fix: 彻底移除 entrypoint.sh 中的飞书配置及插件文件

fix: image_daemon 接管飞书交互，禁用 OpenClaw 飞书插件

fix: image_daemon 加心跳日志+异常捕获+进程守护自动重启

revert: remove sed patch, improve daemon page_size

fix: search entire plugin dir for feishu URLs

fix: improved sed patch with verification

feat: image proxy server + plugin JS patch for auth fix

feat: add image_daemon.py system-level preprocessor

feat: add image analysis + memory

feat: add Brave Search support

init: MoltBotXY - 星云大师 AI