth appropriate for the season. The leaves are glossy and green, with no signs of mildew, shot hole, or other common ailments.', 'symptoms': [ 'Foliage is full, with a deep green color and no spots or powdery residue.', 'Branches are strong and free from cankers or gummy ooze.', 'Fruit is developing normally without blemishes or deformities.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Protect the trunk from mechanical injury and sunscald.', 'Ensure the tree is watered deeply but infrequently to encourage deep roots.', 'Netting may be required to protect ripening fruit from birds.', 'Apply dormant oil sprays to control overwintering pests.' ] }, 'Corn Corn Gray leaf spot': { 'status': 'Infected', 'description': 'Gray Leaf Spot, caused by the fungus Cercospora zeae-maydis, is a major yield-limiting disease of corn. It thrives in warm, humid conditions and survives in corn residue, making it a persistent threat.', 'symptoms': [ 'Initial symptoms are small, tan, rectangular lesions confined by leaf veins.', 'Lesions mature into long (2-4 inches), narrow, grayish-tan, rectangular streaks.', 'Severe infections can cause the lesions to merge, blighting entire leaves.', 'Symptoms typically begin on lower leaves and progress up the plant.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Select corn hybrids with a high tolerance or resistance rating to Gray Leaf Spot.', 'Use crop rotation with non-host crops like soybeans or alfalfa to reduce inoculum levels.', 'Manage crop residue with tillage where feasible to break down the fungal host material.', 'Apply a foliar fungicide between the tasseling and early silking stages if disease is present.' ] }, 'Corn Corn Common rust': { 'status': 'Infected', 'description': 'Common Rust in corn is caused by the fungus Puccinia sorghi. While it can look dramatic, it typically develops late in the season and often has a minor impact on yield compared to other diseases.', 'symptoms': [ 'Small, oval, cinnamon-brown pustules erupt on both upper and lower leaf surfaces.', 'Pustules are scattered across the leaf rather than being grouped in bands.', 'If you rub a pustule, a reddish-brown, powdery substance (spores) will come off on your finger.', 'In severe cases, leaves can yellow and die prematurely.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Most modern corn hybrids have good genetic resistance to Common Rust.', 'Fungicide applications are rarely economically justified for Common Rust alone.', 'Planting early can help the crop mature before rust becomes severe.', 'Monitor fields, but distinguish from the more aggressive Southern Rust.' ] }, 'Corn Corn Northern Leaf Blight': { 'status': 'Infected', 'description': 'Northern Leaf Blight (NLB) is a significant fungal disease in corn, caused by Exserohilum turcicum. It is favored by high humidity and moderate temperatures and can cause substantial yield loss.', 'symptoms': [ 'Large, distinctive, cigar-shaped lesions on the leaves, typically 1 to 7 inches long.', 'Lesions are tan or grayish-green and can contain dark, fuzzy areas of sporulation.', 'The disease typically starts on lower leaves and progresses upwards.', 'Severe infections can cause entire leaves to be blighted, reducing photosynthetic capacity.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Planting corn hybrids with genetic resistance to NLB is the most effective management strategy.', 'Crop rotation and tillage can help reduce the amount of fungal inoculum in crop residue.', 'Foliar fungicides can be effective if applied preventatively or at the first sign of disease.', 'Avoid dense planting to promote better air circulation.' ] }, 'Corn Corn Healthy': { 'status': 'Healthy', 'description': 'The corn plant is developing well, with a strong stalk and vibrant, green leaves. There are no signs of the lesions, pustules, or discoloration associated with common corn diseases.', 'symptoms': [ 'Leaves are broad, uniformly green, and free of spots or streaks.', 'The stalk is sturdy and shows no signs of rot or weakness.', 'Growth is vigorous and on track for the current stage of development.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Ensure a balanced fertility program, especially with adequate nitrogen.', 'Maintain proper soil moisture through irrigation or rainfall.', 'Scout regularly for common pests like corn earworm or stalk borer.', 'Control weeds to reduce competition for light, water, and nutrients.' ] }, 'Grape Grape Black rot': { 'status': 'Infected', 'description': 'Black Rot, caused by the fungus Guignardia bidwellii, is one of the most destructive diseases of grapes, especially in warm, humid climates. It can infect all green parts of the plant, but is most damaging to the fruit.', 'symptoms': [ 'Small, reddish-brown, circular lesions on leaves that develop black dots (pycnidia) in the center.', 'Elongated, black lesions on shoots and tendrils.', 'Infected berries develop a soft, brown spot, then turn black and shrivel into hard, wrinkled "mummies".', 'The entire grape cluster can be destroyed in a matter of days.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Choose grape cultivars that are less susceptible to Black Rot.', 'Practice diligent sanitation: remove and destroy all mummified fruit and infected canes during dormant pruning.', 'Promote good air circulation with proper pruning, training, and leaf removal.', 'Apply fungicides on a preventative schedule, starting before bloom and continuing through the growing season.' ] }, 'Grape Grape Black Measles': { 'status': 'Infected', 'description': 'Esca, also known as Black Measles, is a complex and destructive fungal trunk disease of grapevines. It is caused by a group of fungi that decay the wood, leading to a range of external symptoms.', 'symptoms': [ 'On leaves of white varieties, chlorotic spots appear between veins; on red varieties, spots are red, creating a "tiger-stripe" pattern.', 'Small, dark purple spots or specks appear on the grape berries, resembling measles.', 'In hot weather, a portion of the vine or the entire plant may suddenly wilt and die (apoplexy).', 'Cross-sections of infected trunks reveal a central area of soft, spongy, decayed wood.' ], 'prevention': [ 'There is no cure; management focuses on preventing new infections.', 'Protect large pruning wounds with a sealant to block fungal entry.', 'Delay pruning until late winter or early spring to allow wounds to heal faster.', 'Remove and destroy severely symptomatic vines to reduce the spread of spores.' ] }, 'Grape Grape Isariopsis Leaf Spot': { 'status': 'Infected', 'description': 'Grape Leaf Blight, also known as Isariopsis Leaf Spot, is a fungal disease caused by Pseudocercospora vitis. While generally less damaging than Black Rot, it can cause premature defoliation in severe cases.', 'symptoms': [ 'Irregularly shaped, dark brown or black lesions on the upper surface of mature leaves.', 'The center of the lesions may become lighter in color as they age.', 'On the underside of the leaf, a grayish, fuzzy mold (fungal spores) may be visible.', 'Infected leaves may eventually yellow and drop, exposing fruit to sunscald.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Rake and destroy fallen leaves to reduce overwintering inoculum.', 'Improve air circulation within the vine canopy through proper pruning techniques.', 'Most fungicide spray programs aimed at controlling Black Rot or Downy Mildew will also manage Leaf Blight.', 'Ensure vines are not overly stressed by drought or nutrient deficiencies.' ] }, 'Grape Grape Healthy': { 'status': 'Healthy', 'description': 'The grapevine is in excellent condition, with a full canopy of healthy leaves and developing fruit clusters. There are no signs of the spots, blights, or rots that commonly affect grapes.', 'symptoms': [ 'Leaves are fully expanded, uniformly green, and free of lesions or powdery growth.', 'Shoots are growing vigorously, and canes are a healthy brown color.', 'Fruit clusters are developing well without any signs of berry shrivel or rot.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Continue with a preventative fungicide spray schedule as recommended for your region.', 'Perform timely canopy management, such as shoot positioning and leaf pulling.', 'Monitor for insect pests like grape berry moth, Japanese beetles, and spotted wing drosophila.', 'Maintain proper irrigation and soil nutrient levels.' ] }, 'Citrus Citrus Black spot': { 'status': 'Infected', 'description': 'A fungal disease causing cosmetic damage to citrus fruit.', 'symptoms': ['Small, hard, black, circular spots on fruit rind.'], 'prevention': ['Apply fungicides to protect fruit.', 'Manage leaf litter.'] }, 'Citrus Citrus canker': { 'status': 'Infected', 'description': 'A highly contagious bacterial disease causing lesions on leaves, stems, and fruit.', 'symptoms': ['Raised, corky lesions, often surrounded by a yellow halo.'], 'prevention': ['Strict quarantine and eradication are primary controls.', 'Use windbreaks and copper-based bactericides.'] }, 'Citrus Citrus greening': { 'status': 'Infected', 'description': 'Also known as Huanglongbing (HLB), one of the most destructive diseases of citrus, transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid.', 'symptoms': ['Blotchy, mottled leaves (asymmetrical yellowing).', 'Fruit that is small, lopsided, and poorly colored.', 'Leads to rapid tree decline and death.'], 'prevention': ['Aggressive control of the psyllid vector.', 'Removal of infected trees.', 'Planting disease-free nursery stock.'] }, 'Citrus Citrus Healthy': { 'status': 'Healthy', 'description': 'The citrus tree appears healthy.', 'symptoms': ['No abnormalities observed.'], 'prevention': ['Monitor for pests.', 'Provide appropriate fertilizer and good drainage.'] }, 'Peach Peach Bacterial spot': { 'status': 'Infected', 'description': 'Bacterial Spot, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni, is a major disease of peaches, nectarines, and plums. It is most severe in regions with warm, wet, and windy spring weather.', 'symptoms': [ 'Angular, water-soaked spots on leaves that turn purple and then brown; the centers may fall out, creating a "shot-hole" appearance.', 'Severe leaf spotting leads to yellowing and premature defoliation, weakening the tree.', 'Small, circular, pitted spots on the fruit surface, which can crack as the fruit expands.', 'Twig cankers can form on new shoots, serving as an overwintering site for the bacteria.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Plant peach varieties with higher resistance to Bacterial Spot.', 'Avoid planting in sandy soils, which can increase stress and susceptibility.', 'Apply bactericides (such as copper-based products) from petal fall through the summer.', 'Maintain tree vigor with proper fertilization and irrigation.' ] }, 'Peach Peach Healthy': { 'status': 'Healthy', 'description': 'The peach tree is exhibiting excellent health, with a full canopy of vibrant leaves and no signs of bacterial diseases or fungal issues like leaf curl. Fruit is developing well for the current season.', 'symptoms': [ 'Leaves are a healthy green, without any spots, curling, or shot-hole patterns.', 'Twigs and branches are free of cankers or gummy ooze.', 'Fruit is smooth and free of spots or cracks.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Apply a preventative dormant season fungicide spray to control peach leaf curl.', 'Implement a consistent spray schedule during the growing season to manage brown rot and other pests.', 'Properly thin fruit to encourage larger size and reduce disease spread.', 'Protect the lower trunk from borers and mechanical damage.' ] }, 'Bell pepper Bell pepper Bacterial spot': { 'status': 'Infected', 'description': 'Bacterial Spot on bell peppers is caused by several species of Xanthomonas bacteria. The disease thrives in warm, humid conditions and is easily spread by splashing water from rain or overhead irrigation.', 'symptoms': [ 'Small, water-soaked spots on leaves that become dark brown or black and feel greasy.', 'Infected leaves may turn yellow and drop from the plant, exposing fruit to sunscald.', 'Raised, scab-like spots or cracks can form on the fruit, making them unmarketable.', 'Stem lesions can also occur, appearing as dark, elongated streaks.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Start with certified, disease-free seeds and transplants.', 'Rotate crops, avoiding planting peppers or tomatoes in the same location for at least a year.', 'Use mulch and avoid overhead watering to prevent soil splash.', 'Apply copper-based bactericides as a preventative measure, especially before periods of rain.' ] }, 'Bell pepper Bell pepper Healthy': { 'status': 'Healthy', 'description': 'The bell pepper plant is healthy and productive, with strong stems, green leaves, and developing fruit. It shows no signs of the spots, wilting, or stunting associated with common pepper diseases.', 'symptoms': [ 'Leaves are a uniform, deep green color.', 'The plant is upright and shows no signs of wilting.', 'Flowers and fruit are developing normally without any spots or rot.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Provide consistent watering and a balanced fertilizer to avoid stress.', 'Stake or cage plants to keep them upright and improve air circulation.', 'Monitor for common pests such as aphids, which can transmit viruses.', 'Ensure the soil is well-drained to prevent root rot.' ] }, 'Potato Potato Early blight': { 'status': 'Infected', 'description': 'Early Blight is a common fungal disease of potatoes and tomatoes caused by Alternaria solani. It typically appears earlier in the season than Late Blight and is favored by warm, humid weather.', 'symptoms': [ 'Dark brown to black spots on lower, older leaves, often with a characteristic "target" or "bullseye" pattern of concentric rings.', 'A yellow halo frequently surrounds the lesions.', 'Severe infections cause leaves to yellow and die, reducing yield.', 'Tubers can be infected, showing dark, sunken, circular lesions on the surface.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Use certified, disease-free seed potatoes.', 'Rotate crops with non-susceptible plants for at least two years.', 'Maintain plant vigor with adequate nutrition and water, as stressed plants are more susceptible.', 'Apply fungicides preventatively, especially when weather conditions are favorable for disease.' ] }, 'Potato Potato Late blight': { 'status': 'Infected', 'description': 'Late Blight, caused by the water mold Phytophthora infestans, is a highly destructive disease of potatoes and tomatoes. It spreads rapidly in cool, moist conditions and can destroy a crop in a short time.', 'symptoms': [ 'Large, dark green to black, water-soaked lesions on leaves and stems, often with a pale green border.', 'In high humidity, a fuzzy white ring of mold (spores) may appear on the underside of leaf lesions.', 'The disease progresses rapidly, killing foliage and leaving a distinct foul odor.', 'Infected tubers develop a reddish-brown, dry rot that extends into the flesh.' ], 'prevention': [ 'The most critical step is to use certified, disease-free seed potatoes.', 'Destroy all cull piles and volunteer potato/tomato plants before the season starts.', 'Promote good air circulation and avoid overhead irrigation later in the day.', 'A strict, preventative fungicide spray program is essential for control in most regions.' ] }, 'Potato Potato Healthy': { 'status': 'Healthy', 'description': 'The potato plant is vigorous and healthy, with a full, green canopy. It is currently free from the tell-tale signs of Early Blight, Late Blight, and other common potato ailments.', 'symptoms': [ 'Foliage is uniformly green and upright.', 'There are no spots, lesions, or wilting present on the leaves or stems.', 'The plant appears to be growing well for its developmental stage.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Practice good hilling to cover developing tubers and protect them from light (which turns them green) and pests.', 'Scout for and manage insect pests, especially the Colorado potato beetle.', 'Ensure consistent soil moisture to prevent issues like scab and hollow heart.', 'Begin a preventative fungicide program based on local extension recommendations.' ] }, 'Strawberry Strawberry Leaf scorch': { 'status': 'Infected', 'description': 'Strawberry Leaf Scorch is a fungal disease caused by Diplocarpon earlianum. It creates purplish blotches on leaves and can reduce plant vigor and yield if it becomes severe.', 'symptoms': [ 'Irregular, purplish to reddish-brown blotches on the upper surface of leaves.', 'Unlike other leaf spots, these lesions do not have a distinct tan center.', 'The spots can merge, causing the tissue between veins to dry up and look "scorched".', 'Infected fruit caps (calyxes) can turn brown and die.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Plant resistant strawberry varieties.', 'After harvest, renovate the strawberry bed by mowing off the old leaves and removing them.', 'Use mulch to reduce water splashing and keep leaves dry.', 'Ensure good air circulation through proper plant spacing.' ] }, 'Strawberry Strawberry Healthy': { 'status': 'Healthy', 'description': 'The strawberry plant is in excellent health, with vibrant green foliage and no signs of leaf spots, scorch, or fruit rot. The plant is well-positioned for a productive harvest.', 'symptoms': [ 'The leaves are a healthy, uniform green without any purple, tan, or brown spots.', 'The crown of the plant is robust and free from rot.', 'Flowers and developing berries are clean and show no signs of mold.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Plant in raised beds or well-drained soil to prevent root diseases.', 'Use a thick layer of straw mulch to keep berries clean and off the soil.', 'Water in the morning so foliage has time to dry before evening.', 'Rotate the strawberry patch to a new location every 3-4 years.' ] }, 'Tomato Tomato Bacterial spot': { 'status': 'Infected', 'description': 'Bacterial Spot on tomatoes is a common and damaging disease caused by Xanthomonas bacteria. It spreads quickly in warm, wet conditions and can significantly impact both the foliage and the fruit.', 'symptoms': [ 'Small, water-soaked, angular spots on leaves that turn greasy and then black.', 'Lesions often have a yellow halo and may cause the leaf to yellow and drop.', 'On fruit, spots are slightly raised and scab-like, making the fruit unmarketable.', 'Stem infections appear as dark, elongated lesions.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Start with certified clean seed and disease-free transplants.', 'Rotate crops, ensuring tomatoes or peppers are not planted in the same spot for at least one year.', 'Use mulch to act as a barrier between the soil and the plant, reducing water splash.', 'Avoid handling or pruning plants when they are wet to prevent spreading the bacteria.' ] }, 'Tomato Tomato Early blight': { 'status': 'Infected', 'description': 'Early Blight, caused by the fungus Alternaria solani, is a very common disease of tomatoes. It typically appears on lower leaves early in the season and progresses up the plant, thriving in humid weather.', 'symptoms': [ 'Dark brown to black spots on lower leaves, often with a "target" or "bullseye" pattern of concentric rings.', 'A yellow halo usually surrounds the dark lesions.', 'Dark, sunken cankers can form on stems, a condition known as "collar rot" if at the soil line.', 'Fruit can be infected near the stem, showing large, sunken, black spots with concentric rings.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Plant resistant tomato varieties if available.', 'Stake, cage, or trellis plants to improve air circulation and keep foliage off the ground.', 'Prune off the bottom 12 inches of foliage once the plant is established.', 'Apply a preventative fungicide program, especially as fruit begins to mature.' ] }, 'Tomato Tomato Late blight': { 'status': 'Infected', 'description': 'Late Blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the most destructive disease of tomatoes and potatoes. It spreads extremely fast in cool, moist weather and can destroy an entire crop.', 'symptoms': [ 'Large, dark green to black, water-soaked looking lesions on leaves and stems.', 'In humid conditions, a downy white ring of mold will appear on the underside of the leaf lesions.', 'Stems can develop large black lesions, causing the plant to collapse.', 'Fruit develops large, firm, greasy, brown-to-black blotches and rots quickly.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Plant late blight-resistant varieties where possible.', 'Destroy all volunteer potato and tomato plants, as they can be an early source of infection.', 'Space plants far apart to ensure maximum air circulation.', 'A strict, preventative fungicide spray schedule is critical for control in susceptible regions.' ] }, 'Tomato Tomato Leaf Mold': { 'status': 'Infected', 'description': 'Leaf Mold, caused by the fungus Passalora fulva, is primarily a disease of tomatoes grown in greenhouses or high-tunnels where humidity is high and air circulation is poor.', 'symptoms': [ 'Pale greenish-yellow spots with indefinite margins on the upper surface of leaves.', 'Directly corresponding to these spots on the leaf underside is a dense, olive-green to brownish, velvety mold.', 'Infections start on lower leaves and move up the plant.', 'Severely infected leaves turn yellow, wither, and drop off.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Use tomato varieties resistant to the prevalent races of Leaf Mold.', 'Dramatically improve air circulation by using fans and proper plant spacing.', 'Keep relative humidity below 85%. Vent greenhouses in the morning.', 'Water the soil directly and avoid getting the foliage wet.' ] }, 'Tomato Tomato Septoria leaf spot': { 'status': 'Infected', 'description': 'Septoria Leaf Spot is another very common fungal disease of tomatoes, caused by Septoria lycopersici. It can be distinguished from Early Blight by its numerous small spots.', 'symptoms': [ 'Numerous small, circular spots (about 1/8 inch) appear on the lower leaves.', 'The spots have dark brown borders and lighter tan or gray centers.', 'Tiny black dots (the fungal pycnidia) can be seen in the center of the spots, a key diagnostic feature.', 'The disease progresses up the plant, causing lower leaves to yellow, die, and fall off.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Rotate crops and remove plant debris at the end of the season.', 'Apply a layer of mulch after planting to prevent spores from splashing up from the soil.', 'Water at the base of the plant to keep foliage dry.', 'Remove and destroy the lowest infected leaves as soon as they appear.' ] }, 'Tomato Tomato Spider mites': { 'status': 'Infected', 'description': 'The Two-Spotted Spider Mite is a common pest of many plants, including tomatoes. They are not insects but tiny arachnids that feed by piercing leaf cells and sucking out their contents, thriving in hot, dry conditions.', 'symptoms': [ 'Fine, yellow or white stippling (tiny dots) appears on the upper surface of the leaves.', 'As the infestation grows, leaves may take on a yellow or bronze appearance.', 'In severe cases, fine, delicate webbing can be seen on the underside of leaves and around stems.', 'The plant may appear generally weak, and leaves can become dry and fall off.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Keep plants well-watered, as mites prefer drought-stressed plants.', 'Regularly spray the underside of leaves with a strong jet of water to dislodge mites.', 'Introduce or encourage natural predators like predatory mites and ladybugs.', 'For heavy infestations, use insecticidal soaps or horticultural oils, ensuring thorough coverage of the undersides of leaves.' ] }, 'Tomato Tomato Target Spot': { 'status': 'Infected', 'description': 'Target Spot is a fungal disease of tomatoes caused by Corynespora cassiicola. It affects all parts of the plant and can be confused with Early Blight, but the spots are typically smaller and more numerous.', 'symptoms': [ 'Small, water-soaked spots on upper leaf surfaces that enlarge into lesions with dark, concentric rings (a "target" look).', 'Lesions often have a yellow halo and can cause significant defoliation.', 'On fruit, spots are sunken, pitted, and can reach up to a half-inch in diameter.', 'Stem lesions are elongated and have the same target-like appearance.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Improve air circulation through staking and pruning.', 'Avoid overhead watering to keep foliage as dry as possible.', 'Rotate crops and manage weeds around the tomato patch.', 'A preventative fungicide program can be effective in managing the disease.' ] }, 'Tomato Tomato Mosaic virus': { 'status': 'Infected', 'description': 'Tomato Mosaic Virus (ToMV) is a persistent viral disease that can severely impact tomato plants. It is easily transmitted mechanically by hands, tools, and clothing, and can survive for years in plant debris or on contaminated surfaces.', 'symptoms': [ 'A light green and dark green mosaic or mottled pattern on the leaves.', 'Leaves may be malformed, curled, or have a "fernleaf" appearance.', 'Plants are often stunted, and fruit yield is significantly reduced.', 'Occasionally, fruit may show internal browning or yellow rings.' ], 'prevention': [ 'The most effective method is to plant ToMV-resistant tomato varieties.', 'Practice strict sanitation. Wash hands with soap and water before handling plants.', 'Do not use tobacco products near tomato plants, as the virus can be present in many tobacco products.', 'Remove and destroy infected plants immediately to prevent further spread.' ] }, 'Tomato Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus': { 'status': 'Infected', 'description': 'Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) is a devastating viral disease transmitted primarily by whiteflies. It causes severe stunting and discoloration, dramatically reducing the plant\'s ability to produce fruit.', 'symptoms': [ 'Severe stunting of the plant is a primary symptom; infected plants stop growing.', 'New leaves are much smaller than normal and are curled upwards, cupped, and crumpled.', 'The margins of the leaves turn a distinct bright yellow.', 'The plant may produce very few flowers, and even fewer fruit.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Plant TYLCV-resistant varieties, which is the best line of defense.', 'Aggressively control whitefly populations using methods like reflective mulch, insecticides, or physical barriers.', 'Remove and immediately destroy any infected plants to reduce the virus source.', 'Eliminate weeds in and around the garden, as they can host the whiteflies and the virus.' ] }, 'Tomato Tomato Healthy': { 'status': 'Healthy', 'description': 'This tomato plant is healthy and showing no signs of disease. The leaves are the correct color and shape, and the plant structure is sound, indicating it has the resources for good fruit production.', 'symptoms': [ 'Leaves are uniformly green, without spots, mosaic patterns, or curling.', 'Stems are strong and free of cankers or lesions.', 'The plant is growing at a normal rate and flowers are setting fruit.' ], 'prevention': [ 'Continue to provide consistent watering, aiming for deep soil moisture.', 'Use a balanced fertilizer appropriate for the fruiting stage.', 'Keep the plant staked or caged to maintain good air circulation.', 'Continue to scout for the first signs of common pests or diseases.' ] } }