import os from pathlib import Path # Create all directories dirs = [ "data/knowledge_base/crops/rice", "data/knowledge_base/crops/wheat", "data/knowledge_base/crops/maize", "data/knowledge_base/crops/jute", "data/knowledge_base/crops/sugarcane", "data/knowledge_base/crops/potato", "data/knowledge_base/crops/vegetables", "data/knowledge_base/crops/fruits", "data/knowledge_base/crops/pulses", "data/knowledge_base/crops/oilseeds", "data/knowledge_base/crops/spices", "data/knowledge_base/diseases/fungal", "data/knowledge_base/diseases/bacterial", "data/knowledge_base/diseases/viral", "data/knowledge_base/diseases/nematode", "data/knowledge_base/pests", "data/knowledge_base/soil", "data/knowledge_base/irrigation", "data/knowledge_base/fertilizer", "data/knowledge_base/climate", "data/knowledge_base/livestock", "data/knowledge_base/fisheries", "data/knowledge_base/post_harvest", "data/knowledge_base/economics", ] for d in dirs: os.makedirs(d, exist_ok=True) # ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════ # ALL KNOWLEDGE FILES # ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════ files = {} # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── # RICE — Complete Coverage # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── files["crops/rice/rice_production_overview.txt"] = """ TOPIC: Rice Production in Bangladesh SOURCE: BRRI, DAE, FAO LANGUAGE: English + Bengali Bangladesh is one of the world's top rice producers. Rice is grown in three seasons: - Boro (irrigated winter rice): November-May, highest yield, 55% of total production - Aman (monsoon rice): June-December, largest area, rain-fed - Aus (pre-monsoon rice): March-August, smallest area, declining Total rice production: 37-38 million metric tons annually Rice cultivated area: 11.5-12 million hectares Average yield: 3.0-3.5 tons/hectare (HYV can give 6-8 tons/hectare) Major rice growing districts: Boro: Sylhet, Mymensingh, Rajshahi, Dinajpur, Rangpur Aman: All districts, especially coastal areas Aus: Mymensingh, Jamalpur, Kishorgonj বাংলাদেশে ধান চাষ: তিনটি মৌসুমে ধান চাষ হয়: - বোরো: নভেম্বর-মে, সেচনির্ভর, সর্বোচ্চ ফলন - আমন: জুন-ডিসেম্বর, বৃষ্টিনির্ভর, সবচেয়ে বেশি জমি - আউশ: মার্চ-আগস্ট, কম জমি, কমছে """ files["crops/rice/rice_varieties_complete.txt"] = """ TOPIC: Complete Rice Variety Guide for Bangladesh SOURCE: BRRI LANGUAGE: English + Bengali == BORO RICE VARIETIES (Winter/Irrigated) == BRRI dhan28: - Yield: 6.0-7.0 ton/ha - Duration: 140-145 days - Disease resistance: Moderate blast tolerance - Suitable: All boro growing areas BRRI dhan29: - Yield: 7.0-8.0 ton/ha - Duration: 155-160 days - Most popular variety in Bangladesh - Note: Susceptible to late planting BRRI dhan47: - Yield: 6.0-7.0 ton/ha - Salinity tolerant up to 8 dS/m - Blast resistant - Suitable: Coastal areas BRRI dhan58: - Yield: 7.0-8.0 ton/ha - Zinc enriched (nutritionally superior) - Duration: 148-153 days BRRI dhan74: - Yield: 7.0-8.0 ton/ha - Thermo-tolerant (withstands high night temperature) - Duration: 145-150 days BRRI dhan84: - Yield: 8.0-9.0 ton/ha - Blast resistant - Duration: 148-155 days BRRI dhan86: - Yield: 9.0-10.0 ton/ha - Duration: 152-158 days - Heat tolerant Bangabandhu Dhan100 (BB Dhan100): - Yield: 6.0-7.0 ton/ha - Aromatic, premium quality - Zinc enriched == AMAN RICE VARIETIES (Monsoon) == BRRI dhan49: - Yield: 5.0-6.0 ton/ha - Submergence tolerant (flash flood up to 14 days) - Duration: 135-140 days BRRI dhan51: - Yield: 4.5-5.5 ton/ha - Deep water tolerant - Suitable: Haor areas BRRI dhan52: - Yield: 4.5-5.0 ton/ha - Late submergence tolerant - Duration: 143-148 days BRRI dhan87: - Yield: 5.0-6.0 ton/ha - Salinity tolerant (aman season) - Suitable: Coastal aman areas BRRI dhan93, BRRI dhan94: - Newly released flood tolerant - Duration: 130-140 days == জাত নির্বাচন গাইড == বোরো মৌসুমের সেরা জাত: BRRI dhan29 (সর্বোচ্চ ফলন) ব্লাস্ট প্রতিরোধী: BRRI dhan28, BRRI dhan47, BRRI dhan84 লবণ সহনশীল: BRRI dhan47, BRRI dhan61, BRRI dhan87 বন্যা সহনশীল: BRRI dhan49, BRRI dhan51, BRRI dhan52 সুগন্ধি: BB Dhan100, BRRI dhan50 """ files["crops/rice/rice_diseases_complete.txt"] = """ TOPIC: All Rice Diseases in Bangladesh SOURCE: BRRI, IRRI LANGUAGE: English + Bengali == 1. BLAST DISEASE (ব্লাস্ট রোগ) == Pathogen: Magnaporthe oryzae Type: Fungal Severity: Most destructive rice disease in Bangladesh Symptoms: - Leaf blast: Diamond-shaped gray-brown lesions - Neck blast: Black lesion at neck node, white head (সাদা মাথা) - Node blast: Black/rotten internodes Favorable conditions: - Temperature: 24-28°C - Humidity: >90% - Cloudy weather, heavy dew - Excess nitrogen fertilizer Management: Chemical: Tricyclazole 0.75g/L OR Isoprothiolane 1.5ml/L Apply: 2 sprays at 7-10 day intervals Resistant varieties: BRRI dhan28, BRRI dhan47, BRRI dhan84 Cultural: Avoid excess nitrogen, maintain water in field == 2. SHEATH BLIGHT (শিথ ব্লাইট) == Pathogen: Rhizoctonia solani Type: Fungal Symptoms: - Oval/irregular greenish-gray lesions on leaf sheath - White mycelium visible in humid conditions - Lesions have brown border - Severe cases cause lodging Management: Chemical: Hexaconazole 1ml/L OR Validamycin 2ml/L Cultural: Reduce plant density, increase potash fertilizer Avoid: Excess nitrogen == 3. BACTERIAL LEAF BLIGHT (ব্যাকটেরিয়াল লিফ ব্লাইট) == Pathogen: Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Type: Bacterial Symptoms: - Yellowing from leaf tip/margins - Water-soaked lesions spread from edges - Bacterial ooze visible in morning - Field appears gray-brown Management: - Copper-based bactericides - Reduce nitrogen fertilizer - Resistant varieties: BRRI dhan29, BRRI dhan50 - Remove infected plants == 4. BROWN SPOT (বাদামী দাগ রোগ) == Pathogen: Bipolaris oryzae Type: Fungal Symptoms: - Circular/oval brown lesions on leaves - White/gray center with brown margin - Affects grain causing discoloration Management: - Mancozeb 2.5g/L spray - Improve soil nutrition (potassium) - Use healthy seeds == 5. FALSE SMUT (মিথ্যা কাণ্ডপচা / ফলস স্মাট) == Pathogen: Ustilaginoidea virens Type: Fungal Symptoms: - Individual grains converted to orange-green spore balls - Balls enlarge and burst, releasing spores - Affects grain quality Management: - Propiconazole spray at heading - Avoid dense planting == 6. SHEATH ROT == Pathogen: Sarocladium oryzae Type: Fungal Symptoms: - Irregular lesions on flag leaf sheath - Causes grain sterility - Brown discoloration inside sheath Management: - Carbendazim spray - Balanced fertilization == 7. TUNGRO DISEASE (টুংরো রোগ) == Cause: Virus transmitted by green leafhopper Type: Viral Symptoms: - Yellow-orange discoloration of leaves - Stunted plant growth - Reduced tillering - Incomplete panicle emergence Management: - Control leafhopper vector: Imidacloprid spray - Use resistant varieties: BRRI dhan27 - Remove infected plants early == সংক্ষিপ্ত রোগ চেনার চার্ট == সাদা মাথা → ব্লাস্ট রোগ (গলা পচা) পাতায় হীরা আকৃতির দাগ → ব্লাস্ট পাতার খোলে ডিম্বাকৃতি দাগ → শিথ ব্লাইট পাতা ডগা থেকে হলুদ → ব্যাকটেরিয়াল ব্লাইট পাতায় বাদামী গোলাকার দাগ → ব্রাউন স্পট দানায় সবুজ বল → ফলস স্মাট গাছ বামন, পাতা হলুদ-কমলা → টুংরো """ files["crops/rice/rice_pest_complete.txt"] = """ TOPIC: All Rice Pests in Bangladesh SOURCE: BRRI, IRRI, brri_rice_insect_pest_management_bd LANGUAGE: English + Bengali == 1. YELLOW STEM BORER (হলুদ মাজরা পোকা) == Scientific name: Scirpophaga incertulas Most damaging pest in Bangladesh Damage: - Dead heart in vegetative stage (central shoot dies) - White ear in reproductive stage (empty panicle) Management: - Carbofuran 3G: 20 kg/ha in soil - Chlorpyrifos 20EC: 2ml/L spray - Light trap to catch moths - Remove egg masses from leaves চেনার উপায়: কেন্দ্রীয় কুশি মরে যায় (ডেড হার্ট), শিষ সাদা হয় (হোয়াইট ইয়ার) == 2. BROWN PLANTHOPPER (বাদামী গাছফড়িং) == Scientific name: Nilaparvata lugens Can cause complete crop loss (hopper burn) Damage: - Sucks sap from base of plants - Circular brown patches (hopper burn) - Transmits grassy stunt and ragged stunt viruses Management: - Imidacloprid 0.5ml/L spray at base of plants - Buprofezin 1ml/L (disrupts molting) - Avoid excess nitrogen - Maintain water in field - Preserve natural enemies == 3. RICE HISPA (পামরি পোকা) == Scientific name: Dicladispa armigera Damage: - White streaks on leaves (larvae mine inside) - Adults scrape leaf surface leaving silvery patches Management: - Cut and destroy infested leaf tips - Malathion 2ml/L spray - Chlorpyrifos spray == 4. GALL MIDGE (গলমাছি) == Scientific name: Orseolia oryzae Damage: - Produces silver shoot (tubular gall) - Tillers converted to hollow tubes - No grain formation in affected tillers Management: - Carbofuran 3G in soil - Chlorpyrifos spray - Resistant varieties == 5. THRIPS (থ্রিপস) == Damage: Curled leaves, silvery streaks, reduced tillering Management: - Imidacloprid 0.5ml/L - Keep field flooded == 6. RICE BUG (ধানের গান্ধি পোকা) == Scientific name: Leptocorisa oratorius Damage: Sucks milky grain, causes empty grains and discoloration Management: - Malathion spray at milky stage - Early morning spray when bugs are less active == পোকা চেনার চার্ট == কেন্দ্রীয় কুশি মরা + শিষ সাদা → মাজরা পোকা গাছের গোড়ায় বাদামী প্যাচ → বাদামী গাছফড়িং পাতায় সাদা রেখা → পামরি পোকা রুপালী টিউব তিলার → গলমাছি পাতা কুঁকড়ানো + রুপালী দাগ → থ্রিপস """ # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── # WHEAT # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── files["crops/wheat/wheat_complete.txt"] = """ TOPIC: Wheat Production and Disease Management in Bangladesh SOURCE: BARI, USDA, blast_threat_bangladesh.pdf LANGUAGE: English + Bengali == PRODUCTION OVERVIEW == Annual production: 1.0-1.2 million metric tons Cultivated area: 0.3-0.4 million hectares Major districts: Dinajpur, Rajshahi, Jessore, Jashore, Pabna, Kushtia Season: Rabi (sown November, harvested March-April) Yield: 2.5-3.5 ton/ha (HYV) == POPULAR VARIETIES == BARI Gom-26: High yield, good quality, most popular BARI Gom-28: Heat tolerant, good for late planting BARI Gom-33: BLAST RESISTANT — recommended after 2016 BARI Gom-30: High yield, widely grown BAW-1143: Good baking quality == WHEAT BLAST DISEASE (গমের ব্লাস্ট রোগ) == Pathogen: Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum pathotype (MoT) FIRST APPEARED IN BANGLADESH: February 2016 First occurrence outside South America 2016 Outbreak: - 8 districts affected: Pabna, Kushtia, Meherpur, Chuadanga, Jhenaidah, Jessore, Barisal, Bhola - 15,000 hectares affected - Yield loss: 25-100% Symptoms: - Premature bleaching of entire wheat head - Individual spikelets bleach from base - Seeds are shriveled and light - No lesions on leaves (unlike rice blast) Management: - Use BARI Gom-33 (blast resistant variety) — PRIMARY RECOMMENDATION - Tebuconazole 1ml/L spray at heading - Do NOT plant wheat adjacent to rice fields - Avoid using seeds from infected fields - Early planting reduces risk == OTHER WHEAT DISEASES == Leaf Rust (পাতার মরিচা): - Orange-yellow pustules on leaves - Use Propiconazole spray - Resistant varieties: BARI Gom-26 Powdery Mildew (পাউডারি মিলডিউ): - White powdery coating on leaves - Favored by cool dry weather - Tebuconazole spray == সার সুপারিশ (গম) == ইউরিয়া: ১৮০-২২০ কেজি/হেক্টর টিএসপি: ১০০-১২০ কেজি/হেক্টর এমওপি: ৮০-১০০ কেজি/হেক্টর জিপসাম: ৪০-৬০ কেজি/হেক্টর সেচ: ২-৩ বার (সিআরআই, বুটিং, দুধ পর্যায়) """ # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── # VEGETABLES — Complete # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── files["crops/vegetables/tomato_complete.txt"] = """ TOPIC: Tomato Production, Diseases and Pest Management Bangladesh SOURCE: BARI, FAO, fao_eggplant_ipm.pdf LANGUAGE: English + Bengali == PRODUCTION == Season: Rabi (October-March), some year-round varieties Major districts: Jessore, Jashore, Bogra, Comilla, Narsingdi Average yield: 15-20 ton/ha (HYV up to 40-50 ton/ha) Popular varieties: - BARI Tomato-14: High yield, heat tolerant - BARI Tomato-15: Good quality, processing type - Hybrid varieties: BARI Hybrid Tomato-4, -8 == MAJOR DISEASES == 1. Late Blight (লেট ব্লাইট): Pathogen: Phytophthora infestans Symptoms: Dark water-soaked lesions on leaves, white mold under leaves, fruit rot Management: - Mancozeb 2.5g/L spray every 7 days - Metalaxyl+Mancozeb 2.5g/L - Avoid overhead irrigation - Remove infected plants 2. Bacterial Wilt (ব্যাকটেরিয়াল উইল্ট): Pathogen: Ralstonia solanacearum Symptoms: Sudden wilting, stem shows brown vascular ring No chemical cure — prevention only: - Crop rotation (3-4 years) - Resistant varieties - Soil sterilization before planting - Remove infected plants immediately 3. Early Blight: Pathogen: Alternaria solani Symptoms: Brown concentric ring lesions on older leaves Management: Mancozeb or Chlorothalonil spray 4. Fusarium Wilt: Pathogen: Fusarium oxysporum Symptoms: One-sided wilting, yellow streaks in stem No chemical cure — use resistant varieties 5. Fruit Borer (টমেটো ফলছিদ্রকারী পোকা): Pest: Helicoverpa armigera Management: - Spinosad 0.3ml/L spray - Emamectin benzoate 0.4g/L - Pheromone traps == সার সুপারিশ (টমেটো) == গোবর সার: ১৫-২০ টন/হেক্টর ইউরিয়া: ৩০০-৩৫০ কেজি/হেক্টর টিএসপি: ২০০-২৫০ কেজি/হেক্টর এমওপি: ২৫০-৩০০ কেজি/হেক্টর ক্যালসিয়াম নাইট্রেট: ১৫০ কেজি/হেক্টর """ files["crops/vegetables/eggplant_brinjal.txt"] = """ TOPIC: Eggplant/Brinjal (Begun) Production and Disease Management SOURCE: BARI, fao_eggplant_ipm.pdf LANGUAGE: English + Bengali বেগুন বাংলাদেশের সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ সবজি। Eggplant is the most important vegetable in Bangladesh. == PRODUCTION == Annual production: 400,000+ metric tons Year-round crop, peak October-March Major districts: Jashore, Comilla, Bogra, Dinajpur Popular varieties: - BARI Begun-1 to BARI Begun-12 - Bt Brinjal (BARI Bt Begun-1 to -4): Resistant to shoot and fruit borer - Local varieties: Nayantara, Islampuri, Singnath == MAJOR DISEASES == 1. Little Leaf Disease (ছোট পাতা রোগ): Cause: Phytoplasma, spread by leafhoppers Symptoms: - Leaves become very small and narrow - Bushy plant appearance - No flowers or fruit No chemical treatment. Management: - Remove infected plants - Control leafhopper with Imidacloprid 0.5ml/L - Use disease-free seedlings 2. Damping Off (গাছের গোড়া পচা): Cause: Pythium, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia Symptoms: Seedlings fall over and die at soil level Management: - Seed treatment with Mancozeb - Improve nursery drainage - Avoid overwatering 3. Phomopsis Blight: Symptoms: Water-soaked lesions on fruits and stems Management: Mancozeb or Copper oxychloride spray == MAJOR PEST == Shoot and Fruit Borer (ডগা ও ফল ছিদ্রকারী পোকা): Pest: Leucinodes orbonalis Most serious pest of eggplant in Bangladesh Symptoms: - Drooping and drying of shoot tips - Borer holes in fruits with frass - Infested fruits drop prematurely Management: - Bt Brinjal varieties — BEST SOLUTION - Spinosad 0.3ml/L spray - Remove and destroy infested shoots/fruits daily - Pheromone traps for male moths == সার সুপারিশ (বেগুন) == গোবর সার: ১০-১৫ টন/হেক্টর ইউরিয়া: ২৫০-৩০০ কেজি/হেক্টর টিএসপি: ১৫০-২০০ কেজি/হেক্টর এমওপি: ২০০-২৫০ কেজি/হেক্টর """ files["crops/vegetables/potato_complete.txt"] = """ TOPIC: Potato Production and Disease Management Bangladesh SOURCE: BARI, purdue_late_blight_tomato_potato.pdf LANGUAGE: English + Bengali আলু বাংলাদেশের তৃতীয় বৃহত্তম ফসল। Potato is the 3rd largest crop in Bangladesh. == PRODUCTION == Annual production: 10-11 million metric tons Cultivated area: 470,000-500,000 hectares Season: Rabi (October-March) Major districts: Munshiganj, Bogra, Rangpur, Dinajpur, Comilla Average yield: 20-22 ton/ha Popular varieties: - Diamant: Most popular, high yield - Cardinal: Early variety - Granola: Good processing quality - BARI Alu-25: Disease resistant, local adaptation - BARI Alu-41: Late blight resistant - Asterix: Red skin, good quality == MAJOR DISEASES == 1. Late Blight (লেট ব্লাইট) — MOST SERIOUS: Pathogen: Phytophthora infestans Season: November-February (cold, foggy weather) Symptoms: - Water-soaked dark lesions on leaves - White mold on underside in humid conditions - Rapid spread — can destroy entire field in 5-7 days - Tuber rot with reddish-brown discoloration Management: Preventive spraying schedule: - Start spraying 30-35 days after planting - Mancozeb 2.5g/L every 7 days (dry weather) - Metalaxyl+Mancozeb 2.5g/L every 10 days - In rainy weather: spray every 5-7 days - Use BARI Alu-25 or BARI Alu-41 (resistant varieties) 2. Early Blight: Pathogen: Alternaria solani Symptoms: Concentric ring lesions on older leaves Management: Mancozeb spray 3. Common Scab: Pathogen: Streptomyces scabies Symptoms: Rough corky lesions on tubers Management: Maintain soil pH 5.2-5.5, avoid lime 4. Bacterial Soft Rot: Pathogen: Pectobacterium carotovorum Symptoms: Tuber becomes soft and foul-smelling Management: Proper storage conditions, avoid wounding == সার সুপারিশ (আলু) == গোবর সার: ১০-১৫ টন/হেক্টর ইউরিয়া: ২৫০-৩০০ কেজি/হেক্টর টিএসপি: ১৫০-২০০ কেজি/হেক্টর এমওপি: ২০০-২৫০ কেজি/হেক্টর প্রয়োগ: রোপণের সময় মূল সার, ৩০ দিন পর ইউরিয়ার অর্ধেক == সংরক্ষণ == তাপমাত্রা: ৩-৫°C আর্দ্রতা: ৮৫-৯০% বায়ু চলাচল: পর্যাপ্ত আলো: অন্ধকার ঘরে রাখুন """ files["crops/vegetables/all_vegetables_diseases.txt"] = """ TOPIC: All Vegetable Diseases and Management Guide Bangladesh SOURCE: BARI, FAO, fao_eggplant_ipm.pdf LANGUAGE: English + Bengali == ONION AND GARLIC (পেঁয়াজ ও রসুন) == Purple Blotch (বেগুনী দাগ রোগ): Pathogen: Alternaria porri Symptoms: Small white lesions turning purple on leaves Management: Mancozeb 2.5g/L or Iprodione spray Downy Mildew: Pathogen: Peronospora destructor Symptoms: Pale green areas, violet-gray fungal growth Management: Metalaxyl+Mancozeb spray Stemphylium Blight: Symptoms: Yellow-orange lesions on leaves Management: Mancozeb or Chlorothalonil spray == CHILI/PEPPER (মরিচ) == Anthracnose (কাণ্ড ও ফল পচা): Pathogen: Colletotrichum capsici Symptoms: Circular sunken dark lesions on fruit Management: Carbendazim 1g/L or Mancozeb spray Bacterial Wilt: Same as tomato bacterial wilt Chili Leaf Curl Virus: Cause: Virus spread by whitefly Symptoms: Curled, distorted leaves, plant stunting Management: Control whitefly with Imidacloprid, use virus-free seedlings == GOURD/CUCURBITS (কুমড়া, লাউ, শসা) == Downy Mildew: Symptoms: Yellow angular spots on upper leaf surface, purple mold below Management: Metalaxyl+Mancozeb 2.5g/L spray Powdery Mildew: Symptoms: White powdery coating on leaves Management: Sulfur 80WP 2g/L or Myclobutanil spray Gummy Stem Blight: Pathogen: Didymella bryoniae Symptoms: Water-soaked stem lesions, gummy exudate Management: Carbendazim or Thiophanate-methyl spray Fruit Fly (ফলের মাছি): Pest: Bactrocera cucurbitae Management: Protein bait + malathion, pheromone traps == CABBAGE/CAULIFLOWER (বাঁধাকপি/ফুলকপি) == Black Rot: Pathogen: Xanthomonas campestris Symptoms: V-shaped yellow lesions from leaf margins Management: Copper-based spray, use disease-free seeds Downy Mildew: Management: Metalaxyl spray Diamond Back Moth (DBM) — Most serious pest: Pest: Plutella xylostella Management: - Bt spray (Bacillus thuringiensis) - Spinosad 0.3ml/L - Yellow sticky traps == BEAN (শিম) == Bean Mosaic Virus: Spread by aphids, causes mosaic discoloration Management: Control aphids with Imidacloprid Rust: Orange pustules on leaves Management: Propiconazole or Mancozeb spray Pod Borer: Maruca vitrata Management: Spinosad or Emamectin benzoate spray """ # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── # FRUITS # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── files["crops/fruits/mango_complete.txt"] = """ TOPIC: Mango Production and Disease Management Bangladesh SOURCE: BARI, FAO, fao_mango_production_asia.pdf LANGUAGE: English + Bengali আম বাংলাদেশের জাতীয় ফল এবং সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বাণিজ্যিক ফল। == PRODUCTION == Annual production: 1.0-1.2 million metric tons Major districts: Rajshahi, Chapainawabganj, Nawabganj, Dinajpur (Rajshahi division = 60% production) Popular varieties: Himsagar, Langra, Fazli, Amrapali, BARI Aam-1 to BARI Aam-11 == MAJOR DISEASES == 1. Anthracnose (অ্যান্থ্রাকনোজ): Pathogen: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Most serious disease of mango Symptoms: Black lesions on flowers, fruits, leaves Pre-harvest fruit rot, post-harvest fruit decay Management: - Carbendazim 1g/L spray at flower emergence - 3-4 sprays during flowering - Hot water treatment of fruits after harvest (52°C for 5 min) 2. Powdery Mildew (পাউডারি মিলডিউ): Pathogen: Oidium mangiferae Symptoms: White powdery coating on flowers and young leaves Management: - Sulfur 80WP 2g/L spray - Wettable sulfur at first sign of disease 3. Die-back: Pathogen: Lasiodiplodia theobromae Symptoms: Shoots die back from tip, bark cracks Management: - Prune infected branches 15cm below affected area - Carbendazim paste on cut surface 4. Malformation (বিকৃতি): Cause: Fusarium mangiferae + mite Symptoms: Bunchy vegetative or floral malformation Management: - Pruning malformed parts - Naphthalene acetic acid spray == MANGO PESTS == Mango Hopper (আমের হপার): Most serious mango pest in Bangladesh Management: Imidacloprid or Cypermethrin spray at bud burst Fruit Fly (ফলের মাছি): Management: - Protein bait + malathion spray - Methyl eugenol pheromone traps - Bag fruits before maturity Stem Borer: Xylotrechus stem borer Management: Inject petrol or Dichlorvos into borer holes == সার সুপারিশ (আম, বয়স্ক গাছ) == গোবর সার: ৩০-৪০ কেজি/গাছ ইউরিয়া: ৩০০-৪০০ গ্রাম/গাছ টিএসপি: ৩৫০-৪৫০ গ্রাম/গাছ এমওপি: ৩৫০-৪৫০ গ্রাম/গাছ """ files["crops/fruits/banana_complete.txt"] = """ TOPIC: Banana Production and Disease Management Bangladesh SOURCE: BARI, FAO, fao_banana_production_disease.pdf LANGUAGE: English + Bengali কলা বাংলাদেশের সবচেয়ে বেশি উৎপাদিত ফল। == PRODUCTION == Annual production: 800,000+ metric tons Year-round production Major districts: Narail, Jessore, Natore, Bogra, Joypurhat Popular varieties: Sabri, Amrit Sagar, Champa, Mehersagar, Anajee == MAJOR DISEASES == 1. Panama Wilt / Fusarium Wilt (পানামা উইল্ট): Pathogen: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense MOST SERIOUS banana disease worldwide Symptoms: - Yellowing of lower leaves starting from margins - Leaves wilt and hang down - Internal brown discoloration in pseudostem - Entire plant dies No chemical cure. Management: - Use disease-free suckers or tissue culture plants - Crop rotation - Soil fumigation - Resistant varieties: BARI Kola-1, BARI Kola-2 2. Black Sigatoka / Black Leaf Streak: Pathogen: Mycosphaerella fijiensis Symptoms: Dark brown-black streaks on leaves, premature leaf death Management: - Mancozeb 2.5g/L spray every 14 days - Remove infected leaves 3. Bunchy Top Virus (বানচি টপ ভাইরাস): Spread by banana aphid (Pentalonia nigronervosa) Symptoms: Narrow, bunched leaves at top, yellow margins, stunted growth Management: - Remove and destroy infected plants - Control aphids with Imidacloprid - Use virus-free planting material == সার সুপারিশ (কলা) == গোবর সার: ১০-১৫ কেজি/গাছ ইউরিয়া: ২০০-২৫০ গ্রাম/গাছ টিএসপি: ১৫০-২০০ গ্রাম/গাছ এমওপি: ২৫০-৩০০ গ্রাম/গাছ (৩ কিস্তিতে দিন) """ # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── # PULSES # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── files["crops/pulses/pulses_complete.txt"] = """ TOPIC: Pulse Crops — Complete Guide for Bangladesh SOURCE: BARI, FAO LANGUAGE: English + Bengali বাংলাদেশে প্রধান ডাল ফসল: ১. মসুর ডাল (Lentil) ২. মুগ ডাল (Mung Bean) ৩. মাসকলাই (Black Gram) ৪. খেসারি (Grass Pea) ৫. ছোলা (Chickpea) ৬. ফেলন (Cowpea) == মসুর ডাল (LENTIL) == Season: Rabi (October-March) Major districts: Faridpur, Tangail, Pabna, Kushtia Popular varieties: BARI Masur-1 to BARI Masur-9 Major disease — Stemphylium Blight: Pathogen: Stemphylium botryosum Most serious lentil disease in Bangladesh Symptoms: Gray water-soaked lesions on stems, defoliation Management: - Rovral or Iprodione 2ml/L spray - Seed treatment with fungicide Rust: Orange pustules on leaves Management: Propiconazole spray সার সুপারিশ: ইউরিয়া: ৪০-৫০ কেজি/হেক্টর টিএসপি: ৮০-১০০ কেজি/হেক্টর এমওপি: ৫০-৬০ কেজি/হেক্টর == মুগ ডাল (MUNG BEAN) == Two crops: Pre-kharif (March-June) and Kharif-2 (July-October) Popular varieties: BARI Mung-5, BARI Mung-6, BARI Mung-8 Major disease — Cercospora Leaf Spot: Symptoms: Circular brown spots with yellow halo Management: Mancozeb spray Mung bean Yellow Mosaic Virus: Spread by whitefly Symptoms: Yellow mosaic on leaves, stunted plant Management: Control whitefly, use resistant varieties == ছোলা (CHICKPEA) == Season: Rabi Popular varieties: BARI Chola-5, BARI Chola-8, BARI Chola-9 Botrytis Gray Mold: Most serious disease Symptoms: Water-soaked lesions, gray mold Management: Iprodione spray, avoid dense planting """ # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── # OILSEEDS # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── files["crops/oilseeds/oilseeds_complete.txt"] = """ TOPIC: Oilseed Crops — Complete Guide Bangladesh SOURCE: BARI, USDA GAIN LANGUAGE: English + Bengali বাংলাদেশে প্রধান তেলবীজ ফসল: ১. সরিষা (Mustard) — সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ২. তিল (Sesame) ৩. সূর্যমুখী (Sunflower) ৪. চিনাবাদাম (Groundnut) ৫. সয়াবিন (Soybean) == সরিষা (MUSTARD) — Most Important == Annual production: 650,000-700,000 metric tons Cultivated area: 320,000-350,000 hectares Season: Rabi (October-November to January-February) Major districts: Rajshahi, Faridpur, Jessore, Tangail Popular varieties: BARI Sarisha-14: High yield, early maturing BARI Sarisha-15: Heat tolerant BARI Sarisha-17: High erucic acid BINA sarisha-4, -9: Improved yield Major disease — Alternaria Blight (অলটারনারিয়া ব্লাইট): Most serious mustard disease in Bangladesh Pathogen: Alternaria brassicae, A. brassicicola Symptoms: - Circular brown lesions with concentric rings - Yellowing and defoliation - Premature seed pod ripening Management: - Iprodione 2ml/L spray at bud formation - 2-3 sprays at 10-day intervals - Use certified disease-free seeds Sclerotinia Stem Rot: Pathogen: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Symptoms: White cottony growth on stems, stem rots Management: Carbendazim spray, avoid dense planting White Rust: Pathogen: Albugo candida Symptoms: White pustules on leaves and stems Management: Metalaxyl+Mancozeb spray সার সুপারিশ (সরিষা): ইউরিয়া: ১৫০-১৮০ কেজি/হেক্টর টিএসপি: ৮০-১০০ কেজি/হেক্টর এমওপি: ৬০-৮০ কেজি/হেক্টর সালফার: ৩০-৪০ কেজি/হেক্টর বোরন: ১-২ কেজি/হেক্টর == সূর্যমুখী (SUNFLOWER) == Varieties: BARI Surjamukhi-2, Hysun-33, DK-3849 Disease: Alternaria Blight, Sclerotinia — same management as mustard == চিনাবাদাম (GROUNDNUT) == Varieties: BARI Badam-5, BARI Badam-6, BARI Badam-8 Disease: Early and Late Leaf Spot Management: Mancozeb or Chlorothalonil spray """ # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── # SOIL MANAGEMENT # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── files["soil/soil_management_complete.txt"] = """ TOPIC: Soil Management for Bangladesh Agriculture SOURCE: SRDI, BARI, FAO LANGUAGE: English + Bengali == BANGLADESH SOIL TYPES == Highland (উঁচু জমি): - Red-yellow podzolic soil: Madhupur Tract, Barind Tract - Sandy loam to clay loam - Low organic matter - Suitable: Vegetables, fruits, pulses Medium Highland: - Most of Bangladesh - Loam to clay loam - Moderately fertile - Suitable: Rice, vegetables, wheat Lowland/Floodplain (নিচু জমি): - Clay to heavy clay - High fertility - Subject to flooding - Suitable: Rice (aman, aus) Coastal Saline (উপকূলীয় লবণাক্ত): - High salinity (>4 dS/m) - Potential area: 3 million hectares - Suitable: Salt tolerant varieties == SOIL pH MANAGEMENT == Most crops prefer pH 5.5-6.5 Too acidic (below 5.5): - Apply agricultural lime: 2-4 ton/ha - Reduces aluminum toxicity - Improves phosphorus availability Too alkaline (above 7.0): - Apply gypsum: 500-1000 kg/ha - Use sulfur 50-100 kg/ha pH guide for major crops: Rice: 5.5-6.5 Wheat: 6.0-7.0 Potato: 5.0-6.0 (lower = less scab) Vegetables: 5.5-7.0 Mustard: 5.5-6.5 == SOIL HEALTH IMPROVEMENT == Organic Matter (জৈব পদার্থ): Bangladesh soils have very low organic matter (1-2%) Target: >2.5% organic matter Methods: - Apply compost: 5-10 ton/ha - Vermicompost: 2-3 ton/ha - Green manuring: Dhaincha (Sesbania) - Crop residue incorporation - Avoid burning crop residue Micronutrient Deficiencies Common in Bangladesh: Zinc deficiency (জিঙ্ক অভাব): - Most widespread micronutrient deficiency - Symptoms: Stunted growth, bronze leaf color in rice - Treatment: Zinc sulfate 10-15 kg/ha or ZnSO4 spray Boron deficiency: - Affects mustard, vegetables - Symptoms: Hollow stem, poor fruiting - Treatment: Borax 2-3 kg/ha Sulfur deficiency: - Affects mustard, onion, garlic - Treatment: Gypsum 40-60 kg/ha == মাটি পরীক্ষা সুপারিশ == প্রতি ৩-৪ বছর মাটি পরীক্ষা করুন নিকটস্থ মৃত্তিকা সম্পদ উন্নয়ন ইনস্টিটিউট (SRDI) কার্যালয়ে যোগাযোগ করুন """ # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── # FERTILIZER # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── files["fertilizer/fertilizer_complete_guide.txt"] = """ TOPIC: Complete Fertilizer Guide for Bangladesh Agriculture SOURCE: BARI, DAE, Krishi Diary 2024 LANGUAGE: English + Bengali == FERTILIZER TYPES AND NUTRIENT CONTENT == Urea (ইউরিয়া): 46% N - Most common nitrogen fertilizer - Apply in splits (3 times for rice) - Do not apply before rain (leaching loss) TSP (ট্রিপল সুপার ফসফেট): 46% P2O5 - Phosphorus fertilizer - Apply before planting (basal) - Slow release, stays in soil MoP (মিউরেট অব পটাশ): 60% K2O - Potassium fertilizer - Important for grain filling and disease resistance Gypsum (জিপসাম): 18% S + 23% Ca - Sulfur and calcium source - Important for mustard, onion, garlic DAP (ডায়ামোনিয়াম ফসফেট): 18% N + 46% P2O5 - Combined N and P source == CROP-WISE FERTILIZER RECOMMENDATION == ধান (বোরো) / Rice (Boro) per hectare: Urea: 220-250 kg | TSP: 80-100 kg | MoP: 80-100 kg Gypsum: 60-80 kg | Zinc sulfate: 8-10 kg Application: Basal (TSP+MoP+Gypsum+Zinc at planting) Urea in 3 splits: 7-10 days after transplant, at tillering, at panicle initiation ধান (আমন) / Rice (Aman): Urea: 160-200 kg | TSP: 60-80 kg | MoP: 60-80 kg গম / Wheat: Urea: 200-220 kg | TSP: 100-120 kg | MoP: 80-100 kg Gypsum: 40-60 kg Apply urea in 2 splits আলু / Potato: Urea: 250-300 kg | TSP: 150-200 kg | MoP: 200-250 kg Cowdung: 10-15 ton | Gypsum: 80-100 kg সরিষা / Mustard: Urea: 150-180 kg | TSP: 80-100 kg | MoP: 60-80 kg Gypsum: 100-120 kg | Boron: 2 kg টমেটো / Tomato: Urea: 300-350 kg | TSP: 200-250 kg | MoP: 250-300 kg Cowdung: 15-20 ton | Calcium nitrate: 150 kg বেগুন / Eggplant: Urea: 250-300 kg | TSP: 150-200 kg | MoP: 200-250 kg Cowdung: 10-15 ton মরিচ / Chili: Urea: 200-250 kg | TSP: 125-150 kg | MoP: 150-200 kg পেঁয়াজ / Onion: Urea: 200-250 kg | TSP: 125-150 kg | MoP: 150-200 kg Gypsum: 60-80 kg মুগ ডাল / Mung Bean: Urea: 40-50 kg | TSP: 80-100 kg | MoP: 50-60 kg (Rhizobium inoculant reduces nitrogen need) == সার প্রয়োগের সাধারণ নিয়ম == - মূল সার (Basal): রোপণ/বপনের সময় দিন — TSP, MoP, গোবর সার, Gypsum - পার্শ্ব সার (Top dressing): বাড়ন্ত পর্যায়ে ইউরিয়া দিন - বৃষ্টির আগে সার দেবেন না (ধুয়ে যায়) - মাটি ভেজা অবস্থায় ইউরিয়া দিন - অতিরিক্ত ইউরিয়া দিলে রোগ বাড়ে, ফলন কমে == জৈব সারের গুরুত্ব == গোবর সার: ১০-১৫ টন/হেক্টর — মাটির জৈব পদার্থ বাড়ায় কম্পোস্ট: ৫-৮ টন/হেক্টর ভার্মিকম্পোস্ট: ২-৩ টন/হেক্টর সবুজ সার: ধৈঞ্চা (Sesbania) — ৬০-৮০ কেজি নাইট্রোজেন যোগ করে """ # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── # IRRIGATION # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── files["irrigation/irrigation_complete.txt"] = """ TOPIC: Irrigation Management for Bangladesh Agriculture SOURCE: DAE, BRRI, FAO irrigation guide LANGUAGE: English + Bengali == WATER REQUIREMENTS BY CROP == Rice (Boro — irrigated): Total water: 900-1200 mm per season Method: Continuous flooding OR alternate wetting and drying (AWD) AWD method: Let soil dry to 15-20cm water depth, then re-flood AWD saves 20-30% water without yield loss Rice (Aman): Mostly rain-fed, supplemental irrigation during dry spells Wheat: Total water: 350-450 mm Critical stages: CRI (seedling), tillering, booting, grain filling Number of irrigations: 2-3 times Potato: Critical stages: Tuber initiation, tuber development Irrigation interval: Every 10-14 days Avoid: Waterlogging (causes rot) Mustard: Critical stage: Flowering 1-2 irrigations usually sufficient Vegetables (general): Irrigate every 3-5 days in summer Drip irrigation saves 40-50% water == IRRIGATION METHODS == Flood Irrigation (বন্যা সেচ): Most common method Suitable: Rice, sugarcane Efficiency: 40-50% Furrow Irrigation (নালা সেচ): Suitable: Vegetables, potato, maize Efficiency: 50-60% Sprinkler Irrigation: Suitable: Wheat, vegetables, groundnut Efficiency: 70-80% Investment: Higher cost Drip Irrigation (ড্রিপ সেচ): Suitable: Vegetables, fruits, chili Efficiency: 85-95% Best for: Water-scarce areas Government subsidy available in Bangladesh == GROUNDWATER IRRIGATION == Bangladesh relies heavily on groundwater for boro rice Over-extraction causing falling water table in Barind Tract Solution: AWD for rice, shift to drought-tolerant crops in dry season == সেচের সংকেত == পাতা মোচড়ানো → পানির প্রয়োজন মাটি সকালে শুষ্ক → সেচ দিন বিকেলে ফুল আসার সময় → অবশ্যই সেচ দিন বৃষ্টির পূর্বাভাস → সেচ বন্ধ রাখুন """ # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── # LIVESTOCK # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── files["livestock/livestock_complete.txt"] = """ TOPIC: Livestock Management and Disease in Bangladesh SOURCE: DLS (Department of Livestock Services), FAO LANGUAGE: English + Bengali == CATTLE (গরু) == Major diseases: 1. Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD / ক্ষুরারোগ): Symptoms: Fever, blisters in mouth and hooves, lameness Very contagious Management: Vaccination twice yearly, isolation of infected animals 2. Hemorrhagic Septicemia (গলাফুলা): Symptoms: Sudden fever, swelling of throat, difficulty breathing, death within 24-48 hours Management: Annual vaccination (most important), Oxytetracycline antibiotic 3. Black Quarter (বাদলা): Symptoms: Sudden lameness, gas-filled swelling on thigh/shoulder Management: Annual vaccination, Penicillin antibiotic 4. Brucellosis: Symptoms: Abortion in late pregnancy, retained placenta Zoonotic — can spread to humans Management: Vaccination of calves, test and slaughter policy Cattle vaccination schedule: January-February: Foot and Mouth Disease March: Hemorrhagic Septicemia May: Black Quarter October: Repeat FMD == GOAT (ছাগল) == Most important livestock in Bangladesh (25 million goats) Black Bengal Goat — famous globally Major diseases: 1. PPR (Peste des Petits Ruminants) / ছাগলের মহামারী: Symptoms: High fever, nasal discharge, mouth ulcers, severe diarrhea, death Highly contagious, high mortality Management: Annual vaccination mandatory 2. Enterotoxemia (পাকস্থলীর বিষক্রিয়া): Symptoms: Sudden death, bloating Management: Annual vaccination Goat production: Feed: Grass, tree leaves, kitchen waste, concentrate feed Health check: Monthly deworming essential Common wormer: Albendazole 7.5mg/kg body weight == POULTRY (মুরগি) == Major diseases: 1. Newcastle Disease (রানীক্ষেত রোগ): Symptoms: Respiratory distress, nervous signs, green diarrhea, high mortality Most devastating poultry disease in Bangladesh Management: Regular vaccination (V4/La Sota strain) 2. Gumboro Disease (IBD): Symptoms: Sudden mortality in young chicks, prostration Management: Vaccination at 14 and 28 days 3. Avian Influenza (H5N1 — বার্ড ফ্লু): Zoonotic risk Symptoms: Very high mortality, respiratory distress, cyanosis Management: Report immediately to authorities, culling Poultry vaccination schedule: Day 1: Marek's disease (hatchery) Day 7-10: Gumboro 1st dose Day 14-18: Newcastle + IBD (eye drop) Day 21-24: Gumboro 2nd dose Day 28: Newcastle booster Week 6-8: Fowl pox == FISHERIES (মাছ চাষ) == Bangladesh is 3rd in world freshwater fish production Major fish diseases: 1. Bacterial disease (Aeromonas infection): Symptoms: Hemorrhagic spots, ulcers, fin rot Management: Salt treatment (2-3%), Oxytetracycline in feed 2. Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS / ঘা রোগ): Most serious disease of carp in Bangladesh Symptoms: Red ulcers on body, muscle decay Management: Lime application 200-250 kg/ha, Copper sulfate treatment Popular fish for farming: Rui, Katla, Mrigal (Carp) — most popular Tilapia — fast growing Pangasius — commercial Shrimp (bagda, galda) — export commodity Fish pond management: Lime application: 200-250 kg/ha before stocking Fertilizer: Urea 45kg + TSP 50kg per hectare per month Stocking density: 10,000-25,000 fingerlings/hectare (polyculture) """ # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── # CLIMATE AND AGRICULTURE # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── files["climate/climate_agriculture_complete.txt"] = """ TOPIC: Climate Change and Agriculture in Bangladesh — Complete Guide SOURCE: IUCN, FAO, foresight_bd_climate_2025.pdf, climate_centre_bd_2024.pdf LANGUAGE: English + Bengali == CLIMATE THREATS TO BANGLADESH AGRICULTURE == 1. FLOODING (বন্যা): Types: - Flash flood (আকস্মিক বন্যা): Haor areas, destroys Boro - Monsoon flood: 20-30% of country annually - Riverine flood: Longer duration Crop impact: - 1 million hectares crop loss annually average - Boro rice in Haor: Complete loss if early flood (May) - Aman rice: Loss if flood duration >14 days Solutions: - Flash flood tolerant varieties: BRRI dhan89, BRRI dhan90 - Submergence tolerant: BRRI dhan49, BRRI dhan51 - Short duration aus varieties to avoid monsoon flood 2. DROUGHT (খরা): Affected areas: Barind Tract (Rajshahi, Chapainawabganj, Naogaon) Crop impact: Boro requires irrigation — groundwater depletion Solutions: - Drought tolerant varieties: BRRI dhan56, BRRI dhan66 - AWD (Alternate Wetting and Drying) irrigation - Rainwater harvesting 3. SALINITY (লবণাক্ততা): Affected area: 1.06 million hectares in coastal Bangladesh Districts: Satkhira, Khulna, Bagerhat, Barguna, Patuakhali Problem: Increasing due to sea level rise and reduced freshwater flow Solutions: - Salt tolerant varieties: BRRI dhan47, BRRI dhan61, BRRI dhan67, BRRI dhan73 - BINA dhan8, BINA dhan10 4. TEMPERATURE RISE (তাপমাত্রা বৃদ্ধি): Effect on crops: - 1°C rise → 5-10% reduction in rice yield - High night temperature causes spikelet sterility in rice - Affects wheat ripening Solutions: - Heat tolerant varieties: BRRI dhan74, BRRI dhan84 - Adjust planting time to cooler periods 5. ERRATIC RAINFALL (অনিয়মিত বৃষ্টিপাত): - Delayed monsoon onset - Intense rainfall events - Longer dry spells Impact: Unpredictable pest and disease outbreaks == DISEASE-CLIMATE CONNECTIONS == High temperature + high humidity → Blast disease risk increases Flooding → Bacterial blight outbreak after flood Drought + heat → Increase in insect pest populations Cyclone + storm surge → Salinity intrusion, destroys crops == CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE PRACTICES == 1. Crop diversification — don't rely on single crop 2. Use of climate-resilient varieties 3. Conservation agriculture — minimum tillage 4. Integrated pest management (IPM) 5. Water harvesting and efficient irrigation 6. Agroforestry systems জলবায়ু পরিবর্তনে কৃষকের করণীয়: - আবহাওয়ার পূর্বাভাস দেখুন (Bangladesh Meteorological Department) - সহনশীল জাত ব্যবহার করুন - মৌসুমী পঞ্জিকা মেনে চলুন - কৃষি বীমা গ্রহণ করুন """ # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── # INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── files["pests/ipm_complete_guide.txt"] = """ TOPIC: Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Complete Guide Bangladesh SOURCE: DAE, FAO, IRRI LANGUAGE: English + Bengali == WHAT IS IPM? == IPM combines multiple pest management methods to: - Minimize pesticide use - Reduce cost - Protect environment and health - Maintain sustainable crop production IPM components (সমন্বিত বালাই ব্যবস্থাপনা): 1. Cultural control (সাংস্কৃতিক পদ্ধতি) 2. Biological control (জৈব পদ্ধতি) 3. Physical/mechanical control (যান্ত্রিক পদ্ধতি) 4. Chemical control (রাসায়নিক পদ্ধতি) — last resort == BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS == Beneficial insects that eat pests (উপকারী পোকা): - Spiders (মাকড়সা): Eat planthoppers, leafhoppers - Mirid bug (Cyrtorhinus): Eats planthopper eggs - Dragonfly (ফড়িং): Eats stem borer moths - Lady bird beetle (লেডিবার্ড): Eats aphids How to protect natural enemies: - Avoid broad-spectrum insecticides - Maintain field bunds with flowering plants - Use selective pesticides Biocontrol products: - Trichoderma: Soil application, controls root rot diseases - Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt): Spray for caterpillar pests - Beauveria bassiana: Controls stem borer - Neem (Azadirachtin): Natural pesticide, very safe == CULTURAL CONTROL METHODS == - Crop rotation: Break pest and disease cycle - Resistant varieties: Most cost-effective - Proper spacing: Reduces humidity, prevents disease spread - Balanced fertilization: Excess N increases pest attraction - Sanitation: Remove crop debris after harvest - Adjust planting date: Avoid peak pest periods == PHYSICAL/MECHANICAL CONTROL == Yellow sticky traps: Catches whitefly, aphids, thrips Blue sticky traps: Catches thrips specifically Pheromone traps: Species-specific catch for moths (stem borer, fruit borer) Light traps: Catches moths at night Hand picking: Remove egg masses, caterpillars == PESTICIDE SAFETY (নিরাপদ কীটনাশক ব্যবহার) == Always: - Read label before use - Wear protective gear (mask, gloves, glasses) - Spray early morning or late afternoon - Keep children away from spraying area - Wash hands and face after spraying Never: - Mix pesticides without recommendation - Spray near water bodies - Use expired pesticides - Use food containers for pesticides - Spray against wind direction Pre-harvest interval (PHI) — পূর্ব-মৌসুম নিষেধাজ্ঞা: Imidacloprid: 30 days before harvest Cypermethrin: 7 days Chlorpyrifos: 14 days Mancozeb: 7 days == COMMON PESTICIDES IN BANGLADESH == Insecticides: Imidacloprid: Sucking insects (aphids, whitefly, leafhopper) Chlorpyrifos: Broad spectrum (soil and foliar) Cypermethrin: Caterpillars, beetles Spinosad: Caterpillars (safe for bees) Emamectin benzoate: Very effective for caterpillars Fungicides: Mancozeb: Preventive, broad spectrum Carbendazim: Systemic, rice diseases Tebuconazole: Systemic, wheat, rice blast Propiconazole: Systemic, rice and wheat Iprodione: Botrytis, Alternaria Metalaxyl: Downy mildew, late blight Herbicides: 2,4-D amine: Broadleaf weeds in rice Butachlor: Grass weeds in transplanted rice Fenoxaprop: Grass weeds in wheat """ # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── # POST HARVEST # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── files["post_harvest/post_harvest_guide.txt"] = """ TOPIC: Post-Harvest Management and Storage Guide Bangladesh SOURCE: DAE, BARI, FAO LANGUAGE: English + Bengali == RICE POST-HARVEST == Harvesting: - Harvest when 85-90% grains are golden/straw colored - Do not delay — reduces grain quality and causes shattering - Use sickle or reaper machine Threshing: - Pedal thresher or power thresher - Reduces grain loss compared to hand threshing Drying: - Dry to moisture content of 12-14% for storage - Sun drying: 2-3 days on clean surface - Mechanical dryer: More uniform - Do NOT dry on road (contamination, breakage) Storage: - Clean storage bags (jute or polypropylene) - Apply malathion 5% dust on bags - Keep away from walls and floor (use pallet or wooden platform) - Hermetic storage bags (PICS bags): Keep moisture <14%, prevent insects without chemicals - Maximum storage period: 6-8 months Quality test: Bite a grain — if hard and not chewy, moisture is acceptable == POTATO STORAGE == Temperature: 3-5°C (cold storage) or cool shaded room Humidity: 85-90% Keep in darkness (light causes greening and solanine) Ventilation: Adequate air circulation Remove: Infected/damaged tubers before storage Storage loss (without cold storage): 20-30% == ONION STORAGE == Cure onions at 25-30°C for 2 weeks before storage Temperature: 1-5°C cold storage OR warm well-ventilated room Humidity: Low 60-70% Spread in single layer or use mesh bags Common loss: Bacterial soft rot, fusarium rot Prevent: Use cured, dry, disease-free bulbs == GRAIN STORAGE INSECTS == Common pests: Weevil (ধানের পোকা): Sitophilus oryzae — bores into grain Lesser grain borer: Destroys grain from inside Khapra beetle: Larvae destroy stored products Management: - Aluminum phosphide (ALP) tablets for large stores - Hermetic bags for small quantities - Pyrethroid spray on walls - Temperature <15°C kills most storage insects == POST-HARVEST LOSSES IN BANGLADESH == Total food loss: 20-30% of production Rice: 10-15% loss Vegetables: 25-40% loss (huge due to poor storage) Fruits: 20-40% loss Reducing vegetable losses: - Harvest early morning - Cool immediately after harvest - Use perforated plastic bags for transport - Evaporative cooling storage (bamboo/sand cooler) - Process excess into pickles, dried products """ # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── # ECONOMICS # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── files["economics/agricultural_economics.txt"] = """ TOPIC: Agricultural Economics and Market Information Bangladesh SOURCE: DAE, BBS, USDA GAIN LANGUAGE: English + Bengali == CROP PRODUCTION STATISTICS == Rice: Annual production: 37-38 million metric tons Area: 11.5-12 million hectares Bangladesh is self-sufficient in rice since 2000s Export: Small quantity of aromatic rice (BB Dhan100) Wheat: Production: 1.0-1.2 million metric tons Requirement: 6-7 million metric tons Deficit: Import 5-6 million metric tons annually (mainly from India, Russia) Vegetables: Annual production: 17-18 million metric tons Growing rapidly due to demand and urbanization Export: $100+ million annually (potato, chili, leafy vegetables to Middle East) Potato: Production: 10-11 million metric tons Surplus: Export to Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka == FERTILIZER PRICES (APPROXIMATE) == Urea: Tk 22/kg (subsidized government price) TSP: Tk 27/kg MoP: Tk 20/kg DAP: Tk 35-40/kg Government subsidy on fertilizer: Significant, to support farmers == CROP INSURANCE == Sadharan Bima Corporation offers crop insurance Coverage: Natural disasters, flood, drought Premium: 2-3% of crop value Claim: Requires documented loss == AGRICULTURAL CREDIT == Bangladesh Krishi Bank (BKB): Primary agricultural bank RAKUB: For Rajshahi and Rangpur divisions Commercial banks: Now required to give agricultural loans Interest rate: 4-9% for farmers (subsidized) Loan products: - Crop loan: Short term (6-12 months) - Equipment loan: Medium term - Fisheries/livestock loan == MARKET INFORMATION == Digital tools: - Krishibazar app: Real-time market prices - e-krishi: Extension service mobile app - 16123 hotline: Agricultural helpline DAE Major wholesale markets: Dhaka: Karwan Bazar (vegetables, fruits) Chittagong: Khatunganj (onion, garlic, pulses) Rajshahi: Saheb Bazar (mango, vegetables) Bogra: Mahiganj (potato market) == PROFITABLE CROPS FOR BANGLADESH FARMERS == High value crops: 1. Dragon fruit: Tk 150-300/kg 2. Strawberry: Tk 200-400/kg 3. Capsicum/Bell pepper: Tk 60-100/kg 4. Cherry tomato: Tk 80-120/kg 5. Mushroom: Tk 150-300/kg 6. Aromatic rice (BB Dhan100): Tk 60-80/kg Medium value: 1. Tomato: Tk 15-40/kg 2. Eggplant: Tk 15-30/kg 3. Potato: Tk 15-25/kg 4. Onion: Tk 25-50/kg 5. Garlic: Tk 80-150/kg """ # ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════ # WRITE ALL FILES # ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════ total = 0 total_chars = 0 for filepath, content in files.items(): full_path = f"data/knowledge_base/{filepath}" os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(full_path), exist_ok=True) with open(full_path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f: f.write(content.strip()) size = len(content) total_chars += size total += 1 print(f"Created: {filepath} ({size:,} chars)") print(f"\n{'='*50}") print(f"Total files created: {total}") print(f"Total content: {total_chars:,} characters (~{total_chars//4:,} tokens)") print(f"\nNow run: python ingest.py to add to your database")