# diseases

name: 1. Apple Scab Leaf
cause: Fungus *Venturia inaequalis*.
symptoms: Olive-green to black spots on leaves, fruits, and twigs. Leaves may curl and drop prematurely.
treatment:
 Apply fungicides containing captan, mancozeb, or myclobutanil. Remove and destroy fallen leaves to reduce fungal spores. Use resistant apple varieties like 'Enterprise' or 'Liberty.'


name: 2. Apple Rust Leaf
cause: Fungus *Gymnosporangium spp.*
symptoms: Bright orange or yellow spots on leaves; may cause premature defoliation.
treatment:
 Use fungicides containing sulfur or myclobutanil. Remove nearby juniper trees, as they are alternate hosts for the fungus.


name: 3. Bell Pepper Leaf Spot
cause: Bacteria *Xanthomonas campestris*.
symptoms: Water-soaked spots that enlarge and turn brown; yellow halos around spots.
treatment:
 Apply copper-based bactericides. Use disease-free seeds and rotate crops. Avoid overhead irrigation.


name: 8. Potato Leaf Late Blight
cause: Fungus *Phytophthora infestans*.
symptoms: Water-soaked lesions on leaves; white fungal growth under high humidity.
treatment:
 Apply fungicides like metalaxyl or mancozeb. Plant resistant varieties like 'Russet Burbank.' Avoid overhead irrigation.


name: 18. Grape Leaf Black Rot
cause: Fungus *Guignardia bidwellii*.
symptoms: Brown spots with black borders on leaves; shriveled fruit.
treatment:
 Apply fungicides like mancozeb or myclobutanil. Prune and remove infected plant parts. Ensure good air circulation in vineyards.


