{
  "id": "ces-d",
  "name": "Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale",
  "short_name": "CES-D",
  "description": "A 20-item self-report measure designed to measure depressive symptomatology in the general population. Emphasizes the affective component of depressive symptoms.",
  "url": "https://cesd-r.com/",
  "reference": "Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.",
  "reference_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306",
  "items_count": 20,
  "domains": ["mental_health", "depression"],
  "scoring": {
    "method": "sum",
    "reverse_items": [4, 8, 12, 16],
    "range": [0, 60],
    "interpretation": {
      "0-15": "No/minimal depressive symptoms",
      "16-23": "Mild to moderate depressive symptoms",
      "24-60": "Significant depressive symptoms"
    }
  },
  "instructions": "Below is a list of the ways you might have felt or behaved. Please tell me how often you have felt this way during the past week.",
  "questions": [
    {
      "name": "cesd_1",
      "description": "I was bothered by things that usually don't bother me.",
      "annotation_type": "radio",
      "labels": [
        {"name": "rarely", "label": "Rarely or none of the time (less than 1 day)"},
        {"name": "some", "label": "Some or a little of the time (1-2 days)"},
        {"name": "occasionally", "label": "Occasionally or a moderate amount of time (3-4 days)"},
        {"name": "most", "label": "Most or all of the time (5-7 days)"}
      ],
      "label_requirement": {"required": true}
    },
    {
      "name": "cesd_2",
      "description": "I did not feel like eating; my appetite was poor.",
      "annotation_type": "radio",
      "labels": [
        {"name": "rarely", "label": "Rarely or none of the time (less than 1 day)"},
        {"name": "some", "label": "Some or a little of the time (1-2 days)"},
        {"name": "occasionally", "label": "Occasionally or a moderate amount of time (3-4 days)"},
        {"name": "most", "label": "Most or all of the time (5-7 days)"}
      ],
      "label_requirement": {"required": true}
    },
    {
      "name": "cesd_3",
      "description": "I felt that I could not shake off the blues even with help from my family or friends.",
      "annotation_type": "radio",
      "labels": [
        {"name": "rarely", "label": "Rarely or none of the time (less than 1 day)"},
        {"name": "some", "label": "Some or a little of the time (1-2 days)"},
        {"name": "occasionally", "label": "Occasionally or a moderate amount of time (3-4 days)"},
        {"name": "most", "label": "Most or all of the time (5-7 days)"}
      ],
      "label_requirement": {"required": true}
    },
    {
      "name": "cesd_4",
      "description": "I felt I was just as good as other people.",
      "annotation_type": "radio",
      "labels": [
        {"name": "rarely", "label": "Rarely or none of the time (less than 1 day)"},
        {"name": "some", "label": "Some or a little of the time (1-2 days)"},
        {"name": "occasionally", "label": "Occasionally or a moderate amount of time (3-4 days)"},
        {"name": "most", "label": "Most or all of the time (5-7 days)"}
      ],
      "label_requirement": {"required": true}
    },
    {
      "name": "cesd_5",
      "description": "I had trouble keeping my mind on what I was doing.",
      "annotation_type": "radio",
      "labels": [
        {"name": "rarely", "label": "Rarely or none of the time (less than 1 day)"},
        {"name": "some", "label": "Some or a little of the time (1-2 days)"},
        {"name": "occasionally", "label": "Occasionally or a moderate amount of time (3-4 days)"},
        {"name": "most", "label": "Most or all of the time (5-7 days)"}
      ],
      "label_requirement": {"required": true}
    },
    {
      "name": "cesd_6",
      "description": "I felt depressed.",
      "annotation_type": "radio",
      "labels": [
        {"name": "rarely", "label": "Rarely or none of the time (less than 1 day)"},
        {"name": "some", "label": "Some or a little of the time (1-2 days)"},
        {"name": "occasionally", "label": "Occasionally or a moderate amount of time (3-4 days)"},
        {"name": "most", "label": "Most or all of the time (5-7 days)"}
      ],
      "label_requirement": {"required": true}
    },
    {
      "name": "cesd_7",
      "description": "I felt that everything I did was an effort.",
      "annotation_type": "radio",
      "labels": [
        {"name": "rarely", "label": "Rarely or none of the time (less than 1 day)"},
        {"name": "some", "label": "Some or a little of the time (1-2 days)"},
        {"name": "occasionally", "label": "Occasionally or a moderate amount of time (3-4 days)"},
        {"name": "most", "label": "Most or all of the time (5-7 days)"}
      ],
      "label_requirement": {"required": true}
    },
    {
      "name": "cesd_8",
      "description": "I felt hopeful about the future.",
      "annotation_type": "radio",
      "labels": [
        {"name": "rarely", "label": "Rarely or none of the time (less than 1 day)"},
        {"name": "some", "label": "Some or a little of the time (1-2 days)"},
        {"name": "occasionally", "label": "Occasionally or a moderate amount of time (3-4 days)"},
        {"name": "most", "label": "Most or all of the time (5-7 days)"}
      ],
      "label_requirement": {"required": true}
    },
    {
      "name": "cesd_9",
      "description": "I thought my life had been a failure.",
      "annotation_type": "radio",
      "labels": [
        {"name": "rarely", "label": "Rarely or none of the time (less than 1 day)"},
        {"name": "some", "label": "Some or a little of the time (1-2 days)"},
        {"name": "occasionally", "label": "Occasionally or a moderate amount of time (3-4 days)"},
        {"name": "most", "label": "Most or all of the time (5-7 days)"}
      ],
      "label_requirement": {"required": true}
    },
    {
      "name": "cesd_10",
      "description": "I felt fearful.",
      "annotation_type": "radio",
      "labels": [
        {"name": "rarely", "label": "Rarely or none of the time (less than 1 day)"},
        {"name": "some", "label": "Some or a little of the time (1-2 days)"},
        {"name": "occasionally", "label": "Occasionally or a moderate amount of time (3-4 days)"},
        {"name": "most", "label": "Most or all of the time (5-7 days)"}
      ],
      "label_requirement": {"required": true}
    },
    {
      "name": "cesd_11",
      "description": "My sleep was restless.",
      "annotation_type": "radio",
      "labels": [
        {"name": "rarely", "label": "Rarely or none of the time (less than 1 day)"},
        {"name": "some", "label": "Some or a little of the time (1-2 days)"},
        {"name": "occasionally", "label": "Occasionally or a moderate amount of time (3-4 days)"},
        {"name": "most", "label": "Most or all of the time (5-7 days)"}
      ],
      "label_requirement": {"required": true}
    },
    {
      "name": "cesd_12",
      "description": "I was happy.",
      "annotation_type": "radio",
      "labels": [
        {"name": "rarely", "label": "Rarely or none of the time (less than 1 day)"},
        {"name": "some", "label": "Some or a little of the time (1-2 days)"},
        {"name": "occasionally", "label": "Occasionally or a moderate amount of time (3-4 days)"},
        {"name": "most", "label": "Most or all of the time (5-7 days)"}
      ],
      "label_requirement": {"required": true}
    },
    {
      "name": "cesd_13",
      "description": "I talked less than usual.",
      "annotation_type": "radio",
      "labels": [
        {"name": "rarely", "label": "Rarely or none of the time (less than 1 day)"},
        {"name": "some", "label": "Some or a little of the time (1-2 days)"},
        {"name": "occasionally", "label": "Occasionally or a moderate amount of time (3-4 days)"},
        {"name": "most", "label": "Most or all of the time (5-7 days)"}
      ],
      "label_requirement": {"required": true}
    },
    {
      "name": "cesd_14",
      "description": "I felt lonely.",
      "annotation_type": "radio",
      "labels": [
        {"name": "rarely", "label": "Rarely or none of the time (less than 1 day)"},
        {"name": "some", "label": "Some or a little of the time (1-2 days)"},
        {"name": "occasionally", "label": "Occasionally or a moderate amount of time (3-4 days)"},
        {"name": "most", "label": "Most or all of the time (5-7 days)"}
      ],
      "label_requirement": {"required": true}
    },
    {
      "name": "cesd_15",
      "description": "People were unfriendly.",
      "annotation_type": "radio",
      "labels": [
        {"name": "rarely", "label": "Rarely or none of the time (less than 1 day)"},
        {"name": "some", "label": "Some or a little of the time (1-2 days)"},
        {"name": "occasionally", "label": "Occasionally or a moderate amount of time (3-4 days)"},
        {"name": "most", "label": "Most or all of the time (5-7 days)"}
      ],
      "label_requirement": {"required": true}
    },
    {
      "name": "cesd_16",
      "description": "I enjoyed life.",
      "annotation_type": "radio",
      "labels": [
        {"name": "rarely", "label": "Rarely or none of the time (less than 1 day)"},
        {"name": "some", "label": "Some or a little of the time (1-2 days)"},
        {"name": "occasionally", "label": "Occasionally or a moderate amount of time (3-4 days)"},
        {"name": "most", "label": "Most or all of the time (5-7 days)"}
      ],
      "label_requirement": {"required": true}
    },
    {
      "name": "cesd_17",
      "description": "I had crying spells.",
      "annotation_type": "radio",
      "labels": [
        {"name": "rarely", "label": "Rarely or none of the time (less than 1 day)"},
        {"name": "some", "label": "Some or a little of the time (1-2 days)"},
        {"name": "occasionally", "label": "Occasionally or a moderate amount of time (3-4 days)"},
        {"name": "most", "label": "Most or all of the time (5-7 days)"}
      ],
      "label_requirement": {"required": true}
    },
    {
      "name": "cesd_18",
      "description": "I felt sad.",
      "annotation_type": "radio",
      "labels": [
        {"name": "rarely", "label": "Rarely or none of the time (less than 1 day)"},
        {"name": "some", "label": "Some or a little of the time (1-2 days)"},
        {"name": "occasionally", "label": "Occasionally or a moderate amount of time (3-4 days)"},
        {"name": "most", "label": "Most or all of the time (5-7 days)"}
      ],
      "label_requirement": {"required": true}
    },
    {
      "name": "cesd_19",
      "description": "I felt that people dislike me.",
      "annotation_type": "radio",
      "labels": [
        {"name": "rarely", "label": "Rarely or none of the time (less than 1 day)"},
        {"name": "some", "label": "Some or a little of the time (1-2 days)"},
        {"name": "occasionally", "label": "Occasionally or a moderate amount of time (3-4 days)"},
        {"name": "most", "label": "Most or all of the time (5-7 days)"}
      ],
      "label_requirement": {"required": true}
    },
    {
      "name": "cesd_20",
      "description": "I could not get going.",
      "annotation_type": "radio",
      "labels": [
        {"name": "rarely", "label": "Rarely or none of the time (less than 1 day)"},
        {"name": "some", "label": "Some or a little of the time (1-2 days)"},
        {"name": "occasionally", "label": "Occasionally or a moderate amount of time (3-4 days)"},
        {"name": "most", "label": "Most or all of the time (5-7 days)"}
      ],
      "label_requirement": {"required": true}
    }
  ]
}