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+{
+  "Cereal and grass forages": [
+    {
+      "feed_name": "African couch grass (Digitaria abyssinica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "abyssinian finger grass",
+        "african couch",
+        "african couch grass",
+        "african couchgrass",
+        "dunn's finger grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The African couch grass ( Digitaria abyssinica (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf) is a tropical perennial grass. It can be erect or decumbent, trailing or creeping at the base . It has long, slender and wiry rhizomes that form a dense mat beneath the soil surface and can go deeper than 1 m. The rhizome may twine around the roots of other crops and smother them . The culms are slender, erect, up to 50-100 cm high . The leaves are linear, flat, 2-12 cm long, 3-5 mm (7-8 mm) wide, with a bluish-green colour . The inflorescence is a panicle of 2 to 25 racemes, borne along a 2-11 cm long central axis. Spikelets are paired and glabrous . The fruit is an ellipsoid seed, variable in colour ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "alang-alang",
+        "blady grass",
+        "cogon",
+        "cogongrass",
+        "cotton wool grass",
+        "imperata",
+        "japanese blood grass",
+        "kunai grass",
+        "red baron",
+        "speargrass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "herbe à paillotte",
+        "impérate cylindrique",
+        "paille de dys"
+      ],
+      "description": "Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv., known as speargrass in Nigeria, alang-alang in Asia, and cogongrass in America , is a perennial rhizomatous grass, up to 1.2 m high. It has tough, branched and rhizomatous roots that explore soil layers down to 60 cm. Its stems are slender and originate from the upper rhizomes. Leaves are narrow, rigid, blade-shaped, up to 1 m long, 3-10 mm broad, bearded at the base and glabrous in their upper part. Flowers are borne in a 60 cm-long cylindrical, silky and spike-like panicle. The spikelets are surrounded by 10-15 mm long hairs that cause the silky aspect ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Aleppo grass (Sorghum halepense)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "aleppo grass",
+        "johnson grass",
+        "johnsongrass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "herbe d'alep",
+        "sorgho d'alep"
+      ],
+      "description": "Aleppo grass ( Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) is a forage grass widespread throughout the subtropics and warm temperate regions, semi-arid to sub-humid. It is useful for hay and pasture."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Arizona cottontop (Digitaria californica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "arizona cottontop",
+        "cottontop"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Arizona cottontop ( Digitaria californica (Benth.) Henrard) is a perennial, warm-season bunchgrass. It has an extensive root system . The stems are slender, 30-100 cm high. They are swollen, scaly and hairy at the base. The leaves are flat, narrow (25 mm broad) and vary from 8 to 25 cm in length. The leaf can be inserted high on the stem, often reaching the inflorescences . Inflorescences are terminal, 5-20 cm long panicles. The spikelets are borne in pairs on the rachis. Their glumes and lemna are covered with long white hairs giving a silky cottony appearance, hence the name cottontop ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Armgrass millet (Brachiaria distachya)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "armgrass millet",
+        "green summer grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The armgrass millet ( Brachiaria distachya (L.) Stapf) is a stoloniferous annual grass rooting from the nodes. The culms (1-2 m long) creep on the surface of the soil. The flowering branches are erect, up to 20-40 cm high. The leaves are linear or narrowly lanceolate, 2-8 cm long x 3-7 mm broad. Inflorescences are 2-10 racemes borne on a 0.5-2 cm long axis. Racemes are 1-3 cm long and bear 2 rows of green, shiny, 2.4-3 mm long, oblong spikelets . Brachiaria distachya is generally used as forage and is very palatable to livestock. It makes valuable hay in India ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bahia grass",
+        "bahiagrass",
+        "common bahia"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "herbe de bahia"
+      ],
+      "description": "Bahia grass ( Paspalum notatum Flügge) is a perennial rhizomatous grass, up to 1 m high, notable for its prominent, dual V-shaped inflorescences (6 cm long). Its root system can be up to 2 m deep. Several commercial cultivars are available. It is mostly used for pasture ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Blanket grass (Axonopus compressus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "blanket grass",
+        "broadleaf carpet grass",
+        "kearsney grass",
+        "lawn grass",
+        "louisiana grass",
+        "savannah grass",
+        "tropical carpet grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Blanket grass ( Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv.) is a robust creeping perennial grass that forms dense mats. Foliage generally reaches up to 15 cm high and flowering culms up to 30-45 cm high. It is shallow-rooted, shortly rhizomatous with slender elongate and branched stolons that root at the nodes . Leaf blades are shiny, flat, folded, lanceolate, 4-15 cm long and 2.5-15 mm broad. Flowering culms are erect and laterally compressed. They bear racemose panicles. There are generally 2-3 racemes, although up to 5 is possible. The 2 upper racemes are paired and borne on a slender peduncle; they are generally one-sided. The secondary racemes usually remain hidden in the sheath . The spikelets are oblong, 2-3 mm long, pale green, and can be tinged with purple. The seed (grain) is a 2 mm long caryopsis. Blanket grass is variable in size depending on environmental conditions and management. It is often confused with Axonopus affinis but is more robust and stoloniferous, and its spikelets are longer and hairier ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Blue panic (Panicum antidotale)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "blue panic",
+        "blue panic grass",
+        "giant panic grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "panic bleu"
+      ],
+      "description": "Blue panic ( Panicum antidotale Retz.) is a vigorous, tufted perennial grass that can reach 1.5 m to 3 m high . It is deeply rooted and develops from short, thick and somewhat bulbous rhizomes . Its stems are erect, hard, almost woody, swollen at the base, looking like sugarcane stems . The leaves are smooth, bluish (hence the name blue panic), 15-30 cm long x 4-12 mm wide . The sheaths are 4-8 cm long and glabrous . The inflorescence is a 13-30 cm long panicle with 3 mm long spikelets borne on 2.5 mm long woody stalks . Panicum antidotale is mainly used for fodder and grain production. Several cultivars are commercially available ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Bread grass (Brachiaria brizantha)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bread grass",
+        "ceylon sheep grass",
+        "palisade grass",
+        "palisade signal grass",
+        "signal grass",
+        "st. lucia grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Bread grass ( Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf) is a tufted perennial grass, usually 60-120 cm high (up to 200 cm), with deep roots (down to 2 m) and short rhizomes. It has stout, erect or slightly decumbent culms and bright green leaves. Inflorescence is a panicle consisting of 2-16 racemes, 4-20 cm long. Spikelets are usually on a single row, elliptical, 4-6 mm long with a sub-apical fringe of long purplish hairs. Brachiaria brizantha is very variable in habit, leafiness, hairiness and yield. It is similar to Brachiaria decumbens , though a little more tufted and with slightly different spikelets and shorter roots . Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk is now considered to be Brachiaria brizantha ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Barley forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "barley"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "escourgeon",
+        "orge"
+      ],
+      "description": "Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. ) is a major cereal crop primarily grown for its grain, but it also yields valuable forage that can be grazed, cut for hay or silage while still green, or cut after grain harvest as straw . The barley plant is an annual, erect and tufted grass, up to 50 to 120 cm high . Barley is a leafy species. The leaves are linear and lanceolate, up to 25 cm long, placed opposite their neighbours along the stem . Barley leaves are broader than in other cereals and the leave:stem ratio is high (0.88) . There are thousands of cultivated barley landraces and hundreds of cultivars. Cultivars are classified according to several factors: number of rows of grains (2-row and 6-row barley), compactness of spikes, hull adherence (hulled or naked barley), presence or size of awns (awned, awnletted or awnless varieties), growth habit (winter or spring barley) and colour (black, purple or white kernels) ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "buckwheat",
+        "common buckwheat"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "blé de barbarie",
+        "blé noir",
+        "bucail",
+        "sarrasin"
+      ],
+      "description": "Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) is an erect annual herb grown worldwide for its edible seed, which is used like cereal grains such as wheat or maize. While the plant is primarily grown for grain production, its foliage can be fed to livestock :"
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african couch",
+        "bahamas grass",
+        "bermuda grass",
+        "bermudagrass",
+        "coast cross",
+        "costcross",
+        "devil's grass",
+        "dhoub",
+        "indian couch",
+        "kiri-hiri",
+        "kweek grass",
+        "star grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "chiendent pied de poule",
+        "gros chiendent",
+        "herbe des bermudes"
+      ],
+      "description": "Bermuda grass ( Cynodon dactylon Pers.) is a major tropical grass found in all tropical and subtropical areas. It is highly tolerant to drought and heavy grazing and therefore extremely valuable for pasture. It is also used for cut-and-carry, hay and deferred feed. It is of moderate nutritional value. Many varieties and hybrids have been developed for different cultivation conditions."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Buffalo grass (Paspalum conjugatum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "buffalo grass",
+        "carabao grass",
+        "cow grass",
+        "sour grass",
+        "sour paspalum",
+        "t-grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "herbe créole",
+        "herbe sure"
+      ],
+      "description": "Buffalo grass ( Paspalum conjugatum P. J. Bergius) is a spreading perennial grass with long creeping stolons rooting at the nodes. Culms are red-purple, ascending to erect and 30-60 cm high. Leaf blades are 8-20 cm long x 5-12 mm broad. The leaf sheath and leaves are hairy on the margins. Inflorescence is composed of 2, 7-16 cm long, diverging racemes. Spikelets are solitary with long white hairs on the edges . Buffalo grass is generally used as fresh grass in pastures and cut-and-carry systems, or for hay . It is suitable as lawn-grass. It withstands mowing and foot-wear ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Big-leaf bristle grass (Setaria megaphylla)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "big-leaf bristle grass",
+        "bigleaf bristlegrass",
+        "broad-leafed bristle grass",
+        "broad-leaved bristle grass",
+        "broad-leaved setaria",
+        "buffalo grass",
+        "buffel grass",
+        "bush buffalo grass",
+        "corn of horses",
+        "fine sword grass",
+        "forest buffalo grass",
+        "horse grass",
+        "macopo grass",
+        "palm grass",
+        "ribbon bristle grass",
+        "ribbon grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Big-leaf bristle grass ( Setaria megaphylla (Steud) Dur. & Schinz.) is a tropical and subtropical perennial grass."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african foxtail grass",
+        "blue buffalo grass",
+        "buffel grass",
+        "foxtail buffalo grass",
+        "rhodesian foxtail"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "cenchrus cilié"
+      ],
+      "description": "Buffel grass ( Cenchrus ciliaris L.) is a valuable tropical grass cultivated in Africa, Australia, and India."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Birdwood grass (Cenchrus setiger)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "birdwood buffel",
+        "birdwood grass",
+        "cow sandbur",
+        "south african pennisetum"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Birdwood grass ( Cenchrus setiger Vahl) is a tufted perennial grass up to 70-100 cm high with flat or folded leaf-blades, the roots having none or short rhizomes. Its false spike is dense, 1.5-9 cm long, with spikelets 3-4.5 mm long, each cluster containing one to three caryopses . A hardy and drought-tolerant grass, Cenchrus setiger is a valuable fodder in dry areas, though it is tussocky and lacks bulk. It is quite palatable and readily accepted by stock. It makes useful hay in areas that can be mown though the yield is not high ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Bulbous canary grass (Phalaris aquatica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bulbous canary grass",
+        "harding grass",
+        "koleagrass",
+        "toowoomba canary grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "alpiste bulbeux",
+        "herbe de harding",
+        "phalarie tubéreux"
+      ],
+      "description": "Bulbous canary grass ( Phalaris aquatica L.) is a valuable pasture forage of Mediterranean origin that is used worldwide."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Black oat (Avena strigosa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "black oat",
+        "bristle oat",
+        "lopsided oat",
+        "sand oat",
+        "small oat"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "avoine maigre",
+        "avoine rude"
+      ],
+      "description": "Black oat ( Avena strigosa Schreb.) is an annual grass from temperate areas that is used mostly in South America for forage for its good nutritive value and productivity."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Blackseed grass (Chloris virgata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "blackseed grass",
+        "blue grass",
+        "feather finger grass",
+        "feathered chloris",
+        "hay grass",
+        "old land grass",
+        "sweet grass",
+        "white grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Blackseed grass ( Chloris virgata Swartz.) is a tropical and subtropical annual grass. Halophytic, leafy, and hardy, it is a pionnering species that can grow on bare ground and can be used for hay and pasture."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Burgu (Echinochloa stagnina)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "burgu grass",
+        "burgu millet",
+        "hippo grass",
+        "long-awn water grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "borgou",
+        "bourgou",
+        "pied de coq du niger",
+        "roseau sucré",
+        "roseau à miel du niger"
+      ],
+      "description": "Burgu ( Echinochloa stagnina (Retz.) P. Beauv.) is a perennial, or sometimes annual, semi-aquatic tropical grass. It reaches up to 10 m in length when floating, most of the plant being under water. It has stout floating rhizomes. Culms are decumbent, 2.5 cm in diameter, rooting and branching at the lower nodes. Leaves are 10-60 cm long and blade-shaped. Racemic inflorescences (6-35 cm long) are the only part of the plant above the water surface. Burgu is highly variable morphologically. It often occurs in dense pure stands but can also be found with other Echinochloa species such as Echinochloa pyramidalis and Echinochloa colona ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Carib grass (Eriochloa polystachya)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "carib cup grass",
+        "carib grass",
+        "caribbean cupgrass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Carib grass ( Eriochloa polystachya H.B.K.) is valuable pasture grass native to northern South America and the Caribbean."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Carpet grass (Axonopus fissifolius)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "caratao grass",
+        "carpet grass",
+        "common carpet grass",
+        "durrington grass",
+        "louisiana grass",
+        "mat grass",
+        "narrow-leaved carpet grass",
+        "narrowleaf carpet grass",
+        "tall carpet grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Carpet grass ( Axonopus fissifolius (Raddi) Kuhlm.) is a rhizomatous, stoloniferous perennial pasture grass. It forms dense mats that are 15-30 cm high but the flowering culms may reach 60-75 cm. This shallow-rooted species (almost 90% of the roots are at a depth of 0-5 cm) develops short rhizomes and stout stolons with short internodes. The general habit is erect and branching. The stems root at the nodes . The leaves are 5-28 cm long and 4-8 mm broad, flat or folded, glabrous or sparsely hairy on the lower face. The slender inflorescences bear 2-3 spike-like racemes, which are 2-10 cm long. The spikelets are about 2 mm long, alternatively arranged on the rachis . The seed (grain) is an ellipsoid caryopsis, tan to pale brown in colour . Though Axonopus fissifolius is supposed to have narrower leaves than Axonopus compressus , these closely related species cannot be easily distinguished from one another due to hybridization and variability in leaf width ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Coloured Guinea grass (Panicum coloratum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bambatsi panic",
+        "blue panicgrass",
+        "coloured guinea grass",
+        "coolah grass",
+        "keria grass",
+        "klein grass",
+        "kleingrass",
+        "makarikari grass",
+        "small buffalo grass",
+        "small panicum",
+        "white buffalo grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "hijé"
+      ],
+      "description": "Coloured Guinea grass ( Panicum coloratum L.) is a tufted (erect, geniculate or decumbent), annual or perennial grass, 10-150 cm high. Its morphology is highly variable, from fine and small (var. coloratum ) to large and robust (Kabulabula type). The roots are fibrous and some varieties are rhizomatous, with short or long stolons . Panicum coloratum is a leafy species, the colour varying from dark green (var. coloratum ) to bluish (var. makarikariense ). The leaves are generally glabrous on the upper side, 5-40 cm long x 4-14 mm wide . The inflorescence is a pyramidal panicle, 6-30 cm long, bearing green and purple spikelets . The seeds are subject to shattering ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Centipede grass (Ischaemum timorense)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "centipede grass",
+        "lucuntu grass",
+        "stalkleaf muraina gras"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Centipede grass ( Ischaemum timorense Kunth) is an annual or perennial spreading stoloniferous grass, rooting from the basal nodes. Culms are erect, up to 1 m high. Its hairy leaf blades are 3-6 cm long x 3-15 mm broad. Inflorescence is terminal, with 2-3 opposed racemes, each bearing pairs of 4-7 mm long spikelets."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Columbus grass (Sorghum x almum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "almum grass",
+        "almum sorghum",
+        "columbus grass",
+        "five-year sorghum"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "sorgho d'argentine"
+      ],
+      "description": "Columbus grass ( Sorghum x almum Parodi) is a robust, tussocky, short-lived perennial. It has numerous tillers and thick short rhizomes. Culms are thick and solid and can reach up to 4.5 m. The leaves are 2.5-4.0 cm wide and waxy. The inflorescence is a large pyramidal panicle with secondary and tertiary branches, generally drooping as seed ripens . Columbus grass is one of the most valuable summer forage and fodder crops in semi-arid and sub-humid areas ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Common needle grass (Aristida adscensionis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "annual bristle grass",
+        "common needle grass",
+        "six-weeks three-awn",
+        "sixweeks threeawn"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Common needle grass ( Aristida adscensionis L.) is an annual or short-lived perennial, tufted xerophilous grass . Aristida adscensionis varies widely in its morphology . The culms are thin, erect or geniculate, stiff, simple or branching at the lower nodes, yellow to bright green in colour, becoming straw coloured when matured . The leaves are linear, narrow, up to 20 cm long . The inflorescences are panicles, up to 30 cm long, more often dense and narrow but sometimes lax and flexuous . The seed-heads are purplish with spikelets densely clustered on the branches. The spikelets are covered with three unequal, scabrous and 1-2.5 cm long awns, hence the American name six-weeks three awns or six-weeks triple-awn . The seeds are very sharp . Species of the Aristida genus are all xerophilous grasses with stiff culms, narrow leaves covered with a thick cuticle well suited to dry climates ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Common thatching grass (Hyparrhenia hirta)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "beard grass",
+        "blue grass",
+        "blue stem",
+        "common thatchgrass",
+        "common thatching grass",
+        "coolatai grass",
+        "hirta grass",
+        "south african bluestem",
+        "tambookie grass",
+        "thatch grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Common thatching grass ( Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf. is a tufted, strongly rooted perennial grass that is mainly used as fodder and thatching material. It can also help controlling erosion and is considered a weed in some regions."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Congo grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "congo grass",
+        "congo signal",
+        "congo signal grass",
+        "kennedy ruzi",
+        "kennedy ruzigrass",
+        "prostrate signal grass",
+        "ruzi",
+        "ruzi grass",
+        "ruzigrass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "herbe à bengali",
+        "ruzi"
+      ],
+      "description": "Congo grass ( Brachiaria ruziziensis Germ. & Evrard or Urochloa ruziziensis (R. Germ. & C.M. Evrard) Crins) is an important tropical forage grass."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Creeping bluegrass (Bothriochloa insculpta)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "creeping bluegrass",
+        "pinhole grass",
+        "stippel grass",
+        "sweet pitted grass",
+        "sweet-pit grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Creeping bluegrass ( Bothriochloa insculpta (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) A. Camus) is a stoloniferous grass used as permanent pasture and for hay in tropical and subtropical beef production systems ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Crimson bluestem (Schizachyrium sanguineum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "crimson bluestem",
+        "crimson false bluestem",
+        "red autumn grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Crimson bluestem ( Schizachyrium sanguineum (Retz.) Alston) is a tropical grass used for pasture."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "barnyard grass",
+        "cocksfoot",
+        "cockspur",
+        "orchard grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "dactyle aggloméré",
+        "dactyle pelotonné",
+        "gramen pelotonné"
+      ],
+      "description": "Cocksfoot ( Dactylis glomerata L.) is a strongly tufted, deep-rooted, long-lived perennial reaching a height of 60-150 cm. Culms are erect and glabrous. Leaf blades are 30-60 cm long and 5-10 mm broad. Inflorescences are erect panicles, 8-20 cm long, bearing spikelets in dense one-sided clusters."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cockspur grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "barn grass",
+        "barnyard grass",
+        "barnyard millet",
+        "billion dollar grass",
+        "chicken panic grass",
+        "cocksfoot panicum",
+        "cockspur",
+        "cockspur grass",
+        "german grass",
+        "japanese millet",
+        "panic grass",
+        "water grass",
+        "wild millet"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bourgon",
+        "crête de coq",
+        "echinochloa pied-de-coq",
+        "ergot de coq",
+        "millard",
+        "millet du japon",
+        "panic",
+        "panic des marais",
+        "panic pied-de-coq",
+        "panisse",
+        "patte de poule",
+        "pied de coq"
+      ],
+      "description": "Cockspur grass ( Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.) is a tall, robust, tufted, quick growing annual grass that is cultivated in the tropics and subtropics for grain. It can be grazed before being harvested for grain. Cockspur grass may be cultivated for grass and is then preferably used green. It is suited to make silage but is too succulent for easy haymaking. Cockspur is mainly considered a weed in cash crops like rice or maize but it can also be used for soil reclamation."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Dallis grass (Paspalum dilatatum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "dallis grass",
+        "dallisgrass",
+        "paspalum",
+        "sticky heads",
+        "water grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "herbe codaya",
+        "herbe de dallis",
+        "herbe de miel",
+        "herbe sirop",
+        "millet bâtard",
+        "paspale dilaté"
+      ],
+      "description": "Dallis grass ( Paspalum dilatatum Poir.) is a strongly tufted, leafy, sod-forming perennial grass. It has short creeping rhizomes and deep thick fibrous roots, down to 1 m deep . Culms arise from the rhizomes and reach up to 1 m. The leaves are abundant, blade-shaped, 6-25 cm long and 5-15 mm wide. The inflorescence consists of between 3 and 11 alternate, widely separated racemes. The spikelets are green or purplish, borne in pairs on a one-sided axis. The seeds are elliptic, 2 mm long and reddish brown. There are three types of dallis grass: an erect type, a common type and a prostrate type that became the \"Prostrate\" variety in the USA . No new variety has been launched since 1967 ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Desert grass (Panicum turgidum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "afezu grass",
+        "basket grass",
+        "desert grass",
+        "desert panic grass",
+        "sahara millet",
+        "wild grain grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Desert grass ( Panicum turgidum Forssk.) is a coarse, tussocky, tropical and subtropical grass suited to dry areas. It is a multipurpose grass: the seeds are eaten by humans and birds, the vegetative parts are a valuable fodder for small ruminants, camels and donkeys, and the stems provide material for thatching and mats."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Ear maize",
+      "english_names": [
+        "ccm",
+        "corn and cob meal",
+        "corn cob mix",
+        "corn-cob-mix",
+        "ear corn",
+        "ear maize",
+        "earlage",
+        "ground ear corn",
+        "ground ear maize",
+        "high-moisture ear maize",
+        "high-moisture earn corn",
+        "maize and cob meal",
+        "maize ears",
+        "snaplage"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "épis de maïs",
+        "épis de maïs complets",
+        "épis entiers de maïs"
+      ],
+      "description": "Ear maize (ear corn in American English) consists in whole maize ears including the cobs, the grains and occasionally the husks and portions of the stalks, depending on the harvesting method. It is a valuable forage that is fed fresh, ensiled or dehydrated. It is rich in starch and it is an energy feed for livestock, particularly for ruminants, with a nutritive value slightly lower than that of maize grain, and higher than that of maize silage . In addition to ear maize harvested and consumed on-farm, there are numerous products available under commercial names that contain varying proportions of grain, cobs, husks and stalks . Corn cob mix (corn cob meal) consists of grain and cobs only and is occasionally a direct result of combine harvester . It is popular in European countries, both for cattle and finishing pigs . In American English, ensiled ear maize is called earlage, and sometimes, if it contains also the husks, snaplage ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bana grass",
+        "barner grass",
+        "elephant grass",
+        "merker grass",
+        "napier",
+        "napier grass",
+        "uganda grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "canne fourragère",
+        "fausse canne à sucre",
+        "herbe à éléphant"
+      ],
+      "description": "Elephant grass ( Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.) is a major tropical grass. It is one of the highest yielding tropical grasses. It is a very versatile species that can be grown under a wide range of conditions and systems: dry or wet conditions, smallholder or larger scale agriculture. It is a valuable forage and very popular throughout the tropics, notably in cut-and-carry systems ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Egyptian crowfoot grass (Dactyloctenium aegyptium)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "beach wiregrass",
+        "coast button grass",
+        "comb fringe grass",
+        "crowfoot grass",
+        "duck grass",
+        "durban crowfoot",
+        "egyptian crowfoot grass",
+        "egyptian grass",
+        "finger comb grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Egyptian crowfoot grass ( Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd.) is a tufted, slightly stoloniferous annual or short-lived perennial grass, up to 75 cm high. It is much branched. The stems are slender, erect or geniculate, and ascending. The stolons may creep and they root from the lower nodes. Roots are horizontal. The leaves are broadly linear, 3-25 cm long, 3-15 mm broad, somewhat succulent and crisp. The inflorescences are borne at the apex of the stem. They are typically digitate or subdigitate and arranged in 2 to 6 unilateral, horizontal spikes. The seeds are angular, wrinkled or rugose, white or brown in colour and about 1 mm long. Egyptian crowfoot grass is highly variable. The seed heads are typical, looking like a crow’s foot, hence the name \"Egyptian crowfoot grass\" ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "False Rhodes grass (Trichloris crinita)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "false rhodes grass",
+        "multiflowered chloris",
+        "two flowered trichloris"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "False Rhodes grass ( Trichloris crinita (Lag.) Parodi) is a perennial grass native to the arid tropical and subtropical areas of the American continent. This is a warm season C4 forage with good palatability and nutritive value. It plays an important role in livestock production in arid and semi-arid zones."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Finger millet (Eleusine coracana), forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african finger millet",
+        "caracan millet",
+        "finger millet",
+        "koracan"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "coracan",
+        "millet africain",
+        "éleusine"
+      ],
+      "description": "Finger millet ( Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) is a cereal grass grown mostly for its grain, which is a staple food in many African and South Asian countries (for information concerning the feed uses of the grain, see the Finger millet, grain datasheet). Finger millet is a robust, tufted, tillering annual grass, up to 170 cm high, with erect, slender stems rooting at the lower nodes. The shallow root system is fibrous and strong, difficult to pull out . Stems and leaves (up to 75 cm long and 2 cm broad) are usually green. The inflorescence is a panicle with 4-19 finger-like spikes that resembles a fist when mature, hence the name finger millet . The spikes bear up to 70 alternate spikelets, carrying 4 to 7 small seeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Fonio (Digitaria exilis) forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "a popular staple food in west africa",
+        "acha",
+        "acha grass",
+        "fonio",
+        "fonio is known under many names.",
+        "fonio millet",
+        "fundi",
+        "fundi millet",
+        "hungry koos",
+        "hungry millet",
+        "hungry rice",
+        "mouldy acha",
+        "white acha",
+        "white fonio"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Fonio ( Digitaria exilis Stapf) is an annual tropical grass grown in West Africa for its tiny and husked seeds. In this region, fonio grain plays a major role in food security, preventing food shortages as it ripens outstandingly faster than other crops and can be harvested one month before other cereals like maize or millet. . An important trait of fonio is its resistance to drought and its adaptation to climate change . Fonio crop residues like straw and chaff are used as fodder and are often sold in markets for this purpose ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Foxtail millet (Setaria italica), forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "dwarf setaria",
+        "foxtail bristle grass",
+        "foxtail millet",
+        "german millet",
+        "giant setaria",
+        "green bristle grass",
+        "green foxtail",
+        "green foxtail millet",
+        "hungarian millet",
+        "italian millet",
+        "nunbank setaria",
+        "wild foxtail millet"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "millet d'italie",
+        "millet des oiseaux",
+        "moha",
+        "petit mil",
+        "sétaire d'italie",
+        "sétaire verte"
+      ],
+      "description": "Foxtail millet ( Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.) is one of the oldest cultivated cereal grain and the most economically important species of the Setaria genus. Foxtail millet is usually grown for its grain (see the Foxtail millet grain datasheet) but it is also cultivated as a fodder plant."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "australia)",
+        "bluestem (africa",
+        "bluestem (usa)",
+        "gamba grass",
+        "onaga grass",
+        "rhodesian andropogon (southern africa)",
+        "rhodesian blue grass (zimbabwe)",
+        "tambuki grass (north-west africa)"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "barbon"
+      ],
+      "description": "Gamba grass ( Andropogon gayanus Kunth) is a perennial leafy grass of tropical Africa. Highly productive, drought- and fire-resistant grass, it forms dense stands used for pastures, hay and cut-and-carry systems. It is relished by livestock when young (before heading) and loses its nutritional value when it matures."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Golden millet (Setaria sphacelata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african bristle grass",
+        "african pigeon grass",
+        "canary seed grass",
+        "common setaria",
+        "golden bristle grass",
+        "golden millet",
+        "golden setaria",
+        "golden timothy (zimbabwe)",
+        "kazungula setaria",
+        "pigeon grass",
+        "pigeongrass",
+        "rhodesian grass",
+        "rhodesian grass (southern africa)",
+        "setaria (australia)",
+        "south african pigeon grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "sétaire d'afrique"
+      ],
+      "description": "Golden millet ( Setaria sphacelata var. anceps (Schum.) Stapf & Hubb) is a tropical and subtropical perennial grass. It is a productive and variable species, of which numerous subspecies and varieties have been described. Many commercial cultivars have been developed for various climates and soil conditions. It is cultivated worldwide for pasture and for cut fodder. It can be used to make silage and finer types are reported to be suitable for hay making . It is used as ground cover for soil conservation ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "German grass (Echinochloa polystachya)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "aleman grass",
+        "carib grass",
+        "creeping river grass",
+        "german grass",
+        "habetz grass",
+        "mudflat millet",
+        "perennial barnyard grass",
+        "water bermuda"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "German grass ( Echinochloa polystachya (Kunth) Hitchc.) is an aquatic or semi-aquatic grass used for forage in tropical and subtropical wetlands."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Goose grass (Eleusine indica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "crabgrass",
+        "crowfoot grass",
+        "goose grass",
+        "indian goose grass",
+        "wire grass",
+        "yard grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Goose grass ( Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.) is an annual or short-lived perennial pantropical grass that is mostly considered as a noxious weed . It can however be a productive forage providing up to 30 t/ha of fresh matter, and it can be eaten by livestock at early stages of growth . The seeds are used as famine food and the vegetative parts can be eaten as vegetable"
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Giant reed (Arundo donax)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "colorado river reed",
+        "giant cane",
+        "giant reed",
+        "nal grass",
+        "spanish cane"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "banbou zendyen",
+        "canne de provence",
+        "grand roseau",
+        "jonc ordinaire",
+        "roseau à quenouilles"
+      ],
+      "description": "The giant reed ( Arundo donax L.) is a very tall herbaceous grass, common and even invasive in the Mediterranean Basin and the tropics. It has a poor palatability and nutritional value, except when young."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Giant setaria (Setaria sphacelata var. splendida)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "broadleaf setaria",
+        "giant setaria",
+        "splendida setaria"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "queue de chien",
+        "sétaire géante"
+      ],
+      "description": "The giant setaria ( Setaria sphacelata (Schum.) Stapf & Hubb var. splendida (Stapf)) is a tall tropical grass widespread in the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Australia and Asia. It is highly palatable, and used for pasture and cut-and-carry."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Guatemala grass (Tripsacum andersonii)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "guatemala grass",
+        "guatemalan gamagrass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "herbe du guatemala",
+        "herbe du honduras"
+      ],
+      "description": "Guatemala grass ( Tripsacum andersonii J. R. Gray or Tripsacum laxum Nash) is a robust, strongly rhizomatous, tufted and leafy perennial grass that can form large bunches. The stems can be up to 3.5-4.5 m high and up to 1-5 cm in diameter. They develop at a very late stage and Guatemala grass remains leafy for a long time. The roots are shallow and the plant does not grow well during a long dry season. As the grass matures, the roots become stronger and store nutrients that will be necessary for regrowth after cutting . The leaves are tall (0.4-1.2 m long x 9 cm broad), glabrous or sparsely hairy . The inflorescences are subdigitate with 3 to 8 slender, elongated racemes, up to 20 cm long, containing male and female spikelets (3-5 mm long). Flowers are mostly sterile and Guatemala grass is usually propagated by stem cuttings or tuft division ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "buffalograss",
+        "general types",
+        "guinea grass",
+        "guineagrass",
+        "tanganyika grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "capime guiné",
+        "fataque",
+        "herbe de guinée",
+        "panic élevé"
+      ],
+      "description": "Guinea grass ( Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B. K. Simon & S. W. L. Jacobs) is a major pantropical grass used throughout the tropics for pasture, cut-and-carry, silage and hay. It is a fast growing and leafy grass, which is palatable to livestock with a good nutritional value. However, it is generally recommended to supplement it with sources of protein in order to meet nutritional requirements or improve animal performance."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Giant star grass (Cynodon plectostachyus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "giant star grass",
+        "naivasha star grass",
+        "star grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Giant star grass ( Cynodon plectostachyus (K. Schum.) Pilger) is a robust, stoloniferous perennial grass with underground rhizomes. The stolons are thick, woody, with long internodes arching above the soil surface. They are fast-growing and form dense turf. The culms are robust, 30-90 cm high. The leaves are 10-30 cm long and 4-7 mm wide, soft and hairy. Giant star grass bears several racemes (7-20), 3-7 cm long, curling upwards at maturity. The spikelets are 2.5-3 mm long. The glumes are a conspicuous feature, as they are reduced to small triangular scales one-fifth the length of the spikelet . Giant star grass is palatable to all classes of livestock . It is considered a valuable pasture for drier areas, but of low competitive vigour when mixed in swards with Cynodon nlemfuensis ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Giant thorny bamboo (Bambusa bambos)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "giant thorny bamboo",
+        "indian thorny bamboo",
+        "spiny bamboo",
+        "thorny bamboo"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bambou roseau"
+      ],
+      "description": "Bambusa bambos is a perennial Poaceae with a 24-32 year life cycle. It grows in erect clumps up to 20-35 m high. It is thick walled, with a diameter of 8-18 cm. There are 1-3 spines at each branch node. Leaves are thin, linear, up to 20 cm long. It takes 12 years to reach maturity. Flowering is gregarious and occurs after about 16 years. After flowering, seedling is profuse and the clump dies soon afterwards . Bambusa bambos is cultivated for building and scaffolding material."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Indian sandbur (Cenchrus biflorus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "indian sandbur"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "cram-cram"
+      ],
+      "description": "The Indian sandbur ( Cenchrus biflorus Roxb.) is a valuable fodder plant providing edible and nutritious grains."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "buffalo bean grass",
+        "corn grass",
+        "guinea fowl grass",
+        "itchgrass",
+        "kelly grass",
+        "kokoma grass",
+        "raoul grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "herbe fataque duvet",
+        "queue-de-rat"
+      ],
+      "description": "Itchgrass ( Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton) is an annual grass weed up to 3 m high, with a sturdy and erect culm, often tillering and rooting at the nodes. The inflorescence is a spike-like cylindrical raceme up to 15 cm long. The seeds are capsule-shaped ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Jaragua (Hyparrhenia rufa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "giant thatching grass",
+        "jaragua grass",
+        "thatching grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Jaragua ( Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf) is a robust, tall (60-240 cm) and erect perennial grass. It is generally densely tufted and has short rhizomes . The culms are coarse, 2-6 mm in diameter . The leaves are 30-60 cm long and 2-8 mm wide . The inflorescence is a narrow and loose panicle, 5-80 cm long, composed of terminal and axillary racemes . The racemes are subtended by a large spathe and bear shortly hairy sessile (bisexual) and pedicelled (male or sterile) spikelets ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Jungle rice (Echinochloa colona)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "awnless barnyard grass",
+        "corn panic grass",
+        "deccan grass",
+        "jungle rice",
+        "jungle ricegrass",
+        "shama millet"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "blé du dekkan"
+      ],
+      "description": "Jungle rice ( Echinochloa colona (L.) Link) is an annual (rarely perennial) grass, 30-100 cm high. It is green to purple, tufted and shortly stoloniferous. Its culms are glabrous, cylindrical, erect and decumbent. They are red purple at their base and can root at the lower nodes . The leaves are flat, 10 to 25 cm long, 3-7 mm wide, sometimes tinged with red at their base. The inflorescence is green to purple, 6-12 cm long and bears 4-8 short racemes on the main axis. The sessile awnless spikelets are arranged in 4 rows on one side of the racemes ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Kachi grass (Cymbopogon caesius)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "buchu grass",
+        "common turpentine grass",
+        "eau de cologne grass",
+        "ginger grass",
+        "kachi grass",
+        "lemon grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Kachi grass ( Cymbopogon caesius (Nees ex Hook. & Arn.) Stapf) is a perennial tropical grass that remains green long into the dry season. It has a low palatability due to the strong flavour of its aromatic leaves ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Koronivia grass (Brachiaria humidicola)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "amazonian kikuyu grass",
+        "coronivia grass",
+        "creeping signal grass",
+        "false creeping paspalum",
+        "koronivia grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Koronivia grass ( Brachiaria humidicola (Rendle) Schweick) is a tropical grass from East and South-East Africa and was introduced to Australia, the Pacific Islands and South America. It is an important pasture in the humid tropics ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "kikuyu",
+        "kikuyu grass",
+        "west african pennisetum"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Kikuyu ( Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov) is a tropical grass from Eastern Africa that has been introduced in other tropical and subtropical areas. It is palatable, resistant to heavy grazing and mostly used for pasture."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Limpo grass (Hemarthria altissima)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "batavian quick grass",
+        "couch",
+        "couch grass",
+        "halt grass",
+        "limpo grass",
+        "limpograss",
+        "red swamp grass",
+        "red vlei grass",
+        "red vleigrass",
+        "swamp couch",
+        "swamp couch grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Limpo grass ( Hemarthria altissima (Poir.) Stapf & CE Hubbard) is a grass from tropical Africa that has been introduced in many humid tropical and subtropical zones, mainly for pasture."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Maize green forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "maize green chop",
+        "maize green forage"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "maïs fourrage vert"
+      ],
+      "description": "Maize ( Zea mays L.) green forage, particularly when it contains the stalks, leaves and ears, is an energy-rich feed for ruminant livestock. While maize forage is usually ensiled in cooler regions, year-round maize production in the tropics may allow the continuous harvesting of green forage, making ensiling unnecessary . Grazing whole maize plants also provides green fodder to livestock in periods of scarcity (dry and hot summers, and winters) . In areas where conditions are harsh and forage is scarce, maize green forage is a valuable source of fodder for smallholder owned stock (see Forage management below) . Maize is a high energy feed, better than most other tropical forage crops, of which the DM is often below 40% digestible. In the tropics, while grass forages must be harvested almost monthly, maize forage matures within three months, is harvested only once, and does not require much labour and high machinery costs ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Maize silage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "baby corn silage",
+        "corn silage",
+        "maize silage"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "ensilage de maïs",
+        "maïs ensilage"
+      ],
+      "description": "Maize silage ( Zea mays L.) is made out of whole ensiled maize plants. It is one of the most valuable forages for ruminant livestock and it is used wherever maize can grow, from temperate regions to the tropics. The popularity of maize silage is due to several factors. It is a consistent source of palatable and high-energy forage for all classes of ruminants, including dairy cattle, beef cattle, sheep and goats . It is one of the most high-yielding forage crops, requires less labour (since it is harvested in a single operation) and is generally less costly (per t DM) to produce than other forage crops . Maize silage is also a good way to secure the crops as it is possible to turn a maize grain crop damaged by frost, rain or drought into maize silage . Though relatively easy to produce, maize silage requires good crop and harvest management as well as careful ensiling practices (see Processes and Forage management below) ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Mission grass (Pennisetum polystachion)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "feather pennisetum",
+        "mission grass",
+        "thin napier grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Mission grass ( Pennisetum polystachion ) is an annual or perennial grass, with culms up to 2 m high. Panicles are 10-25 cm long and 1.5-3 cm in diameter. Caryopses are 1.7-2 mm long ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Maize stover",
+      "english_names": [
+        "corn stover",
+        "corn straw",
+        "maize stover",
+        "maize straw"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "cannes de maïs",
+        "paille de maïs",
+        "tiges de maïs"
+      ],
+      "description": "Maize stover consists of the residues of maize ( Zea mays L.) plants grown for grain and left in the field following the harvest. It includes stalks, leaves, husks, and cobs. Because the amount of maize dry matter left on the field is similar to the amount of dry grain produced, considerable quantities of maize stover are available. Maize stover is often considered as the best of the cereal stovers for livestock due to its higher protein and energy content. However, it remains a highly fibrous feed of limited digestibility and palatability that may require treatments to enhance its nutritional value."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Marvel grass (Dichanthium annulatum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bluestem",
+        "delhi grass",
+        "diaz bluestem",
+        "hindi grass",
+        "jargu grass",
+        "karad",
+        "kleberg blue stem",
+        "marvel grass",
+        "ringed dichanthium",
+        "santa barbara grass",
+        "sheda grass",
+        "two-flowered golden-beard",
+        "vuda blue grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Marvel grass ( Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf) is a tropical grass originally from North Africa and India that is used for pasture in tropical and subtropical zones. It is particularly used in India."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Molasses grass (Melinis minutiflora)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "afwatakala grass",
+        "brazilian stink grass",
+        "molasses grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "herbe de mélasse",
+        "herbe à miel"
+      ],
+      "description": "Molasses grass ( Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv.) is a sticky, tufted, stoloniferous, perennial grass up to 180 cm high. It has a strong characteristic odour of molasses, or cumin, due to the secretion of a volatile oil through the leaf hairs . The culms are usually decumbent, rooting at the lower nodes, and form purple to red-brown, loose tussocks . The leaves are 5-17.5 cm long x 4-13 mm broad, minutely to densely hairy. The inflorescence is a pale pink to purple, 10-30 cm long panicle, open at flowering and closing at maturity . Molasses grass varieties vary widely in vigour, leafiness, hairiness and growth habit ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Nigeria grass (Pennisetum pedicellatum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "annual kyasuwa grass",
+        "deenanath grass",
+        "desho grass",
+        "dinanath grass",
+        "hairy fountain grass",
+        "kayasuwa grass",
+        "kyasuwa grass",
+        "nigeria grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Nigeria grass ( Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin.) is a many-branched leafy annual grass up to 1 m high. The culms are erect and branching, and the leaves are 15-25 cm long and 4-10 mm wide, flat and glabrous. The inflorescence is a pink to purple, dense flowered, cylindrical panicle. The spikelets are 4 mm long, usually solitary ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Oat forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "common oat",
+        "oat"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "avoine",
+        "avoine commune",
+        "avoine cultivée"
+      ],
+      "description": "The oat plant ( Avena sativa L.) is an annual grass grown primarily for its grain, which is one of the major cereal grains worldwide (see the Oats datasheet). In industrialised countries, oats are grown either for grain or for forage, while in other regions, and particularly in developing countries, oats are first grown for forage and then allowed to recover for grain harvest ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Pangola grass (Digitaria eriantha)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "common finger grass",
+        "digit grass",
+        "giant pangola grass",
+        "pangola grass",
+        "pongola grass",
+        "smuts finger grass",
+        "woolly finger grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "digitaire",
+        "pangola"
+      ],
+      "description": "Pangola grass ( Digitaria eriantha Steud) is a tropical grass widespread in many humid tropical and subtropical regions, used extensively for grazing, hay and silage. It is often considered to be one of the higher quality tropical grasses ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Para grass (Brachiaria mutica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "angola grass",
+        "buffalo grass",
+        "california grass",
+        "cori grass",
+        "corigrass",
+        "dutch grass",
+        "giant couch",
+        "mauritius grass",
+        "numidian grass",
+        "panicum grass",
+        "para grass",
+        "paragrass",
+        "penahlonga grass",
+        "scotch grass",
+        "water grass",
+        "watergrass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "herbe de para"
+      ],
+      "description": "Para grass ( Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf) is a semi-aquatic, palatable and good quality forage grass particularly suited to poorly drained, swampy and flooded tropical and subtropical areas. Para grass can be grazed, used in cut-and-carry systems or made into hay or silage. It can be used for erosion control on river banks and steep slopes ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bajra",
+        "bulrush millet",
+        "candle millet",
+        "cattail millet",
+        "dark millet",
+        "horse millet",
+        "indian millet",
+        "mahangu",
+        "pearl millet"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "mil pénicillaire",
+        "mil à chandelle",
+        "millet perle",
+        "petit mil"
+      ],
+      "description": "Pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) is an erect annual grass, reaching up to 3 m high with a profuse root system. Culms are slender, 1-3 cm wide. Leaves are alternate, simple, blade linear, pubescent and minutely serrated, up to 1.5 m long x 8 cm wide. The inflorescence is a panicle, 12 to 30 cm long. Fruits are grains whose shape differs according to cultivars. It uses C4 carbon fixation ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum), forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "broomcorn millet",
+        "broomtail millet",
+        "common millet",
+        "hog millet",
+        "proso millet",
+        "white millet"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "millet blanc",
+        "millet commun"
+      ],
+      "description": "The proso millet ( Panicum miliaceum L.) is a cereal plant cultivated for its grain, mostly in Asia and North America. It is a warm-season grass with a short growing season and low moisture requirement that is capable of producing food or feed where other grain crops would fail . Proso millet is an erect annual grass up to 1.2-1.5 m tall, usually free-tillering and tufted, with a rather shallow root system. Its stems are cylindrical, simple or sparingly branched, with simple alternate and hairy leaves. The inflorescence is a slender panicle with solitary spikelets. The fruit is a small caryopsis (grain), broadly ovoid, up to 3 mm x 2 mm, smooth, variously coloured but often white, and shedding easily ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Red oat grass (Themeda triandra)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "kangaroo grass",
+        "red oat grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Red oat grass ( Themeda triandra Forssk.) is a tufted perennial grass of highly variable size, 30-180 cm tall with tussocks up to 0.5 m wide . The culms are slender, erect and many-branched . The tussocks may be more or less leafy. The leaves, 10-50 cm long and 2-5 mm wide, are initially green to grey, and become a characteristic orange-brown in summer . The inflorescence is a narrow panicle up to 45 cm long that bears several pendulous racemes with large red-brown spikelets. Each raceme is surrounded by a leaf-like spathe . The 4-7 cm long black awns remain with the seed when it falls . Red oat grass tends to be shorter and dark purple at higher altitudes and often lighter coloured and flushed only with purple at lower altitudes ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Rye forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "rye"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "seigle"
+      ],
+      "description": "Rye ( Secale cereale L.) is a tufted annual or biennial grass reaching up to 150 cm high. Rye has an extensive, fibrous root system that may go as deep as 1.5 m. Rye culms are slender, erect, mostly glabrous (except near the spike) . The leaves are smooth, bluish flat blades, 14 mm broad, shorter than the culms. Rye leaves are smaller than wheat leaves . The inflorescence is a curved, much awned, 7-15 cm long spike that bears sessile spikelets at each node. The seeds are oblong, light brown, 0.8 cm long."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "abyssinian rhodes grass",
+        "callide rhodes grass",
+        "common rhodes grass",
+        "rhodes grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "chloris",
+        "herbe de rhodes"
+      ],
+      "description": "Rhodes grass ( Chloris gayana Kunth) is an important tropical grass widespread in tropical and subtropical countries. It is a useful forage for pasture and hay, drought-resistant and very productive, of high quality when young."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sorghum forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "broomcorn",
+        "dourah",
+        "durra",
+        "forage sorghum",
+        "grain sorghum",
+        "great millet",
+        "milo",
+        "sorghum"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "gros mil",
+        "sorgho",
+        "sorgho fourrager",
+        "sorgho grain"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is used for both grain and forage. While some varieties are grown solely for grain, others have been developed for forage production, and some varieties are dual-purpose . The sorghum plant is a tall, erect annual grass, up to 5 m high, and follows the C4 pathway. Sorghum roots are adventitious and the root system can extend from the top 90 cm soil layer to twice that depth. Culms are erect, solid, 0.6 to 5 m high and 5 to 30 mm in diameter. Leaves are broad, glabrous, very similar to maize leaves but shorter and broader. Inflorescence is a panicle, around 60 cm long, bearing up to 6000 spikelets . Sorghum bicolor is highly variable. The stem is the part of the plant that shows the greatest differences between genotypes, ranging from thin to thick, with low or multiple tillering ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Spear grass (Heteropogon contortus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "black speargrass",
+        "bunch speargrass",
+        "bunched spear grass",
+        "piercing grass",
+        "pili grass",
+        "spear grass",
+        "speargrass",
+        "stick grass",
+        "tangle grass",
+        "tanglehead",
+        "tanglehead grass",
+        "twisted beardgrass",
+        "wild oats"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "herbe barbue",
+        "herbe polisson",
+        "herbe à moutons",
+        "hétéropogon contourné"
+      ],
+      "description": "Spear grass ( Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.) is a tropical perennial grass. It grows to a height of 50 to 150 cm, is tufted and highly variable. Its stems are geniculated at the base, erect at their upper levels, often branched, particularly at flowering . The leaves are green or bluish green, usually glabrous or with few long hairs at the base. The leaf-blade is folded when young, then flat at maturity, 3-30 cm long, 2-8 mm broad, and somewhat canoe-shaped at the apex . The inflorescence is a 3 to 8 cm long raceme borne single or in pairs at the axil of the upper leaves. The spikelets are paired and very dissimilar according to their position on the raceme. Male or sterile spikelets are awnless, sessile and borne at the base of the raceme, or pedicellate and borne at the apex. Bisexual spikelets are only borne at the apex and they are all awned. The long awns (5-10 cm long) and the way they become twisted as the seeds mature are a characteristic trait of spear grass. The seed is a caryopsis, 3.5-4.5 mm long, grooved and whitish in colour . There were considerable numbers of local species and varieties in the early botanical literature. Only a few commercial varieties are available, for example \"Rocker\" from Arizona and \"Kahoolawe\" from Hawaii ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Scrobic (Paspalum scrobiculatum) forage and grain",
+      "english_names": [
+        "creeping paspalum",
+        "ditch millet",
+        "indian crown grass",
+        "indian paspalum",
+        "koda millet",
+        "kodo millet",
+        "kodra",
+        "ricegrass",
+        "scrobic",
+        "water couch"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "herbe à épée"
+      ],
+      "description": "Scrobic ( Paspalum scrobiculatum L. ) is a vigorous, tufted (up to 60 cm diameter) and slender perennial grass. It grows to a height of 0.3-1 m. The roots are rather shallow and the stems are ascending, branched and somewhat succulent. Leaf blades are 15-40 cm long, 5-12 mm wide, pale green. Leaf sheaths and leaves are glabrous. The inflorescence is a panicle, generally consisting of 3-4 racemes, 4-9 cm long. The spikelets are arranged in two or three rows. Seeds are ellipsoidal, 2 mm long, 1.5 mm wide and light brown coloured ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sporobolus (Sporobolus helvolus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "sporobolus"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Sporobolus helvolus (Trin.) Dur. & Schinz. is a perennial grass of the dry tropics that spreads by means of long stolons, and forms small tufts. It is one of the best grasses on black clay soils of flats and depressions in semi-arid areas ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "kenya sheep grass",
+        "sheep grass",
+        "signal grass",
+        "signalgrass",
+        "suriname grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Signal grass ( Brachiaria decumbens Stapf or Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R. D. Webster) is a tropical and subtropical grass widely cultivated for forage."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Spotted brachiaria (Brachiaria nigropedata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "black-footed grass",
+        "spotted brachiaria",
+        "spotted false paspalum",
+        "spotted signal grass",
+        "sweet grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Spotted brachiaria ( Brachiaria nigropedata (Munro ex Ficalho & Hiern) Stapf) is a tropical grass that is mostly used for forage in dry areas of Eastern and Southern Africa. It is well grazed by livestock. It can also be used for mats, and to prevent soil erosion ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "St Augustine grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "buffalo grass",
+        "buffalo turf",
+        "charleston grass",
+        "pimento grass",
+        "st. augustine grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "chiendent de boeuf"
+      ],
+      "description": "St Augustine grass ( Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) O. Kuntze) is a coarse, stoloniferous and creeping perennial grass. It develops quickly and forms dense leafy sods . Stems are branching from numerous nodes and may be up to 50 cm tall . The leaves are glabrous, blue-gray rounded blades, 3-15 cm long and 3-12 mm wide. Inflorescences are 4-15 cm long, spike-like panicles. St Augustine grass produces very few viable seeds and is usually propagated vegetatively. Inflorescence segments are able to float in saline water for short periods, allowing short-range dispersal by ocean currents ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Slender grama (Bouteloua repens)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "grama grass",
+        "slender grama"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Slender grama ( Bouteloua repens (Kunth) Scribn.) is a pasture grass from the dry subtropical and tropical regions."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Straws",
+      "english_names": [
+        "haulms",
+        "stover",
+        "straws",
+        "stubble"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "paille"
+      ],
+      "description": "Straw is the crop residue consisting of the dry stems and leaves left after the harvest of cereals, legumes and other crops. Straws are available in large quantities, usually over half the harvestable vegetation of the crop. Straws are a coarse, highly fibrous roughage than cannot be eaten by humans, but they have always played an important role in agriculture and in rural societies, where they are used for numerous purposes."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sudan grass (Sorghum × drummondii)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "chicken corn",
+        "shattercane",
+        "sordan",
+        "sorghum sudangrass",
+        "sudan grass",
+        "sudangrass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "sorgho du soudan",
+        "sorgho menu"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sudan grass ( Sorghum × drummondii (Steud.) Millsp. & Chas) is an annual grass with slender culms (3-9 mm thick) reaching up to a height of 3 m. The light green leaves are long (4-15 cm), broad (8-15 mm) and very numerous. Inflorescences are panicles ending in short fragile racemes. Spikelets are paired, 6-7 mm long."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Smut grass (Sporobolus indicus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        ")",
+        "capensis",
+        "dropseed (",
+        "flaccidus",
+        "indicus",
+        "parramatta grass",
+        "pyramidalis",
+        "rat's tail grass",
+        "smut grass",
+        "smutgrass",
+        "sporobolus indicus",
+        "tufty grass (",
+        "var.",
+        "west indian dropseed (",
+        "whorled dropseed",
+        "wire grass ("
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Smut grass ( Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br.) is a typical prairie and savannah grass, but occurs in other open habitats in warmer climates. It is generally considered to be an inferior pasture species, as evidenced by names like \"poverty grass\" or smut grass. Total Sporobolus indicus biomass keeps increasing under continuous grazing . Sporobolus indicus seeds have been used as famine food in Ethiopia."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sugarcane forage, whole plant",
+      "english_names": [
+        "sugarcane",
+        "whole sugar cane",
+        "whole sugarcane"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "canne à sucre"
+      ],
+      "description": "The sugarcane plant ( Saccharum officinarum ) is primarily cultivated for sugar production. However, the sugarcane plant is a tall, leafy, perennial tropical grass that outyields most tropical grasses and that can be a valuable fodder for livestock. As a forage plant, sugarcane has multiple advantages. Sugarcane forage remains available during the dry season and can also be kept as standover in the field during 18 to 20 months without losing its nutritive value, an exception among tropical grasses ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Swazi grass (Digitaria swazilandensis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "swazi grass",
+        "swaziland finger grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "digitaire du swaziland"
+      ],
+      "description": "Swazi grass ( Digitaria swazilandensis Stent) is a tropical and subtropical grass of rather low nutritional value, used for pasture in southern Africa and other tropical regions, such as Australia and French Guyana."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Tef (Eragrostis tef) hay",
+      "english_names": [
+        "abyssinian lovegrass",
+        "annual bunch grass",
+        "tef",
+        "teff",
+        "williams lovegrass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "tef",
+        "teff"
+      ],
+      "description": "Tef ( Eragrostis tef (Zuccagni) Trotter) is a dual purpose cereal, valued for both grain and forage production in dry areas with a short rainy season. Tef grain is a staple food in Ethiopia and tef straw, the main by-product of tef grain production, is a basal component of livestock diets in this country. Since the late 1990s, the recognition of tef as a gluten-free cereal of good nutritional value has resulted in new found interest, particularly in industrialised countries . Both tef grain and tef straw are described in separate datasheets."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Tef (Eragrostis tef) straw",
+      "english_names": [
+        "abyssinian lovegrass",
+        "annual bunch grass",
+        "tef",
+        "teff",
+        "williams lovegrass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "tef",
+        "teff"
+      ],
+      "description": "Tef ( Eragrostis tef (Zuccagni) Trotter) is a dual purpose cereal, valued for both grain and forage production in dry areas with short rainy seasons. Tef grain is a staple food in Ethiopia. Tef straw, called ch'ed , is the main by-product of the tef grain harvest, and a basal component of livestock diets in this country. Tef is also grown as forage in other countries. See the Tef grain and Tef hay datasheets for specific information about these products."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Timothy grass (Phleum pratense)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "meadow cat's-tail",
+        "timothy",
+        "timothy grass",
+        "timothy-grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "fléole des prés"
+      ],
+      "description": "Timothy grass ( Phleum pratense ) is a cool-season perennial grass from temperate regions. It grows in erect culms 50 cm to 1 m tall (sometimes up to 1.3 m) . It has a shallow, fibrous root system . Its lower internodes remain short and become enlarged, forming a bulb (haplocorm, corm, bulblet) that serves as a storage organ for carbohydrate reserves. Individual shoots live during parts of two growing seasons, and some new shoots develop each year from older ones, which results in a perennial stand . The leaves are smooth and hairless, pale green to greyish-green. They are rolled when young and become flat and pointed, slightly rough on the margin, rather large (3-10 mm) and long (up 30-45 cm) . The seed heads are dense cylindrical spikes up to 15 cm in length. The seeds are very small, with approximately 3 million seeds per kg . A characteristic of timothy grass is its fast growth relative to other grasses, which enables it to accumulate quite a lot of standing biomass before senescence appears . However, this fast maturity means that the harvest window for optimal quality is narrower than for other grasses ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Weeping love grass (Eragrostis curvula)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african lovegrass",
+        "boer love grass",
+        "catalina lovegrass",
+        "curved lovegrass",
+        "weeping love grass",
+        "weeping lovegrass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "éragrostide courbée"
+      ],
+      "description": "Weeping love grass ( Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees.) is a wiry, tufted perennial, up to 120-180 cm high. It forms large clumps with abundant drooping leaves at the base. It has an extensive, fibrous root system. The culms are fine, fibrous, unbranched and erect. The leaves are narrow, up to 50 cm long, 1-5 mm wide, rolled or flat, rough on both surfaces and green to bluish in colour . The inflorescence is a much branched, open or contracted, erect or pendent panicle, 6-40 cm long and 5-10 cm broad .The lowest branches are pilose and the secondary branches bear the sessile greyish green spikelets that are linear oblong and are 8-10 mm long . The seeds are edible, creamy to dark orange caryopses. The genus Eragrostis covers about 350 species that are often very similar-looking. As many varieties and cultivars of Eragrostis curvula exist, this species is quite variable and there are sometimes very little difference between Eragrostis curvula and other Eragrostis species such as Eragrostis lehmanniana and Eragrostis rigidior ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Wheat (general)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "wheat"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "blé",
+        "froment"
+      ],
+      "description": "Wheat ( Triticum spp.) is one of the most important staple food crops for humans: it provides about 20% of food energy and protein worldwide. It is the most widely grown crop in the world with 225 million ha harvested in 2009. Wheat grain production ranked third among cereals after maize and rice . Average biomass production of wheat is about 14 ton DM/ha . Wheat grain is mainly processed into flour (whole grain or refined) for the production of a large variety of bakery products, pastries and confectionary. Durum wheat is a wheat species ( Triticum durum ) dedicated to semolina, couscous and pasta production. Wheat is also used in the distillery (including biofuel), brewery and starch industries."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Yellow thatching grass (Hyperthelia dissoluta)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "yellow thatching grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Yellow thatching grass ( Hyperthelia dissoluta (Nees ex Steud.) Clayton) is a tufted perennial up to 3 m high. The culms are erect, unbranched, yellow but partly covered by a green sheath . Leaf blades are 15-30 cm long x 12 mm broad and glabrous . Dead leaves are purple or red-brown . The inflorescence is a narrow, stiff purplish-red panicle, compound of two-paired, 2-3 cm long racemes ."
+    }
+  ],
+  "Forage plants": [
+    {
+      "feed_name": "African couch grass (Digitaria abyssinica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "abyssinian finger grass",
+        "african couch",
+        "african couch grass",
+        "african couchgrass",
+        "dunn's finger grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The African couch grass ( Digitaria abyssinica (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf) is a tropical perennial grass. It can be erect or decumbent, trailing or creeping at the base . It has long, slender and wiry rhizomes that form a dense mat beneath the soil surface and can go deeper than 1 m. The rhizome may twine around the roots of other crops and smother them . The culms are slender, erect, up to 50-100 cm high . The leaves are linear, flat, 2-12 cm long, 3-5 mm (7-8 mm) wide, with a bluish-green colour . The inflorescence is a panicle of 2 to 25 racemes, borne along a 2-11 cm long central axis. Spikelets are paired and glabrous . The fruit is an ellipsoid seed, variable in colour ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "alang-alang",
+        "blady grass",
+        "cogon",
+        "cogongrass",
+        "cotton wool grass",
+        "imperata",
+        "japanese blood grass",
+        "kunai grass",
+        "red baron",
+        "speargrass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "herbe à paillotte",
+        "impérate cylindrique",
+        "paille de dys"
+      ],
+      "description": "Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv., known as speargrass in Nigeria, alang-alang in Asia, and cogongrass in America , is a perennial rhizomatous grass, up to 1.2 m high. It has tough, branched and rhizomatous roots that explore soil layers down to 60 cm. Its stems are slender and originate from the upper rhizomes. Leaves are narrow, rigid, blade-shaped, up to 1 m long, 3-10 mm broad, bearded at the base and glabrous in their upper part. Flowers are borne in a 60 cm-long cylindrical, silky and spike-like panicle. The spikelets are surrounded by 10-15 mm long hairs that cause the silky aspect ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Aleppo grass (Sorghum halepense)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "aleppo grass",
+        "johnson grass",
+        "johnsongrass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "herbe d'alep",
+        "sorgho d'alep"
+      ],
+      "description": "Aleppo grass ( Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) is a forage grass widespread throughout the subtropics and warm temperate regions, semi-arid to sub-humid. It is useful for hay and pasture."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Arizona cottontop (Digitaria californica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "arizona cottontop",
+        "cottontop"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Arizona cottontop ( Digitaria californica (Benth.) Henrard) is a perennial, warm-season bunchgrass. It has an extensive root system . The stems are slender, 30-100 cm high. They are swollen, scaly and hairy at the base. The leaves are flat, narrow (25 mm broad) and vary from 8 to 25 cm in length. The leaf can be inserted high on the stem, often reaching the inflorescences . Inflorescences are terminal, 5-20 cm long panicles. The spikelets are borne in pairs on the rachis. Their glumes and lemna are covered with long white hairs giving a silky cottony appearance, hence the name cottontop ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Armgrass millet (Brachiaria distachya)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "armgrass millet",
+        "green summer grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The armgrass millet ( Brachiaria distachya (L.) Stapf) is a stoloniferous annual grass rooting from the nodes. The culms (1-2 m long) creep on the surface of the soil. The flowering branches are erect, up to 20-40 cm high. The leaves are linear or narrowly lanceolate, 2-8 cm long x 3-7 mm broad. Inflorescences are 2-10 racemes borne on a 0.5-2 cm long axis. Racemes are 1-3 cm long and bear 2 rows of green, shiny, 2.4-3 mm long, oblong spikelets . Brachiaria distachya is generally used as forage and is very palatable to livestock. It makes valuable hay in India ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bahia grass",
+        "bahiagrass",
+        "common bahia"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "herbe de bahia"
+      ],
+      "description": "Bahia grass ( Paspalum notatum Flügge) is a perennial rhizomatous grass, up to 1 m high, notable for its prominent, dual V-shaped inflorescences (6 cm long). Its root system can be up to 2 m deep. Several commercial cultivars are available. It is mostly used for pasture ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Blanket grass (Axonopus compressus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "blanket grass",
+        "broadleaf carpet grass",
+        "kearsney grass",
+        "lawn grass",
+        "louisiana grass",
+        "savannah grass",
+        "tropical carpet grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Blanket grass ( Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv.) is a robust creeping perennial grass that forms dense mats. Foliage generally reaches up to 15 cm high and flowering culms up to 30-45 cm high. It is shallow-rooted, shortly rhizomatous with slender elongate and branched stolons that root at the nodes . Leaf blades are shiny, flat, folded, lanceolate, 4-15 cm long and 2.5-15 mm broad. Flowering culms are erect and laterally compressed. They bear racemose panicles. There are generally 2-3 racemes, although up to 5 is possible. The 2 upper racemes are paired and borne on a slender peduncle; they are generally one-sided. The secondary racemes usually remain hidden in the sheath . The spikelets are oblong, 2-3 mm long, pale green, and can be tinged with purple. The seed (grain) is a 2 mm long caryopsis. Blanket grass is variable in size depending on environmental conditions and management. It is often confused with Axonopus affinis but is more robust and stoloniferous, and its spikelets are longer and hairier ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Blue panic (Panicum antidotale)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "blue panic",
+        "blue panic grass",
+        "giant panic grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "panic bleu"
+      ],
+      "description": "Blue panic ( Panicum antidotale Retz.) is a vigorous, tufted perennial grass that can reach 1.5 m to 3 m high . It is deeply rooted and develops from short, thick and somewhat bulbous rhizomes . Its stems are erect, hard, almost woody, swollen at the base, looking like sugarcane stems . The leaves are smooth, bluish (hence the name blue panic), 15-30 cm long x 4-12 mm wide . The sheaths are 4-8 cm long and glabrous . The inflorescence is a 13-30 cm long panicle with 3 mm long spikelets borne on 2.5 mm long woody stalks . Panicum antidotale is mainly used for fodder and grain production. Several cultivars are commercially available ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Bread grass (Brachiaria brizantha)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bread grass",
+        "ceylon sheep grass",
+        "palisade grass",
+        "palisade signal grass",
+        "signal grass",
+        "st. lucia grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Bread grass ( Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf) is a tufted perennial grass, usually 60-120 cm high (up to 200 cm), with deep roots (down to 2 m) and short rhizomes. It has stout, erect or slightly decumbent culms and bright green leaves. Inflorescence is a panicle consisting of 2-16 racemes, 4-20 cm long. Spikelets are usually on a single row, elliptical, 4-6 mm long with a sub-apical fringe of long purplish hairs. Brachiaria brizantha is very variable in habit, leafiness, hairiness and yield. It is similar to Brachiaria decumbens , though a little more tufted and with slightly different spikelets and shorter roots . Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk is now considered to be Brachiaria brizantha ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Barley forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "barley"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "escourgeon",
+        "orge"
+      ],
+      "description": "Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. ) is a major cereal crop primarily grown for its grain, but it also yields valuable forage that can be grazed, cut for hay or silage while still green, or cut after grain harvest as straw . The barley plant is an annual, erect and tufted grass, up to 50 to 120 cm high . Barley is a leafy species. The leaves are linear and lanceolate, up to 25 cm long, placed opposite their neighbours along the stem . Barley leaves are broader than in other cereals and the leave:stem ratio is high (0.88) . There are thousands of cultivated barley landraces and hundreds of cultivars. Cultivars are classified according to several factors: number of rows of grains (2-row and 6-row barley), compactness of spikes, hull adherence (hulled or naked barley), presence or size of awns (awned, awnletted or awnless varieties), growth habit (winter or spring barley) and colour (black, purple or white kernels) ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "buckwheat",
+        "common buckwheat"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "blé de barbarie",
+        "blé noir",
+        "bucail",
+        "sarrasin"
+      ],
+      "description": "Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) is an erect annual herb grown worldwide for its edible seed, which is used like cereal grains such as wheat or maize. While the plant is primarily grown for grain production, its foliage can be fed to livestock :"
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african couch",
+        "bahamas grass",
+        "bermuda grass",
+        "bermudagrass",
+        "coast cross",
+        "costcross",
+        "devil's grass",
+        "dhoub",
+        "indian couch",
+        "kiri-hiri",
+        "kweek grass",
+        "star grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "chiendent pied de poule",
+        "gros chiendent",
+        "herbe des bermudes"
+      ],
+      "description": "Bermuda grass ( Cynodon dactylon Pers.) is a major tropical grass found in all tropical and subtropical areas. It is highly tolerant to drought and heavy grazing and therefore extremely valuable for pasture. It is also used for cut-and-carry, hay and deferred feed. It is of moderate nutritional value. Many varieties and hybrids have been developed for different cultivation conditions."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Buffalo grass (Paspalum conjugatum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "buffalo grass",
+        "carabao grass",
+        "cow grass",
+        "sour grass",
+        "sour paspalum",
+        "t-grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "herbe créole",
+        "herbe sure"
+      ],
+      "description": "Buffalo grass ( Paspalum conjugatum P. J. Bergius) is a spreading perennial grass with long creeping stolons rooting at the nodes. Culms are red-purple, ascending to erect and 30-60 cm high. Leaf blades are 8-20 cm long x 5-12 mm broad. The leaf sheath and leaves are hairy on the margins. Inflorescence is composed of 2, 7-16 cm long, diverging racemes. Spikelets are solitary with long white hairs on the edges . Buffalo grass is generally used as fresh grass in pastures and cut-and-carry systems, or for hay . It is suitable as lawn-grass. It withstands mowing and foot-wear ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Big-leaf bristle grass (Setaria megaphylla)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "big-leaf bristle grass",
+        "bigleaf bristlegrass",
+        "broad-leafed bristle grass",
+        "broad-leaved bristle grass",
+        "broad-leaved setaria",
+        "buffalo grass",
+        "buffel grass",
+        "bush buffalo grass",
+        "corn of horses",
+        "fine sword grass",
+        "forest buffalo grass",
+        "horse grass",
+        "macopo grass",
+        "palm grass",
+        "ribbon bristle grass",
+        "ribbon grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Big-leaf bristle grass ( Setaria megaphylla (Steud) Dur. & Schinz.) is a tropical and subtropical perennial grass."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african foxtail grass",
+        "blue buffalo grass",
+        "buffel grass",
+        "foxtail buffalo grass",
+        "rhodesian foxtail"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "cenchrus cilié"
+      ],
+      "description": "Buffel grass ( Cenchrus ciliaris L.) is a valuable tropical grass cultivated in Africa, Australia, and India."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Birdwood grass (Cenchrus setiger)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "birdwood buffel",
+        "birdwood grass",
+        "cow sandbur",
+        "south african pennisetum"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Birdwood grass ( Cenchrus setiger Vahl) is a tufted perennial grass up to 70-100 cm high with flat or folded leaf-blades, the roots having none or short rhizomes. Its false spike is dense, 1.5-9 cm long, with spikelets 3-4.5 mm long, each cluster containing one to three caryopses . A hardy and drought-tolerant grass, Cenchrus setiger is a valuable fodder in dry areas, though it is tussocky and lacks bulk. It is quite palatable and readily accepted by stock. It makes useful hay in areas that can be mown though the yield is not high ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Bulbous canary grass (Phalaris aquatica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bulbous canary grass",
+        "harding grass",
+        "koleagrass",
+        "toowoomba canary grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "alpiste bulbeux",
+        "herbe de harding",
+        "phalarie tubéreux"
+      ],
+      "description": "Bulbous canary grass ( Phalaris aquatica L.) is a valuable pasture forage of Mediterranean origin that is used worldwide."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Black oat (Avena strigosa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "black oat",
+        "bristle oat",
+        "lopsided oat",
+        "sand oat",
+        "small oat"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "avoine maigre",
+        "avoine rude"
+      ],
+      "description": "Black oat ( Avena strigosa Schreb.) is an annual grass from temperate areas that is used mostly in South America for forage for its good nutritive value and productivity."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Blackseed grass (Chloris virgata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "blackseed grass",
+        "blue grass",
+        "feather finger grass",
+        "feathered chloris",
+        "hay grass",
+        "old land grass",
+        "sweet grass",
+        "white grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Blackseed grass ( Chloris virgata Swartz.) is a tropical and subtropical annual grass. Halophytic, leafy, and hardy, it is a pionnering species that can grow on bare ground and can be used for hay and pasture."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Burgu (Echinochloa stagnina)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "burgu grass",
+        "burgu millet",
+        "hippo grass",
+        "long-awn water grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "borgou",
+        "bourgou",
+        "pied de coq du niger",
+        "roseau sucré",
+        "roseau à miel du niger"
+      ],
+      "description": "Burgu ( Echinochloa stagnina (Retz.) P. Beauv.) is a perennial, or sometimes annual, semi-aquatic tropical grass. It reaches up to 10 m in length when floating, most of the plant being under water. It has stout floating rhizomes. Culms are decumbent, 2.5 cm in diameter, rooting and branching at the lower nodes. Leaves are 10-60 cm long and blade-shaped. Racemic inflorescences (6-35 cm long) are the only part of the plant above the water surface. Burgu is highly variable morphologically. It often occurs in dense pure stands but can also be found with other Echinochloa species such as Echinochloa pyramidalis and Echinochloa colona ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Carib grass (Eriochloa polystachya)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "carib cup grass",
+        "carib grass",
+        "caribbean cupgrass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Carib grass ( Eriochloa polystachya H.B.K.) is valuable pasture grass native to northern South America and the Caribbean."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Carpet grass (Axonopus fissifolius)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "caratao grass",
+        "carpet grass",
+        "common carpet grass",
+        "durrington grass",
+        "louisiana grass",
+        "mat grass",
+        "narrow-leaved carpet grass",
+        "narrowleaf carpet grass",
+        "tall carpet grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Carpet grass ( Axonopus fissifolius (Raddi) Kuhlm.) is a rhizomatous, stoloniferous perennial pasture grass. It forms dense mats that are 15-30 cm high but the flowering culms may reach 60-75 cm. This shallow-rooted species (almost 90% of the roots are at a depth of 0-5 cm) develops short rhizomes and stout stolons with short internodes. The general habit is erect and branching. The stems root at the nodes . The leaves are 5-28 cm long and 4-8 mm broad, flat or folded, glabrous or sparsely hairy on the lower face. The slender inflorescences bear 2-3 spike-like racemes, which are 2-10 cm long. The spikelets are about 2 mm long, alternatively arranged on the rachis . The seed (grain) is an ellipsoid caryopsis, tan to pale brown in colour . Though Axonopus fissifolius is supposed to have narrower leaves than Axonopus compressus , these closely related species cannot be easily distinguished from one another due to hybridization and variability in leaf width ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Coloured Guinea grass (Panicum coloratum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bambatsi panic",
+        "blue panicgrass",
+        "coloured guinea grass",
+        "coolah grass",
+        "keria grass",
+        "klein grass",
+        "kleingrass",
+        "makarikari grass",
+        "small buffalo grass",
+        "small panicum",
+        "white buffalo grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "hijé"
+      ],
+      "description": "Coloured Guinea grass ( Panicum coloratum L.) is a tufted (erect, geniculate or decumbent), annual or perennial grass, 10-150 cm high. Its morphology is highly variable, from fine and small (var. coloratum ) to large and robust (Kabulabula type). The roots are fibrous and some varieties are rhizomatous, with short or long stolons . Panicum coloratum is a leafy species, the colour varying from dark green (var. coloratum ) to bluish (var. makarikariense ). The leaves are generally glabrous on the upper side, 5-40 cm long x 4-14 mm wide . The inflorescence is a pyramidal panicle, 6-30 cm long, bearing green and purple spikelets . The seeds are subject to shattering ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Centipede grass (Ischaemum timorense)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "centipede grass",
+        "lucuntu grass",
+        "stalkleaf muraina gras"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Centipede grass ( Ischaemum timorense Kunth) is an annual or perennial spreading stoloniferous grass, rooting from the basal nodes. Culms are erect, up to 1 m high. Its hairy leaf blades are 3-6 cm long x 3-15 mm broad. Inflorescence is terminal, with 2-3 opposed racemes, each bearing pairs of 4-7 mm long spikelets."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Columbus grass (Sorghum x almum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "almum grass",
+        "almum sorghum",
+        "columbus grass",
+        "five-year sorghum"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "sorgho d'argentine"
+      ],
+      "description": "Columbus grass ( Sorghum x almum Parodi) is a robust, tussocky, short-lived perennial. It has numerous tillers and thick short rhizomes. Culms are thick and solid and can reach up to 4.5 m. The leaves are 2.5-4.0 cm wide and waxy. The inflorescence is a large pyramidal panicle with secondary and tertiary branches, generally drooping as seed ripens . Columbus grass is one of the most valuable summer forage and fodder crops in semi-arid and sub-humid areas ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Common needle grass (Aristida adscensionis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "annual bristle grass",
+        "common needle grass",
+        "six-weeks three-awn",
+        "sixweeks threeawn"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Common needle grass ( Aristida adscensionis L.) is an annual or short-lived perennial, tufted xerophilous grass . Aristida adscensionis varies widely in its morphology . The culms are thin, erect or geniculate, stiff, simple or branching at the lower nodes, yellow to bright green in colour, becoming straw coloured when matured . The leaves are linear, narrow, up to 20 cm long . The inflorescences are panicles, up to 30 cm long, more often dense and narrow but sometimes lax and flexuous . The seed-heads are purplish with spikelets densely clustered on the branches. The spikelets are covered with three unequal, scabrous and 1-2.5 cm long awns, hence the American name six-weeks three awns or six-weeks triple-awn . The seeds are very sharp . Species of the Aristida genus are all xerophilous grasses with stiff culms, narrow leaves covered with a thick cuticle well suited to dry climates ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Common thatching grass (Hyparrhenia hirta)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "beard grass",
+        "blue grass",
+        "blue stem",
+        "common thatchgrass",
+        "common thatching grass",
+        "coolatai grass",
+        "hirta grass",
+        "south african bluestem",
+        "tambookie grass",
+        "thatch grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Common thatching grass ( Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf. is a tufted, strongly rooted perennial grass that is mainly used as fodder and thatching material. It can also help controlling erosion and is considered a weed in some regions."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Congo grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "congo grass",
+        "congo signal",
+        "congo signal grass",
+        "kennedy ruzi",
+        "kennedy ruzigrass",
+        "prostrate signal grass",
+        "ruzi",
+        "ruzi grass",
+        "ruzigrass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "herbe à bengali",
+        "ruzi"
+      ],
+      "description": "Congo grass ( Brachiaria ruziziensis Germ. & Evrard or Urochloa ruziziensis (R. Germ. & C.M. Evrard) Crins) is an important tropical forage grass."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Creeping bluegrass (Bothriochloa insculpta)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "creeping bluegrass",
+        "pinhole grass",
+        "stippel grass",
+        "sweet pitted grass",
+        "sweet-pit grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Creeping bluegrass ( Bothriochloa insculpta (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) A. Camus) is a stoloniferous grass used as permanent pasture and for hay in tropical and subtropical beef production systems ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Crimson bluestem (Schizachyrium sanguineum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "crimson bluestem",
+        "crimson false bluestem",
+        "red autumn grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Crimson bluestem ( Schizachyrium sanguineum (Retz.) Alston) is a tropical grass used for pasture."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "barnyard grass",
+        "cocksfoot",
+        "cockspur",
+        "orchard grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "dactyle aggloméré",
+        "dactyle pelotonné",
+        "gramen pelotonné"
+      ],
+      "description": "Cocksfoot ( Dactylis glomerata L.) is a strongly tufted, deep-rooted, long-lived perennial reaching a height of 60-150 cm. Culms are erect and glabrous. Leaf blades are 30-60 cm long and 5-10 mm broad. Inflorescences are erect panicles, 8-20 cm long, bearing spikelets in dense one-sided clusters."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cockspur grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "barn grass",
+        "barnyard grass",
+        "barnyard millet",
+        "billion dollar grass",
+        "chicken panic grass",
+        "cocksfoot panicum",
+        "cockspur",
+        "cockspur grass",
+        "german grass",
+        "japanese millet",
+        "panic grass",
+        "water grass",
+        "wild millet"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bourgon",
+        "crête de coq",
+        "echinochloa pied-de-coq",
+        "ergot de coq",
+        "millard",
+        "millet du japon",
+        "panic",
+        "panic des marais",
+        "panic pied-de-coq",
+        "panisse",
+        "patte de poule",
+        "pied de coq"
+      ],
+      "description": "Cockspur grass ( Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.) is a tall, robust, tufted, quick growing annual grass that is cultivated in the tropics and subtropics for grain. It can be grazed before being harvested for grain. Cockspur grass may be cultivated for grass and is then preferably used green. It is suited to make silage but is too succulent for easy haymaking. Cockspur is mainly considered a weed in cash crops like rice or maize but it can also be used for soil reclamation."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Dallis grass (Paspalum dilatatum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "dallis grass",
+        "dallisgrass",
+        "paspalum",
+        "sticky heads",
+        "water grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "herbe codaya",
+        "herbe de dallis",
+        "herbe de miel",
+        "herbe sirop",
+        "millet bâtard",
+        "paspale dilaté"
+      ],
+      "description": "Dallis grass ( Paspalum dilatatum Poir.) is a strongly tufted, leafy, sod-forming perennial grass. It has short creeping rhizomes and deep thick fibrous roots, down to 1 m deep . Culms arise from the rhizomes and reach up to 1 m. The leaves are abundant, blade-shaped, 6-25 cm long and 5-15 mm wide. The inflorescence consists of between 3 and 11 alternate, widely separated racemes. The spikelets are green or purplish, borne in pairs on a one-sided axis. The seeds are elliptic, 2 mm long and reddish brown. There are three types of dallis grass: an erect type, a common type and a prostrate type that became the \"Prostrate\" variety in the USA . No new variety has been launched since 1967 ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bana grass",
+        "barner grass",
+        "elephant grass",
+        "merker grass",
+        "napier",
+        "napier grass",
+        "uganda grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "canne fourragère",
+        "fausse canne à sucre",
+        "herbe à éléphant"
+      ],
+      "description": "Elephant grass ( Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.) is a major tropical grass. It is one of the highest yielding tropical grasses. It is a very versatile species that can be grown under a wide range of conditions and systems: dry or wet conditions, smallholder or larger scale agriculture. It is a valuable forage and very popular throughout the tropics, notably in cut-and-carry systems ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Egyptian crowfoot grass (Dactyloctenium aegyptium)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "beach wiregrass",
+        "coast button grass",
+        "comb fringe grass",
+        "crowfoot grass",
+        "duck grass",
+        "durban crowfoot",
+        "egyptian crowfoot grass",
+        "egyptian grass",
+        "finger comb grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Egyptian crowfoot grass ( Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd.) is a tufted, slightly stoloniferous annual or short-lived perennial grass, up to 75 cm high. It is much branched. The stems are slender, erect or geniculate, and ascending. The stolons may creep and they root from the lower nodes. Roots are horizontal. The leaves are broadly linear, 3-25 cm long, 3-15 mm broad, somewhat succulent and crisp. The inflorescences are borne at the apex of the stem. They are typically digitate or subdigitate and arranged in 2 to 6 unilateral, horizontal spikes. The seeds are angular, wrinkled or rugose, white or brown in colour and about 1 mm long. Egyptian crowfoot grass is highly variable. The seed heads are typical, looking like a crow’s foot, hence the name \"Egyptian crowfoot grass\" ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "False Rhodes grass (Trichloris crinita)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "false rhodes grass",
+        "multiflowered chloris",
+        "two flowered trichloris"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "False Rhodes grass ( Trichloris crinita (Lag.) Parodi) is a perennial grass native to the arid tropical and subtropical areas of the American continent. This is a warm season C4 forage with good palatability and nutritive value. It plays an important role in livestock production in arid and semi-arid zones."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Finger millet (Eleusine coracana), forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african finger millet",
+        "caracan millet",
+        "finger millet",
+        "koracan"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "coracan",
+        "millet africain",
+        "éleusine"
+      ],
+      "description": "Finger millet ( Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) is a cereal grass grown mostly for its grain, which is a staple food in many African and South Asian countries (for information concerning the feed uses of the grain, see the Finger millet, grain datasheet). Finger millet is a robust, tufted, tillering annual grass, up to 170 cm high, with erect, slender stems rooting at the lower nodes. The shallow root system is fibrous and strong, difficult to pull out . Stems and leaves (up to 75 cm long and 2 cm broad) are usually green. The inflorescence is a panicle with 4-19 finger-like spikes that resembles a fist when mature, hence the name finger millet . The spikes bear up to 70 alternate spikelets, carrying 4 to 7 small seeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Fonio (Digitaria exilis) forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "a popular staple food in west africa",
+        "acha",
+        "acha grass",
+        "fonio",
+        "fonio is known under many names.",
+        "fonio millet",
+        "fundi",
+        "fundi millet",
+        "hungry koos",
+        "hungry millet",
+        "hungry rice",
+        "mouldy acha",
+        "white acha",
+        "white fonio"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Fonio ( Digitaria exilis Stapf) is an annual tropical grass grown in West Africa for its tiny and husked seeds. In this region, fonio grain plays a major role in food security, preventing food shortages as it ripens outstandingly faster than other crops and can be harvested one month before other cereals like maize or millet. . An important trait of fonio is its resistance to drought and its adaptation to climate change . Fonio crop residues like straw and chaff are used as fodder and are often sold in markets for this purpose ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Foxtail millet (Setaria italica), forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "dwarf setaria",
+        "foxtail bristle grass",
+        "foxtail millet",
+        "german millet",
+        "giant setaria",
+        "green bristle grass",
+        "green foxtail",
+        "green foxtail millet",
+        "hungarian millet",
+        "italian millet",
+        "nunbank setaria",
+        "wild foxtail millet"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "millet d'italie",
+        "millet des oiseaux",
+        "moha",
+        "petit mil",
+        "sétaire d'italie",
+        "sétaire verte"
+      ],
+      "description": "Foxtail millet ( Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.) is one of the oldest cultivated cereal grain and the most economically important species of the Setaria genus. Foxtail millet is usually grown for its grain (see the Foxtail millet grain datasheet) but it is also cultivated as a fodder plant."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "australia)",
+        "bluestem (africa",
+        "bluestem (usa)",
+        "gamba grass",
+        "onaga grass",
+        "rhodesian andropogon (southern africa)",
+        "rhodesian blue grass (zimbabwe)",
+        "tambuki grass (north-west africa)"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "barbon"
+      ],
+      "description": "Gamba grass ( Andropogon gayanus Kunth) is a perennial leafy grass of tropical Africa. Highly productive, drought- and fire-resistant grass, it forms dense stands used for pastures, hay and cut-and-carry systems. It is relished by livestock when young (before heading) and loses its nutritional value when it matures."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Golden millet (Setaria sphacelata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african bristle grass",
+        "african pigeon grass",
+        "canary seed grass",
+        "common setaria",
+        "golden bristle grass",
+        "golden millet",
+        "golden setaria",
+        "golden timothy (zimbabwe)",
+        "kazungula setaria",
+        "pigeon grass",
+        "pigeongrass",
+        "rhodesian grass",
+        "rhodesian grass (southern africa)",
+        "setaria (australia)",
+        "south african pigeon grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "sétaire d'afrique"
+      ],
+      "description": "Golden millet ( Setaria sphacelata var. anceps (Schum.) Stapf & Hubb) is a tropical and subtropical perennial grass. It is a productive and variable species, of which numerous subspecies and varieties have been described. Many commercial cultivars have been developed for various climates and soil conditions. It is cultivated worldwide for pasture and for cut fodder. It can be used to make silage and finer types are reported to be suitable for hay making . It is used as ground cover for soil conservation ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "German grass (Echinochloa polystachya)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "aleman grass",
+        "carib grass",
+        "creeping river grass",
+        "german grass",
+        "habetz grass",
+        "mudflat millet",
+        "perennial barnyard grass",
+        "water bermuda"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "German grass ( Echinochloa polystachya (Kunth) Hitchc.) is an aquatic or semi-aquatic grass used for forage in tropical and subtropical wetlands."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Goose grass (Eleusine indica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "crabgrass",
+        "crowfoot grass",
+        "goose grass",
+        "indian goose grass",
+        "wire grass",
+        "yard grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Goose grass ( Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.) is an annual or short-lived perennial pantropical grass that is mostly considered as a noxious weed . It can however be a productive forage providing up to 30 t/ha of fresh matter, and it can be eaten by livestock at early stages of growth . The seeds are used as famine food and the vegetative parts can be eaten as vegetable"
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Giant reed (Arundo donax)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "colorado river reed",
+        "giant cane",
+        "giant reed",
+        "nal grass",
+        "spanish cane"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "banbou zendyen",
+        "canne de provence",
+        "grand roseau",
+        "jonc ordinaire",
+        "roseau à quenouilles"
+      ],
+      "description": "The giant reed ( Arundo donax L.) is a very tall herbaceous grass, common and even invasive in the Mediterranean Basin and the tropics. It has a poor palatability and nutritional value, except when young."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Giant setaria (Setaria sphacelata var. splendida)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "broadleaf setaria",
+        "giant setaria",
+        "splendida setaria"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "queue de chien",
+        "sétaire géante"
+      ],
+      "description": "The giant setaria ( Setaria sphacelata (Schum.) Stapf & Hubb var. splendida (Stapf)) is a tall tropical grass widespread in the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Australia and Asia. It is highly palatable, and used for pasture and cut-and-carry."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Guatemala grass (Tripsacum andersonii)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "guatemala grass",
+        "guatemalan gamagrass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "herbe du guatemala",
+        "herbe du honduras"
+      ],
+      "description": "Guatemala grass ( Tripsacum andersonii J. R. Gray or Tripsacum laxum Nash) is a robust, strongly rhizomatous, tufted and leafy perennial grass that can form large bunches. The stems can be up to 3.5-4.5 m high and up to 1-5 cm in diameter. They develop at a very late stage and Guatemala grass remains leafy for a long time. The roots are shallow and the plant does not grow well during a long dry season. As the grass matures, the roots become stronger and store nutrients that will be necessary for regrowth after cutting . The leaves are tall (0.4-1.2 m long x 9 cm broad), glabrous or sparsely hairy . The inflorescences are subdigitate with 3 to 8 slender, elongated racemes, up to 20 cm long, containing male and female spikelets (3-5 mm long). Flowers are mostly sterile and Guatemala grass is usually propagated by stem cuttings or tuft division ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "buffalograss",
+        "general types",
+        "guinea grass",
+        "guineagrass",
+        "tanganyika grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "capime guiné",
+        "fataque",
+        "herbe de guinée",
+        "panic élevé"
+      ],
+      "description": "Guinea grass ( Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B. K. Simon & S. W. L. Jacobs) is a major pantropical grass used throughout the tropics for pasture, cut-and-carry, silage and hay. It is a fast growing and leafy grass, which is palatable to livestock with a good nutritional value. However, it is generally recommended to supplement it with sources of protein in order to meet nutritional requirements or improve animal performance."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Giant star grass (Cynodon plectostachyus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "giant star grass",
+        "naivasha star grass",
+        "star grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Giant star grass ( Cynodon plectostachyus (K. Schum.) Pilger) is a robust, stoloniferous perennial grass with underground rhizomes. The stolons are thick, woody, with long internodes arching above the soil surface. They are fast-growing and form dense turf. The culms are robust, 30-90 cm high. The leaves are 10-30 cm long and 4-7 mm wide, soft and hairy. Giant star grass bears several racemes (7-20), 3-7 cm long, curling upwards at maturity. The spikelets are 2.5-3 mm long. The glumes are a conspicuous feature, as they are reduced to small triangular scales one-fifth the length of the spikelet . Giant star grass is palatable to all classes of livestock . It is considered a valuable pasture for drier areas, but of low competitive vigour when mixed in swards with Cynodon nlemfuensis ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Giant thorny bamboo (Bambusa bambos)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "giant thorny bamboo",
+        "indian thorny bamboo",
+        "spiny bamboo",
+        "thorny bamboo"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bambou roseau"
+      ],
+      "description": "Bambusa bambos is a perennial Poaceae with a 24-32 year life cycle. It grows in erect clumps up to 20-35 m high. It is thick walled, with a diameter of 8-18 cm. There are 1-3 spines at each branch node. Leaves are thin, linear, up to 20 cm long. It takes 12 years to reach maturity. Flowering is gregarious and occurs after about 16 years. After flowering, seedling is profuse and the clump dies soon afterwards . Bambusa bambos is cultivated for building and scaffolding material."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Indian sandbur (Cenchrus biflorus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "indian sandbur"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "cram-cram"
+      ],
+      "description": "The Indian sandbur ( Cenchrus biflorus Roxb.) is a valuable fodder plant providing edible and nutritious grains."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "buffalo bean grass",
+        "corn grass",
+        "guinea fowl grass",
+        "itchgrass",
+        "kelly grass",
+        "kokoma grass",
+        "raoul grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "herbe fataque duvet",
+        "queue-de-rat"
+      ],
+      "description": "Itchgrass ( Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton) is an annual grass weed up to 3 m high, with a sturdy and erect culm, often tillering and rooting at the nodes. The inflorescence is a spike-like cylindrical raceme up to 15 cm long. The seeds are capsule-shaped ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Jaragua (Hyparrhenia rufa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "giant thatching grass",
+        "jaragua grass",
+        "thatching grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Jaragua ( Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf) is a robust, tall (60-240 cm) and erect perennial grass. It is generally densely tufted and has short rhizomes . The culms are coarse, 2-6 mm in diameter . The leaves are 30-60 cm long and 2-8 mm wide . The inflorescence is a narrow and loose panicle, 5-80 cm long, composed of terminal and axillary racemes . The racemes are subtended by a large spathe and bear shortly hairy sessile (bisexual) and pedicelled (male or sterile) spikelets ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Jungle rice (Echinochloa colona)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "awnless barnyard grass",
+        "corn panic grass",
+        "deccan grass",
+        "jungle rice",
+        "jungle ricegrass",
+        "shama millet"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "blé du dekkan"
+      ],
+      "description": "Jungle rice ( Echinochloa colona (L.) Link) is an annual (rarely perennial) grass, 30-100 cm high. It is green to purple, tufted and shortly stoloniferous. Its culms are glabrous, cylindrical, erect and decumbent. They are red purple at their base and can root at the lower nodes . The leaves are flat, 10 to 25 cm long, 3-7 mm wide, sometimes tinged with red at their base. The inflorescence is green to purple, 6-12 cm long and bears 4-8 short racemes on the main axis. The sessile awnless spikelets are arranged in 4 rows on one side of the racemes ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Kachi grass (Cymbopogon caesius)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "buchu grass",
+        "common turpentine grass",
+        "eau de cologne grass",
+        "ginger grass",
+        "kachi grass",
+        "lemon grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Kachi grass ( Cymbopogon caesius (Nees ex Hook. & Arn.) Stapf) is a perennial tropical grass that remains green long into the dry season. It has a low palatability due to the strong flavour of its aromatic leaves ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Koronivia grass (Brachiaria humidicola)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "amazonian kikuyu grass",
+        "coronivia grass",
+        "creeping signal grass",
+        "false creeping paspalum",
+        "koronivia grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Koronivia grass ( Brachiaria humidicola (Rendle) Schweick) is a tropical grass from East and South-East Africa and was introduced to Australia, the Pacific Islands and South America. It is an important pasture in the humid tropics ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "kikuyu",
+        "kikuyu grass",
+        "west african pennisetum"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Kikuyu ( Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov) is a tropical grass from Eastern Africa that has been introduced in other tropical and subtropical areas. It is palatable, resistant to heavy grazing and mostly used for pasture."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Limpo grass (Hemarthria altissima)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "batavian quick grass",
+        "couch",
+        "couch grass",
+        "halt grass",
+        "limpo grass",
+        "limpograss",
+        "red swamp grass",
+        "red vlei grass",
+        "red vleigrass",
+        "swamp couch",
+        "swamp couch grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Limpo grass ( Hemarthria altissima (Poir.) Stapf & CE Hubbard) is a grass from tropical Africa that has been introduced in many humid tropical and subtropical zones, mainly for pasture."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Maize green forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "maize green chop",
+        "maize green forage"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "maïs fourrage vert"
+      ],
+      "description": "Maize ( Zea mays L.) green forage, particularly when it contains the stalks, leaves and ears, is an energy-rich feed for ruminant livestock. While maize forage is usually ensiled in cooler regions, year-round maize production in the tropics may allow the continuous harvesting of green forage, making ensiling unnecessary . Grazing whole maize plants also provides green fodder to livestock in periods of scarcity (dry and hot summers, and winters) . In areas where conditions are harsh and forage is scarce, maize green forage is a valuable source of fodder for smallholder owned stock (see Forage management below) . Maize is a high energy feed, better than most other tropical forage crops, of which the DM is often below 40% digestible. In the tropics, while grass forages must be harvested almost monthly, maize forage matures within three months, is harvested only once, and does not require much labour and high machinery costs ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Maize silage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "baby corn silage",
+        "corn silage",
+        "maize silage"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "ensilage de maïs",
+        "maïs ensilage"
+      ],
+      "description": "Maize silage ( Zea mays L.) is made out of whole ensiled maize plants. It is one of the most valuable forages for ruminant livestock and it is used wherever maize can grow, from temperate regions to the tropics. The popularity of maize silage is due to several factors. It is a consistent source of palatable and high-energy forage for all classes of ruminants, including dairy cattle, beef cattle, sheep and goats . It is one of the most high-yielding forage crops, requires less labour (since it is harvested in a single operation) and is generally less costly (per t DM) to produce than other forage crops . Maize silage is also a good way to secure the crops as it is possible to turn a maize grain crop damaged by frost, rain or drought into maize silage . Though relatively easy to produce, maize silage requires good crop and harvest management as well as careful ensiling practices (see Processes and Forage management below) ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Mission grass (Pennisetum polystachion)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "feather pennisetum",
+        "mission grass",
+        "thin napier grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Mission grass ( Pennisetum polystachion ) is an annual or perennial grass, with culms up to 2 m high. Panicles are 10-25 cm long and 1.5-3 cm in diameter. Caryopses are 1.7-2 mm long ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Marvel grass (Dichanthium annulatum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bluestem",
+        "delhi grass",
+        "diaz bluestem",
+        "hindi grass",
+        "jargu grass",
+        "karad",
+        "kleberg blue stem",
+        "marvel grass",
+        "ringed dichanthium",
+        "santa barbara grass",
+        "sheda grass",
+        "two-flowered golden-beard",
+        "vuda blue grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Marvel grass ( Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf) is a tropical grass originally from North Africa and India that is used for pasture in tropical and subtropical zones. It is particularly used in India."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Molasses grass (Melinis minutiflora)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "afwatakala grass",
+        "brazilian stink grass",
+        "molasses grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "herbe de mélasse",
+        "herbe à miel"
+      ],
+      "description": "Molasses grass ( Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv.) is a sticky, tufted, stoloniferous, perennial grass up to 180 cm high. It has a strong characteristic odour of molasses, or cumin, due to the secretion of a volatile oil through the leaf hairs . The culms are usually decumbent, rooting at the lower nodes, and form purple to red-brown, loose tussocks . The leaves are 5-17.5 cm long x 4-13 mm broad, minutely to densely hairy. The inflorescence is a pale pink to purple, 10-30 cm long panicle, open at flowering and closing at maturity . Molasses grass varieties vary widely in vigour, leafiness, hairiness and growth habit ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Nigeria grass (Pennisetum pedicellatum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "annual kyasuwa grass",
+        "deenanath grass",
+        "desho grass",
+        "dinanath grass",
+        "hairy fountain grass",
+        "kayasuwa grass",
+        "kyasuwa grass",
+        "nigeria grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Nigeria grass ( Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin.) is a many-branched leafy annual grass up to 1 m high. The culms are erect and branching, and the leaves are 15-25 cm long and 4-10 mm wide, flat and glabrous. The inflorescence is a pink to purple, dense flowered, cylindrical panicle. The spikelets are 4 mm long, usually solitary ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Oat forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "common oat",
+        "oat"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "avoine",
+        "avoine commune",
+        "avoine cultivée"
+      ],
+      "description": "The oat plant ( Avena sativa L.) is an annual grass grown primarily for its grain, which is one of the major cereal grains worldwide (see the Oats datasheet). In industrialised countries, oats are grown either for grain or for forage, while in other regions, and particularly in developing countries, oats are first grown for forage and then allowed to recover for grain harvest ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Pangola grass (Digitaria eriantha)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "common finger grass",
+        "digit grass",
+        "giant pangola grass",
+        "pangola grass",
+        "pongola grass",
+        "smuts finger grass",
+        "woolly finger grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "digitaire",
+        "pangola"
+      ],
+      "description": "Pangola grass ( Digitaria eriantha Steud) is a tropical grass widespread in many humid tropical and subtropical regions, used extensively for grazing, hay and silage. It is often considered to be one of the higher quality tropical grasses ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Para grass (Brachiaria mutica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "angola grass",
+        "buffalo grass",
+        "california grass",
+        "cori grass",
+        "corigrass",
+        "dutch grass",
+        "giant couch",
+        "mauritius grass",
+        "numidian grass",
+        "panicum grass",
+        "para grass",
+        "paragrass",
+        "penahlonga grass",
+        "scotch grass",
+        "water grass",
+        "watergrass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "herbe de para"
+      ],
+      "description": "Para grass ( Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf) is a semi-aquatic, palatable and good quality forage grass particularly suited to poorly drained, swampy and flooded tropical and subtropical areas. Para grass can be grazed, used in cut-and-carry systems or made into hay or silage. It can be used for erosion control on river banks and steep slopes ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bajra",
+        "bulrush millet",
+        "candle millet",
+        "cattail millet",
+        "dark millet",
+        "horse millet",
+        "indian millet",
+        "mahangu",
+        "pearl millet"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "mil pénicillaire",
+        "mil à chandelle",
+        "millet perle",
+        "petit mil"
+      ],
+      "description": "Pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) is an erect annual grass, reaching up to 3 m high with a profuse root system. Culms are slender, 1-3 cm wide. Leaves are alternate, simple, blade linear, pubescent and minutely serrated, up to 1.5 m long x 8 cm wide. The inflorescence is a panicle, 12 to 30 cm long. Fruits are grains whose shape differs according to cultivars. It uses C4 carbon fixation ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum), forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "broomcorn millet",
+        "broomtail millet",
+        "common millet",
+        "hog millet",
+        "proso millet",
+        "white millet"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "millet blanc",
+        "millet commun"
+      ],
+      "description": "The proso millet ( Panicum miliaceum L.) is a cereal plant cultivated for its grain, mostly in Asia and North America. It is a warm-season grass with a short growing season and low moisture requirement that is capable of producing food or feed where other grain crops would fail . Proso millet is an erect annual grass up to 1.2-1.5 m tall, usually free-tillering and tufted, with a rather shallow root system. Its stems are cylindrical, simple or sparingly branched, with simple alternate and hairy leaves. The inflorescence is a slender panicle with solitary spikelets. The fruit is a small caryopsis (grain), broadly ovoid, up to 3 mm x 2 mm, smooth, variously coloured but often white, and shedding easily ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Red oat grass (Themeda triandra)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "kangaroo grass",
+        "red oat grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Red oat grass ( Themeda triandra Forssk.) is a tufted perennial grass of highly variable size, 30-180 cm tall with tussocks up to 0.5 m wide . The culms are slender, erect and many-branched . The tussocks may be more or less leafy. The leaves, 10-50 cm long and 2-5 mm wide, are initially green to grey, and become a characteristic orange-brown in summer . The inflorescence is a narrow panicle up to 45 cm long that bears several pendulous racemes with large red-brown spikelets. Each raceme is surrounded by a leaf-like spathe . The 4-7 cm long black awns remain with the seed when it falls . Red oat grass tends to be shorter and dark purple at higher altitudes and often lighter coloured and flushed only with purple at lower altitudes ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Rye forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "rye"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "seigle"
+      ],
+      "description": "Rye ( Secale cereale L.) is a tufted annual or biennial grass reaching up to 150 cm high. Rye has an extensive, fibrous root system that may go as deep as 1.5 m. Rye culms are slender, erect, mostly glabrous (except near the spike) . The leaves are smooth, bluish flat blades, 14 mm broad, shorter than the culms. Rye leaves are smaller than wheat leaves . The inflorescence is a curved, much awned, 7-15 cm long spike that bears sessile spikelets at each node. The seeds are oblong, light brown, 0.8 cm long."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "abyssinian rhodes grass",
+        "callide rhodes grass",
+        "common rhodes grass",
+        "rhodes grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "chloris",
+        "herbe de rhodes"
+      ],
+      "description": "Rhodes grass ( Chloris gayana Kunth) is an important tropical grass widespread in tropical and subtropical countries. It is a useful forage for pasture and hay, drought-resistant and very productive, of high quality when young."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sorghum forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "broomcorn",
+        "dourah",
+        "durra",
+        "forage sorghum",
+        "grain sorghum",
+        "great millet",
+        "milo",
+        "sorghum"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "gros mil",
+        "sorgho",
+        "sorgho fourrager",
+        "sorgho grain"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is used for both grain and forage. While some varieties are grown solely for grain, others have been developed for forage production, and some varieties are dual-purpose . The sorghum plant is a tall, erect annual grass, up to 5 m high, and follows the C4 pathway. Sorghum roots are adventitious and the root system can extend from the top 90 cm soil layer to twice that depth. Culms are erect, solid, 0.6 to 5 m high and 5 to 30 mm in diameter. Leaves are broad, glabrous, very similar to maize leaves but shorter and broader. Inflorescence is a panicle, around 60 cm long, bearing up to 6000 spikelets . Sorghum bicolor is highly variable. The stem is the part of the plant that shows the greatest differences between genotypes, ranging from thin to thick, with low or multiple tillering ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Spear grass (Heteropogon contortus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "black speargrass",
+        "bunch speargrass",
+        "bunched spear grass",
+        "piercing grass",
+        "pili grass",
+        "spear grass",
+        "speargrass",
+        "stick grass",
+        "tangle grass",
+        "tanglehead",
+        "tanglehead grass",
+        "twisted beardgrass",
+        "wild oats"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "herbe barbue",
+        "herbe polisson",
+        "herbe à moutons",
+        "hétéropogon contourné"
+      ],
+      "description": "Spear grass ( Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.) is a tropical perennial grass. It grows to a height of 50 to 150 cm, is tufted and highly variable. Its stems are geniculated at the base, erect at their upper levels, often branched, particularly at flowering . The leaves are green or bluish green, usually glabrous or with few long hairs at the base. The leaf-blade is folded when young, then flat at maturity, 3-30 cm long, 2-8 mm broad, and somewhat canoe-shaped at the apex . The inflorescence is a 3 to 8 cm long raceme borne single or in pairs at the axil of the upper leaves. The spikelets are paired and very dissimilar according to their position on the raceme. Male or sterile spikelets are awnless, sessile and borne at the base of the raceme, or pedicellate and borne at the apex. Bisexual spikelets are only borne at the apex and they are all awned. The long awns (5-10 cm long) and the way they become twisted as the seeds mature are a characteristic trait of spear grass. The seed is a caryopsis, 3.5-4.5 mm long, grooved and whitish in colour . There were considerable numbers of local species and varieties in the early botanical literature. Only a few commercial varieties are available, for example \"Rocker\" from Arizona and \"Kahoolawe\" from Hawaii ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Scrobic (Paspalum scrobiculatum) forage and grain",
+      "english_names": [
+        "creeping paspalum",
+        "ditch millet",
+        "indian crown grass",
+        "indian paspalum",
+        "koda millet",
+        "kodo millet",
+        "kodra",
+        "ricegrass",
+        "scrobic",
+        "water couch"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "herbe à épée"
+      ],
+      "description": "Scrobic ( Paspalum scrobiculatum L. ) is a vigorous, tufted (up to 60 cm diameter) and slender perennial grass. It grows to a height of 0.3-1 m. The roots are rather shallow and the stems are ascending, branched and somewhat succulent. Leaf blades are 15-40 cm long, 5-12 mm wide, pale green. Leaf sheaths and leaves are glabrous. The inflorescence is a panicle, generally consisting of 3-4 racemes, 4-9 cm long. The spikelets are arranged in two or three rows. Seeds are ellipsoidal, 2 mm long, 1.5 mm wide and light brown coloured ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sporobolus (Sporobolus helvolus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "sporobolus"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Sporobolus helvolus (Trin.) Dur. & Schinz. is a perennial grass of the dry tropics that spreads by means of long stolons, and forms small tufts. It is one of the best grasses on black clay soils of flats and depressions in semi-arid areas ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "kenya sheep grass",
+        "sheep grass",
+        "signal grass",
+        "signalgrass",
+        "suriname grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Signal grass ( Brachiaria decumbens Stapf or Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R. D. Webster) is a tropical and subtropical grass widely cultivated for forage."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Spotted brachiaria (Brachiaria nigropedata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "black-footed grass",
+        "spotted brachiaria",
+        "spotted false paspalum",
+        "spotted signal grass",
+        "sweet grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Spotted brachiaria ( Brachiaria nigropedata (Munro ex Ficalho & Hiern) Stapf) is a tropical grass that is mostly used for forage in dry areas of Eastern and Southern Africa. It is well grazed by livestock. It can also be used for mats, and to prevent soil erosion ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "St Augustine grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "buffalo grass",
+        "buffalo turf",
+        "charleston grass",
+        "pimento grass",
+        "st. augustine grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "chiendent de boeuf"
+      ],
+      "description": "St Augustine grass ( Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) O. Kuntze) is a coarse, stoloniferous and creeping perennial grass. It develops quickly and forms dense leafy sods . Stems are branching from numerous nodes and may be up to 50 cm tall . The leaves are glabrous, blue-gray rounded blades, 3-15 cm long and 3-12 mm wide. Inflorescences are 4-15 cm long, spike-like panicles. St Augustine grass produces very few viable seeds and is usually propagated vegetatively. Inflorescence segments are able to float in saline water for short periods, allowing short-range dispersal by ocean currents ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Slender grama (Bouteloua repens)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "grama grass",
+        "slender grama"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Slender grama ( Bouteloua repens (Kunth) Scribn.) is a pasture grass from the dry subtropical and tropical regions."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Straws",
+      "english_names": [
+        "haulms",
+        "stover",
+        "straws",
+        "stubble"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "paille"
+      ],
+      "description": "Straw is the crop residue consisting of the dry stems and leaves left after the harvest of cereals, legumes and other crops. Straws are available in large quantities, usually over half the harvestable vegetation of the crop. Straws are a coarse, highly fibrous roughage than cannot be eaten by humans, but they have always played an important role in agriculture and in rural societies, where they are used for numerous purposes."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sudan grass (Sorghum × drummondii)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "chicken corn",
+        "shattercane",
+        "sordan",
+        "sorghum sudangrass",
+        "sudan grass",
+        "sudangrass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "sorgho du soudan",
+        "sorgho menu"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sudan grass ( Sorghum × drummondii (Steud.) Millsp. & Chas) is an annual grass with slender culms (3-9 mm thick) reaching up to a height of 3 m. The light green leaves are long (4-15 cm), broad (8-15 mm) and very numerous. Inflorescences are panicles ending in short fragile racemes. Spikelets are paired, 6-7 mm long."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Smut grass (Sporobolus indicus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        ")",
+        "capensis",
+        "dropseed (",
+        "flaccidus",
+        "indicus",
+        "parramatta grass",
+        "pyramidalis",
+        "rat's tail grass",
+        "smut grass",
+        "smutgrass",
+        "sporobolus indicus",
+        "tufty grass (",
+        "var.",
+        "west indian dropseed (",
+        "whorled dropseed",
+        "wire grass ("
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Smut grass ( Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br.) is a typical prairie and savannah grass, but occurs in other open habitats in warmer climates. It is generally considered to be an inferior pasture species, as evidenced by names like \"poverty grass\" or smut grass. Total Sporobolus indicus biomass keeps increasing under continuous grazing . Sporobolus indicus seeds have been used as famine food in Ethiopia."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sugarcane forage, whole plant",
+      "english_names": [
+        "sugarcane",
+        "whole sugar cane",
+        "whole sugarcane"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "canne à sucre"
+      ],
+      "description": "The sugarcane plant ( Saccharum officinarum ) is primarily cultivated for sugar production. However, the sugarcane plant is a tall, leafy, perennial tropical grass that outyields most tropical grasses and that can be a valuable fodder for livestock. As a forage plant, sugarcane has multiple advantages. Sugarcane forage remains available during the dry season and can also be kept as standover in the field during 18 to 20 months without losing its nutritive value, an exception among tropical grasses ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Swazi grass (Digitaria swazilandensis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "swazi grass",
+        "swaziland finger grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "digitaire du swaziland"
+      ],
+      "description": "Swazi grass ( Digitaria swazilandensis Stent) is a tropical and subtropical grass of rather low nutritional value, used for pasture in southern Africa and other tropical regions, such as Australia and French Guyana."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Tef (Eragrostis tef) straw",
+      "english_names": [
+        "abyssinian lovegrass",
+        "annual bunch grass",
+        "tef",
+        "teff",
+        "williams lovegrass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "tef",
+        "teff"
+      ],
+      "description": "Tef ( Eragrostis tef (Zuccagni) Trotter) is a dual purpose cereal, valued for both grain and forage production in dry areas with short rainy seasons. Tef grain is a staple food in Ethiopia. Tef straw, called ch'ed , is the main by-product of the tef grain harvest, and a basal component of livestock diets in this country. Tef is also grown as forage in other countries. See the Tef grain and Tef hay datasheets for specific information about these products."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Timothy grass (Phleum pratense)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "meadow cat's-tail",
+        "timothy",
+        "timothy grass",
+        "timothy-grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "fléole des prés"
+      ],
+      "description": "Timothy grass ( Phleum pratense ) is a cool-season perennial grass from temperate regions. It grows in erect culms 50 cm to 1 m tall (sometimes up to 1.3 m) . It has a shallow, fibrous root system . Its lower internodes remain short and become enlarged, forming a bulb (haplocorm, corm, bulblet) that serves as a storage organ for carbohydrate reserves. Individual shoots live during parts of two growing seasons, and some new shoots develop each year from older ones, which results in a perennial stand . The leaves are smooth and hairless, pale green to greyish-green. They are rolled when young and become flat and pointed, slightly rough on the margin, rather large (3-10 mm) and long (up 30-45 cm) . The seed heads are dense cylindrical spikes up to 15 cm in length. The seeds are very small, with approximately 3 million seeds per kg . A characteristic of timothy grass is its fast growth relative to other grasses, which enables it to accumulate quite a lot of standing biomass before senescence appears . However, this fast maturity means that the harvest window for optimal quality is narrower than for other grasses ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Weeping love grass (Eragrostis curvula)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african lovegrass",
+        "boer love grass",
+        "catalina lovegrass",
+        "curved lovegrass",
+        "weeping love grass",
+        "weeping lovegrass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "éragrostide courbée"
+      ],
+      "description": "Weeping love grass ( Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees.) is a wiry, tufted perennial, up to 120-180 cm high. It forms large clumps with abundant drooping leaves at the base. It has an extensive, fibrous root system. The culms are fine, fibrous, unbranched and erect. The leaves are narrow, up to 50 cm long, 1-5 mm wide, rolled or flat, rough on both surfaces and green to bluish in colour . The inflorescence is a much branched, open or contracted, erect or pendent panicle, 6-40 cm long and 5-10 cm broad .The lowest branches are pilose and the secondary branches bear the sessile greyish green spikelets that are linear oblong and are 8-10 mm long . The seeds are edible, creamy to dark orange caryopses. The genus Eragrostis covers about 350 species that are often very similar-looking. As many varieties and cultivars of Eragrostis curvula exist, this species is quite variable and there are sometimes very little difference between Eragrostis curvula and other Eragrostis species such as Eragrostis lehmanniana and Eragrostis rigidior ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Yellow thatching grass (Hyperthelia dissoluta)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "yellow thatching grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Yellow thatching grass ( Hyperthelia dissoluta (Nees ex Steud.) Clayton) is a tufted perennial up to 3 m high. The culms are erect, unbranched, yellow but partly covered by a green sheath . Leaf blades are 15-30 cm long x 12 mm broad and glabrous . Dead leaves are purple or red-brown . The inflorescence is a narrow, stiff purplish-red panicle, compound of two-paired, 2-3 cm long racemes ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Agati (Sesbania grandiflora)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "agathi",
+        "agati",
+        "scarlet wistaria tree",
+        "vegetable hummingbird",
+        "west indian pea"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "agati à grandes fleurs",
+        "colibri végétal",
+        "fagotier",
+        "fleur papillon",
+        "gros mourongue",
+        "pois valette",
+        "pois valier",
+        "sesbanie à larges fleurs"
+      ],
+      "description": "Agati ( Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.) is a legume tree used for fodder in humid tropical regions."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Ahuhu (Tephrosia purpurea)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "ahuhu",
+        "purple tephrosia",
+        "red indigo",
+        "wild indigo"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Ahuhu ( Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.) is a multipurpose tropical legume mainly used for green manure. It is used for pasture and browse in India and Africa, with conflicting results, possibly due to the presence of toxic factors, though this is not well established."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Acacia (Senegalia brevispica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "wait-a-bit thorn",
+        "wait-a-minute tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The acacia species Senegalia brevispica (Harms) Seigler & Ebinger (formerly Acacia brevispica Harms) is a fast growing, thorny acacia species that provides valuable fodder to goats and cattle in dry and semi-humid areas of Eastern and Southern Africa."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Albizia (Albizia amara)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "albizia",
+        "bitter albizia",
+        "kaunthia",
+        "oil cake tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Albizia amara (Roxb.) B. Boivin is a tropical tree from the dry areas of East Africa and India, used as fodder for livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "alfalfa",
+        "lucerne"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "luzerne",
+        "luzerne cultivée"
+      ],
+      "description": "Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) is a perennial herbaceous legume. Due to its high nutritional quality, high yields and high adaptability, alfalfa is one of the most important legume forages of the world. A major source of protein for livestock, it is a basic component in rations for dairy cattle, beef cattle, horses, sheep, goats and other classes of domestic animals . It is cultivated in more than 80 countries in an area exceeding 35 million ha . World production of alfalfa was around 436 million tons in 2006 ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa & Parkia filicoidea)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african locust bean",
+        "fern leaf",
+        "monkey cutlass tree",
+        "two ball nitta-tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arbre à farine",
+        "caroubier africain",
+        "nerre",
+        "néré"
+      ],
+      "description": "African locust bean ( Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) G.Don and Parkia filicoidea Welw. ex Oliv.) is a multipurpose tree legume found in many African countries. The seeds, the fruit pulp and the leaves are used to prepare numerous foods and drinks, and to feed livestock and poultry."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Alyce clover (Alysicarpus vaginalis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "false moneywort"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "trèfle à une feuille"
+      ],
+      "description": "Alyce clover ( Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC.) is a highly variable perennial or annual forage legume from tropical and subtropical areas."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "American jointvetch (Aeschynomene americana)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "american joint vetch",
+        "american jointvetch",
+        "bastard sensitive plant",
+        "deer vetch",
+        "shyleaf",
+        "thornless mimosa"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "American jointvetch ( Aeschynomene americana L.) is an annual tropical legume primarily used for pasture or in cut-and-carry systems. It can be cut for hay before maturity. In the wild, it is grazed by deers while quails, doves, and turkeys eat the seeds. It can also be used as a component of fresh water wetland reclamation seedings . Some of its wood is used for rafts and floats."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Apple-ring acacia (Faidherbia albida)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "ana tree",
+        "anatree",
+        "apple-ring acacia",
+        "balanzan tree",
+        "winter thorn"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arbre blanc"
+      ],
+      "description": "The apple-ring acacia ( Faidherbia albida (Delile) A. Chev.) is a deciduous legume tree, up to 30 m high. It has a deep taproot, down to 40 m. Its branches bear paired thorns and its leaves are pinnate with 6-23 pairs of small oblong leaflets. Flowers are arranged in yellow spikes, fruits (pods) are twisted and shiny orange, indehiscent, 25 cm long and 5 cm broad . Faidherbia albida has an inverse phenology: it sheds its leaves during the wet season, while the leaves mature during the dry season and the pods ripen at the end. It is thus valuable in periods of scarcity as fodder but also as famine food: people eat the seeds during droughts, even though they require a long preparation time ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Babul (Acacia nilotica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "babool",
+        "babul",
+        "black piquant",
+        "egyptian acacia",
+        "gum arabic tree",
+        "indian gum arabic tree",
+        "kikar",
+        "prickly acacia",
+        "sant tree",
+        "thorn mimosa",
+        "thorny acacia"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "acacia de cayenne",
+        "gommier rouge"
+      ],
+      "description": "Babul ( Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile) is a medium sized, thorny, nearly evergreen tree that can reach a height of 20-25 m but may remain a shrub in poor growing conditions . The trunk is short, thick (1 m in diameter) and cylindrical, covered with grey bark. The crown may be flattened or rounded. The root system depends on the growing conditions and subspecies: a deep taproot in dry conditions and extensive lateral roots in flooded conditions. The leaves are 5-15 cm long, alternate and compound with 7 to 36 pairs of elliptical, 1.5-7 mm long x 0.5-2 mm broad, grey-green, hairy leaflets. Flowers are sweetly scented and bright to golden yellow in colour. The fruits are linear, flattened, narrow indehiscent pods, 4-22 cm long and 1-2 cm broad, dark-brown to grey in colour and glabrous or velvety. The pods contain 8 to 15 elliptical, flattened bean-shaped dark seeds . There are two groups of Acacia nilotica subspecies. The first group ( nilotica, tomentosa, cupressiformis , indica ) consists of tall riverine trees that grow in seasonally flooded areas. Their pods have a characteristic \"necklace\" shape with constrictions between the seeds. The second group ( adstringens , kraussiana , leiocarpa , subalata ) grows in drier areas and has straight-edged pods ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Black cutch (Senegalia catechu)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "black catechu",
+        "black cutch",
+        "cashoo",
+        "cutchtree",
+        "khair",
+        "wadalee gum"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "acacia à cachou",
+        "cachoutier"
+      ],
+      "description": "Black cutch ( Senegalia catechu P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb., formerly known as Acacia catechu (L.) Willd., Oliv.) is a moderate-sized deciduous tree native from Asia which is valued for the production of tannin (\"cutch\") extracted from its heartwood. Its branches are extensively lopped for fodder before leaf fall ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) haulms",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bambara bean",
+        "bambara groundnut",
+        "bambarra groundnut",
+        "congo earth pea",
+        "congo goober",
+        "congo groundnut",
+        "earth pea",
+        "ground bean",
+        "hog-peanut",
+        "kaffir pea",
+        "madagascar groundnut",
+        "njugo bean",
+        "stone groundnut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "pois bambara",
+        "voandzou"
+      ],
+      "description": "Bambara groundnut ( Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) is an annual, creeping leguminous plant, grown primarily for its edible seeds. In Africa, Bambara groundnut is the third eaten legume after groundnut and cowpea . Bambara groundnut cultivation results in crop residues (haulms) that can be used as fodder ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Black gram (Vigna mungo)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "black gram",
+        "black lentil",
+        "black matpe bean",
+        "mungo bean",
+        "urad bean",
+        "urd bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "ambérique",
+        "haricot urd"
+      ],
+      "description": "Black gram ( Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) is an erect, fast-growing annual, herbaceous legume reaching 30-100 cm in height. It has a well-developed taproot and its stems are diffusely branched from the base. Occasionally it has a twining habit and it is generally pubescent. The leaves are trifoliate with ovate leaflets, 4-10 cm long and 2-7 cm wide. The inflorescence is borne at the extremity of a long (up to 18 cm) peduncle and bears yellow, small, papilionaceous flowers. The fruit is a cylindrical, erect pod, 4-7 cm long x 0.5 cm broad. The pod is hairy and has a short hooked beak. It contains 4-10 ellipsoid black or mottled seeds . Many Vigna mungo cultivars exist, each one adapted to specific environmental conditions. Early maturing, disease resistant and easily cultivated cultivars have been obtained ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Black medic (Medicago lupulina)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "black clover",
+        "black hay",
+        "black meddick",
+        "black medic",
+        "english trefoil",
+        "hop clover",
+        "hop medic",
+        "nonesuch",
+        "yellow trefoil"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bujoline",
+        "lupuline",
+        "luzerne lupuline",
+        "mignonette",
+        "minette"
+      ],
+      "description": "Black medic ( Medicago lupulina L.) is a creeping annual legume from temperate and warm regions. A protein-rich fodder closely related to alfalfa, it is used as a forage crop for its good nutritive value and palatability."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Black thorn (Acacia mellifera)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "black thorn",
+        "hook thorn",
+        "wait-a-bit"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The black thorn ( Acacia mellifera (M. Vahl) Benth.) is an African shrub or small tree growing to a height of 9 m. It has an extensive root system that explores large volumes of soils, allowing survival in dry areas. It has a tangled, balled-shaped or flat-topped canopy that may reach down to ground level. The branches bear pairs of black hooked thorns every 5 to 15 mm. The leaves are bipinnate with only 1-2 (-4) pairs of pinnae each bearing 1-2 (-3) pairs of ovate or obovate leaflets. Leaflets are 3.5-15 mm long x 2-12 mm broad. Initially green, black thorn leaves become glaucous with maturity. The flowers are fragrant, sweetly scented, 3-5 cm long and creamy white in colour, borne in dense hanging spikes. The fruits are straw coloured flat pods, 3-8 cm long x 1.5-2.5 cm wide, that contain three seeds. The tree lives less than 10 years ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Barrel medic (Medicago truncatula)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "barrel clover",
+        "barrel medic",
+        "barrel medick",
+        "barrelclover",
+        "caltrop medic",
+        "cylindrical bur medic",
+        "strong-spined medick"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "luzerne tronquée"
+      ],
+      "description": "The barrel medic ( Medicago truncatula Gaertn.) is a small annual weedy legume species and a close relative of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ). Medicago truncatula serves as an important forage legume in regions of Australia and the Mediterranean area ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Black-hooked acacia (Senegalia laeta)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "black-hooked acacia"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Black-hooked acacia ( Senegalia laeta (R.Br. ex Benth.) Seigler & Ebinger, formerly known as Acacia laeta R.Br. ex Benth.), is an evergreen shrub or tree found in dry climates in Africa. Its leaves and pods provide valuable fodder for livestock. It yields an edible gum, though of lower value than that of Senegalia senegal ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Bengal indigo (Indigofera arrecta)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bengal indigo",
+        "java indigo",
+        "natal indigo"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Bengal indigo ( Indigofera arrecta Hochst. ex A. Rich.) is a multipurpose, stout shrub from tropical Africa that is often cultivated as an annual. With Indigofera tinctoria and other Indigofera species, it used to be a major source of natural indigo dye before the introduction of synthetic dyes. Bengal indigo leaves have a limited use as forage."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "blue lupin",
+        "blue lupine",
+        "european blue lupine",
+        "narrow leaf lupin",
+        "narrow leafed lupin",
+        "narrow leaved lupin",
+        "narrow-leaf lupin",
+        "narrow-leafed lupin",
+        "narrow-leaved blue lupin",
+        "narrow-leaved lupin",
+        "narrowleaf lupin",
+        "narrowleaf lupine",
+        "new zealand blue lupin",
+        "sweet lupinseed"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "lupin bleu",
+        "lupin petit bleu",
+        "lupin à feuilles étroites"
+      ],
+      "description": "Blue lupin ( Lupinus angustifolius L.) is a legume crop used for seed and fodder. This species is the main lupin species used for forage. It is grazed green or as stubble or cut and made into hay or silage. Like other lupin species, blue lupin seeds are a potential alternative to soybeans."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "berseem",
+        "berseem clover",
+        "egyptian clover"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bersim",
+        "trèfle d'alexandrie"
+      ],
+      "description": "Berseem ( Trifolium alexandrinum L.) is one of the most important leguminous forages in the Mediterranean region and in the Middle-East. Berseem is an annual, sparsely hairy, erect forage legume, 30 to 80 cm high . Berseem has a shallow taproot. Its stems are hollow, branching at the base, with alternate leaves bearing 4-5 cm long x 2-3 cm broad leaflets. Flowers are yellowish-white and form dense, elliptical clustered heads about 2 cm in diameter. The flowers must be cross-pollinated by honey bees to produce seeds. The fruit is a pod containing one single white to purplish-red seed . Berseem is a variable species that can be classified into four cultivars groups according to their branching behaviour and subsequent productivity. Highly branching and productive types are Miscawi and Kahdrawi ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Bur clover (Medicago polymorpha)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bur clover",
+        "burr medic",
+        "californian bur clover",
+        "hairy medic",
+        "toothed bur clover",
+        "toothed medick"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "luzerne hérissée",
+        "luzerne polymorphe",
+        "trèfle de californie"
+      ],
+      "description": "Bur clover ( Medicago polymorpha L.) is a Mediterranean winter and annual clover. It is fast-growing, easily reseeds, improves soils and provides good quality forage to grazing livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bacon-and-eggs",
+        "bird's foot trefoil",
+        "birds foot deer-vetch",
+        "birdsfoot trefoil",
+        "bird’s-foot trefoil",
+        "broad-leaved trefoil",
+        "common birds foot",
+        "common lotus",
+        "common trefoil",
+        "trefoil",
+        "upright trefoil"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "cornette",
+        "cube",
+        "lotier corniculé",
+        "lotier des prés",
+        "pied de poule",
+        "serradelle",
+        "trèfle cornu"
+      ],
+      "description": "Birdsfoot trefoil ( Lotus corniculatus L.) is a legume mainly grown for fodder production in temperate regions."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "asian pigeonwings",
+        "blue pea",
+        "butterfly pea",
+        "cordofan pea",
+        "kordofan pea"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "pois bleu"
+      ],
+      "description": "The butterfly pea ( Clitoria ternatea L.) is a vigorous, trailing, scrambling or climbing tropical legume. Its sparsely pubescent stems are sub-erect and woody at the base and may be up to 5 m long. They root only at the tips . The leaves are pinnate, bearing 5-7 elliptical, 3-5 cm long leaflets. The flowers are solitary or paired, deep blue or pure white, about 4 cm broad. The fruits are flat, linear, sparsely pubescent pods that dehisce violently at maturity and throw 8-10 dark and shiny seeds . There are numerous ecotypes, agro-types and cultivars that differ in flowers and leaflets . Many cultivars have been bred in Latin America, notably in Cuba and Mexico ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Caeruleum calopo (Calopogonium caeruleum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "caeruleum calopo"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Caeruleum calopo ( Calopogonium caeruleum (Benth.) C. Wright) is a climbing legume of the humid tropics, which is occasionally used for grazing, but it is not very palatable."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "calliandra",
+        "red calliandra"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "calliandra",
+        "calliandre"
+      ],
+      "description": "Calliandra ( Calliandra calothyrsus Meisn.) is a small tropical legume tree valued for its multipurpose attributes. Used in agroforestry systems, it yields many products (fuelwood, fodder, fibre, honey, shellac) and provides services (shade, erosion control, weed control, soil improvement, as an ornamental plant, etc.) . A very versatile species, calliandra does well under a wide range of soils and is outstanding in those of low fertility ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Common vetch (Vicia sativa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "common vetch",
+        "garden vetch",
+        "tare",
+        "the vesce"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "vesce commune",
+        "vesce cultivée"
+      ],
+      "description": "The common vetch ( Vicia sativa L.) is an annual scrambling and climbing legume. It has a slender highly branched taproot that can go down to 1-1.5 m deep. Its stems are thin, angled, procumbent and branched, reaching up to 2 m. The leaves are compound with 3-8 pairs of opposite leaflets and 2-3 terminal tendrils that help climbing. The leaflets are elliptic or oblong, 1.5-3.5 cm long, 5-15 mm wide. Stems and leaves are mainly glabrous. The flowers, borne on leaf axils, are blue to purple, sometimes white, mostly paired, sometimes unique. Pods are cylindrical, 3.5-8 cm long and erect; with 4-12 round, but flattened, black to brownish seeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Calopo (Calopogonium mucunoides)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "calopo",
+        "wild ground nut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Calopo ( Calopogonium mucunoides Desv.) is a vigorous, hairy annual or short-lived perennial trailing legume. It can reach several meters in length and form a dense, tangled mass of foliage, 30-50 cm deep. The root system is dense and shallow, at most 50 cm deep. The stems are succulent, covered with long, brown hairs. They are creeping in the lower parts, sometimes rooting at the nodes that come in contact with the soil. The upper part of the stem is twining. The leaves are up to 16 cm long and trifoliate. The hairy leaflets are 4-10 cm long x 2-5 cm broad, ovate to elliptical. The inflorescence is a slender hairy raceme that may be up to 20 cm long and bears 2 to 12 blue or purple small flowers. The fruits are 3-8 seeded hairy pods, 2-4 cm long ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "asparagus bean",
+        "black-eyed pea",
+        "catjang",
+        "catjang cowpea",
+        "chinese long bean",
+        "clay pea",
+        "cow-pea",
+        "cowpea",
+        "cream pea",
+        "crowder pea",
+        "pea bean",
+        "purple-hull pea",
+        "southern pea",
+        "sow pea",
+        "yard-long bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "dolique asperge",
+        "dolique mongette",
+        "haricot asperge",
+        "haricot indigène",
+        "niébé",
+        "pois à vaches"
+      ],
+      "description": "The cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is an annual herbaceous legume cultivated for its edible seeds or for fodder. It may be climbing and erect, as well as prostrate and creeping depending on the cultivar. Prostrate varieties grow to about 80 cm and climbing cultivars up to 2 m. It has a well developed root system. The leaves are trifoliate with oval leaflets, 6-15 cm long and 4-11 cm broad. The papillonaceous flowers can be white, yellowish, pale blue or violet and are distributed along axillary clusters. Pods occur in pairs forming a V, mostly pendulous but they can be erect. They are cylindrical, 6 to 20 cm long and 3-12 mm broad, and contain 8 to 20 seeds. Seeds can be white, pink, brown or black."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cratylia (Cratylia argentea)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cratylia"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Cratylia ( Cratylia argentea (Desv.) Kuntze) is a shruby perennial tropical legume that provides good quality fodder and is used as protein bank. It can be grazed or cut for cut-and-carry systems and to make silage. It is particularly suited to acidic, aluminium-saturated soils of tropical lowlands with dry periods of up to 6-7 months. Cratylia is a valuable windshelter and erosion controller."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Caribbean stylo (Stylosanthes hamata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "caribbean stylo",
+        "cheesy toes",
+        "lady's fingers",
+        "lucy julia",
+        "mother segal",
+        "pencil flower",
+        "verano stylo",
+        "verano stylo grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The Caribbean stylo ( Stylosanthes hamata (L.)Taub.) is a semi-erect, annual or short-lived perennial tropical legume, up to 75 cm high. Its stems are slender, multi-branched, non-determinate and pubescent on one side but without bristles, unlike the Townsville stylo, Stylosanthes humilis , which has many bristles. The leaves are trifoliate with shiny, lanceolate leaflets, 19-37 mm long and 3-6 mm broad. The inflorescence is a compact oblong spike bearing 8 to 14 small, yellow, hairy and papillonaceous flowers. The single-seeded pods are erect and segmented. The upper segment is glabrous and hooked, 6-7 mm long including the length of the hook . The seeds are kidney-shaped, dark brown, mottled and 2-2.5 mm long. There is a wide range of Caribbean stylo genotypes, differing in their ploidy. Diploid types are adapted to a wider range of latitudes, altitudes and rainfall ranges than tetraploid types . In Australia, two tetraploid cultivars have been released as pasture legumes. Amiga produces more perennial plants and more seeds than Verano, in drier and cooler environments . Diploids are generally not sown for pastures ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Creeping indigo (Indigofera spicata and Indigofera hendecaphylla)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "creeping indigo",
+        "indigo",
+        "spicate indigo",
+        "trailing indigo"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Creeping indigo ( Indigofera spicata Forssk. and Indigofera hendecaphylla Jacq.) is a perennial legume grown in tropical and subtropical regions mostly as a cover crop and for green manure. Highly palatable and nutrient-rich, it was once considered as a potentially valuable fodder but the toxicity of certain varieties for all livestock species led to its abandonment. Creeping indigo is still used for pasture in East Africa."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "carnation clover",
+        "crimson clover",
+        "italian clover",
+        "scarlet clover"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "trèfle du roussillon",
+        "trèfle farouche",
+        "trèfle incarnat"
+      ],
+      "description": "Crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.) is an upright annual legume growing to a height of 1 m. Crimson clover has a central taproot and many fibrous lateral roots. The stems are erect or semi-erect, and densely hairy. The leaves are trifoliate with broad and cordate leaflets, about 2.5 cm long and rounded at the tip with no white v-shaped mark on the leaflet, unlike those of the red clover ( Trifolium pratense ). The flower heads are conical, 2 to 6 cm in length and bear 75-125 florets each. The fruits are tiny one-seeded pods (250,000 seeds/kg). The plant dies once the seeds are mature ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Centro (Centrosema molle)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "butterfly pea",
+        "centro",
+        "spurred butterfly pea"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "fleur languette",
+        "pois bâtard"
+      ],
+      "description": "Centro ( Centrosema molle Mart. ex Benth.) is a vigorous twining, trailing and climbing perennial legume. It has a deep root-system with tap roots and lateral roots. Leaves are dark green and trifoliate . Leaflets are ovate, 4 cm long x 3.5 cm broad. Flowers, borne in axillary racemes, are bright or pale lilac with violet stripes. Pods are linear, slightly twisted, 7.5 cm to 15 cm long and become dark brown when ripe. They contain up to 20 seeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bengal gram",
+        "chick pea",
+        "chickpea",
+        "egyptian bean",
+        "gram pea"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "pois chiche"
+      ],
+      "description": "The chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) is a major grain legume cultivated for its edible seeds in the Mediterranean Basin, Asia and Australia. The plant is quick-growing, branched, and reaches a height between 20 and 60 cm, even up to 1 m. It has a deep taproot, down to 2 m, and many lateral secondary roots exploring the upper layers (15-30 cm) of the soil. The stems are hairy, simple or branched, straight or bent. Leaves are 5 cm long with 10 to 20 sessile, ovate to elliptical leaflets. Chickpea flowers are white, pink to purplish or blue, typically papillonaceous and solitary. The pod is pubescent, inflated and oblong, with 2 or 3 seeds. The seeds are variable in size (5 to 10 mm in diameter), shape (spherical to angular) and colour (creamy-white to black) . Cicer arietinum is the only cultivated species among the 43 species of the Cicer genus. There are no less than 40,000 accessions in the world. Cultivated chickpeas are divided into 2 main groups, the Desi and the Kabuli groups. Desi seeds are small, darker coloured and smooth or wrinkled. Kabuli seeds are larger and cream-coloured. Kabuli seeds contain less fibre and cook faster than Desi seeds and are thus more desirable for food. Desi chickpeas are bushy plants with relatively small leaflets and flowers, with purplish anthocyanin pigments in their stems and blue-violet flowers, and are primarily grown in Southern Asia and Ethiopia. Kabuli types have erect growth and white flowers, and are grown in the Mediterranean region ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Chilean mesquite (Prosopis chilensis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "chilean algarrobo",
+        "chilean mesquite"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The Chilean mesquite ( Prosopis chilensis (Molina) Stuntz) is a small to medium-sized legume tree up to 12 m in height and 1 m in diameter. It has a shallow and spreading root system. It branches freely and its wood is hard and reddish, with brown and fissured bark. Its leaves are 4-7.5 cm long, compound, each with several pairs of pinnate leaflets. The flowers are greenish-white to yellow, about 5 mm long, abundant and occur in spike-like 5-10 cm long racemes. The pods are slender, slightly curved or straight, flat at maturity, 10-20 cm long, yellow when ripe, borne in drooping clusters. Seeds are bean-shaped, oblong, 6-7 mm, light brown, each in 4-angled case . Prosopis chilensis flowers regularly in spring and sometimes sporadically again in late summer ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Chinese albizia (Albizia chinensis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "chinese albizia",
+        "silk tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Chinese albizia ( Albizia chinensis (Osb.) Merr.) is an almost evergreen perennial forage tree legume found in Asia. It is an important browse tree in hilly areas and it is commonly grown as a shade tree in tea or coffee plantations. It can be used as an ornamental and its fallen leaves provide manure ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Flamboyant (Delonix regia)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "royal peacock"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "flamboyant"
+      ],
+      "description": "The flamboyant ( Delonix regia (Bojer) Raf.) is a perennial legume tree, grown in tropical and subtropical regions as an ornamental species because of its showy flowers. It is a valuable shade tree and the leaves and seed meal can be used to feed livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "aaron's rod",
+        "gliricidia",
+        "mexican lilac",
+        "mother of cocoa",
+        "nicaraguan cocoashade",
+        "quick stick",
+        "st. vincent plum",
+        "tree of iron"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. is a perennial, medium-sized (2-15 m high) legume tree. It is mostly deciduous during the dry season but is reported to remain evergreen in humid areas. Leaves are imparipinnate; leaflets (5-20) are ovate, 2-7 cm long x 1-3 cm broad. The bright pink to lilac flowers are arranged in clustered racemes. The fruits are dehiscent pods, 10-18 cm long and 2 cm broad, that contain 8 to 10 seeds."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Guanacaste (Enterolobium cyclocarpum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "earpod",
+        "elephant's ear",
+        "guanacaste",
+        "mexican walnut",
+        "monkey ear",
+        "monkeysoap",
+        "mulatto ear",
+        "pichwood"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bois tanniste rouge",
+        "caro",
+        "oreille d'éléphant",
+        "oreille de singe"
+      ],
+      "description": "Guanacaste ( Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb.) is a fast growing forage tree legume from tropical America. It is a multipurpose species that can be used to feed browsing livestock in its native range . Guanacaste has high nutritive value and moderate palatability . The seeds are edible and sometimes used as human food. Guanacaste is a promising species for agroforestry systems in humid areas ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Golden tree (Cassia fistula)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cassia stick tree",
+        "golden pipe tree",
+        "golden rain tree",
+        "golden shower tree",
+        "golden tree",
+        "indian laburnum",
+        "pudding-pipe tree",
+        "purging cassia",
+        "purging fistula"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bâton casse",
+        "canéficer",
+        "casse doux",
+        "casse espagnole",
+        "casse fistuleuse",
+        "cassie fistuleuse",
+        "cassier commun",
+        "cytise indien",
+        "douche d'or"
+      ],
+      "description": "The golden tree ( Cassia fistula L.) is a tropical and subtropical legume tree that is used as an ornamental, for fodder and for fuel and timber."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "chickling pea",
+        "chickling vetch",
+        "dogtooth pea",
+        "grass pea",
+        "grass peavine",
+        "indian pea",
+        "riga pea",
+        "wedge peavine"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "gesse commune",
+        "gesse cultivée",
+        "lentille d'espagne",
+        "pois carré"
+      ],
+      "description": "Grass pea ( Lathyrus sativus L.) is a dual purpose annual legume grown for its seeds for human consumption, and fodder for livestock feeding. Grass pea is one of the preferred legume seeds in low fertility soils and arid areas because of its outstanding tolerance of dry or flooding conditions, but its contains a toxic component that may cause paralysis in humans and livestock if consumed in excessive amounts ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Gum arabic tree (Acacia senegal)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "gum acacia",
+        "gum arabic tree",
+        "kher",
+        "senegal gum",
+        "sudan gum arabic"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "acacia sénégal",
+        "acacia à gomme arabique",
+        "gommier blanc"
+      ],
+      "description": "The gum arabic tree ( Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. or Senegalia senegal (L.) Britton) is a legume tree from the dry tropics and subtropics. It is valued for the production of gum arabic, the only acacia gum evaluated as a safe food additive. The leaves and pods are browsed by livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Greenleaf desmodium (Desmodium intortum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "beggarlice",
+        "greenleaf desmodium",
+        "kuru vine",
+        "tick clovers"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "desmodie"
+      ],
+      "description": "Greenleaf desmodium ( Desmodium intortum (Mill.) Urb.) is a large perennial (pluri-annual) tropical forage legume. It is a branched decumbent plant with long trailing and climbing pubescent stems that root at the nodes. The stems are green or sometimes red, 1.5 to 7.5 m long and about 7 mm in diameter. Greenleaf desmodium has many trifoliate leaves. The leaflets are ovate, 2-7 cm long x 1.5-5.5 cm broad, reddish-brown to purple in colour. The flowers are borne on terminal compact racemes, deep lilac to deep pink in colour. The pods are narrow, segmented, 5 cm long and contain 8 to 12 kidney-shaped seeds that adhere strongly to hair or clothing. The seeds are about 3 mm long x 1.5 mm wide. Greenleaf desmodium is leafier than silverleaf desmodium ( Desmodium uncinatum (Jacq.) DC. ), with rounder leaflets ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "hairy indigo",
+        "hirsute indigo",
+        "rough hairy indigo"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "indigotier hérissé"
+      ],
+      "description": "Hairy indigo ( Indigofera hirsuta L.) is a subtropical and tropical legume shrub sometimes used as fodder."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "honey locust",
+        "sweet bean",
+        "sweet locust",
+        "thornless honey locust",
+        "three thorn acacia"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "carouge à miel",
+        "févier d'amérique",
+        "févier à trois épines",
+        "févier épineux",
+        "piquant amourette",
+        "épine du christ"
+      ],
+      "description": "The honey locust ( Gleditsia triacanthos L.) is a legume tree up to 25-45 m high. It is deciduous with a long leaf retention period. It has a deep taproot growing down 3-6 m deep and few lateral roots that make it suitable for agroforestry systems . In young plants, stems bear very large, flat thorns and the young trees form very dense thorny thickets . The older tree has an erect, short trunk, 50-90 cm in diameter, which is many branched and forms a large open and spreading crown . The branches are covered with clusters of large and flat thorns . The leaves are sparse, alternate, 15-20 cm long, pinnately compound, bearing bright green leaflets that are oblong, small (25-40 mm long x 15 mm broad) and sparse . The inflorescence is a fragrant, pending raceme, up to 7 cm long . The small and greenish-white flowers can be male (preponderant), female or hermaphrodite and are generally found on different branches of the same tree . Fruits are flat, curved, many seeded pods, 15-40 cm long, dark shining brown and leathery, that become twisted as they mature. The pods contain 0.5-1.5 cm long, smooth beanlike seeds embedded in a pulpy tissue . Pods mature during late summer and early autumn and are shed from the tree during winter without opening ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cardyne vetch",
+        "corbière hairy vetch",
+        "fodder vetch",
+        "hairy vetch",
+        "lana vetch",
+        "sand vetch",
+        "smooth vetch",
+        "thick-fruited vetch",
+        "winter vetch",
+        "woolly vetch",
+        "woolly-pod vetch"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "vesce bigarrée",
+        "vesce de cerdagne",
+        "vesce de russie",
+        "vesce variable",
+        "vesce variée",
+        "vesce velue",
+        "vesce à gousses velues"
+      ],
+      "description": "Hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth) is an annual or biannual viny legume with a woolly appearance due to long soft hairs borne on the stems and leaves . It remains green longer than the common vetch ( Vicia sativa ). It flowers and seeds late in the season and often survives the dry season, regenerating to almost full strength during the next rainy season ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Hedge lucerne (Desmanthus virgatus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bundle flower",
+        "desmanthus",
+        "dwarf koa",
+        "hedge lucerne"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "koa nain",
+        "petit acacia",
+        "petit cassie",
+        "petit mimosa"
+      ],
+      "description": "Hedge lucerne ( Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.) is a highly variable perennial legume. Morphology and habit range from a prostrate herbaceous plant, less than 50 cm high, to an erect or decumbent woody shrub, up to 2.5-3 m high . It has a deep taproot and is strongly branched from the base. The stems are slender, pithy in the center, angular, green turning brown. The leaves are 2-8 cm long, compound, bipinnate, bearing 10-25 pairs of linear-oblong, 4-12 mm long x 1.5-3 mm broad leaflets. The inflorescence bears 9-11 whitish mimosoid flowers. The fruits are linear, dehiscent, 5.5-8.5 cm long pods. They contain 11-26 reddish-brown or golden-brown U-shaped seeds. Hedge lucerne is morphologically very similar to Leucaena leucocephala (also called koa haole) but it is smaller and bears smaller leaflets, hence one of its names \"dwarf koa\" ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Huizache (Acacia farnesiana)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "huisache",
+        "mimosa bush",
+        "opopanax",
+        "popinac",
+        "sweet acacia"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "acacie odorante",
+        "cassie",
+        "cassie ancienne",
+        "cassier",
+        "mimosa de farnèse",
+        "mimosa doux"
+      ],
+      "description": "Huizache ( Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. or Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn.) is a tropical leguminous shrub native of Central and South America. It is fast-growing, showy, thorny, evergreen or almost evergreen. Huizache is a multipurpose species: it produces gum, its fragrant flowers are used to make perfumes and it can be cut to make forage for small ruminants. The shrub also hosts the lac insect and is attractive to bees."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Kudzu (Pueraria montana)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "kudzu"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "puerarie",
+        "puéraire",
+        "vigne japonaise"
+      ],
+      "description": "Kudzu ( Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr.) is a perennial climbing, trailing vine legume with stems up to 30 m long and oblong tubers up to 2 m long and 45 cm in diameter. Leaves are trifoliate, leaflets are ovate (8-26 cm long x 5-22 cm broad) with a hairy lower surface . The inflorescence is a pending pseudoraceme up to 35 cm long. Flowers are purple-red with a yellow spot near the base . Fruits are hairy pods 5 to 7.5 cm long that contain hard-coated seeds."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "jumbay",
+        "leucaena",
+        "white leadtree",
+        "white popinac",
+        "wild tamarind"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bois bourro",
+        "cassie blanc",
+        "faux mimosa",
+        "faux-acacia",
+        "leucaene à têtes blanches"
+      ],
+      "description": "Leucaena ( Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) is a fast growing, evergreen, thornless shrub, reaching a height of 5 m (Hawaiian type) to 20 m (Hawaiian giant type) . Leucaena is a long-lived perennial legume (around 23 year half-life in difficult conditions in Australia). It has a deep taproot and is highly branched. Leaves are bipinnate, bearing numerous leaflets 8 mm to 16 mm long . The inflorescence is a cream coloured globular shape producing clusters of flat brown pods, 13 to 18 mm long containing 15-30 seeds. Flowering and fruiting occur throughout the year ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Lebbek (Albizia lebbeck)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "east indian walnut",
+        "flea tree",
+        "frywood",
+        "koko",
+        "lebbeck",
+        "lebbek tree",
+        "siris tree",
+        "woman's tongue tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Lebbek ( Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.) is a deciduous, perennial medium-sized legume tree. It reaches 3-15 m in plantations and up to 30 m in the open. Its dense shade-producing crown can be as large as 30 m in diameter. Leaves are bipinnate with 3-11 pairs of bright green, oblong leaflets, 1.5-6.5 cm long x 0.5-3.5 cm broad. Inflorescences are globular clusters of 15-40 white fragrant flowers. The fruits are 10-30 cm long x 3-6 cm broad, reddish-brown pods that contain 5-15 flat rounded, free moving seeds. They produce an incessant rattle in the wind, reminding women's chatter, hence the name \"women's tongue\" ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Manila tamarind (Pithecellobium dulce)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "blackbead",
+        "camachile",
+        "guayamochil",
+        "madras thorn",
+        "manila tamarind",
+        "sweet inga"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "pois sucré",
+        "tamarin d'inde",
+        "tamarin de manille"
+      ],
+      "description": "Manila tamarind ( Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.) is a small to medium-sized semi-evergreen leguminous tree, 5 to 20 m high . Manila tamarind is a fast growing tree that may reach a height of 10 m in 5-6 years in favourable conditions . Manila tamarind has a short, stout, greyish trunk (30-100 cm in diameter) that bears low irregular branches and forms a broad crown . The leaves are paripinnate with 4 leaflets (2.0-3.5 cm long x 1.0-1.5 cm wide). Small thorns (2.0-15.0 mm long) are inserted on each side of the leaf pedicels, though some varieties are thornless. While tree appears evergreen, the leaflets are deciduous and shed in succession. The inflorescences are axillary panicles which bear spherical glomerules (1 cm in diameter) of small, white-greenish, slightly flagrant flowers. Fruits are greenish-brown to red-pinkish, indehiscent pods. Pods are rather thin, 10-15 cm long x 1-2 cm wide, and set in a spiral of 1 to 3 whorls. The pods contain 10 seeds. The seeds are flattened, black and shiny (1 cm in diameter) ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Monkey thorn (Acacia galpinii)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "monkey thorn",
+        "monkeythorn"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The monkey thorn ( Acacia galpinii Burtt Davy) is a large deciduous tree of Southern and Eastern Africa. A fast growing, long-lived tree, with a maximum height of 30 m, Acacia galpinii is the largest South African acacia. The trunk is 2 m in diameter. The bark is whitish-yellow in young trees and darkens with maturity. The wide spreading branches form a rounded canopy . The branchlets bear pairs of hooked and blackish prickles up to 1 cm long just below the nodes . The leaves are alternate, bipinnately compound, bearing 7-14 pairs of pinnae, each with 12-35 pairs of small hairless leaflets (4-10 mm long x 1-3 mm wide). The inflorescences are borne in clustered spikes from October to January . The flowers are creamy white, with a reddish calyx. The fruits, which ripen between February and March, are 8-15 seeded dehiscent pods, straight, large, papery to woody, 8-20 cm long x 25 mm broad, reddish to purple in colour. The seeds are flattened and ovoid, 12-15 mm x 10-12 mm ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "dew bean",
+        "dew gram",
+        "indian moth bean",
+        "kidney bean",
+        "mat bean",
+        "math",
+        "matki",
+        "moth",
+        "moth bean",
+        "turkish gram"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Moth bean ( Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal) is an annual herbaceous trailing legume native to South Asia used for food (seeds) and feed (forage) that has outstanding tolerance of dry conditions."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Narbon vetch (Vicia narbonensis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "moor's pea",
+        "narbon bean",
+        "narbon vetch",
+        "narbonne vetch"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "vesce de narbonne"
+      ],
+      "description": "The Narbon vetch ( Vicia narbonensis L.) is an annual legume with thick, angular and erect pubescent stems that can grow without support up to 30-60 cm high . The root system is well developed. The leaves are bi-foliolate, born in pairs, with elliptic to ovate leaflets, 20-50 mm long x 20-30 mm broad. The flowers are papillonaceous, purple or white in colour, and borne in axillary racemes of up to 40 flowers. The fruit is a dehiscent pod containing several smooth seeds, often called Narbon beans, which are 5.5-6 mm wide and brown in colour ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Orfot (Vachellia oerfota)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "orfot"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Orfot ( Vachellia oerfota (Forssk.) Kyal. & Boatwr. , formerly Acacia oerfota (Forssk.) Schweinf.) is an important legume tree and browse species for goats and camels in the arid and semi-arid zones of the Eastern Sahel and East Africa, where it is commonly found with other acacias such as Acacia mellifera and Acacia laeta ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Pinto peanut (Arachis pintoi)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "pinto peanut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arachide de pinto"
+      ],
+      "description": "Pinto peanut ( Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C. Greg.) is a perennial tropical legume useful for pasture, ground cover and as an ornament. Pinto peanut is a valuable forage, easy to establish, persistent, and combines well in mixtures under a wide range of climate and soil conditions, including heavy grazing ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Poro (Erythrina poeppigiana)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "coraltree",
+        "immortelle tree",
+        "mountain immortelle",
+        "poro"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bois immortel",
+        "erythrine bucare",
+        "immortelle jaune"
+      ],
+      "description": "Poro ( Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F. Cook) is a tropical evergreen tree with conspicuous orange-red flowers. Poro is mainly used as a shade tree in coffee and cocoa plantations (hence the spanish name \"Madre de cacao\") where trees are usually kept pruned to 2-3 m. Poro foliage can be a valuable source of fodder for livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Peanut forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "chinese nut",
+        "earthnut",
+        "goober pea",
+        "groundnut",
+        "peanut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arachide",
+        "cacahouète",
+        "cacahuète",
+        "pinotte",
+        "pois de terre"
+      ],
+      "description": "The peanut plant ( Arachis hypogaea L.) is grown mainly for its seeds, which are used either as food (snacks, peanut butter, etc.) or for their edible oil. After peanuts are harvested, aerial parts of the plant become available in large quantities and are used fresh or dried as a nutritious livestock feed in all peanut-producing countries."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Prickly sesban (Sesbania bispinosa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "canicha",
+        "prickly sesban",
+        "sesbania",
+        "spiny sesbania"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The prickly sesban ( Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W. F. Wight) is a fast-growing tropical annual legume shrub used for fodder in Asia, Africa, and Central America."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Perennial soybean (Neonotonia wightii)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cooper glycine",
+        "glycine",
+        "perennial soybean",
+        "rhodesian kudzu",
+        "wild soya bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "soja pérenne"
+      ],
+      "description": "Perennial soybean ( Neonotonia wightii (Wight & Arn.) J.A. Lackey) is a trailing, climbing or twining herbaceous legume. It has a deep taproot and twining stems, 2.5 cm in diameter, woody at the base and then slender and well branched. The plant produces runners that root from the nodes. The stems can grow up to 10 m with adequate supporting species (trees). They can regrow from the underground crown if the plant has been damaged or if it has been grazed. The compound leaves bear 3 ovate and hairy leaflets, 5-10 cm long and 3-6 cm broad. The inflorescence is a 4 to 30 cm long raceme with clusters of white or violet flowers. In some varieties, the flowers turn yellow or orange-yellow at senescence. The fruits are hairy, linear-oblong, 1-4 cm long and about 3 mm broad. The pods contain 3-8 oblong seeds, shattering at maturity. Seeds vary in size, shape and colour, depending on variety ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bird eye clover",
+        "persian clover",
+        "reversed clover",
+        "shaftal clover"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "trèfle renversé"
+      ],
+      "description": "Persian clover ( Trifolium resupinatum L.) is an annual, prostrate or semi-erect branched legume, up to 20-60 cm high, similar to berseem ( Trifolium alexandrinum L. ) but shorter. It forms dense swards and has a rosette growth habit under grazing. The stems are hollow, branching from the lower part. Leaves are trifoliate with 1 to 3 cm long, oval-oblong leaflets. Flowers are pink to violet and mature to white woolly seedheads, with a resupinate corolla, hence the name resupinatum . Fruits are dehiscent single-seeded pods ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Purple vetch (Vicia benghalensis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "algerian vetch",
+        "purple vetch",
+        "reddish tufted vetch"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "vesce du bengale",
+        "vesce pourpre",
+        "vesce pourpre foncé"
+      ],
+      "description": "Purple vetch ( Vicia benghalensis L.) is a climbing herbaceous legume from the Mediterranean area commonly used as a cover crop and green manure or for fodder, hay and silage."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Phasey bean (Macroptilium lathyroides)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "murray phasey bean",
+        "one leaf clover",
+        "phasemy bean",
+        "phasey bean",
+        "quail bean",
+        "wild bean",
+        "wild bush bean",
+        "wild dolly bean",
+        "wild pea bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "pois poison",
+        "pois zombie"
+      ],
+      "description": "The phasey bean ( Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urban) is an erect branching legume up to 0.6-1 m high. It is usually annual but it is occasionally biennal or a short-lived perennial. In shaded conditions, phasey bean may trail or twin, with vines reaching 1.2 m long. With maturity, the stems become woody at their base. Phasey bean leaves are trifoliate with 3-8 cm long and 1-3.5 cm broad leaflets. The inflorescences are 15-25 cm (-50 cm) long racemes borne on 30 cm long peduncles, and bear red to red-purple (occasionally white or pink) papillionate flowers, 13-15 mm in diameter. The fruits are pubescent, linear, dehiscent pods, 5.5-12 cm long and 2.5-3 cm wide, and contain 20-30 oblong brown seeds that drop easily . Phasey bean and its more popular relative siratro ( Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC.) Urb.) are very similar, but the flowers of phasey bean are lighter in colour than those of siratro."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "perennial forage peanut",
+        "perennial peanut",
+        "rhizoma peanut",
+        "rhizoma perennial peanut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Rhizoma peanut ( Arachis glabrata Benth.) is a summer growing perennial tropical legume and a relative of the annual peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ). It provides high yields of forage that is mainly used for pasture, hay and silage production. It is grown in agroforestry, under coconuts or banana trees and can be grown in stand with grasses or other legumes. It is adapted to a range of latitudes. It withstands droughts and thrives on infertile acidic soils. It is a good cover crop and a companion legume for for cool or warm season grains ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Red clover (Trifolium pratense)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cow grass",
+        "peavine clover",
+        "purple clover",
+        "red clover"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "trèfle des prés",
+        "trèfle rouge",
+        "trèfle violet"
+      ],
+      "description": "The red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.) is a short-lived perennial (2-4 years) legume forage, mainly from temperate areas. It has an erect habit and may lodge when the plant becomes stemmy. It forms a 1 m deep taproot in the first year and then produces secondary adventitious roots that explore the upper soil layer (30 cm deep). Basal buds form a crown above the soil and may root at the nodes. Each bud produces 4-6 upright, hollow and pubescent stems, up to a height of 60-80 cm. The leaves borne on the basal crown are long and petiolate, while the leaves borne on stems are often nearly sessile. The leaves are trifoliate or palmate-trifoliate, pubescent and alternate. Leaflets are oval or elliptic, 1-3 cm long x 0.5-1.5 cm broad . They are typically variegated with a white V-like mark . The inflorescences are terminally or axillary borne on the stems, and are globose clusters of many tubular flowers, 10-15 cm long, and pink, purple or magenta-coloured. The inflorescence develops into an oblong-ovoid pod containing 2 seeds . There are many varieties and cultivars of red clovers. The two main types of cultivars are the early-flowering cultivars, called medium or double-cut, which produce at least two cuttings per season, and the late-flowering cultivars, called mammoth or single-cut, which produce one cutting per season ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "common sainfoin",
+        "esparcet",
+        "holy clover",
+        "sainfoin"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "esparcette cultivée",
+        "esparcette à feuilles de vesce",
+        "sainfoin cultivé"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sainfoin ( Onobrychis viciifolia ) is an erect, perennial herbaceous legume. It can reach up to a height of 80 cm. Stems arise from basal buds on a branched root stock. Roots are deep tap-roots. Leaves are pinnate, bearing 5-6 pairs of obovate leaflets. Melliferous pink (seldom white) flowers are borne in erect conical racemes. Sainfoin flowers twice a year in spring and autumn. Flowering starts with the lower flowers and moves up the stem. Fruits are single seeded pods that bear spikes and can cling to the fur of animals and thus propagate the species."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Samoan clover (Desmodium scorpiurus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "samoan clover",
+        "scorpion ticktrefoil"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Samoan clover ( Desmodium scorpiurus (Sw.) Desv.) is a vigorous perennial tropical legume suited for cultivation in mixed stands with short grasses or other legumes. It is very palatable to livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sour clover (Melilotus indicus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "annual yellow sweetclover",
+        "bokhara clover",
+        "california lucerne",
+        "common melilot",
+        "hexham scent",
+        "hexham scent melilot",
+        "indian sweet clover",
+        "king island clover",
+        "king island melilot",
+        "senji",
+        "small melilot",
+        "small-flowered melilot",
+        "small-flowered sweet clover",
+        "sour clover",
+        "sourclover",
+        "sweet clover",
+        "sweet melilot"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "mélilot de l'inde",
+        "mélilot des indes"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sour clover ( Melilotus indicus (L.) All.) is an erect annual forage legume, up to 50-80 cm high. It has a deep taproot, down to a depth of 1.2 m. The stems are branched, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. The foliage is heavy, somewhat succulent with high water requirements. The leaves are alternate, trifoliolate, with oblong to obovate leaflets 0.8-2.5 cm long x 2-9 mm broad. Inflorescences are racemose, apically or axillary, borne on 1-3 cm long peduncles. The flowers (10-16 per raceme) are papillonaceous, sweet smelling, sparsely pubescent and yellow in colour. The olive-green fruits are one-seeded, reticulately veined, 1.5-4 mm long, indehiscent pods. The seeds resemble those of alfafa and are ovoid, glabrous, yellow-brown, about 2 mm in length. They may be hard-seeded (about 5 to 20%) and thus will not germinate in the first year"
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Soybean forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "forage soybean",
+        "soybean forage",
+        "soybean hay",
+        "soybean straw"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "foin de soja",
+        "paille de soja",
+        "soja fourrager"
+      ],
+      "description": "Soybean ( Glycine max . L.) is a major legume crop grown for its protein- and oil-rich seeds but it also makes valuable forage for grazing, silage and hay."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sesban (Sesbania sesban)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "common sesban",
+        "egyptian rattle pod",
+        "egyptian river hemp",
+        "sesban"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Sesban ( Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.) is a fast-growing, perennial legume tree, reaching a height of up to 8 m. It has a shallow root system and its stems may reach 12 cm in diameter. Leaves are pinnately compound with 6 to 27 pairs of leaflets. Leaflets are linear oblong, 26 mm long x 5 mm broad. Inflorescences are 30 cm long racemes bearing 2 to 20 yellow flowers with purple or brown streaks. Fruits are linear or slightly curved pods up to 30 cm long. Pods contain 10 to 50 seeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        ": brazilian stylo",
+        "brazilian lucerne",
+        "common stylo",
+        "guianensis",
+        "stylo",
+        "stylosanthes guianensis",
+        "var."
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "luzerne brésilienne",
+        "luzerne du brésil",
+        "luzerne tropicale"
+      ],
+      "description": "Stylo ( Stylosanthes guianensis (Aublet) Sw.) is a tropical legume shrub widely grown for forage throughout the tropics and subtropics."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Shittimwood (Acacia seyal)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "red acacia",
+        "shittah tree",
+        "shittim",
+        "shittimwood",
+        "thirty thorn",
+        "whistling tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Shittimwood ( Acacia seyal Del.) is a deciduous, prickly, small to medium sized shrub or tree. It reaches a height of 17 m after 8-10 years . The trunk is 20-60 cm in diameter, covered by a rust-coloured powdery bark. Shittimwood has a thin, top-flattened crown, similar to that of Acacia tortilis . It may be sparsely branched and the branches are horizontal or ascending . Sharp straight spines occur on the branches and smaller, curved thorns are present near the tips of the branches . The epidermis of twigs becomes reddish and shed annually . The leaves are dark green, bipinnate with 3-7 pinnae which bear 11-20 pairs of leaflets. The leaflets are 3-8 mm long x 0.75-1 mm wide . Shittimwood bears clusters of bright yellow, fragrant-spicy scented or sweet smelling flowers that grow short lateral shoots on the current season . Shittimwood fruits are 6-10 seeded curved pods, 7-20 cm long, 0.5-0.9 cm broad and contain elliptic seeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Subclover (Trifolium subterraneum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "sub clover",
+        "subclover",
+        "subterranean clover",
+        "subterraneum trefoil"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "trèfle enterreur",
+        "trèfle souterrain"
+      ],
+      "description": "Subclover ( Trifolium subterraneum L.) is a much valued annual legume forage used in ruminant production systems, particularly in drylands. It is particularly suited to grazing and can be cut for silage and hay."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Siamese senna (Senna siamea)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "thai copper pod",
+        "thailand shower",
+        "yellow cassia"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bois perdrix",
+        "cassia"
+      ],
+      "description": "Siamese senna ( Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby) is a medium-sized, fast-growing tree legume that is used as fodder and browse for ruminant livestock in tropical lowlands. Its fruits and pods are edible and its wood can be used for fuel or for making poles and furniture. Siamese senna provides many environmental services and is used as an ornamental."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sulla (Hedysarum coronarium)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cock's-head",
+        "french honeysuckle",
+        "honeyplant",
+        "italian sainfoin",
+        "soola-clover",
+        "spanish sainfoin",
+        "sulla",
+        "sulla clover",
+        "sulla sweet vetch"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "sainfoin d'espagne",
+        "seille",
+        "sulla du nord"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sulla ( Hedysarum coronarium L. and other Hedysarum species), is a biennial or short-lived perennial herbaceous legume used for forage in the Mediterranean basin."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sicklebush (Dichrostachys cinerea)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bell mimosa",
+        "chinese lantern tree",
+        "kalahari christmas tree",
+        "marabu thorn",
+        "sicklebush"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "acacia saint domingue",
+        "lanterne chinoise",
+        "mimosa clochette"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sicklebush ( Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn.) is a thorny, semi-deciduous to deciduous leguminous shrub that can reach a height of 3-7 m . Sicklebush has an open round crown, 3 m wide , a deep tap root and many lateral horizontal roots that make eradication difficult . The bark is green when young and becomes grey-brown and fissured as the tree grows. The stem is less than 23 cm in diameter . The branches bear strong, long (8-10 cm), slightly recurved woody thorns . The leaves are petiolated, bipinnate, bearing 4-19 leaflets . The inflorescence is a fragrant, cylindrical 6-8 cm long bicoloured spike that bears reddish-purple sterile flowers in the upper part and pale yellow-cream fertile ones in the lower part . The fruits are narrow, 10 cm long indehiscent pods, yellow or brown, twisted or sickle-shaped (hence the name \"sicklebush\"), borne in clusters . The pods contain 4 seeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "benares hemp",
+        "indian hemp",
+        "madras hemp",
+        "sunn",
+        "sunn crotalaria",
+        "sunn hemp",
+        "sunnhemp"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "cascavelle",
+        "chanvre du bengale",
+        "chanvre indien",
+        "crotalaire effilée",
+        "crotalaire jonciforme",
+        "grand sonnette",
+        "grand tcha tcha",
+        "sonnette",
+        "tcha tcha"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sunn hemp ( Crotalaria juncea L.) is a multipurpose tropical and subtropical legume grown in many countries, notably India, mainly for its high quality fibre. The crop is grown for green manure, as a soil improver and as a disease break in cereal or other crop rotations . Sunn hemp is locally used as fodder ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Silverleaf desmodium (Desmodium uncinatum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "silver-leaf desmodium",
+        "silverleaf desmodium",
+        "silverleaf spanish clover",
+        "spanish tick clover"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "trèfle espagnol"
+      ],
+      "description": "Silverleaf desmodium ( Desmodium uncinatum (Jacq.) DC.) is a trailing perennial legume that may grow up to several meters long over surrounding vegetation. It has a large but shallow root system. Its stems are cylindrical or angular, densely hairy, and may root at the node in wet conditions. The leaves are trifoliate, borne on 2-7 cm long petioles. The leaflets are ovate, 3-6 cm long, 1.5-3 cm broad, dark green with a silvery midrib at the upper side. The lower side of the leaflet is covered with whitish hairs. Silverleaf desmodium flowers are 1 cm long, pink to bluish in colour as they mature, borne on long paired racemes. The fruits are light brown hairy pods that break readily into 4 to 8 segments at maturity, and tend to stick to animals and clothing. The seeds are olive-green in colour, triangle or oval shaped, 3 mm long x 2 mm wide ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sweet thorn (Acacia karroo)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cape gum",
+        "cape thorn tree",
+        "cockspur thorn",
+        "deo babool",
+        "karroo thorn",
+        "karrothorn",
+        "mimosa thorn",
+        "sweet thorn",
+        "white-thorn"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Sweet thorn ( Acacia karroo Hayne or Vachellia karroo (Hayne) Banfi & Galasso) is a very variable and very thorny tree species that is widespread in Africa and grows to a height of 5-12 m. It is a multipurpose tree providing food, feed, commercial products, and environmental services. Livestock and wild animals relish on its foliage, pods and seeds, which do not contain antinutritional factors."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "atro",
+        "purple bean",
+        "purple bush bean",
+        "siratro"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Siratro ( Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC.) Urb.) is a perennial tropical legume valuable for pasture."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Syrian mesquite (Prosopis farcta)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "syrian mesquite"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Syrian mesquite ( Prosopis farcta (Banks & Sol.) J. F. Macbr) is a woody perennial dwarf legume shrub, usually 0.4-1m high. However, in some situations, for example where weed control is absent, it can grow to 2-3 m, as tall as grape and citrus trees . Its well-developed root system and rhizomes can extend to a depth of 15-20 m into the soil. Its stems are erect and its slender branches have short prickles, similar to rose bushes. Leaves are bipinnately compound, with a 1.8-3.0 cm long rachis and 9-13 pairs of small leaflets. Small yellow flowers appear from May to August. On each raceme there are 1 or 2 oblong pods, which are dark brown when ripe. The mesocarp is pulpy ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Slenderleaf (Crotalaria brevidens)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "ethiopian rattlebox",
+        "rattle pea",
+        "rattlepod",
+        "slenderleaf"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "crotalaire",
+        "sonnette"
+      ],
+      "description": "Slenderleaf ( Crotalaria brevidens Benth.) is a tropical legume mostly cultivated for food . Unlike other Crotalaria species, its toxicity level is regarded as low and it can safely be used for forage."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Tagasaste (Cytisus proliferus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "escabon",
+        "tagasaste",
+        "tree lucerne",
+        "white-flowered tree lucerne"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "cytise"
+      ],
+      "description": "Tagasaste ( Cytisus proliferus L. f.), also called tree lucerne, is a fast growing evergreen legume tree from the Mediterranean region. Tagasaste is a long lived perennial that can survive 60-80 years. It is recommended for sandy, hilly, gravelly soils in drought-prone areas where it can provide good quality forage all year round. Cytisus proliferus var. palmensis is the true tagasaste: it is the only cultivated type and has been naturalized outside the Canary Islands. The other types, known locally as \"escobones\", are not cultivated. However, these types are grazed by goats and lopped by farmers ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Tembien clover (Trifolium tembense)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african clover",
+        "tembien clover"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "trèfle africain"
+      ],
+      "description": "Tembien clover ( Trifolium tembense Fres.) is one of the most common clovers found in the Ethiopian highlands. Tembien clover is an annual species. It is outstandingly tolerant of waterlogging."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "tamarind",
+        "tamarind tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "tamarinier"
+      ],
+      "description": "The tamarind ( Tamarindus indica L.) is a usually evergreen legume tree. It grows slowly, up to 25-30 m high, and can live as long as 200 years. Leaves are compound, divided in 10-18 opposite and oblong leaflets. Orange-yellow or pinkish flowers are grouped in racemes. Fruits occur 7-12 years after sowing. They are rusty-coloured pods, 10-18 cm long x 2 cm broad . The pods contain a sour pulp surrounding the seeds. They are edible and used in many culinary recipes around the world."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Townsville stylo (Stylosanthes humilis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "townsville lucerne",
+        "townsville stylo"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "luzerne de townsville",
+        "stylo annuel"
+      ],
+      "description": "Townsville stylo ( Stylosanthes humilis (Kunth) Hester) is a low growing annual (sometimes perennial), prostrate to erect legume. It may reach 50-70 cm in height. Townsville stylo has a taproot and may develop adventitious roots several inches from the taproot when the plant is heavily grazed or under high moisture conditions. The stems are narrow, hairy, many-branched, erect but they may be prostrate under high moisture conditions and then root from the nodes . The leaves are trifoliate and the leaflets are narrow and pointed, the terminal one being 15 mm long x 3.5 mm wide. Leaflets are mainly glabrous. Inflorescences are hirsute spikes bearing 5 to 15 bright-yellow flowers that develop into hairy, one-seeded, articulated pods once pollinated . Seeds are yellowish to brown, hooked ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Tropical kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "puero",
+        "tropical kudzu"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "kudzu tropical",
+        "puero"
+      ],
+      "description": "Tropical kudzu ( Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth.) is a vigorous, dense-growing vine cultivated in tropical countries as a cover crop, green manure and fodder for livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Umbrella thorn (Acacia tortilis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "israeli babool",
+        "sejal",
+        "talha",
+        "umbrella thorn",
+        "umbrella thorn acacia"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "acacia faux gommier"
+      ],
+      "description": "Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne is a thorny legume tree, usually about 4-8 m high, but it can reach 20 m. The crown is dense, umbrella-like and flat-topped. Leaves are compound and the leaflets (6-22 pairs) are very small (1-4 mm long x 0.6-1 mm broad), glabrous to pubescent. Flowers are white, cream or yellow, and highly aromatic. Fruit is a characteristic twisted browny pod, hence the epithet “tortilis” . Pods and leaves are used as a fodder. Fruits are more nutritious if ground. Trees can survive heavy browsing. Acacia tortilis pods are also used as a famine food in eastern Africa."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bengal bean",
+        "buffalobean",
+        "cowage",
+        "cowhage",
+        "cowitch",
+        "florida velvet bean",
+        "itchy bean",
+        "kapikachhu",
+        "krame",
+        "lacuna bean",
+        "lyon bean",
+        "mauritius velvet bean",
+        "pica-pica",
+        "velvet bean",
+        "yokohama velvet bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "dolic",
+        "haricot de floride",
+        "haricot de maurice",
+        "haricot pourpre",
+        "pois du bengale",
+        "pois mascate",
+        "pois velus"
+      ],
+      "description": "Velvet bean ( Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. utilis (Wall. ex Wight) Baker ex Burck) is a leguminous vine. It is annual or sometimes short-lived perennial. Velvet bean is vigorous, trailing or climbing, up to 6-18 m long . It has a taproot with numerous, 7-10 m long, lateral roots. The stems are slender and slightly pubescent . The leaves are generally slightly pubescent, alternate, trifoliolate with rhomboid ovate, 5-15 cm long x 3-12 cm broad, leaflets . The inflorescence is a drooping axillary raceme that bears many white to dark purple flowers. After flower pollination, velvet bean produces clusters of 10 to 14 pods. They are stout, curved, 10-12.5 cm long, with between two and six seeds, covered with greyish-white or orange hairs that may cause irritation to the skin . The velvet bean seeds are variable in colour, ranging from glossy black to white or brownish with black mottling. Seeds are oblong ellipsoid, 1.2 to 1.5 cm long, 1 cm broad and 0.5 cm thick ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "White clover (Trifolium repens)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "dutch clover",
+        "ladino clover",
+        "white clover",
+        "white dutch clover"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "trèfle blanc",
+        "trèfle de hollande",
+        "trèfle rampant"
+      ],
+      "description": "White clover ( Trifolium repens L.) is a creeping, herbaceous, perennial legume that spreads by means of a branched network of stolons . In warmer areas, it may behave as a summer growing annual. White clover develops a taproot that dies after the first year and is replaced by a secondary, mostly shallow root-system that develops from the stolons . The stolons are creeping, 10-40 cm long, and can produce roots, leafy branches or inflorescence stalks. White clover leaves are petiolated and trifoliate but they can vary widely in form and size, depending on cultivar or type . Leaflets are ovate, broad, solid dull green or occasionally marked with a white \"V\" and sometimes with dark red flecks . White clover bears globular racemes at the end of long peduncles that arise from the stolons leaf axils. The inflorescence has 20-40 white fragrant flowers. Once pollinated, the flowers develop into linear sessile pods containing 3-4 heart-shaped, smooth, bright yellow to yellowish brown seeds. Seed maturity occurs 3-4 weeks after pollination ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "White lupin (Lupinus albus) forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "egyptian lupin",
+        "lupin",
+        "white lupin"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "lupin blanc"
+      ],
+      "description": "White lupin ( Lupinus albus L.) is one of the 200 species of lupins, a genus of multipurpose annual legumes grown throughout the world both for their seeds used in feed and food, and for forage. Lupin seeds can be an alternative to soybean in all livestock species due to their high content in good quality protein (in the 30-40% range). Lupins also contribute to the sustainability of cropping systems . The other main cultivated lupin species are the yellow lupin ( Lupinus luteus ), the blue lupin (or narrow leaf lupin ( Lupinus angustifolius ) and the pearl lupin ( Lupinus mutabilis ) ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Yeheb (Cordeauxia edulis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "ye'eb",
+        "yeheb",
+        "yeheb bush",
+        "yeheb nut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Yeheb ( Cordeauxia edulis Hemsl.) is a woody legume of the arid semi-deserts of Ethiopia and Somalia. It is a multipurpose shrub highly valued both for its nutritious nut, which is a staple food in the drier areas of the region, and as forage for livestock during the dry season. Yeheb plays an important role in the livelihoods of the local communities but it is currently considered as a vulnerable species . Yeheb is the only species of the genus Cordeauxia ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Assyrian plum (Cordia myxa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "assyrian plum",
+        "clammy cherry",
+        "gonda",
+        "indian cherry",
+        "sapistan",
+        "sebesten plum",
+        "selu",
+        "sudan teak"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bois savon",
+        "sébestier"
+      ],
+      "description": "The Assyrian plum ( Cordia myxa L.) is a multipurpose, perennial, medium sized, deciduous tree that is particularly suited in arid and semi-arid areas. Its fruits are edible and used in many dishes and for pickles. The wood makes good fuel or ornamental work. In Southeast Asia, the leaves are used to feed livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "African birch (Anogeissus leiocarpa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african birch"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bouleau d’afrique"
+      ],
+      "description": "The African birch ( Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC.) Guill. & Perr.) is a slow growing evergreen shrub or small to medium-sized tree, reaching up to 15-30 m in height. The bark is grey to mottled pale and dark brown, scaly, flaking off in rectangular patches, fibrous and exuding a dark gum. Leaves are alternate to nearly opposite, simple and entire, covered in dense silky hair when young. Flowers are pentamerous, pale yellow and fragrant. Fruits are rounded samaras, 4-10 mm × 6-11 mm × 2-2.5 mm, with 2 wings, and with a yellowish to reddish brown colour. They contain one seed, enclosed horizontally in a dense cone-like fructification ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Axlewood (Anogeissus latifolia)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "axlewood",
+        "baklee",
+        "buttontree",
+        "chall",
+        "dhaura",
+        "dindiga-tree",
+        "ghattitree",
+        "gum-ghatti",
+        "kardhaie"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Axlewood ( Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. ex Bedd.) is a small to medium-sized tree up to 20-36 m tall, with a straight and cylindrical bole up to 80-100 cm in diameter. Its wide leaves (that give it the name latifolia ) are opposite or sub-opposite, simple with grayish-yellow or whitish hairs below. The fruit is a 2-winged pseudo-achene, packed into a dense head with a single seed ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Banj oak (Quercus leucotrichophora)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "banj oak",
+        "blackjack oak",
+        "himalayan oak",
+        "white oak"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "chêne de l'himalaya"
+      ],
+      "description": "The banj oak ( Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus) is an evergreen oak tree of Asia, and particularly of the Central Himalayas."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Bauhinia (Bauhinia thonningii)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "camel's foot",
+        "monkey bread",
+        "rhodesian bauhinia",
+        "wild bauhinia"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Bauhinia thonningii is a legume tree 4 to 15 m high, with a round crown. The leaves are glossy, bi-lobed, reticulated, 15-17 cm long. They look like camel's foot and account for the tree common names \"camel's foot\" or \"kameelspoor\" . The bark is rough and fissured, dark brown to black. It has deep roots. Flowers are unisexual, usually found on different trees, white to pink, pendulous and fragrant . The fruits are indehiscent pods, 26 cm x 7 cm, hairy when young and dropping their hairs as they mature."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Blue Japanese oak (Quercus glauca)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bamboo-leaved oak",
+        "blue japanese oak",
+        "glaucous-leaf oak",
+        "ring-cupped oak"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "chêne bleu du japon"
+      ],
+      "description": "Blue Japanese oak ( Quercus glauca Thunb .) is a medium-sized tree native of Asia used as fodder in Nepal and India."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Coral tree (Erythrina variegata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "china coral tree",
+        "coral tree",
+        "coraltree",
+        "indian coral tree",
+        "lenten tree",
+        "mottled-leaf dapdap",
+        "sunshine tree",
+        "tall erythrina",
+        "tall wiliwili",
+        "tiger claw"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arbre corail",
+        "arbre corail de l'inde",
+        "arbre corail à feuilles panachées",
+        "bois immortel",
+        "bois immortel vrai",
+        "erythrine",
+        "pignon d'inde"
+      ],
+      "description": "Coral tree (Erythrina variegata L.) is a spreading tropical and subtropical tree legume, renowned as an ornamental for its conspicuous red blossoms. In India, it is one of the most used forage tree legume used as fodder for small ruminants . It is often used as an hedgerow and windbreak."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "False brandy bush (Grewia bicolor)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bastard brandy bush",
+        "donkey berry",
+        "false brandy bush",
+        "two-coloured grewia",
+        "white raisin"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "greuvier",
+        "grévier bicolore",
+        "nogo blanc"
+      ],
+      "description": "False brandy bush ( Grewia bicolor A. Juss.) is a many-stemmed shrub that may reach 7 to 14 m high. The bark is dark grey, deeply fissured and scaly in older trees. The leaves are alternate, elliptic to lanceolate, 1.5-12 cm long x 1-6 cm broad and typically bicoloured: the upper surface is dull green while the lower one is silvery white . The flowers are pentamerous, yellow, 1.5 cm in diameter. The fruit is a 2-lobed drupe, sometimes hairy, orange to purple black in colour and with a hard woody endocarp ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Indian laurel (Litsea glutinosa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bolly beech",
+        "brown beech",
+        "brown bollygum",
+        "brown bollywood",
+        "indian laurel",
+        "soft bollygum"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "avocat marron",
+        "bois d'oiseau",
+        "litsée glutineuse"
+      ],
+      "description": "The Indian laurel ( Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C. B. Rob.) is an evergreen, or deciduous, tree that reaches a height of 3-15 m. It is a polymorphic species with leaves that are alternate and elliptical to oblong-elliptical, 3.5-10 × 1.5-11 cm, velvety (particularly when young) or glabrous. Umbels contain many small yellowish flowers, the males having 8-20 stamens. Flowering occurs between March and June and fruits appear in September-October. Fruits are round and about 8 mm or less in diameter. The tree is able to reproduce vegetatively, accounting for over half of the stems produced, mostly from root-suckers ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Knob wood (Zanthoxylum chalybeum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "knob wood",
+        "kundanyoka knobwood"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Knob wood ( Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. var. chalybeum ) is a spiny deciduous shrub or tree up to 12 m high, with a rounded but open crown. It has compound leaves consisting usually of 3 to 5 pairs of shiny leaflets plus a terminal leaflet, with a strong citrus smell when crushed. The trunk has characteristic large, conical, woody knobs with sharp thorns. The fruit is spherical, about 5 mm in diameter, reddish-brown, splitting to allow the shiny black seeds to protrude ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Live oak (Quercus virginiana)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "live oak",
+        "southern live oak",
+        "virginia live oak"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The live oak ( Quercus virginiana ) is a shrubby to large perennial tree up to 20 m high that can span 50 m. It is an evergreen or almost evergreen tree."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Mango (Mangifera indica) forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "mango"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "mangue",
+        "manguier"
+      ],
+      "description": "The mango tree ( Mangifera indica L.) is primarily cultivated for its edible fruit, which is one of the most important fruit crop . While not usually considered as a forage tree, the mango tree also provides forage for animal feeding."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Moringa (Moringa oleifera)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "ben oil tree",
+        "benzoil tree",
+        "benzolive tree",
+        "drumstick tree",
+        "horse-radish tree",
+        "horseradish tree",
+        "moringa",
+        "west indian ben"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "ben ailée",
+        "ben oléifère",
+        "moringa ailée",
+        "pois quénique"
+      ],
+      "description": "Moringa ( Moringa oleifera Lam.) is a multipurpose tropical tree. It is mainly used for food and has numerous industrial, medicinal and agricultural uses, including animal feeding. Nutritious, fast-growing and drought-tolerant, this traditional plant was rediscovered in the 1990s and its cultivation has since become increasingly popular in Asia and Africa, where it is among the most economically valuable crops. It has been dubbed the \"miracle tree\" or \"tree of life\" by the media ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Red bush willow (Combretum apiculatum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bush willow",
+        "red bush willow",
+        "sabi willow"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Red bush willow ( Combretum apiculatum Sond.) is a deciduous, small to medium-sized tree reaching 10 m in height that is found in many savannah areas of tropical eastern Africa and of southern Africa. It is widely browsed by wild and domestic ruminants."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Azolla",
+      "english_names": [
+        "azolla",
+        "duckweed fern",
+        "fairy moss",
+        "mosquito fern",
+        "water fern"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Azolla ( Azolla sp.) is an aquatic fern consisting of a short, branched, floating stem, bearing roots which hang down in the water. The leaves are alternately arranged, each consisting of a thick aerial dorsal lobe containing green chlorophyll and a slightly larger thin, colourless, floating ventral lobe. Under some conditions, an anthocyanin pigment gives the fern a reddish-brown colour. Plant diameter ranges from 1-2.5 cm for small species such as Azolla pinnata , to 15 cm or more for Azolla nilotica . Azolla plants are triangular or polygonal in shape, and float on the surface of the water, individually or in mats. They give the appearance of a dark green to reddish carpet, except Azolla nilotica that does not produce the red anthocyanin pigment. The most remarkable characteristic of azolla is its symbiotic relationship with the nitrogen-fixing blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Anabaena azollae . The fern provides nutrients and a protective cavity in each leaf to Anabaena colonies in exchange for fixed atmospheric nitrogen and possibly other growth-promoting substances ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Duckweed",
+      "english_names": [
+        "common duckweed",
+        "lemna minor:",
+        "lesser duckweed",
+        "the main duckweed species are the following:"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "lenticule mineure",
+        "lentille d'eau bossue",
+        "petite lentille d'eau",
+        "spirodèle polyrhize"
+      ],
+      "description": "Duckweeds are tiny free-floating vascular plants found throughout the world on fresh (or sometimes brackish) waters."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Seaweeds (marine macroalgae)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "kelp",
+        "macroalgae",
+        "marine macroalgae",
+        "seaweed"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "algue noueuse",
+        "algue à vache",
+        "algues",
+        "algues marines",
+        "ascophylle noueuse",
+        "favach",
+        "goémon noir",
+        "goémon à vache",
+        "kelp géant",
+        "laitue de mer",
+        "laminaire",
+        "maërl",
+        "petit goémon",
+        "robert",
+        "sargasse",
+        "ulve",
+        "varech"
+      ],
+      "description": "Algae are an heterogeneous group of plants with a complex and often controversial taxonomy. There are two main types of algae: the macroalgae (seaweeds), which occupy the littoral zone and can be of very large size, and the small-sized microalgae, which are found in benthic and littoral habitats as well as throughout the ocean waters as phytoplankton . There are about 10,000 species of seaweeds , but only a few of them are of interest in animal feeding. This datasheet deals exclusively with seaweeds: for the utilization of microalgae species such as spirulina ( Arthrospira ) in animal feeding, see the Microalgae datasheet."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "\"million dollar weed\"",
+        "common water hyacinth",
+        "water hyacinth"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "camalote",
+        "jacinthe d'eau"
+      ],
+      "description": "The water hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) is a free floating perennial herb of fresh water ecosystems. It is found at the surface of rivers, lakes, canals and ponds and may root in the mud of shallow waters. It is generally 10-20 cm high but can reach 1 m high when established in dense mats . Water hyacinth is a rhizomatous and stoloniferous plant with long, pendant and adventitious roots. The leaves arise from the rhizome nodes and stand above the water. They are dark green, ovate and cordate at the base, borne on swollen bladder-like petioles . The plant has considerable buoyancy and the leaves act as sails in the wind . The inflorescence bears 8-10 pale violet or blue lily-like flowers. The fruit is a dehiscent capsule containing up to 200 small seeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Acanthus (Acanthus mollis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "artist's acanthus",
+        "bear's breech",
+        "bear's breeches",
+        "oyster plant",
+        "sea dock"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "acanthe molle",
+        "acanthe à feuille molles",
+        "acanthe à feuilles larges"
+      ],
+      "description": "Acanthus mollis L. is a perennial herb that can grow to a height of 0.9-1 m. It is a popular ornamental plant well-known for its large (30-60 cm), dark glossy leaves that served as a model for foliage decoration in Ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine architecture . The leaves are opposite, oblong with deeply pinnate toothed lobes, and the lower leaves are borne on large (up to 50 cm long) petioles. The stems are coarse, simple, cylindrical, upright and erect. The spike-like terminal inflorescence, which can be as high as the plant, bears large (3.5-5 cm long) flowers with whitish, purple-veined corollas. The fruits are dehiscent, glabrous capsules that contain 2-4 large ovoid seeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Achyranthes (Achyranthes aspera)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "birdweed",
+        "chaff burr",
+        "chaff flower",
+        "devil's horsewhip",
+        "prickly chaff flower",
+        "rough chaff flower"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "herbe d'eugène",
+        "herbe des jeunes",
+        "herbe sergent",
+        "herbe zinde",
+        "herbe à bengalis",
+        "la zinde",
+        "queue de rat"
+      ],
+      "description": "Achyranthes aspera L. is an herbaceous plant from the tropics and subtropics, mainly used for food and ethnomedicine, and consumed by ruminants, horses, and rabbits ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Asna (Terminalia elliptica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "asna",
+        "black murdah",
+        "crocodile-bark tree",
+        "indian laurel",
+        "saaj",
+        "saj",
+        "silver grey wood",
+        "taukkyan",
+        "white chuglam"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Asna ( Terminalia elliptica Willd.) is a medium to large deciduous tree native to southern and southeast Asia. It is mainly used as a valuable timber and for its ethnomedicinal properties. It is lopped for livestock feeding in India and Nepal, and is one of the main host for the tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta , an economically important producer of wild silk in several states of India."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "African sheepbush (Pentzia incana)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african sheepbush",
+        "anchor karoo",
+        "australian sheepbush",
+        "common karro",
+        "good karoo",
+        "karroo bush",
+        "sheep bush"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "African sheepbush ( Pentzia incana (Thunb.) Kuntze) is an aromatic rounded subshrub that is one of the most important species of the Karroo complex in South Africa. It is considered an important fodder plant for sheep in semi-arid and arid areas, hence the Afrikaans name skapbossie (sheepbush). In South Africa, it is thought to provide the distinctive flavour of Karoo lamb (a registered geographical indication) ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "African spiderflower (Gynandropsis gynandra)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african spiderflower",
+        "bastard mustard",
+        "cat's whiskers"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "brède caya",
+        "feuilles caya",
+        "mousambé à fleurs blanches",
+        "mozambé",
+        "pissat de chien"
+      ],
+      "description": "African spiderflower ( Gynandropsis gynandra L.) is an tropical annual herb mainly used as a vegetable in Africa and Asia. It is grazed by different classes of livestock and wild games. The seeds are eaten by birds and the oilseed meal can be used as a feed ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Annatto (Bixa orellana)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "achiote tree",
+        "annatto",
+        "lipstick tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "rocou",
+        "rocouyer",
+        "roucou"
+      ],
+      "description": "Annatto ( Bixa orellana L.) is a tropical and subtropical perennial shrub or small tree cultivated for the orange-red pigment extracted from its seeds and used in foods, drugs and cosmetics. The spent seeds resulting of pigment extraction can be used for livestock feeding as a source of protein and energy, and small amounts of whole seeds can be included in poultry diets as sources of pigment."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Black mulberry (Morus nigra)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "black mulberry",
+        "common mulberry",
+        "small-fruited mulberry",
+        "sycamine"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Black mulberry ( Morus nigra L.) is is a small deciduous tree cultivated worldwide, mainly for its edible fruits. Its leaves, like those of the white mulberry ( Morus alba L.) can be used to feed silkworms but the silk is of lesser quality. The leaves are used as cattle fodder ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Boscia (Boscia angustifolia)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "boscia"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Boscia ( Boscia angustifolia A. Rich.) is an African multipurpose tree that is mainly used for fodder and food ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Banana leaves and pseudostems",
+      "english_names": [
+        "banana",
+        "cooking banana",
+        "french plantain",
+        "plantain"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "banane",
+        "banane plantain",
+        "plantain"
+      ],
+      "description": "While banana production is a fruit crop, it generates large amounts of forage material that can be used to feed livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Banyan (Ficus benghalensis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "banyan",
+        "banyan fig",
+        "banyantree",
+        "bengal fig",
+        "east indian figtree",
+        "horn fig",
+        "indian banyan"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The banyan tree ( Ficus benghalensis L.) is a large evergreen tree native of Asia, characterized by its trunk-like aerial roots. Banyans are lopped for forage in Asia, particularly in times of scarcity."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Breadnut (Brosimum alicastrum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "breadnut",
+        "maya nut",
+        "ramón"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "noix-pain",
+        "noyer à pain"
+      ],
+      "description": "The breadnut tree ( Brosimum alicastrum Swartz) is a tree mostly grown in Central America for its foliage, edible fruits and seeds, and good quality wood. Its foliage is frequently pruned, and the fruits are harvested once a year ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Buffalo thorn (Ziziphus mucronata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "buffalo thorn",
+        "cape thorn"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The buffalo thorn ( Ziziphus mucronata Willd.) is a multipurpose tree whose leaves and fruits are a valuable fodder source."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "balsam pear",
+        "bitter cucumber",
+        "bitter gourd",
+        "bitter melon",
+        "leprosy gourd"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "concombre africain",
+        "concombre amer",
+        "margose",
+        "paroka"
+      ],
+      "description": "The bitter gourd ( Momordica charantia L.) is an horticultural species from the tropics and subtropics cultivated for its edible fruits known for their extreme bitterness. Information about the use in animal feeding of bitter gourd and its products is extremely limited."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cadaba (Cadaba farinosa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cadaba bush",
+        "herd-boy’s fruit"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Cadaba ( Cadaba farinosa Forssk.) is an evergreen shrub found in Africa that is mostly used as a browse for livestock. Fruits are edible and were referred to as famine food ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Century plant (Agave americana)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "american agave",
+        "american aloe",
+        "century plant"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "agave américain",
+        "agave d'amérique",
+        "choka bleu"
+      ],
+      "description": "The century plant ( Agave americana L.) is a perennial succulent herb, up to 10 m tall when flowering. It is native to Mexico and to the Southern USA, and its has been introduced in all warm areas around the world as an ornemental. Like other agaves, Agave americana has long been used by the populations of Central and South America for a large variety of purposes, including handicrafts, food, ethnomedicine and livestock feeding."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Calotropis (Calotropis procera)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "akund",
+        "apple of sodom",
+        "auricula tree",
+        "king's crown",
+        "madar",
+        "mudar",
+        "roostertree",
+        "rubber bush",
+        "rubber tree",
+        "small crownflower",
+        "sodom apple",
+        "sodom's milkweed",
+        "stabragh"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arbre de satan",
+        "arbre à soie",
+        "pommier de sodome"
+      ],
+      "description": "Calotropis ( Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton) is a spreading shrub or medium-sized tree reaching 2.5 to 6 m in height. It has a deep taproot, 3-4 m deep, and a secondary root system with woody lateral roots that may rapidly regenerate adventitious shoots when the plant is injured. The stems are crooked and covered with a fissured corky bark. The grey-green leaves are 15-30 cm long and 2.5-10 cm broad and have a succulent and waxy appearance, hence the name procera , which means wax in latin . The flowers are pentamerous, small, cream or greenish white at the base and purple violet at the extremity of the lobes. The fruit is a fleshy and inflated, up to 10 cm or more in diameter ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cissus (Cissus quadrangularis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "adamant creeper",
+        "asthisamharaka",
+        "devil's backbone",
+        "hadjod",
+        "pirandai",
+        "veldt-grape",
+        "winged treebine"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Cisssus quadrangularis is a deciduous, woody climber belonging to the grape family. Stems are succulent, quadrangular, sometimes pubescent at the angles. Leaves are simple and reniform. Fruits are ovoid, red when ripe . In South Africa, it is used by farmers for treating worm infestations and coughs in livestock . It is an important medicinal plant in Southern and South East Asia. In India, stems are also eaten fried or curried ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bitter apple",
+        "colocynth",
+        "vine of sodom",
+        "wild gourd"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "coloquinte",
+        "coloquinte officinale"
+      ],
+      "description": "The colocynth ( Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.) is a member of the cucurbits family. It is a perennial trailing vine from the Mediterranean Basin and subtropical and tropical Asia that is able to grow in desert areas. It is mainly cultivated for its many ethnomedecinal and ethnoveterinary uses. Once cooked, the seeds become edible. They yield a considerable amount of oil, which makes colocynth a potential source of energy (biodiesel)."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cassava leaves and foliage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "brazilian arrowroot",
+        "cassava",
+        "tapioca"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "manioc",
+        "tapioca"
+      ],
+      "description": "Cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) is mainly grown for its tubers that are used as staple food or for starch but cassava foliage can be a valuable fodder. It is then cultivated as a semi-perennial forage that can be harvested several times per biological cycle (every two or three months) . Cassava foliage can be fed fresh, but it is often preferable to dry it (cassava leaf meal) or ensile it as the leaves contain hydrogen cyanide that can be toxic to livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Castor bean (Ricinus communis) forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "castor bean",
+        "castor oil plant",
+        "castor plant",
+        "castor-oil plant",
+        "palma christi"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "ricin commun"
+      ],
+      "description": "The castor plant ( Ricinus communis L.), also called castor bean plant or castor oil plant, is a shrub or small tree cultivated in tropical and temperate regions for its seeds rich in an oil valued for its many industrial applications. The plant, and particularly its seeds, contain several toxic and even lethal substances. While castor plant foliage is less harmful than the seeds, its utilization as fodder is limited due to its potential toxicity, and it should be used carefully."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Creeping saltbush (Atriplex semibaccata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "australian saltbush",
+        "berry saltbush",
+        "creeping saltbush",
+        "diamond saltbush",
+        "half-berry saltbush"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Creeping saltbush ( Atriplex semibaccata R. Br.) is a shrub from dry and saline regions that is a valued forage."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Foxtail amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cat-tail",
+        "foxtail",
+        "foxtail amaranth",
+        "inca-wheat",
+        "love-lies-bleeding",
+        "purple amaranth",
+        "red-hot-cattail",
+        "tassel-flower",
+        "tumbleweed",
+        "velvet flower"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The foxtail amaranth ( Amaranthus caudatus L.) is one of the most popular species of domesticated amaranths. It has been cultivated for a long time as a multipurpose pseudocereal of high nutritive value, as a vegetable and as an ornamental plant . It belongs to the group of grain amaranths, along with Amaranthus cruentus and Amaranthus hypochondriacus . The plant residue after grain harvest may be fed to livestock or used for thatching."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Grape leaves and vine shoots",
+      "english_names": [
+        "common grapevine",
+        "european grape",
+        "grape",
+        "grapevine"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "feuilles de vignes",
+        "raisin",
+        "rameaux de vigne",
+        "résidus de taille de la vigne",
+        "sarments",
+        "vigne"
+      ],
+      "description": "The grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) is a vine cultivated worldwide for its edible berries (grapes) that are eaten fresh or pressed to make wine or grape juice. An important by-product of the grape crop are the leaves and shoots that are pruned once a year for crop management. These crop residues form a continuum of decreasing feeding value, ranging from fresh green leaves to dry woody shoots (canes). Grape leaves and vine shoots have been used traditionally to feed livestock in vineyards, particularly in Mediterranean countries."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Ganna bush (Salsola aphylla)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "coastal ganna",
+        "ganna bush",
+        "lye bush",
+        "lye ganna",
+        "lye ganna bush",
+        "lyebush"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Ganna bush ( Salsola aphylla ) is a succulent, halophytic shrub native of southern Africa where it grows in floodplains or in arid areas where underground water is available. It is browsed by domestic and wild animals."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "ber",
+        "chinee apple",
+        "chinese apple",
+        "cottony jujube",
+        "dungs",
+        "indian jujube",
+        "indian plum",
+        "jujube",
+        "masau"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "jujube",
+        "jujubier"
+      ],
+      "description": "Indian jujube ( Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) is a shrub or small tree of the dry tropical and subtropical regions that is browsed by livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bucknut",
+        "coffee berry",
+        "coffee bush",
+        "coffee nut",
+        "deer nut",
+        "goat nut",
+        "goatnut",
+        "gray box bush",
+        "jojoba",
+        "jojowi",
+        "lemon leaf",
+        "pig nut",
+        "quinine nut",
+        "quinine plant",
+        "wild hazel"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "jojoba"
+      ],
+      "description": "Jojoba ( Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C. K. Schneid.) is a shrub native to Northern Mexico and the South-Western USA, which has become a minor oil crop since the 1980s. Its seeds contain a liquid wax similar to spermwhale oil (spermaceti) in composition with properties that have numerous industrial uses."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Kapok bush (Aerva javanica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "desert cotton",
+        "kapok bush",
+        "pillow-weed"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The kapok bush ( Aerva javanica (Burm. f.) Juss. ex Schult.) is a perennial semi-shrubby plant growing in tropical and subtropical dry areas. It is both erect and spreading, grows up to a height of 1.5 m high, and is covered with densely matted hairs on stems and leaves. Aerva javanica is much-branched, with vigorous round stems that are woody at the base, and a dark stout taproot. It has numerous leaves, ovate to lanceolate, 10-20 x 40-75 mm, alternate and white to grey. The flowers are small and whitish and arranged in dense, woolly terminal panicles ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Luffa (Luffa aegyptiaca)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "dishrag gourd",
+        "egyptian cucumber",
+        "loofah",
+        "lufah",
+        "luffa",
+        "rag gourd",
+        "smooth luffa",
+        "sponge gourd",
+        "vegetable-sponge",
+        "vietnamese gourd",
+        "vietnamese luffa"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "courge torchon",
+        "courge éponge",
+        "liane torchon",
+        "luffa",
+        "pétole",
+        "éponge végétale"
+      ],
+      "description": "Luffa ( Luffa aegyptiaca Mill.) is a plant from the cucumber family, mainly grown for fibre production."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Mahua (Madhuca longifolia)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "butter tree",
+        "honey tree",
+        "llupai",
+        "mahua",
+        "mahwa",
+        "mohwa",
+        "mohwra"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arbre à beurre",
+        "bassie",
+        "illipe",
+        "madhuca"
+      ],
+      "description": "Mahua ( Madhuca longifolia (L.) J. F. Macbr.) is a multipurpose tropical tree mainly cultivated or harvested in the wild in Southern Asia for its edible flowers and oil seeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bolivian sunflower",
+        "japanese sunflower",
+        "mexican sunflower",
+        "mexican tournesol",
+        "nitobe chrysanthemum",
+        "shrub sunflower",
+        "tithonia",
+        "tree marigold",
+        "wild sunflower"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "fleur la fête des mères",
+        "petite fleur soleil",
+        "tournesol mexicain"
+      ],
+      "description": "Mexican sunflower ( Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray) is a tropical herb or shrub cultivated in many countries of Africa, Asia, and South America for its multipurpose value. As fodder, it is rich in protein, valuable for ruminants and rabbits, but less for poultry and pigs, probably due to the presence of fibre and antinutritional factors."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Nacedero (Trichanthera gigantea)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "trichanthera"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Nacedero ( Trichanthera gigantea (Humboldt & Bonpland.) Nees) is a multipurpose, versatile tree native of South America that thrives in a wide range of tropical ecosystems. It is used for fodder for pigs, rabbits and ruminants."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Olive forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "olive",
+        "olive tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "olivier"
+      ],
+      "description": "The olive tree ( Olea europaea L.) is a slow growing evergreen tree that reaches a height of 5-10 m. It is an emblematic tree of the Mediterranean basin. It has a rather shallow root system. The trunk is erect, deeply fissured and distorted. The leaves are simple, lanceolate, 3-9 cm × 0.5-3 cm, leathery, dark grey-green and glabrous on the upper side, and densely covered with silvery scales underneath. They are covered by a cuticle that prevents dehydration. The tree shed its leaves once every three years. The inflorescences are 3-8 cm long, many-flowered, borne on the leaf axils. Only 1-5% of the flowers develop into fruits. The fruit is a drupe containing a fleshy mesocarp (pulp) and a woody endocarp (stone or pit). The pulp contains some 20% oil and is highly bitter due to its high tannin content. The tree starts producing fruits between 4 and 7 years after propagation, through cuttings or suckers. It remains productive for up to 50 years and its life-span may reach 500 years ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bluegreen saltbush",
+        "giant saltbush",
+        "old man saltbush"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arroche nummulaire"
+      ],
+      "description": "Old man saltbush ( Atriplex nummularia Lindl.) is a halophyte species and one of the most important forage shrubs suited to alkaline and saline lowlands . It is a very hardy species, able to thrive under harsh conditions . It is considered a drought reserve . Atriplex nummularia is much valued for its ability to provide all-year grazing of green feed by extending feed availability into dry periods ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Papaya (Carica papaya) fruits, leaves and by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "papaw",
+        "papaya",
+        "pawpaw"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "melon des tropiques",
+        "papayer"
+      ],
+      "description": "The papaya tree ( Carica papaya L.) is a fast growing perennial branchless tree up to 10 m high, with a crown of very large palmate leaves, at the base of which the fruits are clustered. It is mainly cultivated for its edible fruits which appear 10 months after planting. They are pyriform, orange or red-orange when ripe and may weigh up to 9 kg each. Fruits are tasty, sweet and juicy. Papaya fruits are a palatable feedstuff and the leaves and fruit by-products are also used to feed animals ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Pineapple leaves",
+      "english_names": [
+        "pineapple"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "ananas"
+      ],
+      "description": "The pineapple ( Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) is one of the most popular tropical fruit in the world. World pineapple production was 18 million tons in 2009 . Beside fruits, pineapple fields yield large amounts of leaves that may be used for their high quality fibre or as feedstuff for ruminants ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bulrush",
+        "coco-grass",
+        "egyptian paper-reed",
+        "indian matting plant",
+        "nile grass",
+        "paper reed",
+        "papyrus",
+        "papyrus sedge"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "herbe-à-oignon",
+        "jonc du nil",
+        "papier du nil",
+        "papyrus",
+        "souchet rond",
+        "souchet à papier",
+        "souchet à tubercules"
+      ],
+      "description": "Papyrus ( Cyperus papyrus L.) is an aquatic sedge mostly known for its use as paper by the ancient Egypt, Greek and Roman civilizations. It has been assessed as fodder for feeding livestock. The pith is edible and can be eaten raw or cooked. The dry plant can be burned for fire production. Papyrus is now widely used as an ornemental ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "barbary fig",
+        "indian fig",
+        "mission cactus",
+        "nopal",
+        "opuntia",
+        "prickly pear",
+        "prickly pear cactus",
+        "smooth mountain prickly pear",
+        "tuberous prickly pear",
+        "tuna cactus"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "figuier d'inde",
+        "figuier de barbarie",
+        "oponce"
+      ],
+      "description": "The prickly pear ( Opuntia ficus-indica ) is a cactus species widespread in semiarid and arid regions of Americas, Africa, Asia, Southern Europe and Australia. It is a multipurpose crop and a valuable source of water and forage for livestock in dry areas."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "buckhorn",
+        "buckhorn plantain",
+        "english plantain",
+        "lance-leaved plantain",
+        "narrow-leaved plantain",
+        "narrowleaf plantain",
+        "ribgrass",
+        "ribwort plantain"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "petit plantain",
+        "plantain lancéolé",
+        "plantain étroit"
+      ],
+      "description": "Ribwort plantain ( Plantago lanceolata L.) is a stemless herbaceous perennial plant, 20 to 80 cm high. It has a thick rhizome and fibrous roots. Leaves are arranged in a dense rosette. Petioles are as long as leaves (10-20 cm long). Leaves are lanceolate, 1 to 3 cm broad and glabrous or sparsely pubescent (more hairy in dry habitats). Inflorescence is a short spike, densely flowered with white flowers. Fruit is a capsule, 3-5 mm long, with 1 to 3 seeds. Seeds are yellow brown to dark brown or black, oblong, 2-3 mm long and mucilaginous when wet . The mass of 1000 seeds is 1-1.5 g ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Rape forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "canola forage",
+        "forage rape",
+        "rape forage",
+        "rapeseed forage"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "canola fourrager",
+        "colza fourrager",
+        "colza-fourrage"
+      ],
+      "description": "Rape forage ( Brassica napus L. and interspecific crosses of other Brassica species including Brassica rapa L. and Brassica campestris L.) is a catch crop that can be sown from spring to autumn and produce valuable fodder for livestock. A high-quality forage, it can be grazed, cut for cut-and-carry systems, or made into hay or silage. In temperate areas, rape forage helps bridging the forage gap by the end of summer. Rape forage provides several environmental services . Cultivars of rape developed specifically for forage production are available worldwide."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Roxburgh fig (Ficus auriculata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "elephant ear fig tree",
+        "roxburgh fig"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The roxburgh fig tree ( Ficus auriculata Lour.) is a perennial evergreen shrub or small tree that grows up to 12 m high. Leaves are ovate and very large (30-40 cm). They start off being red then turn to green. Fruits are pear-shaped and reddish-brown, hanging on peduncles 2.5 cm or longer. Fruits appear on thin branches emerging from the trunk or from the roots. The fruits are edible and are used to make jams, juices and curries in India. In Vietnam, unripe fruits are also used in salads. Leaves are used as fodder for ruminants ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Russian comfrey (Symphytum × uplandicum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "blue comfrey",
+        "quaker comfrey",
+        "russian comfrey"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "consoude d'upland",
+        "consoude panachée",
+        "consoude voyageuse"
+      ],
+      "description": "The Russian comfrey ( Symphytum × uplandicum Nyman) is a cultivated perennial herb reaching about 1 m high with large, lance-shaped hairy leaves, hairy stems and magenta-pink flowers . The root system of a well-established comfrey plant is fleshy and extensive. The plant can be harvested for both leaves and tubers ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "false saffron",
+        "safflower"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "carthame des teinturiers",
+        "safran bâtard",
+        "safran des teinturiers"
+      ],
+      "description": "Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an annual herbaceous, highly branched plant that can reach 0.3-1.5 m in height. It has an extensive root system with a strong fleshy taproot reaching 2-3 m in depth and thin lateral roots exploring the first 30 cm of the soil . The stems are glabrous, greenish white, cylindrical and woody near the base. The leaves are sessile, arranged in a rosette from the base, 4-20 cm long × 1-5 cm broad, glossy dark green; the upper leaves bear many sharp spines. Each stem bears a terminal inflorescence. It is a globular capitulum, 1.3-3.5 cm in diameter, containing 20-80 tubular orange-red flowers becoming dark red during flowering. Each flower produces one fruit. Safflower fruits are achenes, usually called \"seeds\", surrounded by a thick fibrous hull. They are smooth, shiny and angular, about 6-9 mm long, white or brownish and white with grey, brown or black stripes. They generally contain 33-60% hull and 40-67% kernel ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Saltbush (Salvadora persica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "arak",
+        "miswak",
+        "mustard tree",
+        "saltbush",
+        "toothbrush tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arbre brosse à dents",
+        "arbre à cure-dents",
+        "arbre à frotte-dents"
+      ],
+      "description": "Saltbush ( Salvadora persica Garc.) is an evergreen shrub or small tree that can reach a height of 6-7 m. It has an erect trunk with slightly rough bark and a wide crown of profuse, crooked and dropping branches. Saltbush leaves are opposite, oblong-elliptic to almost circular, 3 x 7 cm, light to dark green, rather fleshy, borne on a 1 cm long petiole. The inflorescence is a 10 cm long panicle that bears very small, greenish to yellowish flowers. The fruit is pink to scarlet, spherical, fleshy, 5-10 mm in diameter. It contains one seed that turns from pink to purple to semi transparent at maturity ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sugarcane tops",
+      "english_names": [
+        "sugarcane tops"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "amarres",
+        "bouts blancs de canne à sucre",
+        "têtes de canne"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sugarcane tops are one of the main by-products of sugarcane milling . At harvest time, the sugarcane biomass includes stalks which can be milled, tops, dead and dying leaves, stubble and roots . Sugarcane tops represent 15 to 25% of the aerial part of the plant. They generally consist of green leaves, bundle sheath and variable amounts of immature cane . Generally the cutting point is at the highest fully-formed node . Sugarcane tops contain phenols, amino acids and soluble polysaccharides that prevent optimal crystallization and cause undesirable colour in sugar . For that reason, they are the first by-product of the sugar milling process and are discarded on the field, where they are often burned and then used as fertilizer . Sugarcane tops from sugar production are harvested at maturity, which coincides with the dry season, but tops from sugarcane grown for animal feeding can be harvested at an immature stage."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sunflower (general)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "common sunflower",
+        "sunflower"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "tournesol"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) is the 5 th most important oilseed crop in the world and accounts for 8% of oilseed world production , with 32.3 million tons for the 2010/2011 harvest ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "sweet potato"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "patate douce"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) is a plant grown for its tuberous roots in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate regions. Sweet potato tubers are a staple food or an alternative food in many countries and part of the production is used for animal feeding."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Tomato leaves and crop residues",
+      "english_names": [],
+      "french_names": [
+        "feuilles de tomate et résidus de récolte",
+        "pieds de tomate"
+      ],
+      "description": "Tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) leaves and crop residues (stubble, stalk) are the residues of tomato crop: vegetative parts of the plant left on the ground after harvest. They can be used for the following purposes:"
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Wild amaranth (Amaranthus graecizans)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "prostrate amaranth",
+        "spreading pigweed",
+        "wild amaranth"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "amarante africaine",
+        "amarante sauvage",
+        "amarante sylvestre"
+      ],
+      "description": "The wild amaranth ( Amaranthus graecizans L.) is an annual, summer growing herb species found in Africa, Asia and Southern Europe. It is mainly used as a vegetable. Its use for fodder (silage) has been reported in Sahelian Africa but information is limited."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "White mulberry (Morus alba)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "russian mulberry",
+        "silkworm mulberry",
+        "white mulberry"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "mûrier blanc"
+      ],
+      "description": "White mulberry ( Morus alba L.) is a high-yielding pantropical and subtropical medium-sized tree. While it is traditionally used as fodder for silkworms, white mulberry provides a highly palatable forage suitable for most farm animals ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Karanja (Millettia pinnata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "indian beech",
+        "indian pongamia",
+        "karanj",
+        "karanja",
+        "pongam",
+        "pongamia",
+        "pongamia tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arbre de pongolote"
+      ],
+      "description": "Karanja ( Millettia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi) is a fast-growing, multipurpose tree of the humid tropic. It is one of the few N-fixing trees that produce oilseeds . With the increasing production of oil for biofuel, large amounts of oil cake are available for livestock feeding. \"Karanja\" is the popular name of Millettia pinnata in Hindi while it is called \"pongam\" in tamil ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "hawaii nut",
+        "macadamia",
+        "macadamia nut",
+        "queensland nut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "noix de possum",
+        "noix du queensland"
+      ],
+      "description": "The macadamia tree ( Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche, Macadamia ternifolia F. Muell. and Macadamia tetraphylla L.A.S. Johnson) is a tropical and subtropical tree valued for its edible oily nuts (kernels). Culled macadamia nuts, nuts husks and macadamia oil cake resulting from the oil extraction of nuts can be used as animal feeds."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Peach palm (Bactris gasipaes)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "peach palm"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "palmier pêche",
+        "parepon",
+        "parépou (french guyana)"
+      ],
+      "description": "The peach palm ( Bactris gasipaes Kunth) is a dual-purpose tropical tree cultivated for its edible nutritious fruit that provides pulp, flour, cooking oil, and oil meal, and for the production of heart-of-palm. It yields many crop residues and by-products: leaves, discarded fruits, seeds, oil cake (resulting from oil extraction), and heart-of-palm rinds. All these by-products and crop residues can be used for animal feeding."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "arrow-root",
+        "arrowroot",
+        "bermuda arrowroot",
+        "west indian arrowroot"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arrow-root",
+        "dictame",
+        "herbe aux flèches",
+        "marante",
+        "mouchasse",
+        "rouroute"
+      ],
+      "description": "Arrowroot ( Maranta arundinacea L.) is a tropical herb used for its tubers, which contain a highly valuable starch. The leaves and the by-products of starch extraction are fed to livestock."
+    }
+  ],
+  "Other plant by-products": [
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "buckwheat",
+        "common buckwheat"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "blé de barbarie",
+        "blé noir",
+        "bucail",
+        "sarrasin"
+      ],
+      "description": "Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) is an erect annual herb grown worldwide for its edible seed, which is used like cereal grains such as wheat or maize. While the plant is primarily grown for grain production, its foliage can be fed to livestock :"
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Straws",
+      "english_names": [
+        "haulms",
+        "stover",
+        "straws",
+        "stubble"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "paille"
+      ],
+      "description": "Straw is the crop residue consisting of the dry stems and leaves left after the harvest of cereals, legumes and other crops. Straws are available in large quantities, usually over half the harvestable vegetation of the crop. Straws are a coarse, highly fibrous roughage than cannot be eaten by humans, but they have always played an important role in agriculture and in rural societies, where they are used for numerous purposes."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Carob (Ceratonia siliqua)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "carob",
+        "carob tree",
+        "locust bean",
+        "st john's bread"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "caroube",
+        "caroubier"
+      ],
+      "description": "The carob tree ( Ceratonia siliqua L.) is an evergreen shrub or tree cultivated in the Mediterranean area for its sugar-rich pods and gum-containing seeds. It reaches a height of 8-17 m in the wild but cultivated trees are smaller. It has a broad hemispherical crown, a thick trunk and sturdy branches . The carob tree has an extensive root system with a deep taproot and lateral roots. Its leaves are alternate, pinnate, with or without terminal leaflets, and 10-20 cm long. The dark green leaflets have a very thick epidermis containing large amounts of tannins . Each tree bears both female and male, or hermaphroditic, flowers (some cultivars may be completely hermaphroditic): plantations should comprise about 12% of pollinators (male or hermaphroditic trees) . The small and numerous flowers are borne in clusters that grow directly along the branches . The fruit is an indehiscent straight or curved pod, 10-30 cm long, 1.5-3.5 cm broad and 6-20 mm thick. The pods have a wrinkled surface that turns dark brown and leathery at maturation. They contain 5 to 18 hard brown seeds (10% of the pod weight) embedded in a sweet thick pulpy substance . The seeds, all being the same size, are used as weights in eastern Mediterranean countries: the word \"carat\" comes from qīrā ṭ (قيراط), the Arabic name of the seeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Mexican marigold (Tagetes erecta)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african marigold",
+        "aztec marigold",
+        "mexican marigold"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "rose d'inde",
+        "souci africain",
+        "souci aztèque",
+        "tagète"
+      ],
+      "description": "Mexican marigold ( Tagetes erecta L.) is an herbaceous plant from the sunflower family, cultivated commercially for its yellow flowers, both as an ornamental plant and as a source of feed pigments and food colouring additives."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Coffee hulls, fruit pulp and by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "arabian coffee",
+        "arabica coffee",
+        "coffee",
+        "coffee tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "caféier d'arabie"
+      ],
+      "description": "The coffee bean ( Coffea arabica L.) is used to make one of the most popular beverages in the world and considerable amounts of coffee bean are processed every day, leading to large quantities of by-products that may be used to feed livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Enset (Ensete ventricosum) corms and pseudostems",
+      "english_names": [
+        "abyssinian banana",
+        "enset",
+        "ensete",
+        "ethiopian banana",
+        "false banana"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bananier d'abyssinie"
+      ],
+      "description": "Enset ( Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman) is a tall herbaceous plant from tropical Eastern Africa related to the banana. Enset is grown in Ethiopia for its starch-rich basal pseudostems (trunks) and their swollen underground parts, called corms, which are an important staple food for the inhabitants of the southern and south-western areas of the country. In Ethiopia, enset corms and pseudostems play a major role in food security, and they are also occasionally fed to livestock . The sustainability of enset farming systems is currently endangered by the bacterial wilt disease, so the future of the crop is in question. However, enset grows in many tropical countries and its corms and pseudostems are an underexploited high-energy feed resource."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers",
+      "english_names": [
+        "potato",
+        "spud"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "patate",
+        "pomme de terre"
+      ],
+      "description": "Potato tubers are the subterranean swollen, starchy tubers of the potato plant ( Solanum tuberosum L.) and are of utmost importance as staple food for hundreds of millions of people in the world. Potatoes are cultivated in 149 countries . Potato tubers have been considered a good, succulent feed for farm animals for a long time . Feed-grade potato tubers are culled or discarded potatoes that did not meet market requirements because of size, appearance, diseases, damage, or that were in oversupply . Potatoes may be fed raw to cattle, sheep, horses and pigs but are best cooked for the latter ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sugarcane juice",
+      "english_names": [
+        "sugarcane juice"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "vesou"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sugarcane juice is the opaque and viscous liquid, brownish to deep-green in colour, obtained by pressing sugarcane stalks. Sugarcane juice is mainly processed into sugar, but part of the production goes to human consumption as fresh juice or alcohol (cachaça). Juice from traditional production and surplus juice from sugar factories (when sugar prices are low) often goes to animal feeding . In traditional mills, the juice may be extracted using a simple crusher, draught powered, motorized or manually operated. The extraction rate is lower than at a sugar factory (40-50%). Cane juice, extracted in this way, contains approximately 10 to 13% more total sugars compared to factory juice, principally because no water is added ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sugarcane molasses",
+      "english_names": [
+        "a molasses",
+        "b molasses",
+        "c molasses",
+        "high-test molasses",
+        "integral molasses",
+        "molasses",
+        "sugarcane molasses",
+        "syrup-off",
+        "unclarified molasses"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "mélasse",
+        "mélasse de canne"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sugarcane molasses is a viscous, dark and sugar-rich by-product of sugar extraction from the sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum L.). It is a major feed ingredient, used as an energy source and as a binder in compound feeds."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sugarcane press mud",
+      "english_names": [
+        "scum",
+        "sugarcane filter cake mud",
+        "sugarcane filter mud",
+        "sugarcane filter press mud",
+        "sugarcane filtercake",
+        "sugarcane pressmud"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "boues de filtration",
+        "boues de gâteau de filtration",
+        "gâteau de filtration"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sugarcane press mud is the residue of the filtration of sugarcane juice. The clarification process separates the juice into a clear juice that rises to the top and goes for manufacture, and a mud that collects at the bottom. The mud is then filtered to separate the suspended matter, which includes insoluble salts and fine bagasse. There are 3 types of filter: the press filters (used in carbonatation factories), mechanical filters and rotary vacuum filters . The yield of filter cake is variable, from 1 to 7 kg (wet basis) per 100 kg of cane . With a conservative yield of 2% and a total production of 1700 million t in 2009 , the world output of fresh filter press mud can be estimated to be about 30 million t."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Potato (Solanum tuberosum) protein concentrate",
+      "english_names": [
+        "potato protein concentrate"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "concentré protéique de pomme de terre"
+      ],
+      "description": "Potato protein concentrate is a byproduct of potato starch production. Consisting in almost pure protein, it is of outstanding nutritive value for all classes of livestock."
+    }
+  ],
+  "Cereal grains and by-products": [
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Ear maize",
+      "english_names": [
+        "ccm",
+        "corn and cob meal",
+        "corn cob mix",
+        "corn-cob-mix",
+        "ear corn",
+        "ear maize",
+        "earlage",
+        "ground ear corn",
+        "ground ear maize",
+        "high-moisture ear maize",
+        "high-moisture earn corn",
+        "maize and cob meal",
+        "maize ears",
+        "snaplage"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "épis de maïs",
+        "épis de maïs complets",
+        "épis entiers de maïs"
+      ],
+      "description": "Ear maize (ear corn in American English) consists in whole maize ears including the cobs, the grains and occasionally the husks and portions of the stalks, depending on the harvesting method. It is a valuable forage that is fed fresh, ensiled or dehydrated. It is rich in starch and it is an energy feed for livestock, particularly for ruminants, with a nutritive value slightly lower than that of maize grain, and higher than that of maize silage . In addition to ear maize harvested and consumed on-farm, there are numerous products available under commercial names that contain varying proportions of grain, cobs, husks and stalks . Corn cob mix (corn cob meal) consists of grain and cobs only and is occasionally a direct result of combine harvester . It is popular in European countries, both for cattle and finishing pigs . In American English, ensiled ear maize is called earlage, and sometimes, if it contains also the husks, snaplage ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Maize green forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "maize green chop",
+        "maize green forage"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "maïs fourrage vert"
+      ],
+      "description": "Maize ( Zea mays L.) green forage, particularly when it contains the stalks, leaves and ears, is an energy-rich feed for ruminant livestock. While maize forage is usually ensiled in cooler regions, year-round maize production in the tropics may allow the continuous harvesting of green forage, making ensiling unnecessary . Grazing whole maize plants also provides green fodder to livestock in periods of scarcity (dry and hot summers, and winters) . In areas where conditions are harsh and forage is scarce, maize green forage is a valuable source of fodder for smallholder owned stock (see Forage management below) . Maize is a high energy feed, better than most other tropical forage crops, of which the DM is often below 40% digestible. In the tropics, while grass forages must be harvested almost monthly, maize forage matures within three months, is harvested only once, and does not require much labour and high machinery costs ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Maize stover",
+      "english_names": [
+        "corn stover",
+        "corn straw",
+        "maize stover",
+        "maize straw"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "cannes de maïs",
+        "paille de maïs",
+        "tiges de maïs"
+      ],
+      "description": "Maize stover consists of the residues of maize ( Zea mays L.) plants grown for grain and left in the field following the harvest. It includes stalks, leaves, husks, and cobs. Because the amount of maize dry matter left on the field is similar to the amount of dry grain produced, considerable quantities of maize stover are available. Maize stover is often considered as the best of the cereal stovers for livestock due to its higher protein and energy content. However, it remains a highly fibrous feed of limited digestibility and palatability that may require treatments to enhance its nutritional value."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Wheat (general)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "wheat"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "blé",
+        "froment"
+      ],
+      "description": "Wheat ( Triticum spp.) is one of the most important staple food crops for humans: it provides about 20% of food energy and protein worldwide. It is the most widely grown crop in the world with 225 million ha harvested in 2009. Wheat grain production ranked third among cereals after maize and rice . Average biomass production of wheat is about 14 ton DM/ha . Wheat grain is mainly processed into flour (whole grain or refined) for the production of a large variety of bakery products, pastries and confectionary. Durum wheat is a wheat species ( Triticum durum ) dedicated to semolina, couscous and pasta production. Wheat is also used in the distillery (including biofuel), brewery and starch industries."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "quinoa"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is an Andean pseudo-cereal crop that is mainly cultivated for its energy and protein-rich, gluten-free seeds. Quinoa can be grown as a green vegetable, and its leaves can be eaten fresh or cooked. Leaves, seeds and crop residues from grain harvesting and milling can be fed to livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Broken rice and polished rice",
+      "english_names": [
+        "brewer's rice",
+        "broken rice",
+        "chits",
+        "rice tips"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "brisures de riz"
+      ],
+      "description": "Polished rice ( Oriza sativa L.) results from the complete milling of rice grain, after removal of the husks, polishings and bran from the whole grain (paddy rice). 60-72% of world rice is processed into polished rice . The polishing step yields 1 to 17% of broken rice, which consists of broken kernels that are 25% or less of the original length of the grain. Broken rice represents 2-3% of processed rice production ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Barley grain",
+      "english_names": [
+        "barley"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "escourgeon",
+        "orge"
+      ],
+      "description": "Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the main cereal crops. With 150 million tons produced in 2009, barley grain production ranked fourth behind maize, rice and wheat . Developing countries account for about 25% of the total barley harvested area ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Brewers grains",
+      "english_names": [
+        "brewer's grain",
+        "brewer's spent grain",
+        "brewers grains",
+        "dried brewer's grains",
+        "wet brewer's grains"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "drêches de brasserie",
+        "drêches de brasserie déshydratées",
+        "drêches de brasserie humides",
+        "drêches de brasserie séchées"
+      ],
+      "description": "Brewers grains are the solid residue left after the processing of germinated and dried cereal grains (malt) for the production of beer and other malt products (malt extracts and malt vinegar). Though barley is the main grain used for brewing, beers are also made from wheat, maize, rice, sorghum and millet. In the brewing process, grains are soaked in water until they germinate and then dried to produce the malt (malting). The malted grains are milled and steeped in hot water so that enzymes transform the starch into sugars (mashing/saccharification). The resulting sugar-rich liquid (wort) is then boiled, filtered and fermented to produce beer (see Figure ). Brewers grains are collected at the end of the mashing process, once all sugars have been removed from the grain. The remaining product is a concentrate of proteins and fibre that is suitable for animal feeding, particularly for ruminants . Brewers grains are a highly variable by-product whose composition and nutritional value depend on the grain used, on the industrial process (temperature, fermentation, etc.) and on the method of preservation. Brewers grains are sold wet or dried, and can be ensiled ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) grain and by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "buckwheat",
+        "common buckwheat"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "blé de barbarie",
+        "blé noir",
+        "bucail",
+        "sarrasin"
+      ],
+      "description": "Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) is an erect annual herb grown worldwide for its edible seed, which is used like cereal grains such as wheat or maize. For that reason, buckwheat grain is classified among the cereal grains even though it is from the Polygonaceae family and not from the Poaceae (grasses) family like proper cereals. As its composition is close to that of cereals, buckwheat grain can be used as feed for all classes of farm animals ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cockspur grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) grain",
+      "english_names": [
+        "barn grass",
+        "barnyard grass",
+        "barnyard millet",
+        "billion dollar grass",
+        "chicken panic grass",
+        "cocksfoot panicum",
+        "cockspur",
+        "cockspur grass",
+        "german grass",
+        "japanese barnyard millet",
+        "japanese millet",
+        "panic grass",
+        "water grass",
+        "wild millet"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bourgon",
+        "crête de coq",
+        "echinochloa pied-de-coq",
+        "ergot de coq",
+        "millard",
+        "millet du japon",
+        "panic",
+        "panic des marais",
+        "panic pied-de-coq",
+        "panisse",
+        "patte de poule",
+        "pied de coq"
+      ],
+      "description": "Cockspur grain is the seed of the cockspur grass ( Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.), a tall, robust, tufted, quick growing annual grass cultivated in the tropics and subtropics for forage or for grain or both. The plant can be grazed before being harvested for grain. Cockspur is mainly considered a weed in cash crops like rice or maize and it can be used for soil reclamation. Like other species of the Echinochloa genus, Echinochloa crus-galli is often classified as minor millet crop."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Corn gluten meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "corn gluten meal",
+        "gluten 60",
+        "maize gluten meal",
+        "prairie meal"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "farine de gluten",
+        "gluten de maïs"
+      ],
+      "description": "Corn gluten meal is a by-product of the manufacture of maize starch (and sometimes ethanol) by the wet-milling process . Corn gluten meal is a protein-rich feed, containing about 65% crude protein (DM), used as a source of protein, energy and pigments for livestock species including fish. It is also valued in pet food for its high protein digestibility . In the USA and Canada, corn gluten meal is also used as a fertilizer and pre-emergent weed killer ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Finger millet (Eleusine coracana), grain",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african finger millet",
+        "caracan millet",
+        "finger millet",
+        "koracan"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "coracan",
+        "millet africain",
+        "éleusine"
+      ],
+      "description": "Finger millet ( Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) is a cereal grass grown mostly for its grain (for information concerning the forage uses of finger millet, see the Finger millet, forage datasheet). Finger millet is a robust, tufted, tillering annual grass, up to 170 cm high . The inflorescence is a panicle with 4-19 finger-like spikes that resembles a fist when mature, hence the name finger millet . The spikes bear up to 70 alternate spikelets, carrying 4 to 7 small seeds . The seed pericarp is independent from the kernel and can be easily removed from the seed coat ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Foxtail millet (Setaria italica), grain",
+      "english_names": [
+        "dwarf setaria",
+        "foxtail bristle grass",
+        "foxtail millet",
+        "german millet",
+        "giant setaria",
+        "green bristle grass",
+        "green foxtail",
+        "green foxtail millet",
+        "hungarian millet",
+        "italian millet",
+        "nunbank setaria",
+        "wild foxtail millet"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "millet d'italie",
+        "millet des oiseaux",
+        "petit mil",
+        "sétaire d'italie",
+        "sétaire verte"
+      ],
+      "description": "Foxtail millet ( Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.) is one of the oldest cultivated cereal grain and the most economically important species of the Setaria genus. Foxtail millet is a dual-purpose plant grown for its grain, which is used for human food and animal feeding, and for fodder (see the Foxtail millet forage datasheet). There are many wild and cultivated types, and the latter are divided into many cultivars with differences in height, habit, structure of inflorescences, number and colour of grain ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Fonio (Digitaria exilis) grain",
+      "english_names": [
+        "a popular staple food in west africa",
+        "acha",
+        "acha grass",
+        "fonio",
+        "fonio is known under many names.",
+        "fonio millet",
+        "fundi",
+        "fundi millet",
+        "hungry koos",
+        "hungry millet",
+        "hungry rice",
+        "mouldy acha",
+        "white acha",
+        "white fonio"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Fonio ( Digitaria exilis Stapf) is an annual tropical grass grown in West Africa for its starch-rich, tiny seeds. In this region, fonio grain plays a major role in food security, preventing food shortages as it ripens outstandingly faster than other crops and can be harvested one month before other cereals like maize or millet. Fonio grain is a high quality cereal, with a particularly good nutty taste, and a favourable amino acid profile . An important trait of fonio is its resistance to drought and its adaptation to climate change . Fonio grain, once dehulled and polished to removed the hulls and bran, is primarily used for food rather than for feed though it can be very valuable for monogastric animals . Fonio straw and chaff provide forage for ruminants (see the Fonio forage datasheet)."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Maize bran and hominy feed",
+      "english_names": [
+        "corn bran",
+        "maize bran"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "son de maïs",
+        "tourteau de maïs"
+      ],
+      "description": "Maize bran is a by-product of various maize processing industries, including starch and ethanol production, and the production of maize-based foods. While maize bran theoretically consists of the bran coating removed in the early stages of processing, the maize bran sold for livestock feeding is usually a mixture of the bran fraction and other by-products and is, therefore, a very loosely defined product of highly variable composition. In the case of ethanol production, maize bran is defined as the mixture of the bran fraction and distillers solubles . In the starch extraction process, maize bran is usually mixed with steep liquor to produce corn gluten feed . In the production of maize grits by the dry milling process, maize bran is mixed with broken kernels, germ residue after oil extraction, and inseparable fractions of germ, pericarp and endosperm to produce hominy feed . Maize bran and hominy feed are presented together in this datasheet since both products are closely related and form a continuum in terms of chemical composition. It must be noted that hominy feed is sometimes referred to as \"hominy\" although hominy is a distinct food product, and not a by-product."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Maize cobs",
+      "english_names": [
+        "corn cobs",
+        "corncobs",
+        "maize cobs"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "rafles de maïs"
+      ],
+      "description": "Maize cobs are a by-product of the maize crop, consisting of the central fibrous rachis of the female inflorescence (the maize \"ear\"). While the whole maize ear (with the grains, with or without the husks) is also sometimes called a maize cob, this datasheet concerns only the maize cob without the grains. The development of maize processing in the 20 th century resulted in an increase in the volumes of this by-product . About 180 kg of cobs are obtained from each ton of maize shelled . In the USA, it was estimated that about 50 million t of cobs were produced annually in the 2000s, most of them being left on the field , and maize cobs are a major by-product in many maize producing countries."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Maize germ meal and maize germ",
+      "english_names": [
+        "corn germ oil cake",
+        "corn germ oil meal",
+        "corn oil cake",
+        "corn oil meal",
+        "maize germ cake",
+        "maize germ meal",
+        "maize germ oil cake",
+        "maize germ oil meal",
+        "maize oil cake",
+        "maize oil meal",
+        "spent germs"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "germes de maïs",
+        "tourteau de germes de maïs"
+      ],
+      "description": "Maize germ meal (corn germ meal) is the by-product of oil extraction from maize germs obtained from maize processing. It is a product of moderate to good nutritive value suitable for all classes of livestock but its composition is highly variable."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Maize grain",
+      "english_names": [
+        "corn",
+        "dent corn",
+        "field corn",
+        "flint corn",
+        "maize",
+        "pod corn",
+        "popcorn",
+        "sweet corn"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "blé d’inde",
+        "maïs"
+      ],
+      "description": "Maize ( Zea mays L.) is a major staple food grain throughout the world, particularly in Africa, Latin America and Asia, and a major feedstuff in developed countries. The maize grain has many food (grain, flour, syrup, oil…) and non-food usages (cosmetics, adhesives, paints, varnishes). Maize starch and oil are also major products . The maize grain is a major feed grain and a standard component of livestock diets where it is used as a source of energy. Other grains are typically compared to maize when their nutritional value is estimated. Many by-products of maize processing for flour (hominy feed, bran, germs, oil meal), starch (corn gluten feed, corn gluten meal) and alcohol/biofuel industries (distillers’ dried grains and solubles) can be fed to animals."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Oat hulls and oat mill feed",
+      "english_names": [
+        "oat hulls",
+        "oat husks"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "balle d'avoine",
+        "coques d'avoine",
+        "rémoulages d'avoine",
+        "son d'avoine"
+      ],
+      "description": "Oats ( Avena sativa L.) are a major cereal worldwide and the 6 th cereal grain after maize, rice, wheat, barley and sorghum . The main use of oat grain is as animal feed, alone or in mixtures. Oats are not suitable for breadmaking but are consumed in breakfast cereals and as porridge, hard, or added to other dishes as a thickening agent. The preparation of oats for human consumption is more laborious than for wheat because oats must be milled to remove the glumes before any further processing can be carried out . Oat milling yields several by-products:"
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Oats",
+      "english_names": [
+        "common oat",
+        "oat"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "avoine",
+        "avoine commune",
+        "avoine cultivée"
+      ],
+      "description": "Oats ( Avena sativa L.) are a major cereal grain worldwide and the 6 th cereal grain after maize, rice, wheat, barley and sorghum. Worldwide annual production was 21 million t in 2012. In 2009, livestock feeding (horses, cattle, sheep and poultry) was the primary use (70%) of oats ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), grain",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bajra",
+        "bulrush millet",
+        "candle millet",
+        "cattail millet",
+        "dark millet",
+        "horse millet",
+        "indian millet",
+        "mahangu",
+        "pearl millet"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "mil pénicillaire",
+        "mil à chandelle",
+        "millet perle",
+        "petit mil"
+      ],
+      "description": "Pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) is an annual grass, erect and reaching up to 3 m high with a profuse root system. Culms are slender, 1-3 cm wide. Leaves are alternate, simple, blade linear, pubescent and minutely serrated, up to 1.5 m long x 8 cm wide. The inflorescence is a panicle, 12 to 30 cm long. Fruits are grains whose shape differs according to cultivars. It uses C4 carbon fixation ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum), grain",
+      "english_names": [
+        "broomcorn millet",
+        "broomtail millet",
+        "common millet",
+        "hog millet",
+        "proso millet",
+        "white millet"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "millet blanc",
+        "millet commun"
+      ],
+      "description": "The proso millet ( Panicum miliaceum L.) is a cereal plant cultivated for its grain, mostly in Asia and North America. It is a warm-season grass with a short growing season and low moisture requirement that is capable of producing food or feed where other grain crops would fail . Proso millet is an erect annual grass up to 1.2-1.5 m tall, usually free-tillering and tufted, with a rather shallow root system. Its stems are cylindrical, simple or sparingly branched, with simple alternate and hairy leaves. The inflorescence is a slender panicle with solitary spikelets. The fruit is a small caryopsis (grain), broadly ovoid, up to 3 mm x 2 mm, smooth, variously coloured but often white, and shedding easily ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Rough rice (paddy rice)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "paddy rice",
+        "padi rice",
+        "rough rice"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "riz paddy"
+      ],
+      "description": "Rough rice, also called paddy rice, is the whole rice grain with the hulls (about 20% of the grain) . It is a coarser product than brown rice, which is the rice grain without the hulls but still containing the bran, or polished rice, which is the rice without the bran. Paddy rice is much less used for animal feeding than other grains, as it is often more expensive and less available. Also, it tends to have a lower nutritional value due to its higher fibre content. However, the overall decline in per capita rice consumption, especially in the middle and high-income Asian countries like Korea and Japan, during the later decades of the 20 th century has led to a renewed interest in the utilization of rice grain as a livestock feed. Cultivation of feed rice has been encouraged in the 2000s, for instance in Japan, where there are feed varieties of rice (e.g. Momiroman) ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Rye grain and by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "rye"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "seigle"
+      ],
+      "description": "Rye ( Secale cereale L.) is a winter-hardy annual or biennial grass. It is mostly grown for its grain, particularly in Europe and North America, in areas where climate and soil are unfavourable for other cereals, or as a winter crop where temperatures are too low for winter wheat. Rye is the only cereal grain other than wheat to have the necessary properties for bread making . While a minor cereal grain , rye remains an important bread grain in northern and eastern Europe, where rye flour may contribute more than 30% of the total flour used for bread making . In its main areas of production, such as Poland, rye grain is also used for feed, and more than 40% of the world production was used for animal feeding in 2007 . In addition to the grain itself, several rye by-products are occasionally used in animal feeding, notably rye bran, which is the by-product of rye millling, and rye distillers' grains, the by-products of whisky and ethanol production . Rye forage is described in the Rye forage datasheet."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Starches",
+      "english_names": [
+        "starch"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "amidon",
+        "fécule"
+      ],
+      "description": "Starch is a carbohydrate (polysaccharide) consisting of a large number of glucose units. It is found in the storage organs of many plants. It is the main energy component of most staple foods, including cereal grains (wheat, maize, barley, rye, rice, oats, sorghum, millet), roots and tubers (potatoes, cassava, sago, arrowroot) . It is also found in many legume grains (peas, faba beans, common beans) and in some fruits. In the cell, starch is stored in amyloplasts and forms starch granules. Starch is arranged in two types of macro-molecules: amylose (linear and helical polymer) and amylopectin (branched polymer). Amylose is usually dominant but high amylopectin varieties (mutant waxy maize) or subspecies (e.g. the glutinous rice, Oryza sativa var. glutinosa ) exist. High amylose cultivars have been developed ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sorghum grain",
+      "english_names": [
+        "broomcorn",
+        "dourah",
+        "durra",
+        "forage sorghum",
+        "grain sorghum",
+        "great millet",
+        "milo",
+        "sorghum"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "gros mil",
+        "sorgho",
+        "sorgho fourrager",
+        "sorgho grain"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grain is the fifth major staple cereal after wheat, rice, maize and barley. It is cultivated worldwide in warmer climates and is an important food crop in semi-arid tropical areas of Africa, Asia and Central America. Sorghum grain is a small, hard caryopsis covered by glumes. In grain sorghum, panicles are compact and bear 25,000 to 60,000 seeds/kg. Forage sorghum yields 120,000-160,000 seeds/kg. The whole grain can be boiled, roasted, popped or ground to make flour for baking (flat breads) and pastry. Sorghum grain is used for the production of alcoholic beverages, including beer and liquors. Some sorghum varieties are used for dyeing textiles or leathers ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Tef (Eragrostis tef) grain",
+      "english_names": [
+        "abyssinian lovegrass",
+        "annual bunch grass",
+        "tef",
+        "teff",
+        "williams lovegrass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "tef",
+        "teff"
+      ],
+      "description": "Tef ( Eragrostis tef (Zuccagni) Trotter) is a dual purpose cereal, valued for both grain and forage production in dry areas with a short rainy season. Tef grain is rich in protein, carbohydrates and fibre, and is mainly used for human food, particularly in Ethiopia where it is used for the production of bread ( injera ) and beer ( tela ). Until recently, little was known about the nutritional composition and potential health benefits of tef. This, along with technical limitations in processing tef, long prevented its widespread adoption as a cereal grain beyond Ethiopia . However, since the late 1990s, the recognition of tef as a gluten-free cereal of good nutritional value has resulted in new found interest . Tef straw, the crop residue of the grain harvest, is a major livestock fodder in Ethiopia. In other countries, including Australia, South Africa, and the USA, tef is principally used as a forage crop for ruminants and horses . For more information about those products, see the Tef straw and Tef hay datasheets."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Wheat grain",
+      "english_names": [
+        "wheat"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "blé",
+        "froment"
+      ],
+      "description": "Wheat grain ( Triticum spp.) is a major staple food that provides about 20% of food energy and protein worldwide. Wheat is also an excellent energy source for farm animals: in 2007, 102 million tons (16.7% of worldwide production) were used to feed animals. This proportion is higher in industrialised countries: in the EU-27 in 2007, 42% of wheat production was used as feed . Feed wheat is often surplus to human requirements or low-quality wheat unsuitable for human consumption (low test weight or damaged wheat), but wheat is also grown specifically for feed purposes . The inclusion of wheat grain in feeds depends on the relative market prices of the major feed grains. When maize, barley and sorghum are expensive, or when wheat prices are depressed, wheat becomes a valuable option . In some countries, the use of home-grown feeds has gained interest because of their lower cost and wheat grain has been increasingly used in livestock rations . The wheat variety available for animal feeding depends on the region: hard red spring or winter wheats are generally used in North America while soft wheats are more common in Europe."
+    }
+  ],
+  "Plant products and by-products": [
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Ear maize",
+      "english_names": [
+        "ccm",
+        "corn and cob meal",
+        "corn cob mix",
+        "corn-cob-mix",
+        "ear corn",
+        "ear maize",
+        "earlage",
+        "ground ear corn",
+        "ground ear maize",
+        "high-moisture ear maize",
+        "high-moisture earn corn",
+        "maize and cob meal",
+        "maize ears",
+        "snaplage"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "épis de maïs",
+        "épis de maïs complets",
+        "épis entiers de maïs"
+      ],
+      "description": "Ear maize (ear corn in American English) consists in whole maize ears including the cobs, the grains and occasionally the husks and portions of the stalks, depending on the harvesting method. It is a valuable forage that is fed fresh, ensiled or dehydrated. It is rich in starch and it is an energy feed for livestock, particularly for ruminants, with a nutritive value slightly lower than that of maize grain, and higher than that of maize silage . In addition to ear maize harvested and consumed on-farm, there are numerous products available under commercial names that contain varying proportions of grain, cobs, husks and stalks . Corn cob mix (corn cob meal) consists of grain and cobs only and is occasionally a direct result of combine harvester . It is popular in European countries, both for cattle and finishing pigs . In American English, ensiled ear maize is called earlage, and sometimes, if it contains also the husks, snaplage ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Wheat (general)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "wheat"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "blé",
+        "froment"
+      ],
+      "description": "Wheat ( Triticum spp.) is one of the most important staple food crops for humans: it provides about 20% of food energy and protein worldwide. It is the most widely grown crop in the world with 225 million ha harvested in 2009. Wheat grain production ranked third among cereals after maize and rice . Average biomass production of wheat is about 14 ton DM/ha . Wheat grain is mainly processed into flour (whole grain or refined) for the production of a large variety of bakery products, pastries and confectionary. Durum wheat is a wheat species ( Triticum durum ) dedicated to semolina, couscous and pasta production. Wheat is also used in the distillery (including biofuel), brewery and starch industries."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african yam bean",
+        "yam-pea"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The African yam bean ( Sphenostylis stenocarpa (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Harms) is a perennial climbing bush, 1-3 m high, generally grown as an annual. Its leaves are trifoliate with oval leaflets (2.7 to 13 cm long and 0.2 to 5.5 cm broad). Sphenostylis stenocarpa is cultivated for its edible tubers, which look like elongated sweet potatoes, and for its seeds, which are contained in hard and tough, 20-30 long pods. It is mainly used as food but can be used to feed animals."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) pods, shells and offals",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bambara bean",
+        "bambara groundnut",
+        "congo earth pea",
+        "congo goober",
+        "congo groundnut",
+        "earth pea",
+        "ground bean",
+        "hog-peanut",
+        "kaffir pea",
+        "madagascar groundnut",
+        "njugo bean",
+        "stone groundnut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "pois bambara",
+        "pois de terre",
+        "voandzou"
+      ],
+      "description": "Bambara groundnut pods, shells and offal are the by-product of processing the seeds into flour for human consumption. The offal is produced after splitting the seeds in an attrition mill to remove the shells, winnowing to remove loosened testa and converting the cotyledons into fine flour by milling several times followed by sieving. In Nigeria, large amounts of offal are being discarded as wastes ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bean",
+        "bush bean",
+        "common bean",
+        "flageolet bean",
+        "french bean",
+        "garden bean",
+        "green bean",
+        "haricot bean",
+        "kidney bean",
+        "navy bean",
+        "pole bean",
+        "runner bean",
+        "snap bean",
+        "string bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "flageolet",
+        "haricot",
+        "haricot commun",
+        "haricot pain",
+        "haricot vert",
+        "haricot à couper"
+      ],
+      "description": "The common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a major grain legume consumed worldwide for its edible seeds and pods. It is a highly polymorphic warm-season, herbaceous annual. There are 2 plant types: erect herbaceous bushes, up to 20-60 cm high; and twining, climbing vines up to 2-5 m long . It has a taproot with many adventitious roots . The stems of bushy types are rather slender, pubescent and many-branched. In twinning types, the stems are prostrate for most of their length and rise toward the end . The leaves, borne on long green petioles, are green or purple in colour and trifoliate. Leaflets are 6-15 cm long and 3-11 cm broad. The inflorescences are axillary or terminal, 15-35 cm long racemes. The flowers are arranged in pairs or solitary along the rachis, white to purple and typically papillonaceous . Once pollinated, each flower gives rise to one pod. Pods are slender, green, yellow, black or purple in colour, sometimes striped. They can be cylindrical or flat, straight or curved, 1-1.5 cm wide and up to 20 cm in length . The pods may contain 4 to 12 seeds. The seeds are 0.5-2 cm long, kidney-shaped and highly variable in colour depending on the variety: white, red, green, tan, purple, gray or black."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Carob (Ceratonia siliqua)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "carob",
+        "carob tree",
+        "locust bean",
+        "st john's bread"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "caroube",
+        "caroubier"
+      ],
+      "description": "The carob tree ( Ceratonia siliqua L.) is an evergreen shrub or tree cultivated in the Mediterranean area for its sugar-rich pods and gum-containing seeds. It reaches a height of 8-17 m in the wild but cultivated trees are smaller. It has a broad hemispherical crown, a thick trunk and sturdy branches . The carob tree has an extensive root system with a deep taproot and lateral roots. Its leaves are alternate, pinnate, with or without terminal leaflets, and 10-20 cm long. The dark green leaflets have a very thick epidermis containing large amounts of tannins . Each tree bears both female and male, or hermaphroditic, flowers (some cultivars may be completely hermaphroditic): plantations should comprise about 12% of pollinators (male or hermaphroditic trees) . The small and numerous flowers are borne in clusters that grow directly along the branches . The fruit is an indehiscent straight or curved pod, 10-30 cm long, 1.5-3.5 cm broad and 6-20 mm thick. The pods have a wrinkled surface that turns dark brown and leathery at maturation. They contain 5 to 18 hard brown seeds (10% of the pod weight) embedded in a sweet thick pulpy substance . The seeds, all being the same size, are used as weights in eastern Mediterranean countries: the word \"carat\" comes from qīrā ṭ (قيراط), the Arabic name of the seeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bengal gram",
+        "chick pea",
+        "chickpea",
+        "egyptian bean",
+        "gram pea"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "pois chiche"
+      ],
+      "description": "The chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) is a major grain legume cultivated for its edible seeds in the Mediterranean Basin, Asia and Australia. The plant is quick-growing, branched, and reaches a height between 20 and 60 cm, even up to 1 m. It has a deep taproot, down to 2 m, and many lateral secondary roots exploring the upper layers (15-30 cm) of the soil. The stems are hairy, simple or branched, straight or bent. Leaves are 5 cm long with 10 to 20 sessile, ovate to elliptical leaflets. Chickpea flowers are white, pink to purplish or blue, typically papillonaceous and solitary. The pod is pubescent, inflated and oblong, with 2 or 3 seeds. The seeds are variable in size (5 to 10 mm in diameter), shape (spherical to angular) and colour (creamy-white to black) . Cicer arietinum is the only cultivated species among the 43 species of the Cicer genus. There are no less than 40,000 accessions in the world. Cultivated chickpeas are divided into 2 main groups, the Desi and the Kabuli groups. Desi seeds are small, darker coloured and smooth or wrinkled. Kabuli seeds are larger and cream-coloured. Kabuli seeds contain less fibre and cook faster than Desi seeds and are thus more desirable for food. Desi chickpeas are bushy plants with relatively small leaflets and flowers, with purplish anthocyanin pigments in their stems and blue-violet flowers, and are primarily grown in Southern Asia and Ethiopia. Kabuli types have erect growth and white flowers, and are grown in the Mediterranean region ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Faba bean (Vicia faba)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bell bean",
+        "broad bean",
+        "broadbean",
+        "english bean",
+        "faba bean",
+        "fava bean",
+        "field bean",
+        "horse bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "fève",
+        "féverole",
+        "féverolle",
+        "gourgane"
+      ],
+      "description": "Faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) is a legume crop grown primarily for its edible seeds (beans). Faba bean is a major legume seed consumed by humans worldwide. The seeds of some varieties are an important livestock feed. Faba bean is also grown for fodder."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "fenugreek",
+        "greek clover",
+        "greek hay"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "fenugrec",
+        "sénégrain",
+        "trigonelle"
+      ],
+      "description": "Fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is an annual herbaceous legume suitable for dryland areas where moisture is not sufficient for berseem, for example. Fenugreek plant and seeds have a characteristic strong odour . The seeds are used as condiments. Fenugreek is sometimes used as a short-rotation catch crop after sugarcane or cotton."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) forage, seed and meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        ": calcutta lucerne",
+        "cluster bean",
+        "clusterbean",
+        "guar",
+        "plant",
+        "siam bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "cyamopse à quatre ailes"
+      ],
+      "description": "Guar ( Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) is an erect, bushy annual herbaceous legume up to 3 m high, with trifoliate leaves up to 10 cm long, and white or rose coloured flowers. The pods are straight, hairy, pale green, up to 12 cm long and contain 5 to 12 hard seeds (beans) each. However, the plant morphology is highly variable. Guar has a deep tap root system that can find moisture well below the soil surface ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "brazilian broad bean",
+        "chickasaro lima bean",
+        "horse gram",
+        "jack bean",
+        "one-eye-bean (west indies)",
+        "overlock bean",
+        "sword bean (australia)"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "fève jacques"
+      ],
+      "description": "Jack bean ( Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.) is a climbing perennial legume commonly cultivated as an annual. It grows up to 2 m high with 8-20 cm long trifoliate leaves and a strong root system. Flowers are pink, mauve or white with a red base. Pods are up to 36 cm long and contain 1-2 cm long, ellipsoid seeds. Pods and seeds are edible and used for food, the young pods being cooked as a vegetable. The whole plant, the pods and seeds are also used to feed animals."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Lablab (Lablab purpureus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bataw",
+        "bonavist bean",
+        "dolichos bean",
+        "egyptian kidney bean",
+        "field bean",
+        "hyacinth bean",
+        "lab-lab bean",
+        "lablab",
+        "lablab bean",
+        "pig-ears",
+        "poor man's bean",
+        "rongai dolichos",
+        "seim bean",
+        "tonga bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "dolique d'egypte",
+        "dolique lab-lab",
+        "lablab",
+        "pois antaque",
+        "pois boucoussou",
+        "pois de senteur",
+        "pois gervais",
+        "pois gerville",
+        "pois nourrice"
+      ],
+      "description": "Lablab ( Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet) is a summer-growing annual or occasionally short-lived perennial forage legume. It is a twining, climbing, trailing or upright herbaceous plant that can grow to a length of 3-6 m. It has a deep taproot and vigorous, glabrous or pubescent trailing stems. Lablab leaves are alternate and trifoliolate. The leaflets are rhomboid in shape, 7.5-15 cm long x 8-14 cm broad, acute at the apex. The upper surface is smooth while the underside has short hairs. Inflorescences are many-flowered racemes borne on elongated peduncles. The flowers are white to blue or purple in colour, about 1.5 cm long, typically papillonaceous in shape. Lablab fruits are linear, 4-15 cm long x 1-4 cm broad, smooth and beaked pods that contain between 2 and 8 seeds. Lablab seeds (beans) are ovoid, laterally compressed with a conspicuous linear hilum. Lablab beans are variable in colour, depending on variety or cultivar, usually white to dark brown, and some are black. Wild varieties and some cultivated varieties tend to have mottled seeds . Lablab purpureus is the only species of the Lablab genus. There are three subspecies:"
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "butter bean",
+        "java bean",
+        "lima bean",
+        "madagascar bean",
+        "sieva bean",
+        "sugar bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "haricot de lima",
+        "haricot du cap",
+        "pois du cap"
+      ],
+      "description": "Lima bean ( Phaseolus lunatus L.) is a tropical and subtropical legume cultivated for its edible seeds. There are wild and cultivated types of Phaseolus lunatus , generally referred to as Phaseolus lunatus var. silvester Baudet and Phaseolus lunatus var. Lunatus respectively. Lima bean is a herbaceous plant with two main types of growth habit. The perennial form is an indeterminate, vigorous, climbing and trailing plant, up to 2-6 m tall, with axillary flowering only. It has swollen and fleshy roots up to 2 m long. Annual lima bean is a pseudo-determinate, bushy plant, 0.3-0.9 m tall with both terminal and axillary flowering. It has thin roots . The stems may be up to 4.5-8 m long. The leaves are alternate and trifoliate with ovate leaflets, 3-19.5 cm long x 1-11 cm broad. Inflorescences are 15 cm long and bear 24 white or violet bisexual flowers. The fruits are 5-12 cm long, dehiscent pods with 2 to 4 seeds . Seeds are very variable in size, shape and colour. Cultivar groups have been distinguished according to seed differences ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Lentil (Lens culinaris)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "lentil",
+        "red dahl"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "lentille"
+      ],
+      "description": "Lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik.) is a legume mainly grown for its edible seeds . It is an annual, bushy and herbaceous plant that can reach 60-75 cm high. The stems are hairy, slender and many-branched. The leaves are pinnately compound, ending in a tendril or bristle. The 5 to 16 leaflets are opposite, oblong to elliptical, 3-20 mm long x 2-8 mm broad. The papilionaceous flowers vary in colour from white to purple and are borne on 2-5 cm long axillary racemes. The fruits are small, laterally compressed pods that contain two or three lens-shaped, grey, green, brownish, pale red or black seeds, the size of which depends on cultivar type and ranges from 2-9 mm x 2-3 mm . The lentil species Lens culinaris has one cultivated subspecies ( Lens culinaris Medik. subsp. culinaris ) and 3 wild subspecies ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cashaw",
+        "ironwood",
+        "meskit",
+        "mesquite"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bayahonde",
+        "bayarone français"
+      ],
+      "description": "Mesquite ( Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC), one of the 44 species of Prosopis , is an evergreen leguminous tree, typical of arid and semi-arid regions, growing up to 10-15 m high. The crown is large and the canopy is open. Mesquite is a phreatophyte and has a deep taproot, growing downwards in search of water tables (down to 35 m depth), with well-developed lateral roots competing with grasses. The stems are green-brown, twisted and flexible. They have long and strong thorns (1.2-5 cm long), though some varieties are thornless. Leaves are pinnately compound with 13-25 pairs of leaflets arranged on 1 or sometimes 2 pairs of pendulous rachis. Leaflets are oblong (3-16 mm long x 1.5-3 mm broad) . Flowers are light greenish-yellow, arranged in cylindrical spikes 5-10 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. Fruits are flattened, curved, indehiscent pods (4 mm thick, 1-1.5 cm wide and 15-20 cm long) . Pods are straw-coloured and contain a fleshy and sugary mesocarp . The pods contain 10-20 seeds that are 2-8 mm long . There is a wide range of mesquite varieties."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Mung bean (Vigna radiata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "celera bean",
+        "golden gram",
+        "green gram",
+        "jerusalem pea",
+        "moong bean",
+        "mung bean",
+        "mungbean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "ambérique verte",
+        "haricot mungo"
+      ],
+      "description": "The mung bean ( Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) is a legume cultivated for its edible seeds and sprouts across Asia. There are 3 subgroups of Vigna radiata : one is cultivated ( Vigna radiata subsp. radiata ), and two are wild ( Vigna radiata subsp. sublobata and Vigna radiata subsp. glabra ). The mung bean plant is an annual, erect or semi-erect, reaching a height of 0.15-1.25 m . It is slightly hairy with a well-developed root system. Wild types tend to be prostrate while cultivated types are more erect . The stems are many-branched, sometimes twining at the tips . The leaves are alternate, trifoliolate with elliptical to ovate leaflets, 5-18 cm long x 3-15 cm broad. The flowers (4-30) are papillonaceous, pale yellow or greenish in colour. The pods are long, cylindrical, hairy and pending. They contain 7 to 20 small, ellipsoid or cube-shaped seeds. The seeds are variable in colour: they are usually green, but can also be yellow, olive, brown, purplish brown or black, mottled and/or ridged. Seed colours and presence or absence of a rough layer are used to distinguish different types of mung bean . Cultivated types are generally green or golden and can be shiny or dull depending on the presence of a texture layer . Golden gram, which has yellow seeds, low seed yield and pods that shatter at maturity, is often grown for forage or green manure. Green gram has bright green seeds, is more prolific and ripens more uniformly, with a lower tendency for pods to shatter. In India, two other types of mung beans exist, one with black seeds and one with brown seeds . The mung bean resembles the black gram ( Vigna mungo (L.) ) with two main differences: the corolla of Vigna mungo is bright yellow while that of Vigna radiata is pale yellow; mung bean pods are pendulous whereas they are erect in black gram. Mung bean is slightly less hairy than black gram. Mung bean is sown on lighter soils than black gram ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Rice bean (Vigna umbellata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "climbing mountain bean",
+        "mambi bean",
+        "oriental bean",
+        "red bean",
+        "rice bean",
+        "ricebean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "haricot riz"
+      ],
+      "description": "Rice bean ( Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & Ohashi) is a tropical to temperate grain legume primarily grown for food, especially in Asia. Rice bean seeds and vegetative parts are also used for fodder."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Soybean (general)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "haba soya",
+        "miracle bean",
+        "soja bean",
+        "soy",
+        "soya",
+        "soya bean",
+        "soybean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "haricot oléagineux",
+        "pois chinois",
+        "soja"
+      ],
+      "description": "The soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an erect leguminous plant, up to 1 m high. A fast growing herbaceous annual, it is native to Asia but currently grown worldwide. Its tap-root can extend to 2 m deep in good soil conditions, with secondary roots exploring the upper 15-20 cm of the soil. Roots bear nodules resulting from Bradyrhizobium japonicum infection (in most cases). Leaves are trifoliate and leaflets are oval to lanceolate, mostly broad in commercial cultivars . The papilionaceous flowers are white, pink, purple or bluish, with a 5 to 7 mm long corolla . Fruits are two or three-seeded pods containing yellow, rounded seeds with a hilum colour ranging from yellow to black ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "African baobab (Adansonia digitata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african baobab",
+        "baobab",
+        "cream of tartar tree",
+        "dead rat tree",
+        "monkey bread tree",
+        "upside-down tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "baobab africain",
+        "calebassier du sénégal",
+        "pain de singe"
+      ],
+      "description": "The African baobab ( Adansonia digitata L.) is one of the eight species of baobab ( Adansonia ) and the only one native to mainland Africa. Like other baobabs, the African baobab is a massive deciduous fruit tree, up to 20-30 m high, with a lifespan of several hundred years. Its swollen and often hollow trunk looks like a huge bottle and can be as broad as 3-7 m in diameter. It bears short, stout and tortuous branches and has a thin canopy. Baobab is strongly anchored in the soil by an extensive and strong root system that grows 2 m deep, and whose diameter may be higher than the tree height. The leaves are simple or digitally compound, dark-green on top, and borne at the end of a 16 cm-long petiole. The leaflets are between 5-15 cm long and 1.5-7 cm broad. The baobab shed its leaves during the early dry season and new leaves appear after flowering. The pentamerous flowers are white, large (20 cm in diameter and 25 cm long), and hang from stalks on pedicels up to 90 cm long. The fruit is a voluminous (35 cm long and 17 cm in diameter) ovoid capsule with a hard woody envelope containing a pulp and black seeds. Once ripe, the fruit envelope becomes brittle and the pulp takes on a chalky consistency. The tree starts producing fruits 8-10 years after planting but consistent production only occurs after 30 years ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Manicoba (Manihot sp.)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "ceara rubber tree",
+        "manicoba",
+        "maniçoba",
+        "tree cassava"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "caoutchouc de ceara"
+      ],
+      "description": "Manicoba ( Manihot carthagenensis subsp. glaziovii (Müll. Arg.) Allem and other Manihot species) is a wild relative of cassava growing in the semi-arid region of North-Eastern Brazil. Manicoba is a shrub or tree up to 6 m high, occasionally taller . Like cassava, it has a well-developed tuberous root system that provides resistance to drought . The manicoba tree was cultivated from 1845 to 1912 for its rubber-like sap (ceara rubber) and was introduced for this purpose into Africa and Asia, until better rubber sources were developed. The roots are rich in starch but they are hard and woody, and contain HCN. In Gabon and East Africa, they are only occasionally cooked as a vegetable and eaten in times of food scarcity . Today, manicoba species are usually grown for forage and are particularly valuable in semi-arid conditions. The pornunça is a natural cassava-manicoba hybrid that used to be cultivated for its roots and is now planted as a shade or ornamental plant. Manicoba leaves are fed fresh, dried (hay) or ensiled ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Argan (Argania spinosa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "argan",
+        "argan tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arganier"
+      ],
+      "description": "Argan ( Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) is a thorny tree from the arid and semi-arid regions of Morocco and Algeria. It is mainly cultivated for its oil and it is an important fodder tree in Morocco, particularly for goats. The fruit pulp and the oil extraction by-products are also fed to livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "breadfruit",
+        "breadnut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arbre à pain"
+      ],
+      "description": "The breadfruit tree ( Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg) is an evergreen multipurpose and traditional agroforestry species. Its starchy fruits are a staple food in the Pacific Islands. The name breadfruit is due to the flavour of the fruit after being cooked, which is similar to that of freshly cooked bread ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Carrot (Daucus carota)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "carrot"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "carotte"
+      ],
+      "description": "The carrot ( Daucus carota L.) is an annual or biennial herb with a thick fleshy taproot, which is the primary organ of agricultural importance. Carrot roots are usually orange, but there are also white, black, yellow, red and purple varieties. The roots range in length from 5 cm to more than 50 cm and are generally conical. However, there is tremendous diversity in root shapes and sizes. The leaves are alternate and compound and organized as a rosette. Carrot roots are an important food product. Depending on the variety, carrots are sold fresh or processed: pre-packed, boiled and canned, frozen, diced and sliced, etc. ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) nuts and by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cashew",
+        "cashew nut tree",
+        "cashew tree",
+        "cashewnut tree",
+        "tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "anacardier",
+        "baume cajou",
+        "cajou",
+        "noix de cajou",
+        "pomme cajou",
+        "pomme de cajou",
+        "pulpe de pomme cajou"
+      ],
+      "description": "The cashew tree ( Anacardium occidentale L.) is a medium-sized tropical tree usually cultivated for its fruit (cashew nut) and pseudofruit (cashew apple). It is also a multipurpose species that provides a broad range of services. About 30-40% cashew kernels are discarded during the process of roasting and are then fed to livestock ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cassava peels, cassava pomace and other cassava by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "brazilian arrowroot",
+        "cassava",
+        "tapioca"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "manioc",
+        "tapioca"
+      ],
+      "description": "The processing of cassava tubers yields the following by-products that can be valuable livestock feeds when properly processed :"
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Desert date (Balanites aegyptiacus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "balanite",
+        "desert date",
+        "egyptian balsam tree",
+        "soapberry tree",
+        "thorn tree",
+        "zachum oil tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "dattier du désert",
+        "dattier sauvage",
+        "héglik"
+      ],
+      "description": "The desert date tree ( Balanites aegyptiacus (L.) Delile) is a deep-rooted, evergreen or semi-deciduous tree, up to 12 m high. The thorns, up to 8 cm long, are soft at first and later become woody . Leaves are bi-foliolate and spirally arranged on the shoots, dark green or grey-green, fleshy succulent with 2 firm coriaceous leaflets. The fruit is an ellipsoid drupe, about 2.5-4 cm long and 1.2 cm in diameter. The ripe fruit is brown or pale brown to yellow and resembles a small date."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Guava (Psidium guajava)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "common guava",
+        "guava",
+        "yellow guava"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "goyave",
+        "goyavier"
+      ],
+      "description": "Guava ( Psidium guajava L.) is an important tropical tree cultivated for its fruits. The fruit processing by-products, the leaves and the fruits themselves can be used to feed livestock though their nutritional value is low."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "jack",
+        "jackfruit",
+        "jak"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The jackfruit tree ( Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is a tropical to subtropical, multipurpose tree mainly grown for its edible, energy- and protein-rich fruits. Its leaves, culled fruits, and fruit peelings are valuable for livestock feeding. It is a major fruit tree in some Asian countries and it is widely spread around the world."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "jerusalem artichoke",
+        "sunchoke",
+        "sunroot"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "artichaut de jérusalem",
+        "topinambour",
+        "truffe du canada"
+      ],
+      "description": "The Jerusalem artichoke ( Helianthus tuberosus L.) is an erect, rhizomatous perennial herb, up to 3-4 m high. Though perennial, it is mainly grown as an annual. It is a highly variable plant: many characteristics, including size (2 to 4 m), tuber colour (green or violet), stem number and the number of branches per stem depend on genetics and environmental conditions. The stems are generally hairy and branch in their lower part. The root system is fibrous and develops cord-like rhizomes that can reach more than 1 m in length. The apical part of the rhizome is swollen and forms a fleshy tuber. The leaves are opposite or alternate, ovate to lanceolate, toothed, pubescent on the lower surface and 3-20 cm long x 5-8 cm broad. The inflorescence is a pseudanthium borne alone or in groups at the end of the stem or on terminal axillary branches. The flower head is 5-11 cm in diameter (much smaller than that of the sunflower) and bears many small yellow tubular fertile flowers surrounded by yellow ray sterile flowers, the ligules of which are thought of as petals. The fruit is a hairy achene containing a mottled black or brown seed, 5 mm long x 2 mm wide ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Neem (Azadirachta indica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "indian lilac",
+        "margosa",
+        "neem",
+        "neem tree",
+        "nimtree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "margosier",
+        "margousier",
+        "neem"
+      ],
+      "description": "Neem ( Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) is a multipurpose tree that is highly popular in India, where it provides food and insecticide, and is used for its great number of ethnomedicinal properties. Neem leaves and the oil cake resulting from oil extraction can be used for livestock feeding, but the raw cake is poorly palatable, toxic and requires processing."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "quinoa"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is an Andean pseudo-cereal crop that is mainly cultivated for its energy and protein-rich, gluten-free seeds. Quinoa can be grown as a green vegetable, and its leaves can be eaten fresh or cooked. Leaves, seeds and crop residues from grain harvesting and milling can be fed to livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sal (Shorea robusta) seeds and oil meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "sakhua",
+        "sal",
+        "sal tree",
+        "shala tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "dammar de l'inde",
+        "sal",
+        "sâla"
+      ],
+      "description": "The sal tree ( Shorea robusta C. F. Gaertn.) is a hardwood timber tree, up to 30-35 m tall. The crown is spreading and spherical. Leaves are 20 cm long, simple, shiny and glabrous, delicate green, broadly oval at the base. Fruits are 1-1.5 cm large and ovoid ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sugar palm (Borassus flabellifer)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african fan palm",
+        "palmyra palm",
+        "sugar palm"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "palmier palmyre",
+        "rondier",
+        "ronier",
+        "sentinelle de la savane"
+      ],
+      "description": "Tall erect palm with fan-shaped leaves and a black stem, usually 15-20 m but sometimes 30 m tall. Cultivated for its edible fruits and for its sap, which can be fermented into palm wine (toddy). The sap, which has a sugar content of about 14%, is also collected and converted into syrup by boiling. After cooling, the syrup hardens into lumps of sugar."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sheanut (Vitellaria paradoxa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "butter tree",
+        "shea",
+        "shea butter tree",
+        "shea nut",
+        "shea tree",
+        "sheanut",
+        "vitellaria"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "beurre de karité",
+        "karité"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sheanut ( Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn.) is a deciduous, small to medium-sized tree growing up to a height of 15-25 m. Leaves are caducous and spirally arranged, mostly in dense clusters at the tips of branches. Fruit is a 1 or 2-seeded ellipsoid berry (4-8 cm), weighing 10-50 g, initially green but turning yellowish green or brown at maturity . Sheanut fruits are a source of energy during the dry season. The large fleshy seeds yield about 45% edible lardlike fat, the sheanut butter, used for food and cosmetics. A by-product of the butter extraction is sheanut cake or meal, which can be used as a feedstuff."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Taro (Colocasia esculenta)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cocoyam",
+        "dasheen",
+        "eddo",
+        "eddoe",
+        "elephant's ear",
+        "madumbe",
+        "taro"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arouille violette",
+        "chou de chine",
+        "colocase",
+        "dachine",
+        "madère",
+        "songe",
+        "taro"
+      ],
+      "description": "The taro ( Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) is an herbaceous perennial, mostly cultivated as an annual. It grows up to a height of 2 m. Its adventicious and shallow root system arises from the corm, a swollen underground stem that contains high levels of fine starch and weighs up to 1 kg. Corms are usually cylindrical and 30 cm long x 15 cm diameter, but they are highly variable in size, shape and colour. The leaves are 30-90 cm long and 20-60 cm broad, and are borne in crowns at the end of upright, thick, succulent, 0.9-2 m high petioles. The inflorescence is a large pale green spathe ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Broken rice and polished rice",
+      "english_names": [
+        "brewer's rice",
+        "broken rice",
+        "chits",
+        "rice tips"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "brisures de riz"
+      ],
+      "description": "Polished rice ( Oriza sativa L.) results from the complete milling of rice grain, after removal of the husks, polishings and bran from the whole grain (paddy rice). 60-72% of world rice is processed into polished rice . The polishing step yields 1 to 17% of broken rice, which consists of broken kernels that are 25% or less of the original length of the grain. Broken rice represents 2-3% of processed rice production ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Barley grain",
+      "english_names": [
+        "barley"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "escourgeon",
+        "orge"
+      ],
+      "description": "Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the main cereal crops. With 150 million tons produced in 2009, barley grain production ranked fourth behind maize, rice and wheat . Developing countries account for about 25% of the total barley harvested area ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Brewers grains",
+      "english_names": [
+        "brewer's grain",
+        "brewer's spent grain",
+        "brewers grains",
+        "dried brewer's grains",
+        "wet brewer's grains"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "drêches de brasserie",
+        "drêches de brasserie déshydratées",
+        "drêches de brasserie humides",
+        "drêches de brasserie séchées"
+      ],
+      "description": "Brewers grains are the solid residue left after the processing of germinated and dried cereal grains (malt) for the production of beer and other malt products (malt extracts and malt vinegar). Though barley is the main grain used for brewing, beers are also made from wheat, maize, rice, sorghum and millet. In the brewing process, grains are soaked in water until they germinate and then dried to produce the malt (malting). The malted grains are milled and steeped in hot water so that enzymes transform the starch into sugars (mashing/saccharification). The resulting sugar-rich liquid (wort) is then boiled, filtered and fermented to produce beer (see Figure ). Brewers grains are collected at the end of the mashing process, once all sugars have been removed from the grain. The remaining product is a concentrate of proteins and fibre that is suitable for animal feeding, particularly for ruminants . Brewers grains are a highly variable by-product whose composition and nutritional value depend on the grain used, on the industrial process (temperature, fermentation, etc.) and on the method of preservation. Brewers grains are sold wet or dried, and can be ensiled ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cockspur grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) grain",
+      "english_names": [
+        "barn grass",
+        "barnyard grass",
+        "barnyard millet",
+        "billion dollar grass",
+        "chicken panic grass",
+        "cocksfoot panicum",
+        "cockspur",
+        "cockspur grass",
+        "german grass",
+        "japanese barnyard millet",
+        "japanese millet",
+        "panic grass",
+        "water grass",
+        "wild millet"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bourgon",
+        "crête de coq",
+        "echinochloa pied-de-coq",
+        "ergot de coq",
+        "millard",
+        "millet du japon",
+        "panic",
+        "panic des marais",
+        "panic pied-de-coq",
+        "panisse",
+        "patte de poule",
+        "pied de coq"
+      ],
+      "description": "Cockspur grain is the seed of the cockspur grass ( Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.), a tall, robust, tufted, quick growing annual grass cultivated in the tropics and subtropics for forage or for grain or both. The plant can be grazed before being harvested for grain. Cockspur is mainly considered a weed in cash crops like rice or maize and it can be used for soil reclamation. Like other species of the Echinochloa genus, Echinochloa crus-galli is often classified as minor millet crop."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Corn gluten meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "corn gluten meal",
+        "gluten 60",
+        "maize gluten meal",
+        "prairie meal"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "farine de gluten",
+        "gluten de maïs"
+      ],
+      "description": "Corn gluten meal is a by-product of the manufacture of maize starch (and sometimes ethanol) by the wet-milling process . Corn gluten meal is a protein-rich feed, containing about 65% crude protein (DM), used as a source of protein, energy and pigments for livestock species including fish. It is also valued in pet food for its high protein digestibility . In the USA and Canada, corn gluten meal is also used as a fertilizer and pre-emergent weed killer ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Finger millet (Eleusine coracana), grain",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african finger millet",
+        "caracan millet",
+        "finger millet",
+        "koracan"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "coracan",
+        "millet africain",
+        "éleusine"
+      ],
+      "description": "Finger millet ( Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) is a cereal grass grown mostly for its grain (for information concerning the forage uses of finger millet, see the Finger millet, forage datasheet). Finger millet is a robust, tufted, tillering annual grass, up to 170 cm high . The inflorescence is a panicle with 4-19 finger-like spikes that resembles a fist when mature, hence the name finger millet . The spikes bear up to 70 alternate spikelets, carrying 4 to 7 small seeds . The seed pericarp is independent from the kernel and can be easily removed from the seed coat ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Foxtail millet (Setaria italica), grain",
+      "english_names": [
+        "dwarf setaria",
+        "foxtail bristle grass",
+        "foxtail millet",
+        "german millet",
+        "giant setaria",
+        "green bristle grass",
+        "green foxtail",
+        "green foxtail millet",
+        "hungarian millet",
+        "italian millet",
+        "nunbank setaria",
+        "wild foxtail millet"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "millet d'italie",
+        "millet des oiseaux",
+        "petit mil",
+        "sétaire d'italie",
+        "sétaire verte"
+      ],
+      "description": "Foxtail millet ( Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.) is one of the oldest cultivated cereal grain and the most economically important species of the Setaria genus. Foxtail millet is a dual-purpose plant grown for its grain, which is used for human food and animal feeding, and for fodder (see the Foxtail millet forage datasheet). There are many wild and cultivated types, and the latter are divided into many cultivars with differences in height, habit, structure of inflorescences, number and colour of grain ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Maize bran and hominy feed",
+      "english_names": [
+        "corn bran",
+        "maize bran"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "son de maïs",
+        "tourteau de maïs"
+      ],
+      "description": "Maize bran is a by-product of various maize processing industries, including starch and ethanol production, and the production of maize-based foods. While maize bran theoretically consists of the bran coating removed in the early stages of processing, the maize bran sold for livestock feeding is usually a mixture of the bran fraction and other by-products and is, therefore, a very loosely defined product of highly variable composition. In the case of ethanol production, maize bran is defined as the mixture of the bran fraction and distillers solubles . In the starch extraction process, maize bran is usually mixed with steep liquor to produce corn gluten feed . In the production of maize grits by the dry milling process, maize bran is mixed with broken kernels, germ residue after oil extraction, and inseparable fractions of germ, pericarp and endosperm to produce hominy feed . Maize bran and hominy feed are presented together in this datasheet since both products are closely related and form a continuum in terms of chemical composition. It must be noted that hominy feed is sometimes referred to as \"hominy\" although hominy is a distinct food product, and not a by-product."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Maize cobs",
+      "english_names": [
+        "corn cobs",
+        "corncobs",
+        "maize cobs"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "rafles de maïs"
+      ],
+      "description": "Maize cobs are a by-product of the maize crop, consisting of the central fibrous rachis of the female inflorescence (the maize \"ear\"). While the whole maize ear (with the grains, with or without the husks) is also sometimes called a maize cob, this datasheet concerns only the maize cob without the grains. The development of maize processing in the 20 th century resulted in an increase in the volumes of this by-product . About 180 kg of cobs are obtained from each ton of maize shelled . In the USA, it was estimated that about 50 million t of cobs were produced annually in the 2000s, most of them being left on the field , and maize cobs are a major by-product in many maize producing countries."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Maize germ meal and maize germ",
+      "english_names": [
+        "corn germ oil cake",
+        "corn germ oil meal",
+        "corn oil cake",
+        "corn oil meal",
+        "maize germ cake",
+        "maize germ meal",
+        "maize germ oil cake",
+        "maize germ oil meal",
+        "maize oil cake",
+        "maize oil meal",
+        "spent germs"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "germes de maïs",
+        "tourteau de germes de maïs"
+      ],
+      "description": "Maize germ meal (corn germ meal) is the by-product of oil extraction from maize germs obtained from maize processing. It is a product of moderate to good nutritive value suitable for all classes of livestock but its composition is highly variable."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Maize grain",
+      "english_names": [
+        "corn",
+        "dent corn",
+        "field corn",
+        "flint corn",
+        "maize",
+        "pod corn",
+        "popcorn",
+        "sweet corn"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "blé d’inde",
+        "maïs"
+      ],
+      "description": "Maize ( Zea mays L.) is a major staple food grain throughout the world, particularly in Africa, Latin America and Asia, and a major feedstuff in developed countries. The maize grain has many food (grain, flour, syrup, oil…) and non-food usages (cosmetics, adhesives, paints, varnishes). Maize starch and oil are also major products . The maize grain is a major feed grain and a standard component of livestock diets where it is used as a source of energy. Other grains are typically compared to maize when their nutritional value is estimated. Many by-products of maize processing for flour (hominy feed, bran, germs, oil meal), starch (corn gluten feed, corn gluten meal) and alcohol/biofuel industries (distillers’ dried grains and solubles) can be fed to animals."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Oat hulls and oat mill feed",
+      "english_names": [
+        "oat hulls",
+        "oat husks"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "balle d'avoine",
+        "coques d'avoine",
+        "rémoulages d'avoine",
+        "son d'avoine"
+      ],
+      "description": "Oats ( Avena sativa L.) are a major cereal worldwide and the 6 th cereal grain after maize, rice, wheat, barley and sorghum . The main use of oat grain is as animal feed, alone or in mixtures. Oats are not suitable for breadmaking but are consumed in breakfast cereals and as porridge, hard, or added to other dishes as a thickening agent. The preparation of oats for human consumption is more laborious than for wheat because oats must be milled to remove the glumes before any further processing can be carried out . Oat milling yields several by-products:"
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), grain",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bajra",
+        "bulrush millet",
+        "candle millet",
+        "cattail millet",
+        "dark millet",
+        "horse millet",
+        "indian millet",
+        "mahangu",
+        "pearl millet"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "mil pénicillaire",
+        "mil à chandelle",
+        "millet perle",
+        "petit mil"
+      ],
+      "description": "Pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) is an annual grass, erect and reaching up to 3 m high with a profuse root system. Culms are slender, 1-3 cm wide. Leaves are alternate, simple, blade linear, pubescent and minutely serrated, up to 1.5 m long x 8 cm wide. The inflorescence is a panicle, 12 to 30 cm long. Fruits are grains whose shape differs according to cultivars. It uses C4 carbon fixation ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum), grain",
+      "english_names": [
+        "broomcorn millet",
+        "broomtail millet",
+        "common millet",
+        "hog millet",
+        "proso millet",
+        "white millet"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "millet blanc",
+        "millet commun"
+      ],
+      "description": "The proso millet ( Panicum miliaceum L.) is a cereal plant cultivated for its grain, mostly in Asia and North America. It is a warm-season grass with a short growing season and low moisture requirement that is capable of producing food or feed where other grain crops would fail . Proso millet is an erect annual grass up to 1.2-1.5 m tall, usually free-tillering and tufted, with a rather shallow root system. Its stems are cylindrical, simple or sparingly branched, with simple alternate and hairy leaves. The inflorescence is a slender panicle with solitary spikelets. The fruit is a small caryopsis (grain), broadly ovoid, up to 3 mm x 2 mm, smooth, variously coloured but often white, and shedding easily ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Rough rice (paddy rice)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "paddy rice",
+        "padi rice",
+        "rough rice"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "riz paddy"
+      ],
+      "description": "Rough rice, also called paddy rice, is the whole rice grain with the hulls (about 20% of the grain) . It is a coarser product than brown rice, which is the rice grain without the hulls but still containing the bran, or polished rice, which is the rice without the bran. Paddy rice is much less used for animal feeding than other grains, as it is often more expensive and less available. Also, it tends to have a lower nutritional value due to its higher fibre content. However, the overall decline in per capita rice consumption, especially in the middle and high-income Asian countries like Korea and Japan, during the later decades of the 20 th century has led to a renewed interest in the utilization of rice grain as a livestock feed. Cultivation of feed rice has been encouraged in the 2000s, for instance in Japan, where there are feed varieties of rice (e.g. Momiroman) ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Rye grain and by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "rye"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "seigle"
+      ],
+      "description": "Rye ( Secale cereale L.) is a winter-hardy annual or biennial grass. It is mostly grown for its grain, particularly in Europe and North America, in areas where climate and soil are unfavourable for other cereals, or as a winter crop where temperatures are too low for winter wheat. Rye is the only cereal grain other than wheat to have the necessary properties for bread making . While a minor cereal grain , rye remains an important bread grain in northern and eastern Europe, where rye flour may contribute more than 30% of the total flour used for bread making . In its main areas of production, such as Poland, rye grain is also used for feed, and more than 40% of the world production was used for animal feeding in 2007 . In addition to the grain itself, several rye by-products are occasionally used in animal feeding, notably rye bran, which is the by-product of rye millling, and rye distillers' grains, the by-products of whisky and ethanol production . Rye forage is described in the Rye forage datasheet."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Starches",
+      "english_names": [
+        "starch"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "amidon",
+        "fécule"
+      ],
+      "description": "Starch is a carbohydrate (polysaccharide) consisting of a large number of glucose units. It is found in the storage organs of many plants. It is the main energy component of most staple foods, including cereal grains (wheat, maize, barley, rye, rice, oats, sorghum, millet), roots and tubers (potatoes, cassava, sago, arrowroot) . It is also found in many legume grains (peas, faba beans, common beans) and in some fruits. In the cell, starch is stored in amyloplasts and forms starch granules. Starch is arranged in two types of macro-molecules: amylose (linear and helical polymer) and amylopectin (branched polymer). Amylose is usually dominant but high amylopectin varieties (mutant waxy maize) or subspecies (e.g. the glutinous rice, Oryza sativa var. glutinosa ) exist. High amylose cultivars have been developed ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sorghum grain",
+      "english_names": [
+        "broomcorn",
+        "dourah",
+        "durra",
+        "forage sorghum",
+        "grain sorghum",
+        "great millet",
+        "milo",
+        "sorghum"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "gros mil",
+        "sorgho",
+        "sorgho fourrager",
+        "sorgho grain"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grain is the fifth major staple cereal after wheat, rice, maize and barley. It is cultivated worldwide in warmer climates and is an important food crop in semi-arid tropical areas of Africa, Asia and Central America. Sorghum grain is a small, hard caryopsis covered by glumes. In grain sorghum, panicles are compact and bear 25,000 to 60,000 seeds/kg. Forage sorghum yields 120,000-160,000 seeds/kg. The whole grain can be boiled, roasted, popped or ground to make flour for baking (flat breads) and pastry. Sorghum grain is used for the production of alcoholic beverages, including beer and liquors. Some sorghum varieties are used for dyeing textiles or leathers ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Wheat grain",
+      "english_names": [
+        "wheat"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "blé",
+        "froment"
+      ],
+      "description": "Wheat grain ( Triticum spp.) is a major staple food that provides about 20% of food energy and protein worldwide. Wheat is also an excellent energy source for farm animals: in 2007, 102 million tons (16.7% of worldwide production) were used to feed animals. This proportion is higher in industrialised countries: in the EU-27 in 2007, 42% of wheat production was used as feed . Feed wheat is often surplus to human requirements or low-quality wheat unsuitable for human consumption (low test weight or damaged wheat), but wheat is also grown specifically for feed purposes . The inclusion of wheat grain in feeds depends on the relative market prices of the major feed grains. When maize, barley and sorghum are expensive, or when wheat prices are depressed, wheat becomes a valuable option . In some countries, the use of home-grown feeds has gained interest because of their lower cost and wheat grain has been increasingly used in livestock rations . The wheat variety available for animal feeding depends on the region: hard red spring or winter wheats are generally used in North America while soft wheats are more common in Europe."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) seeds",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bambara bean",
+        "bambara groundnut",
+        "congo earth pea",
+        "congo goober",
+        "congo groundnut",
+        "earth pea",
+        "ground bean",
+        "hog-peanut",
+        "kaffir pea",
+        "madagascar groundnut",
+        "njugo bean",
+        "stone groundnut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "pois bambara",
+        "pois de terre",
+        "voandzou"
+      ],
+      "description": "The bambara groundnut ( Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) is an annual, creeping legume with glabrous, trifoliate leaves. It has a deep taproot surrounded by lateral profuse roots bearing N-fixing nodules. Flowers are presented as papilionaceous racemes. Once fertilized, the flower is drawn below the soil through a tunnel. Fruits are 2 or 3-seeded pods, 1.5 to 3 cm long, wrinkled and at first indehiscent. Seeds are round, smooth and very hard when dry . Average yields are 300-800 kg/ha, but can range from 100 kg/ha up to 4 t/ha."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds",
+      "english_names": [
+        "asparagus bean",
+        "black-eyed pea",
+        "catjang",
+        "catjang cowpea",
+        "chinese long bean",
+        "clay pea",
+        "cow-pea",
+        "cowpea",
+        "cream pea",
+        "crowder pea",
+        "pea bean",
+        "purple-hull pea",
+        "southern pea",
+        "sow pea",
+        "yard-long bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "dolique asperge",
+        "dolique mongette",
+        "haricot asperge",
+        "haricot indigène",
+        "niébé",
+        "pois à vaches"
+      ],
+      "description": "Cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is one of the most popular grain legumes in Africa as well as in some regions of America and Asia. The main subspecies is Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata (L.) Walp. Cowpea is often called \"black-eyed pea\" due to its black- or brown-ringed hylum. Cowpea is called the \"hungry-season crop\" because it is the first crop to be harvested before the cereal crops . Its fresh or dried seeds, pods and leaves are commonly used as human food. Since they are highly valuable as food, cowpeas are only occasionally used to feed livestock but the hay and silage can be an important fodder. Cowpea has great flexibility in use: farmers can choose to harvest them for grains or to harvest forage for their livestock, depending on economical or climatological constraints . Dual-purpose varieties have been developed in order to provide both grain and fodder while suiting the different cropping systems encountered in Africa . Cowpea by-products such as cowpea seed waste and cowpea hulls (which result from the dehulling of the seeds for food) have been used to replace conventional feedstuffs in some developing countries ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Peanut seeds",
+      "english_names": [
+        "chinese nut",
+        "earthnut",
+        "goober",
+        "groundnut",
+        "peanut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The fruit (pod, nut) of the peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) is made of an external shell (or hull) (21-29%) and of the nut itself (79-71%), which consists of a thin hull (\"skin\", seed coat) (2-3%), the kernel (69-73%) and the germ (2.0-3.5%) . The term \"peanut\" may refer to the whole fruit (including the shell), to the kernel with its thin coat, or to the kernel without the thin coat. Peanuts are nutrient- and energy-rich products that are mainly used for food, but whole cull peanuts or decorticated peanuts are occasionally sold for feed. Like other peanut products, peanuts can be contaminated by aflatoxins and should be tested before being fed to livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Peanut skins",
+      "english_names": [
+        "chinese nut",
+        "earthnut",
+        "goober",
+        "groundnut",
+        "peanut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The fruit (pod, nut) of the peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) is made of an external shell (or hull) (21-29%) and of the nut itself (79-71%), which consists of the kernel (69-73%), the germ (2.0-3.5%) and of an enclosing thin hull (testa or seed coat) (2-3%), usually paper-like and coloured, more commonly referred to as the peanut skin . Peanut skins are a by-product of the blanching process, which consists of removing the skins using peelers, which have rollers covered with abrasive material allowing the removal of the skin. Blanching is often done in specialised plants and carried out to prepare peanuts for the manufacture of snack food, peanut butter and other peanut-based foods . Marketed peanut skins contain not only the actual skins but also some kernels, kernels fragments and germs . It should be noted that in francophone Africa this product is more accurately called peanut bran ( son d'arachide ) ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Pea seeds",
+      "english_names": [
+        "feed pea",
+        "field pea",
+        "pea",
+        "protein pea"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "pois",
+        "pois protéagineux"
+      ],
+      "description": "Peas (usually Pisum sativum L.) are one of the four most important legume crops next to soybean, groundnut, and beans. It is a particularly important legume grain in temperate areas with numerous food (dry seed, vegetable) and feed (seed, fodder) usages ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seeds",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cajan pea",
+        "no-eye pea",
+        "no-eyed pea",
+        "pigeon pea",
+        "tropical green pea"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "ambrevade",
+        "pois cajan",
+        "pois d'angole",
+        "pois-congo"
+      ],
+      "description": "Pigeon pea ( Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth) is one of the most common tropical and subtropical legumes cultivated for its edible seeds. Pigeon pea is fast growing, hardy, widely adaptable, and drought resistant . Because of its drought resistance it can be considered of the utmost importance for food security in regions where rainfall is unreliable and droughts are prone to occur ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Peanut hulls",
+      "english_names": [
+        "chinese nut",
+        "earthnut",
+        "goober",
+        "groundnut",
+        "peanut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The fruit (pod, nut) of the peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) consists of an external hull (or shell) (21-29%) surrounding the nut (79-71%) . Peanut hulls, not to be confounded with peanut skins (which are the thin paper-like seed coats enclosing the kernel), are a by-product of peanut processing. The shelling of peanuts is often the second operation (after cleaning) of peanut processing, as both the production of peanut oil and the production of peanut snacks, peanut butter and other peanut-based foods require kernels without hulls (except the production of in-shell peanuts). Peanut hulls usually consist of fragmented hulls with variable amounts of whole or broken kernels ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Peanut meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "chinese nut",
+        "earthnut",
+        "goober",
+        "groundnut",
+        "peanut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Peanut meal is the by-product obtained after the extraction of oil from peanut seeds (also called peanuts) ( Arachis hypogaea L.). It is a protein-rich ingredient that is widely used to feed all classes of livestock. Peanut meal is the sixth most common oil meal ingredient produced in the world after soybean meal, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, cottonseed meal and palm kernel meal . Peanut meal is generally considered as an excellent feed ingredient due to its high protein content, low fibre, high oil (for expeller meal) and relative absence of antinutritional factors. It is often the default high protein source in regions where soybean meal is too expensive or not available. However, aflatoxin contamination remains a serious issue, particularly for peanut meal produced from seeds grown in smallholder systems (see Potential constraints on the \"Nutritional aspects\" tab). After the aflatoxin crises in the 1960-1970s, exports to developed countries nearly stopped and the product is now mostly used in the countries of production ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Soybean seeds",
+      "english_names": [
+        "full-fat soybean",
+        "manchurian bean",
+        "miracle bean",
+        "soja bean",
+        "soy",
+        "soya",
+        "soya bean",
+        "soybean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "haricot oléagineux",
+        "pois chinois",
+        "soja",
+        "soja graine entière"
+      ],
+      "description": "Soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is the largest oilseed crop, with 276 million t produced in 2013, the main producers being the USA, Brazil, Argentina and China. The value of the crop is partly driven by the demand for soybean meal, which is the by-product of oil extraction, one of the major feed commodities and the main protein source in many animal diets . Whole soybean seeds, usually called soybeans or full-fat soybeans to differentiate them from soybean meal, are also used for animal feeding."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Soybean meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "soya bean meal",
+        "soyabean meal",
+        "soybean cake",
+        "soybean meal",
+        "soybean oil cake",
+        "soybean oil meal"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "tourteau de soja"
+      ],
+      "description": "Soybean meal is the most important protein source used to feed farm animals. It represents two-thirds of the total world output of protein feedstuffs, including all other major oil meals and fish meal . Its feeding value is unsurpassed by any other plant protein source and it is the standard to which other protein sources are compared . While it has been an accepted part of livestock and poultry diets in the USA since the mid-1930s , soybean feed production took off in the mid-1970s and then accelerated in the early 1990s due to a growing demand from developing countries. The expansion of aquaculture and prohibitions on the feed use of slaughterhouse by-products have also fueled the demand for this high-quality source of protein ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "White lupin (Lupinus albus) seeds",
+      "english_names": [
+        "egyptian lupin",
+        "lupin",
+        "lupine",
+        "white lupin",
+        "white lupine"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "lupin blanc"
+      ],
+      "description": "White lupin ( Lupinus albus L.) is one of the 200 species of lupins, a genus of multipurpose annual legumes grown throughout the world both for their seeds used in feed and food, and for forage. Lupin seeds can be an alternative to soybean in all livestock species due to their high content in good quality protein (in the 30-40% range). Lupins also contribute to the sustainability of cropping systems . The other main cultivated lupin species are the yellow lupin ( Lupinus luteus ), the blue lupin, or narrow leaf lupin ( Lupinus angustifolius ), and the pearl lupin ( Lupinus mutabilis ) . White and yellow lupin seeds provide higher protein than blue lupin seeds, which may be of importance when lupins are used to feed animals ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Almond hulls and almond by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "almond",
+        "bitter almond",
+        "sweet almond (tree)"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The almond tree ( Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb) is cultivated worldwide for its valuable edible seed kernels which are highly priced for their numerous culinary uses. Almond kernels are consumed raw, cooked or dry-roasted, sliced, ground or whole, blanched (without the skin) or unblanched (with the skin). They are extensively used in bakery and confectionery, and as an ingredient in manufactured food products due to their physico-chemical, nutritional, and sensorial features. They can be candied or used to make \"turron\" and other delicacies. Soaking ground kernels in water yields almond milk, a traditional product which is consumed as a substitute for cow milk by people who are lactose-intolerant, have milk allergies or want to avoid dairy products. The kernels are rich in oil which is extracted to be used for culinary and industrial purposes, notably cosmetics."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Babassu (Attalea speciosa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "babassu",
+        "babassu palm"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "babassou"
+      ],
+      "description": "Babassu ( Attalea speciosa Mart. ex Spreng.) is an erect perennial evergreen palm, reaching up a height of 15 to 30 m. The trunk is slender, ringed with leaf scars, 20-50 cm in diameter. A dense rounded crown, 8 m in diameter, is formed by 15-20 huge leaves up to 9 m long. Attalea speciosa bears 2-4 inflorescences of whitish or yellowish flowers. Bunches are 1 m long, weigh 40-90 kg and bear 250 to 600 fruits twice a year. The fruits are oblong nuts (8-15 cm long x 5-9 cm broad) containing 3-8 kernels surrounded by fleshy pulp and a hard woody shell, similar to the coconut shell."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Borneo tallow nut (Shorea stenoptera) oil meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "borneo tallow nut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "illipé de bornéo"
+      ],
+      "description": "Borneo tallow nut oil cake is the product resulting from the oil extraction of the fruit of Shorea stenoptera , a tropical tree from Indonesia and Malaysia."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Camelina (Camelina sativa) seeds and oil meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "big seed false flax",
+        "camelina",
+        "dutch flax",
+        "false flax",
+        "german sesame",
+        "gold-of-pleasure",
+        "large seeded false flax",
+        "linseed dodder",
+        "western false flax",
+        "wild flax"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "caméline ciliée",
+        "caméline cultivée",
+        "caméline de l’ouest",
+        "caméline faux-lin",
+        "faux-lin",
+        "faux-lin de l’ouest",
+        "lin bâtard",
+        "petit lin",
+        "sésame bâtard",
+        "sésame d’allemagne"
+      ],
+      "description": "Camelina ( Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) is an ancient oil and food crop with current potential for biodiesel production and animal feeding."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Castor bean (Ricinus communis) seeds, oil meal and by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "castor bean",
+        "castor oil plant",
+        "castor plant",
+        "castor-oil plant",
+        "palma christi"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "ricin commun"
+      ],
+      "description": "The castor plant ( Ricinus communis L.), also called castor bean plant or castor oil plant, is a shrub or small tree cultivated in tropical and temperate regions for its seeds rich in an oil valued for its many industrial applications: lubricants (the Castrol automotive lubricant is a contraction of \"castor oil\"), hydraulic fluids, paints, coatings, inks, cold resistant plastics, waxes and polishes, nylon, pharmaceuticals, emollients, perfumes, etc. . Castor oil was used for lighting (though the smell is unpleasant), and in medicine as a purge or to treat sores. The castor plant is also an energy crop used to produce biodiesel ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Copra meal and coconut by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "coconut cake",
+        "coconut meal",
+        "copra cake",
+        "copra meal",
+        "expeller copra cake",
+        "expeller copra meal"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "tourteau de copra"
+      ],
+      "description": "Copra meal, or coconut meal, is an important feed ingredient and the by-product of the oil extraction from dried coconut kernels (copra)."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Crambe (Crambe abyssinica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "abyssinian cabbage",
+        "abyssinian kale",
+        "colewort"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "chou d'abyssinie",
+        "crambe",
+        "crambe d'abyssinie"
+      ],
+      "description": "Crambe ( Crambe abyssinica Hochst. ex R. E. Fr.) is a cruciferous oil plant that can be grown as a winter or spring crop . It has low cultivation costs and can be mechanically harvested . Crambe is mainly grown for its oil and oil products that have many industrial applications. It is a source of protein isolates, and is used as an additive to waxes . Erucamide, a substance yielded from the oil, is a high value product for the cosmetic industry. Crambe meal can be used as a protein source for ruminants. However, crambe oil contains glucosinolates and erucic acid, which are potentially toxic and limit the use of crambe products and by-products in monogastric animals."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Grape seeds and grape seed oil meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "defatted grape seeds",
+        "defatted grapeseeds",
+        "grape seed meal",
+        "grape seed oil cake",
+        "grape seed oil meal",
+        "grape seeds",
+        "grapeseed meal",
+        "grapeseeds"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "farine de pépins de raisin",
+        "pépins de raisin",
+        "tourteau de pépins de raisin"
+      ],
+      "description": "Grape seeds are a by-product of the pressing of grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) berries for making wine or grape juice. Grape seed oil meal is the by-product of oil extraction from grape seeds. Grape seeds and grape seed oil meal are fibrous, tannin-rich by-products of limited nutritional value, even for ruminant livestock. Since the year 2000, these products have received renewed interest due to their potential as sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids and beneficial antioxidants."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Hemp (Cannabis sativa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cannabis",
+        "ganja",
+        "hashish",
+        "hemp",
+        "indian hemp",
+        "marihuana",
+        "marijuana"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "chanvre",
+        "chanvre agricole",
+        "chanvre indien",
+        "chanvre industriel",
+        "chanvre textile",
+        "chènevis"
+      ],
+      "description": "Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) is an annual erect herb up to 3 m (or more) tall. It has palmately compound leaves with 5-11 leaflets (usually 7-9). \"Sativa\" varieties are taller than the bushier \"Indica\" varieties. All varieties belong to two main types:"
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Kapok (Ceiba pentandra)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "capoc",
+        "ceiba",
+        "java cotton",
+        "java kapok",
+        "kapok",
+        "kapok tree",
+        "silk cotton tree",
+        "white silk-cotton tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bois coton",
+        "fromager",
+        "kapokier"
+      ],
+      "description": "Kapok ( Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.) is a large deciduous tree, best known for the fibre produced by its fruit. It usually reaches a height of about 30-40 m but some varieties such as caribaea can reach 70 m . Kapok has a broad straight trunk and almost horizontally spreading branches. Trunk and branches are supported by prickly buttresses at the base . Some varieties are covered with rounded spines . The leaves are compound (5 to 8 leaflets) . Kapok produces large quantities of clustered flowers, yellowish white to rose, silky and densely hairy on the outer surface . The fruit is a long (10-30 cm) capsule hanging from branches and contains 120-175 rounded dark brown to black seeds embedded in a mass of grey woolly hairs (floss) . Kapok is a fast growing tree and becomes productive within 4 to 5 years. Yields increase for about 8 years and its economical lifespan is about 60 years . A tree under optimal conditions may yield 330-400 fruits per year, giving 15-18 kg fibre and about 30 kg seeds. A satisfactory fibre yield is about 450 kg/ha and a very good yield is about 700 kg/ha ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Linseed meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "flax meal",
+        "flaxseed meal",
+        "linseed cake",
+        "linseed meal",
+        "linseed oil cake",
+        "linseed oil meal"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "tourteau de lin"
+      ],
+      "description": "Linseed meal is the by-product of oil production from linseeds ( Linum usitatissimum L.). Linseeds are primarily used for the production of linseed oil, which is used in paints and in other industries, such as the manufacture of linoleum. Linseeds and linseed meal have attracted considerable attention since the 1990s due to the presence in the oil of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), notably alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, an omega-3 fatty acid) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Supplying these fatty acids to the diets of livestock is being used to alter the fatty acid profile of meat, milk and eggs in order to provide health benefits to human consumers. Other benefits include laxative properties and positive effects on the appearance of skin and hair . Linseeds and linseed oil contain large amount of lignans, which act in mammalians as phytoestrogens and have anti-carcinogenic properties ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Linseeds",
+      "english_names": [
+        "flax seeds",
+        "flaxseeds",
+        "linseed seeds",
+        "linseeds"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "graines de lin"
+      ],
+      "description": "Linseeds are the seeds of the flax plant ( Linum usitatissimum L.). Flax is grown for its oil or its fibre, depending on the variety, and linseeds usually come from flax varieties intended for oil production. Linseeds are rich in oil and protein and are suitable for livestock, particularly as a source of polyunsaturated and omega-3 fatty acids."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Niger (Guizotia abyssinica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "niger",
+        "nigerseed"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "guizotia oléifère",
+        "noug",
+        "tourteau de niger",
+        "tourteau de noug",
+        "tourteau de nyger"
+      ],
+      "description": "Niger ( Guizotia abyssinica (L. f.) Cass.) is an oilseed crop cultivated in Ethiopia and India for its edible oil. Niger seeds yield niger oil and niger oil cake. Niger oil cake is a feed rich in protein, oil and fibre, free from any toxic substance and suited to all classes of livestock that can digest fibrous feeds."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Olive oil cake and by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "olive",
+        "olive tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "olivier"
+      ],
+      "description": "Olive oil extraction generates several by-products that can be used to feed animals, particularly the cakes and pomaces obtained from the extraction process, and leaves and other residues resulting from the cleaning operations. The young shoots coming out from the base of the tree can be browsed by sheep and the olives themselves can be eaten by pigs in extensive systems, such as those producing the Jamón ibérico in Spain."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Palm kernel meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "expeller palm kernel meal",
+        "palm kernel cake",
+        "palm kernel meal",
+        "solvent-extracted palm kernel meal"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "tourteau de palmiste"
+      ],
+      "description": "Palm kernel meal is an important feed ingredient and the by-product of the oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). This palm tree is cultivated for its oils rich in highly saturated vegetable fats: the palm oil, extracted from the fruit flesh; and the palm kernel oil, extracted from the fruit kernel. Palm oil is both a major staple oil (a \"poor man’s cooking oil\", common in South-East Asia and tropical Africa) and an indispensable ingredient for the food industry . It has also numerous non-food applications, including as a feedstock for biodiesel. Palm kernel oil, which is semi-solid at room temperature, is economically less important. The demand for palm oil, fueled by the growth of the Chinese and Indian economies, has been growing rapidly since the 1990s. Palm oil production doubled between 1996 and 2005 and increased yearly by 10% during the 2000s. Palm oil overtook soybean oil in 2004 to be the world’s leading vegetable oil . The production of palm kernel oil, while less important overtook that of groundnut oil in 2007 ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Poppy (Papaver somniferum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "opium poppy",
+        "poppy"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "pavot des jardins",
+        "pavot somnifère",
+        "pavot à opium"
+      ],
+      "description": "The opium poppy ( Papaver somniferum L.) is a multipurpose crop. It is an annual erect plant, 60-120 cm in height, rarely branching, with ovate-oblong leaves. It bears large showy flowers and nearly globose to spherical capsules, containing small black, white, blue or brown kidney-shaped seeds . The opium poppy is generally grown for the latex extracted from the immature seed capsules. The dried latex, or opium, is the source of many opiates, including morphine, thebaine, codeine and papaverine . The oil extracted from the seed is used for culinary and pharmaceutical purposes, as well as for making soaps, paints and varnishes . The seeds, which are normally free of alkaloids, are used for birdseed and as a food item in confectionery and bakery food products . The main feed ingredient derived from the poppy is the poppy seed meal, which is the protein-rich by-product of oil extraction. The terms poppy seed meal and poppy seed cake usually refer to the solvent-extracted and mechanically-extracted by-products respectively."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Rapeseed hulls",
+      "english_names": [
+        "canola hulls",
+        "rapeseed hulls"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "coques de canola",
+        "coques de colza",
+        "pellicules de canola",
+        "pellicules de colza"
+      ],
+      "description": "Rapeseed hulls - called canola hulls in North America and other countries - are the teguments of the seeds of the oilseed rape plant ( Brassica napus L. and interspecific crosses of Brassica napus with other Brassica species including Brassica rapa L. and Brassica juncea (L.) Czern), resulting from the extraction of rapeseed oil. Rapeseed hulls are a fibrous byproduct, but they also have a valuable oil and protein content and they can be used to feed ruminants and rabbits."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Rapeseeds",
+      "english_names": [
+        "canola seeds",
+        "full-fat canola seeds",
+        "full-fat rapeseeds",
+        "rape seeds",
+        "rapeseeds"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "colza",
+        "colza \"00\""
+      ],
+      "description": "Rapeseeds - called canola seeds in North America and other countries - are the seeds of the oilseed rape plant ( Brassica napus L. and interspecific crosses of Brassica napus with other Brassica species including Brassica rapa L. and the brown mustard Brassica juncea (L.) Czern). Rapeseeds are the 3 rd source of both vegetable oil (after soybean and oil palm) and oil meal (after soybean and cotton). They are the most widely cultivated crop species in the Brassicaceae family, which also includes cabbages, mustards, turnips, radishes and cauliflowers. There is a very wide range of rapeseed varieties for all types of purposes . Modern rapeseed varieties with low concentrations in erucic acid and glucosinolates (see below) are mainly used for edible oil, biofuel, industrial oil and lubricants. Rapeseeds are also a valuable energy feed for livestock due to their high protein and lipid content."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Rapeseed meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "canola meal",
+        "canola seed meal",
+        "cold-pressed canola meal",
+        "cold-pressed rapeseed cake",
+        "rapeseed meal",
+        "rapeseed oil meal"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "tourteau de colza déshuilé",
+        "tourteau de colza expeller",
+        "tourteau de colza gras"
+      ],
+      "description": "Rapeseed meal, called canola meal in North America, Australia and some other countries, is the by-product of the extraction of oil from rapeseed ( Brassica napus L., Brassica rapa L. and Brassica juncea L., and their crosses). It is a protein-rich ingredient that is widely used to feed all classes of livestock. Worldwide production of rapeseed meal is second only to soybean meal . Rapeseed oil used to have a poor reputation due to the presence of erucic acid, which has a bitter taste and was later found to cause health problems. The use of rapeseed meal as an animal feed was also limited by the presence of glucosinolates, which are antinutritional factors detrimental to animal performance. In the 1960-1970s, low-erucic varieties (\"0\") and low-erucic, low-glucosinolate varieties (\"00\", double-zero, double low, canola) were developed, allowing rapeseed oil to become a major food oil, and rapeseed meal and rapeseeds to grow in importance as fed to livestock. The first 00 varieties were introduced commercially in Canada in the mid-1970s. In some countries, such as France, 00 varieties became commercially available in the late 1980s . Low-erucic, low-glucosinolate varieties are now the main types grown worldwide for edible oil, biofuel, industrial oil and lubricants. There are also high-erucic varieties grown for specific industrial purposes . While solvent-extracted rapeseed meal remains the main type of rapeseed meal commercially available, oil-rich rapeseed meals obtained by mechanical pressure have gained popularity since the turn of the century with the development of organic farming and on-farm oil production."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "hevea",
+        "para rubber tree",
+        "rubber tree",
+        "sharinga tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arbre de para",
+        "arbre à caoutchouc",
+        "hévéa"
+      ],
+      "description": "The rubber tree ( Hevea brasiliensis ) is a fast growing, medium to tall tree (25 m high in plantations and up to 40 m in the wild), with deep tap-roots. The trunk is smooth and straight with a grayish bark. It is known for its laticiferous system from which latex is extracted by tapping the trunk. Leaves are trifoliate, 10 to 15 cm long and 3 to 6 cm broad. Flowers are monoecious and borne in panicles with apical flowers being female and lateral ones male ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) seeds and oil meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "false saffron",
+        "safflower"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "carthame des teinturiers",
+        "safran bâtard",
+        "safran des teinturiers"
+      ],
+      "description": "Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) was originally grown for its flowers, which were used in making red and yellow dyes for clothing and food preparation. Today, safflower is primarily cultivated for its oil, which is used for food and industrial purposes. Safflower is a minor crop with a world production of about 650,000 t in 2009 ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sesame (Sesamum indicum) seeds and oil meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "beni",
+        "beniseed",
+        "benne",
+        "benneseed",
+        "gingelly",
+        "sesame"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "sésame"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sesame ( Sesamum indicum L.) is a tropical and subtropical plant cultivated for its seeds, which yield about 50% of a high quality edible oil. Sesame oil meal, the by-product of sesame oil extraction, is used as a feed ingredient."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Soybean hulls",
+      "english_names": [
+        "soybean hulls",
+        "soybean mill feed",
+        "soybean mill run"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "coques de soja"
+      ],
+      "description": "Soybean hulls are a by-product of the extraction of oil from soybean seeds ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.). After entering the oil mill, soybeans are screened to remove broken and damaged beans, and foreign material . The beans are then cracked, and their hulls, which mainly consist of the outer coats, are removed (see figure above). Hulls are fibrous materials with no place in human food, but are very valuable for ruminants . Soybean hulls are often reintroduced in the final oil meal in order to reduce its protein content, resulting in soybean meal types with a maximum protein + fat guarantee of 44 to 48%. However, this end use decreases when the demand for high protein soybean meal increases. Soybean hulls are thus available and very valuable feeds for on-farm feeding of cattle ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sunflower seeds",
+      "english_names": [
+        "full-fat sunflower seeds",
+        "sunflower seeds",
+        "sunflowerseed"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "graines de tournesol"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sunflower seeds are the fruits (achenes) of the sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.). The seeds are 10-15 mm long and 4 mm broad, cylindrical or drop-shaped. The sunflower seed consists of a hard hull (pericarp) and a kernel, which is the actual seed . There are two major types of sunflower seeds:"
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Walnut (Juglans regia)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "caucasian walnut",
+        "chile walnut",
+        "circassian walnut",
+        "common walnut",
+        "english walnut",
+        "european walnut",
+        "french walnut",
+        "italian walnut",
+        "madeira walnut",
+        "manchurian walnut",
+        "persian walnut",
+        "royal walnut",
+        "walnut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "calottier",
+        "gojeutier",
+        "noyer commun",
+        "noyer royal",
+        "écalonnier"
+      ],
+      "description": "Walnut, the fruit of the walnut tree ( Juglans regia L.), has been used in human nutrition since ancient times. Walnut trees were cultivated in Europe as early as 1000 BC . The walnut tree is a deciduous medium-sized to tall tree that can reach up to a height of 45 m . The fruit is a spherical drupe with a green fleshy husk that opens at maturity to reveal a nut. The nut consists of a hard lignified shell containing a wrinkled kernel made up of two halves separated by a partition. Depending on the ecotype, shells can be large or small, light brown or dark brown in colour, smooth or knobby ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Apple pomace and culled apples",
+      "english_names": [
+        "apple pomace"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "marc de pommes",
+        "pommes au sol",
+        "pommes de retrait",
+        "pommes fermentées"
+      ],
+      "description": "Apple pomace ( Malus domestica Borkh.) is the solid residue that remains after milling and pressing of apples for cider, apple juice or puree production . Culled, dropped and damaged apples (broken, injured during plucking, unfit for packing) are available in plenty during the apple season and are sometimes used for feeding livestock ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Banana (general)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "banana",
+        "cooking banana",
+        "french plantain",
+        "plantain"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "banane",
+        "banane plantain",
+        "plantain"
+      ],
+      "description": "Banana ( Musa sp.) is one of the major fruit crops, cultivated in all warm and humid tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, America, Africa and Australia. While bananas are primarily grown for food, 30-40% of the crop is considered unfit for human consumption and is potentially available for animal feeding. Banana peels and the vegetative parts of the plants are also used in animal feeding."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Banana peels",
+      "english_names": [
+        "banana",
+        "cooking banana",
+        "french plantain",
+        "plantain"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "banane",
+        "banane plantain",
+        "plantain"
+      ],
+      "description": "Banana peels are the outer envelopes of banana fruits. They are the by-product of household consumption and banana processing."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Banana fruits",
+      "english_names": [
+        "banana",
+        "cooking banana",
+        "french plantain",
+        "plantain"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "banane",
+        "banane plantain",
+        "plantain"
+      ],
+      "description": "Bananas are the fruits of the banana tree ( Musa sp.). Bananas grow in bunches with a varying number (up to 200) of \"fingers\" each. Depending on cultivars and landraces, bananas are 6-35 cm long, green, yellow, red or brown, cylindrical or angled, straight or curved, and seeded or seedless . The banana is picked green and ripened in sheds. It has been estimated that 30% to 40% of the total banana production are rejected for failing to meet quality standards, and are potentially available to livestock . In exporting countries, particularly in Latin America and Asia, bananas are rejected for being damaged and for being under- or over-sized. In countries where consumption is local, notably in Africa, only the fruits fully unfit for humans may be given to animals. For this reason, plantains are rarely used to feed animals and most of the scientific literature deals with bananas. Note: in the rest of this datasheet, the term \"banana\" will be used as a generic name for both bananas and plantains, except when the term plantain is specified."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Citrus fruits",
+      "english_names": [
+        "grapefruits",
+        "lemons",
+        "limes",
+        "mandarines",
+        "tangerines",
+        "whole citrus fruits",
+        "whole oranges"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "agrumes",
+        "citrons",
+        "citrons verts",
+        "oranges",
+        "pamplemousses",
+        "tangerines"
+      ],
+      "description": "The citrus industry produce fruits that do not meet requirements for fresh products (up to 2% in Spain, for instance) or that have to be withdrawn from the market in order to maintain prices (up to 5% of commercialized fruits in the European Union) . One possible use for these discarded fruits is animal feeding. Citrus fruits can be given to animals: they can be fed whole or sliced and they can be fed fresh, ensiled or dried."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Coffee hulls, fruit pulp and by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "arabian coffee",
+        "arabica coffee",
+        "coffee",
+        "coffee tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "caféier d'arabie"
+      ],
+      "description": "The coffee bean ( Coffea arabica L.) is used to make one of the most popular beverages in the world and considerable amounts of coffee bean are processed every day, leading to large quantities of by-products that may be used to feed livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Date palm fruits",
+      "english_names": [
+        "date",
+        "date palm"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "dattier",
+        "palmier dattier"
+      ],
+      "description": "Dates, the fruits of the date palm tree ( Phoenix dactylifera L.), are a major staple food in arid areas of North Africa and the Middle East, and the date crop plays a central role in the economy and social life of these regions . There are more than 3000 date varieties in the world. Iran, Irak, Morocco and Tunisia have the most diversified germplasm . While date palms are primarily cultivated for food, some local varieties are traditionally grown for animal consumption ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Grape pomace",
+      "english_names": [
+        "common grapevine",
+        "european grape",
+        "grape",
+        "grapevine"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "marc de raisin",
+        "marc de raisin degrappé",
+        "marc de raisin eraflé",
+        "marc de raisin épuisé",
+        "pulpe de raisin",
+        "raisin",
+        "vigne"
+      ],
+      "description": "The grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) is a woody vine cultivated worldwide for its edible berries (grapes) that are eaten fresh or pressed to make beverages. Most grape juice is fermented and macerated to make wine, and the remainder is used as a refreshing beverage. Grape processing generates a large number of by-products that can be broadly classified as follows: solid by-products (leaves, stems, seeds, skins, and pulp), highly viscous by-products (lees), and low-viscosity by-products (wastewater) . The seeds (pips) are sometimes extracted to make oil. This datasheet deals with grape pomace (grape marc), which is the main solid residue of grape processing. Grape pomace always includes the pressed skins and the disrupted cells of grape pulp, and, depending on the process, the stems and the seeds. Grape leaves and grape seeds and oil meal are presented in their own datasheets."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Mango (Mangifera indica) fruit and by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "mango"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "mangue",
+        "manguier"
+      ],
+      "description": "Mangos are the most important tropical fruit crop after bananas and plantains . The mango fruit is a large fleshy drupe, highly variable in size, shape, colour and taste, weighing up to 1 kg in some cultivars. There are more than 1000 mango cultivars. Green when unripe, after 3 to 6 months the fruit turns orange-reddish as it ripens. The fruit consists of a woody endocarp (pit), a resinous edible mesocarp (flesh) and a thick exocarp (peel). The majority of mango production is consumed fresh and about 1-2% of the production is processed to make products such as juices, nectars, concentrates, jams, jelly powders, fruit bars, flakes and dried fruits . Mango varieties too fibrous or too soft for fresh consumption can be used for juice making ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Pineapple by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "pineapple"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "ananas"
+      ],
+      "description": "With a world production of more than 18 million tons in 2009, pineapple ranks 12 th among fruits crop worldwide . About 70% of the pineapple produced in the world is consumed as a fresh fruit in the country of origin . The remaining 30% is exported or transformed into canned slices, chunks, crush (solid pack) and juice. The post-harvest processing of pineapple fruits yields skins (outer peels), crowns, bud ends, cores, waste from fresh trimmings and the pomace of the fruit from which the juice has been extracted. Leaves and other non-fruit parts can be added to the wastes . These by-products account for approximately 30-35% of the fresh fruit weight. They can be used as soil amendments or as feedstuffs for all classes of livestock . Like other fresh fruit by-products, fresh pineapple cannery wastes are rich in water (about 90%) and soluble carbohydrates and, therefore, decay very quickly. They must be consumed as soon as possible, but canneries are often not located in areas of animal production, and transportation of such bulky products is expensive and may require daily visits to the cannery . For those reasons, fresh pineapple waste is often preserved by drying or ensiling."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Tomato fruits",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cull tomatoes",
+        "culled tomato",
+        "dried tomato",
+        "dried tomato pulp",
+        "fresh tomatoes",
+        "tomatoes"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "tomate"
+      ],
+      "description": "Tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruits that do not meet grade standards for fresh market or processing are discarded. Such fruits may be damaged, diseased, too small, misshapen, etc. In Florida, for instance, cull tomatoes represent 20 to 40% of the tomato production, depending on the time of the year and weather events . This large amount of tomato wastage has always been a problem for tomato growers, and cull tomatoes are often scattered on vacant land and pastures or buried in the ground. Feeding them to livestock is a common way to get rid of them ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Tomato pomace, tomato skins and tomato seeds",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cull tomatoes",
+        "culled tomato",
+        "dried tomato",
+        "dried tomato pulp",
+        "fresh tomatoes",
+        "tomatoes"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "graines de tomates",
+        "marc de tomate",
+        "peaux de tomates",
+        "pelures de tomates",
+        "tomate"
+      ],
+      "description": "Tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) are one of the major vegetables and second only to potatoes in terms of world production . While the majority of tomatoes are sold fresh, a little more than one third of the production is processed for canning, tomato juice, tomato paste or puree, sauces and ketchup (click here to see a diagram of Tomato processing )."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Beet molasses",
+      "english_names": [
+        "beet molasses",
+        "sugar beet molasses",
+        "sugarbeet molasses"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "mélasse de betterave"
+      ],
+      "description": "Beet molasses is the syrupy by-product yielded after the crystallisation of sugar from concentrated sugar juice extracted from the roots of sugar beets ( Beta vulgaris L.) . It is viscous, dark, sweet, sugar-rich, with a caramel flavour. Like sugarcane molasses, it is very palatable to livestock. It is a major feed ingredient for all types of livestock including poultry. It is used as an energy source, as an appetizer, as a binder in compound feeds, and as a carrier for other ingredients such as sources of non-protein nitrogen (urea) ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cassava roots",
+      "english_names": [
+        "brazilian arrowroot",
+        "cassava",
+        "tapioca"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "manioc",
+        "tapioca"
+      ],
+      "description": "Cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a shrub grown in the tropics and subtropics for its underground starchy tuberous roots. Cassava roots, also called cassava tubers, are a major staple food for more than 800 million people in the world ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Fodder beet roots",
+      "english_names": [
+        "field beet",
+        "fodder beet root",
+        "forage beet",
+        "mangel",
+        "mangel beet",
+        "mangelwurzel",
+        "mangold",
+        "mangold-wurzel"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "betterave fourragère"
+      ],
+      "description": "Fodder beet ( Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris L.) is a biennial plant grown for its fleshy and swollen root. The size, shape and colour of the root are extremely variable and depend on the variety. Roots from fodder varieties tend to be less deeply buried (up to 2/3 above ground) than those of sugar and intermediate fodder-sugar varieties . The vegetative part develops mainly during the first year of growth. The dark green, heart-shaped leaves are borne in a rosette, lying horizontally to catch as much light as possible. After the first year, if the root is not harvested and after exposure to cold, the rosette turns into a 50-80 cm tall flower stalk that bears small, green and bisexual flowers without petals . Fodder beet crops that are intended for fodder (rather than for seed production) are cultivated as annual crops and the roots must be harvested before winter since they do not withstand frost ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "sweet potato",
+        "sweetpotato",
+        "sweetpotatoes"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "patate douce"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sweet potato tubers ( Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) are a staple food, an alternative food, or an animal feed ingredient in many countries. Sweet potatoes are consumed fresh, canned or processed (purée, crisps, starch...), and they are used for the production of drinks (alcoholic or not) and bioethanol. Their processing results in numerous by-products which are extremely variable. Like the by-products of the potato (see the Potato by-products datasheet), sweet potato by-products can be raw or result from processes involving heat."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sugar beet pulp, pressed or wet",
+      "english_names": [
+        "sugar beet",
+        "sugarbeet"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "betterave sucrière",
+        "pulpe de betterave surpressée",
+        "pulpe de betteraves déshydratée",
+        "pulpe de betteraves fraîches"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sugarbeet pulp is the fibrous, energy rich by-product resulting from the water extraction of sugar contained in the root of the sugarbeet ( Beta vulgaris L.). Sugarbeet pulp is relished by animals and much valued by farmers. It has an outstanding feeding value for all classes of livestock (ruminants, pigs and horses) but is particularly suited to dairy cattle as it has a galactogogue effect . However, it should be noted that sugarbeet pulp results from various processes and may have variable quality."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) tubers",
+      "english_names": [
+        "sweet potato"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "patate douce"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) is a plant grown for its tuberous roots in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate regions. Sweet potato tubers are a staple food or an alternative food in many countries and part of the production is used for animal feeding."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sugarcane juice",
+      "english_names": [
+        "sugarcane juice"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "vesou"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sugarcane juice is the opaque and viscous liquid, brownish to deep-green in colour, obtained by pressing sugarcane stalks. Sugarcane juice is mainly processed into sugar, but part of the production goes to human consumption as fresh juice or alcohol (cachaça). Juice from traditional production and surplus juice from sugar factories (when sugar prices are low) often goes to animal feeding . In traditional mills, the juice may be extracted using a simple crusher, draught powered, motorized or manually operated. The extraction rate is lower than at a sugar factory (40-50%). Cane juice, extracted in this way, contains approximately 10 to 13% more total sugars compared to factory juice, principally because no water is added ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sugarcane molasses",
+      "english_names": [
+        "a molasses",
+        "b molasses",
+        "c molasses",
+        "high-test molasses",
+        "integral molasses",
+        "molasses",
+        "sugarcane molasses",
+        "syrup-off",
+        "unclarified molasses"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "mélasse",
+        "mélasse de canne"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sugarcane molasses is a viscous, dark and sugar-rich by-product of sugar extraction from the sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum L.). It is a major feed ingredient, used as an energy source and as a binder in compound feeds."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sugarcane bagasse",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bagasse"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bagasse"
+      ],
+      "description": "Bagasse is the residual fibre resulting from the extraction of sugarcane juice. There are two main types of bagasse."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sugarcane press mud",
+      "english_names": [
+        "scum",
+        "sugarcane filter cake mud",
+        "sugarcane filter mud",
+        "sugarcane filter press mud",
+        "sugarcane filtercake",
+        "sugarcane pressmud"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "boues de filtration",
+        "boues de gâteau de filtration",
+        "gâteau de filtration"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sugarcane press mud is the residue of the filtration of sugarcane juice. The clarification process separates the juice into a clear juice that rises to the top and goes for manufacture, and a mud that collects at the bottom. The mud is then filtered to separate the suspended matter, which includes insoluble salts and fine bagasse. There are 3 types of filter: the press filters (used in carbonatation factories), mechanical filters and rotary vacuum filters . The yield of filter cake is variable, from 1 to 7 kg (wet basis) per 100 kg of cane . With a conservative yield of 2% and a total production of 1700 million t in 2009 , the world output of fresh filter press mud can be estimated to be about 30 million t."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Bakery waste",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bakery waste",
+        "bread crumbs",
+        "stale bread"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "pain rassis",
+        "résidus de boulangerie"
+      ],
+      "description": "Bakery wastes are products obtained from the recycling of bakery and viennoiserie industry (croissants, sweet breads, cakes, dough, tarts or pies), raw or baked ."
+    }
+  ],
+  "Legume forages": [
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Straws",
+      "english_names": [
+        "haulms",
+        "stover",
+        "straws",
+        "stubble"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "paille"
+      ],
+      "description": "Straw is the crop residue consisting of the dry stems and leaves left after the harvest of cereals, legumes and other crops. Straws are available in large quantities, usually over half the harvestable vegetation of the crop. Straws are a coarse, highly fibrous roughage than cannot be eaten by humans, but they have always played an important role in agriculture and in rural societies, where they are used for numerous purposes."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Agati (Sesbania grandiflora)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "agathi",
+        "agati",
+        "scarlet wistaria tree",
+        "vegetable hummingbird",
+        "west indian pea"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "agati à grandes fleurs",
+        "colibri végétal",
+        "fagotier",
+        "fleur papillon",
+        "gros mourongue",
+        "pois valette",
+        "pois valier",
+        "sesbanie à larges fleurs"
+      ],
+      "description": "Agati ( Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.) is a legume tree used for fodder in humid tropical regions."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Ahuhu (Tephrosia purpurea)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "ahuhu",
+        "purple tephrosia",
+        "red indigo",
+        "wild indigo"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Ahuhu ( Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.) is a multipurpose tropical legume mainly used for green manure. It is used for pasture and browse in India and Africa, with conflicting results, possibly due to the presence of toxic factors, though this is not well established."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Acacia (Senegalia brevispica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "wait-a-bit thorn",
+        "wait-a-minute tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The acacia species Senegalia brevispica (Harms) Seigler & Ebinger (formerly Acacia brevispica Harms) is a fast growing, thorny acacia species that provides valuable fodder to goats and cattle in dry and semi-humid areas of Eastern and Southern Africa."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Albizia (Albizia amara)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "albizia",
+        "bitter albizia",
+        "kaunthia",
+        "oil cake tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Albizia amara (Roxb.) B. Boivin is a tropical tree from the dry areas of East Africa and India, used as fodder for livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "alfalfa",
+        "lucerne"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "luzerne",
+        "luzerne cultivée"
+      ],
+      "description": "Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) is a perennial herbaceous legume. Due to its high nutritional quality, high yields and high adaptability, alfalfa is one of the most important legume forages of the world. A major source of protein for livestock, it is a basic component in rations for dairy cattle, beef cattle, horses, sheep, goats and other classes of domestic animals . It is cultivated in more than 80 countries in an area exceeding 35 million ha . World production of alfalfa was around 436 million tons in 2006 ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa & Parkia filicoidea)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african locust bean",
+        "fern leaf",
+        "monkey cutlass tree",
+        "two ball nitta-tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arbre à farine",
+        "caroubier africain",
+        "nerre",
+        "néré"
+      ],
+      "description": "African locust bean ( Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) G.Don and Parkia filicoidea Welw. ex Oliv.) is a multipurpose tree legume found in many African countries. The seeds, the fruit pulp and the leaves are used to prepare numerous foods and drinks, and to feed livestock and poultry."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Alyce clover (Alysicarpus vaginalis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "false moneywort"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "trèfle à une feuille"
+      ],
+      "description": "Alyce clover ( Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC.) is a highly variable perennial or annual forage legume from tropical and subtropical areas."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "American jointvetch (Aeschynomene americana)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "american joint vetch",
+        "american jointvetch",
+        "bastard sensitive plant",
+        "deer vetch",
+        "shyleaf",
+        "thornless mimosa"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "American jointvetch ( Aeschynomene americana L.) is an annual tropical legume primarily used for pasture or in cut-and-carry systems. It can be cut for hay before maturity. In the wild, it is grazed by deers while quails, doves, and turkeys eat the seeds. It can also be used as a component of fresh water wetland reclamation seedings . Some of its wood is used for rafts and floats."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african yam bean",
+        "yam-pea"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The African yam bean ( Sphenostylis stenocarpa (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Harms) is a perennial climbing bush, 1-3 m high, generally grown as an annual. Its leaves are trifoliate with oval leaflets (2.7 to 13 cm long and 0.2 to 5.5 cm broad). Sphenostylis stenocarpa is cultivated for its edible tubers, which look like elongated sweet potatoes, and for its seeds, which are contained in hard and tough, 20-30 long pods. It is mainly used as food but can be used to feed animals."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Apple-ring acacia (Faidherbia albida)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "ana tree",
+        "anatree",
+        "apple-ring acacia",
+        "balanzan tree",
+        "winter thorn"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arbre blanc"
+      ],
+      "description": "The apple-ring acacia ( Faidherbia albida (Delile) A. Chev.) is a deciduous legume tree, up to 30 m high. It has a deep taproot, down to 40 m. Its branches bear paired thorns and its leaves are pinnate with 6-23 pairs of small oblong leaflets. Flowers are arranged in yellow spikes, fruits (pods) are twisted and shiny orange, indehiscent, 25 cm long and 5 cm broad . Faidherbia albida has an inverse phenology: it sheds its leaves during the wet season, while the leaves mature during the dry season and the pods ripen at the end. It is thus valuable in periods of scarcity as fodder but also as famine food: people eat the seeds during droughts, even though they require a long preparation time ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Afzelia (Afzelia africana)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african mahogany",
+        "african oak",
+        "afzelia",
+        "lucky-bean tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "doussié",
+        "lingué"
+      ],
+      "description": "Afzelia africana Sm. ex Pers. is a tropical African tree, medium to large, deciduous, up to 40 m high. It is mostly used for its high-grade timber but has good potential to provide fodder for livestock and food. Afzelia africana is a multipurpose tree suitable for use in agroforestry systems. It has been considered to be vulnerable because of pressure put by wood exploitation but also because of poor regeneration of stands due to browsing animals or intensive lopping."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Babul (Acacia nilotica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "babool",
+        "babul",
+        "black piquant",
+        "egyptian acacia",
+        "gum arabic tree",
+        "indian gum arabic tree",
+        "kikar",
+        "prickly acacia",
+        "sant tree",
+        "thorn mimosa",
+        "thorny acacia"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "acacia de cayenne",
+        "gommier rouge"
+      ],
+      "description": "Babul ( Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile) is a medium sized, thorny, nearly evergreen tree that can reach a height of 20-25 m but may remain a shrub in poor growing conditions . The trunk is short, thick (1 m in diameter) and cylindrical, covered with grey bark. The crown may be flattened or rounded. The root system depends on the growing conditions and subspecies: a deep taproot in dry conditions and extensive lateral roots in flooded conditions. The leaves are 5-15 cm long, alternate and compound with 7 to 36 pairs of elliptical, 1.5-7 mm long x 0.5-2 mm broad, grey-green, hairy leaflets. Flowers are sweetly scented and bright to golden yellow in colour. The fruits are linear, flattened, narrow indehiscent pods, 4-22 cm long and 1-2 cm broad, dark-brown to grey in colour and glabrous or velvety. The pods contain 8 to 15 elliptical, flattened bean-shaped dark seeds . There are two groups of Acacia nilotica subspecies. The first group ( nilotica, tomentosa, cupressiformis , indica ) consists of tall riverine trees that grow in seasonally flooded areas. Their pods have a characteristic \"necklace\" shape with constrictions between the seeds. The second group ( adstringens , kraussiana , leiocarpa , subalata ) grows in drier areas and has straight-edged pods ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Black cutch (Senegalia catechu)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "black catechu",
+        "black cutch",
+        "cashoo",
+        "cutchtree",
+        "khair",
+        "wadalee gum"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "acacia à cachou",
+        "cachoutier"
+      ],
+      "description": "Black cutch ( Senegalia catechu P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb., formerly known as Acacia catechu (L.) Willd., Oliv.) is a moderate-sized deciduous tree native from Asia which is valued for the production of tannin (\"cutch\") extracted from its heartwood. Its branches are extensively lopped for fodder before leaf fall ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) haulms",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bambara bean",
+        "bambara groundnut",
+        "bambarra groundnut",
+        "congo earth pea",
+        "congo goober",
+        "congo groundnut",
+        "earth pea",
+        "ground bean",
+        "hog-peanut",
+        "kaffir pea",
+        "madagascar groundnut",
+        "njugo bean",
+        "stone groundnut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "pois bambara",
+        "voandzou"
+      ],
+      "description": "Bambara groundnut ( Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) is an annual, creeping leguminous plant, grown primarily for its edible seeds. In Africa, Bambara groundnut is the third eaten legume after groundnut and cowpea . Bambara groundnut cultivation results in crop residues (haulms) that can be used as fodder ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Black gram (Vigna mungo)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "black gram",
+        "black lentil",
+        "black matpe bean",
+        "mungo bean",
+        "urad bean",
+        "urd bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "ambérique",
+        "haricot urd"
+      ],
+      "description": "Black gram ( Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) is an erect, fast-growing annual, herbaceous legume reaching 30-100 cm in height. It has a well-developed taproot and its stems are diffusely branched from the base. Occasionally it has a twining habit and it is generally pubescent. The leaves are trifoliate with ovate leaflets, 4-10 cm long and 2-7 cm wide. The inflorescence is borne at the extremity of a long (up to 18 cm) peduncle and bears yellow, small, papilionaceous flowers. The fruit is a cylindrical, erect pod, 4-7 cm long x 0.5 cm broad. The pod is hairy and has a short hooked beak. It contains 4-10 ellipsoid black or mottled seeds . Many Vigna mungo cultivars exist, each one adapted to specific environmental conditions. Early maturing, disease resistant and easily cultivated cultivars have been obtained ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) pods, shells and offals",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bambara bean",
+        "bambara groundnut",
+        "congo earth pea",
+        "congo goober",
+        "congo groundnut",
+        "earth pea",
+        "ground bean",
+        "hog-peanut",
+        "kaffir pea",
+        "madagascar groundnut",
+        "njugo bean",
+        "stone groundnut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "pois bambara",
+        "pois de terre",
+        "voandzou"
+      ],
+      "description": "Bambara groundnut pods, shells and offal are the by-product of processing the seeds into flour for human consumption. The offal is produced after splitting the seeds in an attrition mill to remove the shells, winnowing to remove loosened testa and converting the cotyledons into fine flour by milling several times followed by sieving. In Nigeria, large amounts of offal are being discarded as wastes ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Black medic (Medicago lupulina)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "black clover",
+        "black hay",
+        "black meddick",
+        "black medic",
+        "english trefoil",
+        "hop clover",
+        "hop medic",
+        "nonesuch",
+        "yellow trefoil"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bujoline",
+        "lupuline",
+        "luzerne lupuline",
+        "mignonette",
+        "minette"
+      ],
+      "description": "Black medic ( Medicago lupulina L.) is a creeping annual legume from temperate and warm regions. A protein-rich fodder closely related to alfalfa, it is used as a forage crop for its good nutritive value and palatability."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Black thorn (Acacia mellifera)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "black thorn",
+        "hook thorn",
+        "wait-a-bit"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The black thorn ( Acacia mellifera (M. Vahl) Benth.) is an African shrub or small tree growing to a height of 9 m. It has an extensive root system that explores large volumes of soils, allowing survival in dry areas. It has a tangled, balled-shaped or flat-topped canopy that may reach down to ground level. The branches bear pairs of black hooked thorns every 5 to 15 mm. The leaves are bipinnate with only 1-2 (-4) pairs of pinnae each bearing 1-2 (-3) pairs of ovate or obovate leaflets. Leaflets are 3.5-15 mm long x 2-12 mm broad. Initially green, black thorn leaves become glaucous with maturity. The flowers are fragrant, sweetly scented, 3-5 cm long and creamy white in colour, borne in dense hanging spikes. The fruits are straw coloured flat pods, 3-8 cm long x 1.5-2.5 cm wide, that contain three seeds. The tree lives less than 10 years ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Barrel medic (Medicago truncatula)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "barrel clover",
+        "barrel medic",
+        "barrel medick",
+        "barrelclover",
+        "caltrop medic",
+        "cylindrical bur medic",
+        "strong-spined medick"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "luzerne tronquée"
+      ],
+      "description": "The barrel medic ( Medicago truncatula Gaertn.) is a small annual weedy legume species and a close relative of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ). Medicago truncatula serves as an important forage legume in regions of Australia and the Mediterranean area ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Black-hooked acacia (Senegalia laeta)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "black-hooked acacia"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Black-hooked acacia ( Senegalia laeta (R.Br. ex Benth.) Seigler & Ebinger, formerly known as Acacia laeta R.Br. ex Benth.), is an evergreen shrub or tree found in dry climates in Africa. Its leaves and pods provide valuable fodder for livestock. It yields an edible gum, though of lower value than that of Senegalia senegal ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Bengal indigo (Indigofera arrecta)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bengal indigo",
+        "java indigo",
+        "natal indigo"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Bengal indigo ( Indigofera arrecta Hochst. ex A. Rich.) is a multipurpose, stout shrub from tropical Africa that is often cultivated as an annual. With Indigofera tinctoria and other Indigofera species, it used to be a major source of natural indigo dye before the introduction of synthetic dyes. Bengal indigo leaves have a limited use as forage."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "blue lupin",
+        "blue lupine",
+        "european blue lupine",
+        "narrow leaf lupin",
+        "narrow leafed lupin",
+        "narrow leaved lupin",
+        "narrow-leaf lupin",
+        "narrow-leafed lupin",
+        "narrow-leaved blue lupin",
+        "narrow-leaved lupin",
+        "narrowleaf lupin",
+        "narrowleaf lupine",
+        "new zealand blue lupin",
+        "sweet lupinseed"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "lupin bleu",
+        "lupin petit bleu",
+        "lupin à feuilles étroites"
+      ],
+      "description": "Blue lupin ( Lupinus angustifolius L.) is a legume crop used for seed and fodder. This species is the main lupin species used for forage. It is grazed green or as stubble or cut and made into hay or silage. Like other lupin species, blue lupin seeds are a potential alternative to soybeans."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "berseem",
+        "berseem clover",
+        "egyptian clover"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bersim",
+        "trèfle d'alexandrie"
+      ],
+      "description": "Berseem ( Trifolium alexandrinum L.) is one of the most important leguminous forages in the Mediterranean region and in the Middle-East. Berseem is an annual, sparsely hairy, erect forage legume, 30 to 80 cm high . Berseem has a shallow taproot. Its stems are hollow, branching at the base, with alternate leaves bearing 4-5 cm long x 2-3 cm broad leaflets. Flowers are yellowish-white and form dense, elliptical clustered heads about 2 cm in diameter. The flowers must be cross-pollinated by honey bees to produce seeds. The fruit is a pod containing one single white to purplish-red seed . Berseem is a variable species that can be classified into four cultivars groups according to their branching behaviour and subsequent productivity. Highly branching and productive types are Miscawi and Kahdrawi ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Bur clover (Medicago polymorpha)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bur clover",
+        "burr medic",
+        "californian bur clover",
+        "hairy medic",
+        "toothed bur clover",
+        "toothed medick"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "luzerne hérissée",
+        "luzerne polymorphe",
+        "trèfle de californie"
+      ],
+      "description": "Bur clover ( Medicago polymorpha L.) is a Mediterranean winter and annual clover. It is fast-growing, easily reseeds, improves soils and provides good quality forage to grazing livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bacon-and-eggs",
+        "bird's foot trefoil",
+        "birds foot deer-vetch",
+        "birdsfoot trefoil",
+        "bird’s-foot trefoil",
+        "broad-leaved trefoil",
+        "common birds foot",
+        "common lotus",
+        "common trefoil",
+        "trefoil",
+        "upright trefoil"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "cornette",
+        "cube",
+        "lotier corniculé",
+        "lotier des prés",
+        "pied de poule",
+        "serradelle",
+        "trèfle cornu"
+      ],
+      "description": "Birdsfoot trefoil ( Lotus corniculatus L.) is a legume mainly grown for fodder production in temperate regions."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "asian pigeonwings",
+        "blue pea",
+        "butterfly pea",
+        "cordofan pea",
+        "kordofan pea"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "pois bleu"
+      ],
+      "description": "The butterfly pea ( Clitoria ternatea L.) is a vigorous, trailing, scrambling or climbing tropical legume. Its sparsely pubescent stems are sub-erect and woody at the base and may be up to 5 m long. They root only at the tips . The leaves are pinnate, bearing 5-7 elliptical, 3-5 cm long leaflets. The flowers are solitary or paired, deep blue or pure white, about 4 cm broad. The fruits are flat, linear, sparsely pubescent pods that dehisce violently at maturity and throw 8-10 dark and shiny seeds . There are numerous ecotypes, agro-types and cultivars that differ in flowers and leaflets . Many cultivars have been bred in Latin America, notably in Cuba and Mexico ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Caeruleum calopo (Calopogonium caeruleum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "caeruleum calopo"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Caeruleum calopo ( Calopogonium caeruleum (Benth.) C. Wright) is a climbing legume of the humid tropics, which is occasionally used for grazing, but it is not very palatable."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bean",
+        "bush bean",
+        "common bean",
+        "flageolet bean",
+        "french bean",
+        "garden bean",
+        "green bean",
+        "haricot bean",
+        "kidney bean",
+        "navy bean",
+        "pole bean",
+        "runner bean",
+        "snap bean",
+        "string bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "flageolet",
+        "haricot",
+        "haricot commun",
+        "haricot pain",
+        "haricot vert",
+        "haricot à couper"
+      ],
+      "description": "The common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a major grain legume consumed worldwide for its edible seeds and pods. It is a highly polymorphic warm-season, herbaceous annual. There are 2 plant types: erect herbaceous bushes, up to 20-60 cm high; and twining, climbing vines up to 2-5 m long . It has a taproot with many adventitious roots . The stems of bushy types are rather slender, pubescent and many-branched. In twinning types, the stems are prostrate for most of their length and rise toward the end . The leaves, borne on long green petioles, are green or purple in colour and trifoliate. Leaflets are 6-15 cm long and 3-11 cm broad. The inflorescences are axillary or terminal, 15-35 cm long racemes. The flowers are arranged in pairs or solitary along the rachis, white to purple and typically papillonaceous . Once pollinated, each flower gives rise to one pod. Pods are slender, green, yellow, black or purple in colour, sometimes striped. They can be cylindrical or flat, straight or curved, 1-1.5 cm wide and up to 20 cm in length . The pods may contain 4 to 12 seeds. The seeds are 0.5-2 cm long, kidney-shaped and highly variable in colour depending on the variety: white, red, green, tan, purple, gray or black."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "calliandra",
+        "red calliandra"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "calliandra",
+        "calliandre"
+      ],
+      "description": "Calliandra ( Calliandra calothyrsus Meisn.) is a small tropical legume tree valued for its multipurpose attributes. Used in agroforestry systems, it yields many products (fuelwood, fodder, fibre, honey, shellac) and provides services (shade, erosion control, weed control, soil improvement, as an ornamental plant, etc.) . A very versatile species, calliandra does well under a wide range of soils and is outstanding in those of low fertility ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Common vetch (Vicia sativa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "common vetch",
+        "garden vetch",
+        "tare",
+        "the vesce"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "vesce commune",
+        "vesce cultivée"
+      ],
+      "description": "The common vetch ( Vicia sativa L.) is an annual scrambling and climbing legume. It has a slender highly branched taproot that can go down to 1-1.5 m deep. Its stems are thin, angled, procumbent and branched, reaching up to 2 m. The leaves are compound with 3-8 pairs of opposite leaflets and 2-3 terminal tendrils that help climbing. The leaflets are elliptic or oblong, 1.5-3.5 cm long, 5-15 mm wide. Stems and leaves are mainly glabrous. The flowers, borne on leaf axils, are blue to purple, sometimes white, mostly paired, sometimes unique. Pods are cylindrical, 3.5-8 cm long and erect; with 4-12 round, but flattened, black to brownish seeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Calopo (Calopogonium mucunoides)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "calopo",
+        "wild ground nut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Calopo ( Calopogonium mucunoides Desv.) is a vigorous, hairy annual or short-lived perennial trailing legume. It can reach several meters in length and form a dense, tangled mass of foliage, 30-50 cm deep. The root system is dense and shallow, at most 50 cm deep. The stems are succulent, covered with long, brown hairs. They are creeping in the lower parts, sometimes rooting at the nodes that come in contact with the soil. The upper part of the stem is twining. The leaves are up to 16 cm long and trifoliate. The hairy leaflets are 4-10 cm long x 2-5 cm broad, ovate to elliptical. The inflorescence is a slender hairy raceme that may be up to 20 cm long and bears 2 to 12 blue or purple small flowers. The fruits are 3-8 seeded hairy pods, 2-4 cm long ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "asparagus bean",
+        "black-eyed pea",
+        "catjang",
+        "catjang cowpea",
+        "chinese long bean",
+        "clay pea",
+        "cow-pea",
+        "cowpea",
+        "cream pea",
+        "crowder pea",
+        "pea bean",
+        "purple-hull pea",
+        "southern pea",
+        "sow pea",
+        "yard-long bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "dolique asperge",
+        "dolique mongette",
+        "haricot asperge",
+        "haricot indigène",
+        "niébé",
+        "pois à vaches"
+      ],
+      "description": "The cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is an annual herbaceous legume cultivated for its edible seeds or for fodder. It may be climbing and erect, as well as prostrate and creeping depending on the cultivar. Prostrate varieties grow to about 80 cm and climbing cultivars up to 2 m. It has a well developed root system. The leaves are trifoliate with oval leaflets, 6-15 cm long and 4-11 cm broad. The papillonaceous flowers can be white, yellowish, pale blue or violet and are distributed along axillary clusters. Pods occur in pairs forming a V, mostly pendulous but they can be erect. They are cylindrical, 6 to 20 cm long and 3-12 mm broad, and contain 8 to 20 seeds. Seeds can be white, pink, brown or black."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cratylia (Cratylia argentea)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cratylia"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Cratylia ( Cratylia argentea (Desv.) Kuntze) is a shruby perennial tropical legume that provides good quality fodder and is used as protein bank. It can be grazed or cut for cut-and-carry systems and to make silage. It is particularly suited to acidic, aluminium-saturated soils of tropical lowlands with dry periods of up to 6-7 months. Cratylia is a valuable windshelter and erosion controller."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Caribbean stylo (Stylosanthes hamata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "caribbean stylo",
+        "cheesy toes",
+        "lady's fingers",
+        "lucy julia",
+        "mother segal",
+        "pencil flower",
+        "verano stylo",
+        "verano stylo grass"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The Caribbean stylo ( Stylosanthes hamata (L.)Taub.) is a semi-erect, annual or short-lived perennial tropical legume, up to 75 cm high. Its stems are slender, multi-branched, non-determinate and pubescent on one side but without bristles, unlike the Townsville stylo, Stylosanthes humilis , which has many bristles. The leaves are trifoliate with shiny, lanceolate leaflets, 19-37 mm long and 3-6 mm broad. The inflorescence is a compact oblong spike bearing 8 to 14 small, yellow, hairy and papillonaceous flowers. The single-seeded pods are erect and segmented. The upper segment is glabrous and hooked, 6-7 mm long including the length of the hook . The seeds are kidney-shaped, dark brown, mottled and 2-2.5 mm long. There is a wide range of Caribbean stylo genotypes, differing in their ploidy. Diploid types are adapted to a wider range of latitudes, altitudes and rainfall ranges than tetraploid types . In Australia, two tetraploid cultivars have been released as pasture legumes. Amiga produces more perennial plants and more seeds than Verano, in drier and cooler environments . Diploids are generally not sown for pastures ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Creeping indigo (Indigofera spicata and Indigofera hendecaphylla)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "creeping indigo",
+        "indigo",
+        "spicate indigo",
+        "trailing indigo"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Creeping indigo ( Indigofera spicata Forssk. and Indigofera hendecaphylla Jacq.) is a perennial legume grown in tropical and subtropical regions mostly as a cover crop and for green manure. Highly palatable and nutrient-rich, it was once considered as a potentially valuable fodder but the toxicity of certain varieties for all livestock species led to its abandonment. Creeping indigo is still used for pasture in East Africa."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Carob (Ceratonia siliqua)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "carob",
+        "carob tree",
+        "locust bean",
+        "st john's bread"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "caroube",
+        "caroubier"
+      ],
+      "description": "The carob tree ( Ceratonia siliqua L.) is an evergreen shrub or tree cultivated in the Mediterranean area for its sugar-rich pods and gum-containing seeds. It reaches a height of 8-17 m in the wild but cultivated trees are smaller. It has a broad hemispherical crown, a thick trunk and sturdy branches . The carob tree has an extensive root system with a deep taproot and lateral roots. Its leaves are alternate, pinnate, with or without terminal leaflets, and 10-20 cm long. The dark green leaflets have a very thick epidermis containing large amounts of tannins . Each tree bears both female and male, or hermaphroditic, flowers (some cultivars may be completely hermaphroditic): plantations should comprise about 12% of pollinators (male or hermaphroditic trees) . The small and numerous flowers are borne in clusters that grow directly along the branches . The fruit is an indehiscent straight or curved pod, 10-30 cm long, 1.5-3.5 cm broad and 6-20 mm thick. The pods have a wrinkled surface that turns dark brown and leathery at maturation. They contain 5 to 18 hard brown seeds (10% of the pod weight) embedded in a sweet thick pulpy substance . The seeds, all being the same size, are used as weights in eastern Mediterranean countries: the word \"carat\" comes from qīrā ṭ (قيراط), the Arabic name of the seeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "carnation clover",
+        "crimson clover",
+        "italian clover",
+        "scarlet clover"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "trèfle du roussillon",
+        "trèfle farouche",
+        "trèfle incarnat"
+      ],
+      "description": "Crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.) is an upright annual legume growing to a height of 1 m. Crimson clover has a central taproot and many fibrous lateral roots. The stems are erect or semi-erect, and densely hairy. The leaves are trifoliate with broad and cordate leaflets, about 2.5 cm long and rounded at the tip with no white v-shaped mark on the leaflet, unlike those of the red clover ( Trifolium pratense ). The flower heads are conical, 2 to 6 cm in length and bear 75-125 florets each. The fruits are tiny one-seeded pods (250,000 seeds/kg). The plant dies once the seeds are mature ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Centro (Centrosema molle)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "butterfly pea",
+        "centro",
+        "spurred butterfly pea"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "fleur languette",
+        "pois bâtard"
+      ],
+      "description": "Centro ( Centrosema molle Mart. ex Benth.) is a vigorous twining, trailing and climbing perennial legume. It has a deep root-system with tap roots and lateral roots. Leaves are dark green and trifoliate . Leaflets are ovate, 4 cm long x 3.5 cm broad. Flowers, borne in axillary racemes, are bright or pale lilac with violet stripes. Pods are linear, slightly twisted, 7.5 cm to 15 cm long and become dark brown when ripe. They contain up to 20 seeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bengal gram",
+        "chick pea",
+        "chickpea",
+        "egyptian bean",
+        "gram pea"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "pois chiche"
+      ],
+      "description": "The chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) is a major grain legume cultivated for its edible seeds in the Mediterranean Basin, Asia and Australia. The plant is quick-growing, branched, and reaches a height between 20 and 60 cm, even up to 1 m. It has a deep taproot, down to 2 m, and many lateral secondary roots exploring the upper layers (15-30 cm) of the soil. The stems are hairy, simple or branched, straight or bent. Leaves are 5 cm long with 10 to 20 sessile, ovate to elliptical leaflets. Chickpea flowers are white, pink to purplish or blue, typically papillonaceous and solitary. The pod is pubescent, inflated and oblong, with 2 or 3 seeds. The seeds are variable in size (5 to 10 mm in diameter), shape (spherical to angular) and colour (creamy-white to black) . Cicer arietinum is the only cultivated species among the 43 species of the Cicer genus. There are no less than 40,000 accessions in the world. Cultivated chickpeas are divided into 2 main groups, the Desi and the Kabuli groups. Desi seeds are small, darker coloured and smooth or wrinkled. Kabuli seeds are larger and cream-coloured. Kabuli seeds contain less fibre and cook faster than Desi seeds and are thus more desirable for food. Desi chickpeas are bushy plants with relatively small leaflets and flowers, with purplish anthocyanin pigments in their stems and blue-violet flowers, and are primarily grown in Southern Asia and Ethiopia. Kabuli types have erect growth and white flowers, and are grown in the Mediterranean region ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Chilean mesquite (Prosopis chilensis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "chilean algarrobo",
+        "chilean mesquite"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The Chilean mesquite ( Prosopis chilensis (Molina) Stuntz) is a small to medium-sized legume tree up to 12 m in height and 1 m in diameter. It has a shallow and spreading root system. It branches freely and its wood is hard and reddish, with brown and fissured bark. Its leaves are 4-7.5 cm long, compound, each with several pairs of pinnate leaflets. The flowers are greenish-white to yellow, about 5 mm long, abundant and occur in spike-like 5-10 cm long racemes. The pods are slender, slightly curved or straight, flat at maturity, 10-20 cm long, yellow when ripe, borne in drooping clusters. Seeds are bean-shaped, oblong, 6-7 mm, light brown, each in 4-angled case . Prosopis chilensis flowers regularly in spring and sometimes sporadically again in late summer ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Chinese albizia (Albizia chinensis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "chinese albizia",
+        "silk tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Chinese albizia ( Albizia chinensis (Osb.) Merr.) is an almost evergreen perennial forage tree legume found in Asia. It is an important browse tree in hilly areas and it is commonly grown as a shade tree in tea or coffee plantations. It can be used as an ornamental and its fallen leaves provide manure ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Faba bean (Vicia faba)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bell bean",
+        "broad bean",
+        "broadbean",
+        "english bean",
+        "faba bean",
+        "fava bean",
+        "field bean",
+        "horse bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "fève",
+        "féverole",
+        "féverolle",
+        "gourgane"
+      ],
+      "description": "Faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) is a legume crop grown primarily for its edible seeds (beans). Faba bean is a major legume seed consumed by humans worldwide. The seeds of some varieties are an important livestock feed. Faba bean is also grown for fodder."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Flamboyant (Delonix regia)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "royal peacock"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "flamboyant"
+      ],
+      "description": "The flamboyant ( Delonix regia (Bojer) Raf.) is a perennial legume tree, grown in tropical and subtropical regions as an ornamental species because of its showy flowers. It is a valuable shade tree and the leaves and seed meal can be used to feed livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "fenugreek",
+        "greek clover",
+        "greek hay"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "fenugrec",
+        "sénégrain",
+        "trigonelle"
+      ],
+      "description": "Fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is an annual herbaceous legume suitable for dryland areas where moisture is not sufficient for berseem, for example. Fenugreek plant and seeds have a characteristic strong odour . The seeds are used as condiments. Fenugreek is sometimes used as a short-rotation catch crop after sugarcane or cotton."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "aaron's rod",
+        "gliricidia",
+        "mexican lilac",
+        "mother of cocoa",
+        "nicaraguan cocoashade",
+        "quick stick",
+        "st. vincent plum",
+        "tree of iron"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. is a perennial, medium-sized (2-15 m high) legume tree. It is mostly deciduous during the dry season but is reported to remain evergreen in humid areas. Leaves are imparipinnate; leaflets (5-20) are ovate, 2-7 cm long x 1-3 cm broad. The bright pink to lilac flowers are arranged in clustered racemes. The fruits are dehiscent pods, 10-18 cm long and 2 cm broad, that contain 8 to 10 seeds."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Guanacaste (Enterolobium cyclocarpum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "earpod",
+        "elephant's ear",
+        "guanacaste",
+        "mexican walnut",
+        "monkey ear",
+        "monkeysoap",
+        "mulatto ear",
+        "pichwood"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bois tanniste rouge",
+        "caro",
+        "oreille d'éléphant",
+        "oreille de singe"
+      ],
+      "description": "Guanacaste ( Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb.) is a fast growing forage tree legume from tropical America. It is a multipurpose species that can be used to feed browsing livestock in its native range . Guanacaste has high nutritive value and moderate palatability . The seeds are edible and sometimes used as human food. Guanacaste is a promising species for agroforestry systems in humid areas ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Golden tree (Cassia fistula)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cassia stick tree",
+        "golden pipe tree",
+        "golden rain tree",
+        "golden shower tree",
+        "golden tree",
+        "indian laburnum",
+        "pudding-pipe tree",
+        "purging cassia",
+        "purging fistula"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bâton casse",
+        "canéficer",
+        "casse doux",
+        "casse espagnole",
+        "casse fistuleuse",
+        "cassie fistuleuse",
+        "cassier commun",
+        "cytise indien",
+        "douche d'or"
+      ],
+      "description": "The golden tree ( Cassia fistula L.) is a tropical and subtropical legume tree that is used as an ornamental, for fodder and for fuel and timber."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) forage, seed and meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        ": calcutta lucerne",
+        "cluster bean",
+        "clusterbean",
+        "guar",
+        "plant",
+        "siam bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "cyamopse à quatre ailes"
+      ],
+      "description": "Guar ( Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) is an erect, bushy annual herbaceous legume up to 3 m high, with trifoliate leaves up to 10 cm long, and white or rose coloured flowers. The pods are straight, hairy, pale green, up to 12 cm long and contain 5 to 12 hard seeds (beans) each. However, the plant morphology is highly variable. Guar has a deep tap root system that can find moisture well below the soil surface ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "chickling pea",
+        "chickling vetch",
+        "dogtooth pea",
+        "grass pea",
+        "grass peavine",
+        "indian pea",
+        "riga pea",
+        "wedge peavine"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "gesse commune",
+        "gesse cultivée",
+        "lentille d'espagne",
+        "pois carré"
+      ],
+      "description": "Grass pea ( Lathyrus sativus L.) is a dual purpose annual legume grown for its seeds for human consumption, and fodder for livestock feeding. Grass pea is one of the preferred legume seeds in low fertility soils and arid areas because of its outstanding tolerance of dry or flooding conditions, but its contains a toxic component that may cause paralysis in humans and livestock if consumed in excessive amounts ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Gum arabic tree (Acacia senegal)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "gum acacia",
+        "gum arabic tree",
+        "kher",
+        "senegal gum",
+        "sudan gum arabic"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "acacia sénégal",
+        "acacia à gomme arabique",
+        "gommier blanc"
+      ],
+      "description": "The gum arabic tree ( Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. or Senegalia senegal (L.) Britton) is a legume tree from the dry tropics and subtropics. It is valued for the production of gum arabic, the only acacia gum evaluated as a safe food additive. The leaves and pods are browsed by livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Greenleaf desmodium (Desmodium intortum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "beggarlice",
+        "greenleaf desmodium",
+        "kuru vine",
+        "tick clovers"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "desmodie"
+      ],
+      "description": "Greenleaf desmodium ( Desmodium intortum (Mill.) Urb.) is a large perennial (pluri-annual) tropical forage legume. It is a branched decumbent plant with long trailing and climbing pubescent stems that root at the nodes. The stems are green or sometimes red, 1.5 to 7.5 m long and about 7 mm in diameter. Greenleaf desmodium has many trifoliate leaves. The leaflets are ovate, 2-7 cm long x 1.5-5.5 cm broad, reddish-brown to purple in colour. The flowers are borne on terminal compact racemes, deep lilac to deep pink in colour. The pods are narrow, segmented, 5 cm long and contain 8 to 12 kidney-shaped seeds that adhere strongly to hair or clothing. The seeds are about 3 mm long x 1.5 mm wide. Greenleaf desmodium is leafier than silverleaf desmodium ( Desmodium uncinatum (Jacq.) DC. ), with rounder leaflets ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "hairy indigo",
+        "hirsute indigo",
+        "rough hairy indigo"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "indigotier hérissé"
+      ],
+      "description": "Hairy indigo ( Indigofera hirsuta L.) is a subtropical and tropical legume shrub sometimes used as fodder."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "honey locust",
+        "sweet bean",
+        "sweet locust",
+        "thornless honey locust",
+        "three thorn acacia"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "carouge à miel",
+        "févier d'amérique",
+        "févier à trois épines",
+        "févier épineux",
+        "piquant amourette",
+        "épine du christ"
+      ],
+      "description": "The honey locust ( Gleditsia triacanthos L.) is a legume tree up to 25-45 m high. It is deciduous with a long leaf retention period. It has a deep taproot growing down 3-6 m deep and few lateral roots that make it suitable for agroforestry systems . In young plants, stems bear very large, flat thorns and the young trees form very dense thorny thickets . The older tree has an erect, short trunk, 50-90 cm in diameter, which is many branched and forms a large open and spreading crown . The branches are covered with clusters of large and flat thorns . The leaves are sparse, alternate, 15-20 cm long, pinnately compound, bearing bright green leaflets that are oblong, small (25-40 mm long x 15 mm broad) and sparse . The inflorescence is a fragrant, pending raceme, up to 7 cm long . The small and greenish-white flowers can be male (preponderant), female or hermaphrodite and are generally found on different branches of the same tree . Fruits are flat, curved, many seeded pods, 15-40 cm long, dark shining brown and leathery, that become twisted as they mature. The pods contain 0.5-1.5 cm long, smooth beanlike seeds embedded in a pulpy tissue . Pods mature during late summer and early autumn and are shed from the tree during winter without opening ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cardyne vetch",
+        "corbière hairy vetch",
+        "fodder vetch",
+        "hairy vetch",
+        "lana vetch",
+        "sand vetch",
+        "smooth vetch",
+        "thick-fruited vetch",
+        "winter vetch",
+        "woolly vetch",
+        "woolly-pod vetch"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "vesce bigarrée",
+        "vesce de cerdagne",
+        "vesce de russie",
+        "vesce variable",
+        "vesce variée",
+        "vesce velue",
+        "vesce à gousses velues"
+      ],
+      "description": "Hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth) is an annual or biannual viny legume with a woolly appearance due to long soft hairs borne on the stems and leaves . It remains green longer than the common vetch ( Vicia sativa ). It flowers and seeds late in the season and often survives the dry season, regenerating to almost full strength during the next rainy season ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Hedge lucerne (Desmanthus virgatus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bundle flower",
+        "desmanthus",
+        "dwarf koa",
+        "hedge lucerne"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "koa nain",
+        "petit acacia",
+        "petit cassie",
+        "petit mimosa"
+      ],
+      "description": "Hedge lucerne ( Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.) is a highly variable perennial legume. Morphology and habit range from a prostrate herbaceous plant, less than 50 cm high, to an erect or decumbent woody shrub, up to 2.5-3 m high . It has a deep taproot and is strongly branched from the base. The stems are slender, pithy in the center, angular, green turning brown. The leaves are 2-8 cm long, compound, bipinnate, bearing 10-25 pairs of linear-oblong, 4-12 mm long x 1.5-3 mm broad leaflets. The inflorescence bears 9-11 whitish mimosoid flowers. The fruits are linear, dehiscent, 5.5-8.5 cm long pods. They contain 11-26 reddish-brown or golden-brown U-shaped seeds. Hedge lucerne is morphologically very similar to Leucaena leucocephala (also called koa haole) but it is smaller and bears smaller leaflets, hence one of its names \"dwarf koa\" ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Huizache (Acacia farnesiana)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "huisache",
+        "mimosa bush",
+        "opopanax",
+        "popinac",
+        "sweet acacia"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "acacie odorante",
+        "cassie",
+        "cassie ancienne",
+        "cassier",
+        "mimosa de farnèse",
+        "mimosa doux"
+      ],
+      "description": "Huizache ( Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. or Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn.) is a tropical leguminous shrub native of Central and South America. It is fast-growing, showy, thorny, evergreen or almost evergreen. Huizache is a multipurpose species: it produces gum, its fragrant flowers are used to make perfumes and it can be cut to make forage for small ruminants. The shrub also hosts the lac insect and is attractive to bees."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "brazilian broad bean",
+        "chickasaro lima bean",
+        "horse gram",
+        "jack bean",
+        "one-eye-bean (west indies)",
+        "overlock bean",
+        "sword bean (australia)"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "fève jacques"
+      ],
+      "description": "Jack bean ( Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.) is a climbing perennial legume commonly cultivated as an annual. It grows up to 2 m high with 8-20 cm long trifoliate leaves and a strong root system. Flowers are pink, mauve or white with a red base. Pods are up to 36 cm long and contain 1-2 cm long, ellipsoid seeds. Pods and seeds are edible and used for food, the young pods being cooked as a vegetable. The whole plant, the pods and seeds are also used to feed animals."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Kudzu (Pueraria montana)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "kudzu"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "puerarie",
+        "puéraire",
+        "vigne japonaise"
+      ],
+      "description": "Kudzu ( Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr.) is a perennial climbing, trailing vine legume with stems up to 30 m long and oblong tubers up to 2 m long and 45 cm in diameter. Leaves are trifoliate, leaflets are ovate (8-26 cm long x 5-22 cm broad) with a hairy lower surface . The inflorescence is a pending pseudoraceme up to 35 cm long. Flowers are purple-red with a yellow spot near the base . Fruits are hairy pods 5 to 7.5 cm long that contain hard-coated seeds."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Lablab (Lablab purpureus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bataw",
+        "bonavist bean",
+        "dolichos bean",
+        "egyptian kidney bean",
+        "field bean",
+        "hyacinth bean",
+        "lab-lab bean",
+        "lablab",
+        "lablab bean",
+        "pig-ears",
+        "poor man's bean",
+        "rongai dolichos",
+        "seim bean",
+        "tonga bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "dolique d'egypte",
+        "dolique lab-lab",
+        "lablab",
+        "pois antaque",
+        "pois boucoussou",
+        "pois de senteur",
+        "pois gervais",
+        "pois gerville",
+        "pois nourrice"
+      ],
+      "description": "Lablab ( Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet) is a summer-growing annual or occasionally short-lived perennial forage legume. It is a twining, climbing, trailing or upright herbaceous plant that can grow to a length of 3-6 m. It has a deep taproot and vigorous, glabrous or pubescent trailing stems. Lablab leaves are alternate and trifoliolate. The leaflets are rhomboid in shape, 7.5-15 cm long x 8-14 cm broad, acute at the apex. The upper surface is smooth while the underside has short hairs. Inflorescences are many-flowered racemes borne on elongated peduncles. The flowers are white to blue or purple in colour, about 1.5 cm long, typically papillonaceous in shape. Lablab fruits are linear, 4-15 cm long x 1-4 cm broad, smooth and beaked pods that contain between 2 and 8 seeds. Lablab seeds (beans) are ovoid, laterally compressed with a conspicuous linear hilum. Lablab beans are variable in colour, depending on variety or cultivar, usually white to dark brown, and some are black. Wild varieties and some cultivated varieties tend to have mottled seeds . Lablab purpureus is the only species of the Lablab genus. There are three subspecies:"
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "jumbay",
+        "leucaena",
+        "white leadtree",
+        "white popinac",
+        "wild tamarind"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bois bourro",
+        "cassie blanc",
+        "faux mimosa",
+        "faux-acacia",
+        "leucaene à têtes blanches"
+      ],
+      "description": "Leucaena ( Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) is a fast growing, evergreen, thornless shrub, reaching a height of 5 m (Hawaiian type) to 20 m (Hawaiian giant type) . Leucaena is a long-lived perennial legume (around 23 year half-life in difficult conditions in Australia). It has a deep taproot and is highly branched. Leaves are bipinnate, bearing numerous leaflets 8 mm to 16 mm long . The inflorescence is a cream coloured globular shape producing clusters of flat brown pods, 13 to 18 mm long containing 15-30 seeds. Flowering and fruiting occur throughout the year ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Lebbek (Albizia lebbeck)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "east indian walnut",
+        "flea tree",
+        "frywood",
+        "koko",
+        "lebbeck",
+        "lebbek tree",
+        "siris tree",
+        "woman's tongue tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Lebbek ( Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.) is a deciduous, perennial medium-sized legume tree. It reaches 3-15 m in plantations and up to 30 m in the open. Its dense shade-producing crown can be as large as 30 m in diameter. Leaves are bipinnate with 3-11 pairs of bright green, oblong leaflets, 1.5-6.5 cm long x 0.5-3.5 cm broad. Inflorescences are globular clusters of 15-40 white fragrant flowers. The fruits are 10-30 cm long x 3-6 cm broad, reddish-brown pods that contain 5-15 flat rounded, free moving seeds. They produce an incessant rattle in the wind, reminding women's chatter, hence the name \"women's tongue\" ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "butter bean",
+        "java bean",
+        "lima bean",
+        "madagascar bean",
+        "sieva bean",
+        "sugar bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "haricot de lima",
+        "haricot du cap",
+        "pois du cap"
+      ],
+      "description": "Lima bean ( Phaseolus lunatus L.) is a tropical and subtropical legume cultivated for its edible seeds. There are wild and cultivated types of Phaseolus lunatus , generally referred to as Phaseolus lunatus var. silvester Baudet and Phaseolus lunatus var. Lunatus respectively. Lima bean is a herbaceous plant with two main types of growth habit. The perennial form is an indeterminate, vigorous, climbing and trailing plant, up to 2-6 m tall, with axillary flowering only. It has swollen and fleshy roots up to 2 m long. Annual lima bean is a pseudo-determinate, bushy plant, 0.3-0.9 m tall with both terminal and axillary flowering. It has thin roots . The stems may be up to 4.5-8 m long. The leaves are alternate and trifoliate with ovate leaflets, 3-19.5 cm long x 1-11 cm broad. Inflorescences are 15 cm long and bear 24 white or violet bisexual flowers. The fruits are 5-12 cm long, dehiscent pods with 2 to 4 seeds . Seeds are very variable in size, shape and colour. Cultivar groups have been distinguished according to seed differences ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Lentil (Lens culinaris)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "lentil",
+        "red dahl"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "lentille"
+      ],
+      "description": "Lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik.) is a legume mainly grown for its edible seeds . It is an annual, bushy and herbaceous plant that can reach 60-75 cm high. The stems are hairy, slender and many-branched. The leaves are pinnately compound, ending in a tendril or bristle. The 5 to 16 leaflets are opposite, oblong to elliptical, 3-20 mm long x 2-8 mm broad. The papilionaceous flowers vary in colour from white to purple and are borne on 2-5 cm long axillary racemes. The fruits are small, laterally compressed pods that contain two or three lens-shaped, grey, green, brownish, pale red or black seeds, the size of which depends on cultivar type and ranges from 2-9 mm x 2-3 mm . The lentil species Lens culinaris has one cultivated subspecies ( Lens culinaris Medik. subsp. culinaris ) and 3 wild subspecies ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Manila tamarind (Pithecellobium dulce)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "blackbead",
+        "camachile",
+        "guayamochil",
+        "madras thorn",
+        "manila tamarind",
+        "sweet inga"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "pois sucré",
+        "tamarin d'inde",
+        "tamarin de manille"
+      ],
+      "description": "Manila tamarind ( Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.) is a small to medium-sized semi-evergreen leguminous tree, 5 to 20 m high . Manila tamarind is a fast growing tree that may reach a height of 10 m in 5-6 years in favourable conditions . Manila tamarind has a short, stout, greyish trunk (30-100 cm in diameter) that bears low irregular branches and forms a broad crown . The leaves are paripinnate with 4 leaflets (2.0-3.5 cm long x 1.0-1.5 cm wide). Small thorns (2.0-15.0 mm long) are inserted on each side of the leaf pedicels, though some varieties are thornless. While tree appears evergreen, the leaflets are deciduous and shed in succession. The inflorescences are axillary panicles which bear spherical glomerules (1 cm in diameter) of small, white-greenish, slightly flagrant flowers. Fruits are greenish-brown to red-pinkish, indehiscent pods. Pods are rather thin, 10-15 cm long x 1-2 cm wide, and set in a spiral of 1 to 3 whorls. The pods contain 10 seeds. The seeds are flattened, black and shiny (1 cm in diameter) ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Monkey thorn (Acacia galpinii)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "monkey thorn",
+        "monkeythorn"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The monkey thorn ( Acacia galpinii Burtt Davy) is a large deciduous tree of Southern and Eastern Africa. A fast growing, long-lived tree, with a maximum height of 30 m, Acacia galpinii is the largest South African acacia. The trunk is 2 m in diameter. The bark is whitish-yellow in young trees and darkens with maturity. The wide spreading branches form a rounded canopy . The branchlets bear pairs of hooked and blackish prickles up to 1 cm long just below the nodes . The leaves are alternate, bipinnately compound, bearing 7-14 pairs of pinnae, each with 12-35 pairs of small hairless leaflets (4-10 mm long x 1-3 mm wide). The inflorescences are borne in clustered spikes from October to January . The flowers are creamy white, with a reddish calyx. The fruits, which ripen between February and March, are 8-15 seeded dehiscent pods, straight, large, papery to woody, 8-20 cm long x 25 mm broad, reddish to purple in colour. The seeds are flattened and ovoid, 12-15 mm x 10-12 mm ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "dew bean",
+        "dew gram",
+        "indian moth bean",
+        "kidney bean",
+        "mat bean",
+        "math",
+        "matki",
+        "moth",
+        "moth bean",
+        "turkish gram"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Moth bean ( Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal) is an annual herbaceous trailing legume native to South Asia used for food (seeds) and feed (forage) that has outstanding tolerance of dry conditions."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cashaw",
+        "ironwood",
+        "meskit",
+        "mesquite"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bayahonde",
+        "bayarone français"
+      ],
+      "description": "Mesquite ( Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC), one of the 44 species of Prosopis , is an evergreen leguminous tree, typical of arid and semi-arid regions, growing up to 10-15 m high. The crown is large and the canopy is open. Mesquite is a phreatophyte and has a deep taproot, growing downwards in search of water tables (down to 35 m depth), with well-developed lateral roots competing with grasses. The stems are green-brown, twisted and flexible. They have long and strong thorns (1.2-5 cm long), though some varieties are thornless. Leaves are pinnately compound with 13-25 pairs of leaflets arranged on 1 or sometimes 2 pairs of pendulous rachis. Leaflets are oblong (3-16 mm long x 1.5-3 mm broad) . Flowers are light greenish-yellow, arranged in cylindrical spikes 5-10 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. Fruits are flattened, curved, indehiscent pods (4 mm thick, 1-1.5 cm wide and 15-20 cm long) . Pods are straw-coloured and contain a fleshy and sugary mesocarp . The pods contain 10-20 seeds that are 2-8 mm long . There is a wide range of mesquite varieties."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Mung bean (Vigna radiata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "celera bean",
+        "golden gram",
+        "green gram",
+        "jerusalem pea",
+        "moong bean",
+        "mung bean",
+        "mungbean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "ambérique verte",
+        "haricot mungo"
+      ],
+      "description": "The mung bean ( Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) is a legume cultivated for its edible seeds and sprouts across Asia. There are 3 subgroups of Vigna radiata : one is cultivated ( Vigna radiata subsp. radiata ), and two are wild ( Vigna radiata subsp. sublobata and Vigna radiata subsp. glabra ). The mung bean plant is an annual, erect or semi-erect, reaching a height of 0.15-1.25 m . It is slightly hairy with a well-developed root system. Wild types tend to be prostrate while cultivated types are more erect . The stems are many-branched, sometimes twining at the tips . The leaves are alternate, trifoliolate with elliptical to ovate leaflets, 5-18 cm long x 3-15 cm broad. The flowers (4-30) are papillonaceous, pale yellow or greenish in colour. The pods are long, cylindrical, hairy and pending. They contain 7 to 20 small, ellipsoid or cube-shaped seeds. The seeds are variable in colour: they are usually green, but can also be yellow, olive, brown, purplish brown or black, mottled and/or ridged. Seed colours and presence or absence of a rough layer are used to distinguish different types of mung bean . Cultivated types are generally green or golden and can be shiny or dull depending on the presence of a texture layer . Golden gram, which has yellow seeds, low seed yield and pods that shatter at maturity, is often grown for forage or green manure. Green gram has bright green seeds, is more prolific and ripens more uniformly, with a lower tendency for pods to shatter. In India, two other types of mung beans exist, one with black seeds and one with brown seeds . The mung bean resembles the black gram ( Vigna mungo (L.) ) with two main differences: the corolla of Vigna mungo is bright yellow while that of Vigna radiata is pale yellow; mung bean pods are pendulous whereas they are erect in black gram. Mung bean is slightly less hairy than black gram. Mung bean is sown on lighter soils than black gram ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Narbon vetch (Vicia narbonensis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "moor's pea",
+        "narbon bean",
+        "narbon vetch",
+        "narbonne vetch"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "vesce de narbonne"
+      ],
+      "description": "The Narbon vetch ( Vicia narbonensis L.) is an annual legume with thick, angular and erect pubescent stems that can grow without support up to 30-60 cm high . The root system is well developed. The leaves are bi-foliolate, born in pairs, with elliptic to ovate leaflets, 20-50 mm long x 20-30 mm broad. The flowers are papillonaceous, purple or white in colour, and borne in axillary racemes of up to 40 flowers. The fruit is a dehiscent pod containing several smooth seeds, often called Narbon beans, which are 5.5-6 mm wide and brown in colour ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Orfot (Vachellia oerfota)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "orfot"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Orfot ( Vachellia oerfota (Forssk.) Kyal. & Boatwr. , formerly Acacia oerfota (Forssk.) Schweinf.) is an important legume tree and browse species for goats and camels in the arid and semi-arid zones of the Eastern Sahel and East Africa, where it is commonly found with other acacias such as Acacia mellifera and Acacia laeta ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cajan pea",
+        "no-eye pea",
+        "no-eyed pea",
+        "pigeon pea",
+        "tropical green pea"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "ambrevade",
+        "pois cajan",
+        "pois d'angole",
+        "pois-congo"
+      ],
+      "description": "Pigeon pea ( Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth) is one of the most common tropical and subtropical legumes cultivated for its edible seeds. Pigeon pea is fast growing, hardy, widely adaptable, and drought resistant . Because of its drought resistance it can be considered of utmost importance for food security in areas where rainfall is not reliable and droughts are likely to occur . At the end of the dry season, pigeon pea provides green forage of outstanding value when other forages are not available ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Pinto peanut (Arachis pintoi)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "pinto peanut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arachide de pinto"
+      ],
+      "description": "Pinto peanut ( Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C. Greg.) is a perennial tropical legume useful for pasture, ground cover and as an ornament. Pinto peanut is a valuable forage, easy to establish, persistent, and combines well in mixtures under a wide range of climate and soil conditions, including heavy grazing ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Poro (Erythrina poeppigiana)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "coraltree",
+        "immortelle tree",
+        "mountain immortelle",
+        "poro"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bois immortel",
+        "erythrine bucare",
+        "immortelle jaune"
+      ],
+      "description": "Poro ( Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F. Cook) is a tropical evergreen tree with conspicuous orange-red flowers. Poro is mainly used as a shade tree in coffee and cocoa plantations (hence the spanish name \"Madre de cacao\") where trees are usually kept pruned to 2-3 m. Poro foliage can be a valuable source of fodder for livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Peanut forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "chinese nut",
+        "earthnut",
+        "goober pea",
+        "groundnut",
+        "peanut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arachide",
+        "cacahouète",
+        "cacahuète",
+        "pinotte",
+        "pois de terre"
+      ],
+      "description": "The peanut plant ( Arachis hypogaea L.) is grown mainly for its seeds, which are used either as food (snacks, peanut butter, etc.) or for their edible oil. After peanuts are harvested, aerial parts of the plant become available in large quantities and are used fresh or dried as a nutritious livestock feed in all peanut-producing countries."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Prickly sesban (Sesbania bispinosa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "canicha",
+        "prickly sesban",
+        "sesbania",
+        "spiny sesbania"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The prickly sesban ( Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W. F. Wight) is a fast-growing tropical annual legume shrub used for fodder in Asia, Africa, and Central America."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Perennial soybean (Neonotonia wightii)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cooper glycine",
+        "glycine",
+        "perennial soybean",
+        "rhodesian kudzu",
+        "wild soya bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "soja pérenne"
+      ],
+      "description": "Perennial soybean ( Neonotonia wightii (Wight & Arn.) J.A. Lackey) is a trailing, climbing or twining herbaceous legume. It has a deep taproot and twining stems, 2.5 cm in diameter, woody at the base and then slender and well branched. The plant produces runners that root from the nodes. The stems can grow up to 10 m with adequate supporting species (trees). They can regrow from the underground crown if the plant has been damaged or if it has been grazed. The compound leaves bear 3 ovate and hairy leaflets, 5-10 cm long and 3-6 cm broad. The inflorescence is a 4 to 30 cm long raceme with clusters of white or violet flowers. In some varieties, the flowers turn yellow or orange-yellow at senescence. The fruits are hairy, linear-oblong, 1-4 cm long and about 3 mm broad. The pods contain 3-8 oblong seeds, shattering at maturity. Seeds vary in size, shape and colour, depending on variety ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bird eye clover",
+        "persian clover",
+        "reversed clover",
+        "shaftal clover"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "trèfle renversé"
+      ],
+      "description": "Persian clover ( Trifolium resupinatum L.) is an annual, prostrate or semi-erect branched legume, up to 20-60 cm high, similar to berseem ( Trifolium alexandrinum L. ) but shorter. It forms dense swards and has a rosette growth habit under grazing. The stems are hollow, branching from the lower part. Leaves are trifoliate with 1 to 3 cm long, oval-oblong leaflets. Flowers are pink to violet and mature to white woolly seedheads, with a resupinate corolla, hence the name resupinatum . Fruits are dehiscent single-seeded pods ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Purple vetch (Vicia benghalensis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "algerian vetch",
+        "purple vetch",
+        "reddish tufted vetch"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "vesce du bengale",
+        "vesce pourpre",
+        "vesce pourpre foncé"
+      ],
+      "description": "Purple vetch ( Vicia benghalensis L.) is a climbing herbaceous legume from the Mediterranean area commonly used as a cover crop and green manure or for fodder, hay and silage."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Phasey bean (Macroptilium lathyroides)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "murray phasey bean",
+        "one leaf clover",
+        "phasemy bean",
+        "phasey bean",
+        "quail bean",
+        "wild bean",
+        "wild bush bean",
+        "wild dolly bean",
+        "wild pea bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "pois poison",
+        "pois zombie"
+      ],
+      "description": "The phasey bean ( Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urban) is an erect branching legume up to 0.6-1 m high. It is usually annual but it is occasionally biennal or a short-lived perennial. In shaded conditions, phasey bean may trail or twin, with vines reaching 1.2 m long. With maturity, the stems become woody at their base. Phasey bean leaves are trifoliate with 3-8 cm long and 1-3.5 cm broad leaflets. The inflorescences are 15-25 cm (-50 cm) long racemes borne on 30 cm long peduncles, and bear red to red-purple (occasionally white or pink) papillionate flowers, 13-15 mm in diameter. The fruits are pubescent, linear, dehiscent pods, 5.5-12 cm long and 2.5-3 cm wide, and contain 20-30 oblong brown seeds that drop easily . Phasey bean and its more popular relative siratro ( Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC.) Urb.) are very similar, but the flowers of phasey bean are lighter in colour than those of siratro."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "perennial forage peanut",
+        "perennial peanut",
+        "rhizoma peanut",
+        "rhizoma perennial peanut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Rhizoma peanut ( Arachis glabrata Benth.) is a summer growing perennial tropical legume and a relative of the annual peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ). It provides high yields of forage that is mainly used for pasture, hay and silage production. It is grown in agroforestry, under coconuts or banana trees and can be grown in stand with grasses or other legumes. It is adapted to a range of latitudes. It withstands droughts and thrives on infertile acidic soils. It is a good cover crop and a companion legume for for cool or warm season grains ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Red clover (Trifolium pratense)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cow grass",
+        "peavine clover",
+        "purple clover",
+        "red clover"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "trèfle des prés",
+        "trèfle rouge",
+        "trèfle violet"
+      ],
+      "description": "The red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.) is a short-lived perennial (2-4 years) legume forage, mainly from temperate areas. It has an erect habit and may lodge when the plant becomes stemmy. It forms a 1 m deep taproot in the first year and then produces secondary adventitious roots that explore the upper soil layer (30 cm deep). Basal buds form a crown above the soil and may root at the nodes. Each bud produces 4-6 upright, hollow and pubescent stems, up to a height of 60-80 cm. The leaves borne on the basal crown are long and petiolate, while the leaves borne on stems are often nearly sessile. The leaves are trifoliate or palmate-trifoliate, pubescent and alternate. Leaflets are oval or elliptic, 1-3 cm long x 0.5-1.5 cm broad . They are typically variegated with a white V-like mark . The inflorescences are terminally or axillary borne on the stems, and are globose clusters of many tubular flowers, 10-15 cm long, and pink, purple or magenta-coloured. The inflorescence develops into an oblong-ovoid pod containing 2 seeds . There are many varieties and cultivars of red clovers. The two main types of cultivars are the early-flowering cultivars, called medium or double-cut, which produce at least two cuttings per season, and the late-flowering cultivars, called mammoth or single-cut, which produce one cutting per season ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Rice bean (Vigna umbellata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "climbing mountain bean",
+        "mambi bean",
+        "oriental bean",
+        "red bean",
+        "rice bean",
+        "ricebean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "haricot riz"
+      ],
+      "description": "Rice bean ( Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & Ohashi) is a tropical to temperate grain legume primarily grown for food, especially in Asia. Rice bean seeds and vegetative parts are also used for fodder."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "common sainfoin",
+        "esparcet",
+        "holy clover",
+        "sainfoin"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "esparcette cultivée",
+        "esparcette à feuilles de vesce",
+        "sainfoin cultivé"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sainfoin ( Onobrychis viciifolia ) is an erect, perennial herbaceous legume. It can reach up to a height of 80 cm. Stems arise from basal buds on a branched root stock. Roots are deep tap-roots. Leaves are pinnate, bearing 5-6 pairs of obovate leaflets. Melliferous pink (seldom white) flowers are borne in erect conical racemes. Sainfoin flowers twice a year in spring and autumn. Flowering starts with the lower flowers and moves up the stem. Fruits are single seeded pods that bear spikes and can cling to the fur of animals and thus propagate the species."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Samoan clover (Desmodium scorpiurus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "samoan clover",
+        "scorpion ticktrefoil"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Samoan clover ( Desmodium scorpiurus (Sw.) Desv.) is a vigorous perennial tropical legume suited for cultivation in mixed stands with short grasses or other legumes. It is very palatable to livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sour clover (Melilotus indicus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "annual yellow sweetclover",
+        "bokhara clover",
+        "california lucerne",
+        "common melilot",
+        "hexham scent",
+        "hexham scent melilot",
+        "indian sweet clover",
+        "king island clover",
+        "king island melilot",
+        "senji",
+        "small melilot",
+        "small-flowered melilot",
+        "small-flowered sweet clover",
+        "sour clover",
+        "sourclover",
+        "sweet clover",
+        "sweet melilot"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "mélilot de l'inde",
+        "mélilot des indes"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sour clover ( Melilotus indicus (L.) All.) is an erect annual forage legume, up to 50-80 cm high. It has a deep taproot, down to a depth of 1.2 m. The stems are branched, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. The foliage is heavy, somewhat succulent with high water requirements. The leaves are alternate, trifoliolate, with oblong to obovate leaflets 0.8-2.5 cm long x 2-9 mm broad. Inflorescences are racemose, apically or axillary, borne on 1-3 cm long peduncles. The flowers (10-16 per raceme) are papillonaceous, sweet smelling, sparsely pubescent and yellow in colour. The olive-green fruits are one-seeded, reticulately veined, 1.5-4 mm long, indehiscent pods. The seeds resemble those of alfafa and are ovoid, glabrous, yellow-brown, about 2 mm in length. They may be hard-seeded (about 5 to 20%) and thus will not germinate in the first year"
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Soybean (general)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "haba soya",
+        "miracle bean",
+        "soja bean",
+        "soy",
+        "soya",
+        "soya bean",
+        "soybean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "haricot oléagineux",
+        "pois chinois",
+        "soja"
+      ],
+      "description": "The soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an erect leguminous plant, up to 1 m high. A fast growing herbaceous annual, it is native to Asia but currently grown worldwide. Its tap-root can extend to 2 m deep in good soil conditions, with secondary roots exploring the upper 15-20 cm of the soil. Roots bear nodules resulting from Bradyrhizobium japonicum infection (in most cases). Leaves are trifoliate and leaflets are oval to lanceolate, mostly broad in commercial cultivars . The papilionaceous flowers are white, pink, purple or bluish, with a 5 to 7 mm long corolla . Fruits are two or three-seeded pods containing yellow, rounded seeds with a hilum colour ranging from yellow to black ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Soybean forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "forage soybean",
+        "soybean forage",
+        "soybean hay",
+        "soybean straw"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "foin de soja",
+        "paille de soja",
+        "soja fourrager"
+      ],
+      "description": "Soybean ( Glycine max . L.) is a major legume crop grown for its protein- and oil-rich seeds but it also makes valuable forage for grazing, silage and hay."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sesban (Sesbania sesban)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "common sesban",
+        "egyptian rattle pod",
+        "egyptian river hemp",
+        "sesban"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Sesban ( Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.) is a fast-growing, perennial legume tree, reaching a height of up to 8 m. It has a shallow root system and its stems may reach 12 cm in diameter. Leaves are pinnately compound with 6 to 27 pairs of leaflets. Leaflets are linear oblong, 26 mm long x 5 mm broad. Inflorescences are 30 cm long racemes bearing 2 to 20 yellow flowers with purple or brown streaks. Fruits are linear or slightly curved pods up to 30 cm long. Pods contain 10 to 50 seeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        ": brazilian stylo",
+        "brazilian lucerne",
+        "common stylo",
+        "guianensis",
+        "stylo",
+        "stylosanthes guianensis",
+        "var."
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "luzerne brésilienne",
+        "luzerne du brésil",
+        "luzerne tropicale"
+      ],
+      "description": "Stylo ( Stylosanthes guianensis (Aublet) Sw.) is a tropical legume shrub widely grown for forage throughout the tropics and subtropics."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Shittimwood (Acacia seyal)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "red acacia",
+        "shittah tree",
+        "shittim",
+        "shittimwood",
+        "thirty thorn",
+        "whistling tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Shittimwood ( Acacia seyal Del.) is a deciduous, prickly, small to medium sized shrub or tree. It reaches a height of 17 m after 8-10 years . The trunk is 20-60 cm in diameter, covered by a rust-coloured powdery bark. Shittimwood has a thin, top-flattened crown, similar to that of Acacia tortilis . It may be sparsely branched and the branches are horizontal or ascending . Sharp straight spines occur on the branches and smaller, curved thorns are present near the tips of the branches . The epidermis of twigs becomes reddish and shed annually . The leaves are dark green, bipinnate with 3-7 pinnae which bear 11-20 pairs of leaflets. The leaflets are 3-8 mm long x 0.75-1 mm wide . Shittimwood bears clusters of bright yellow, fragrant-spicy scented or sweet smelling flowers that grow short lateral shoots on the current season . Shittimwood fruits are 6-10 seeded curved pods, 7-20 cm long, 0.5-0.9 cm broad and contain elliptic seeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Subclover (Trifolium subterraneum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "sub clover",
+        "subclover",
+        "subterranean clover",
+        "subterraneum trefoil"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "trèfle enterreur",
+        "trèfle souterrain"
+      ],
+      "description": "Subclover ( Trifolium subterraneum L.) is a much valued annual legume forage used in ruminant production systems, particularly in drylands. It is particularly suited to grazing and can be cut for silage and hay."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Siamese senna (Senna siamea)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "thai copper pod",
+        "thailand shower",
+        "yellow cassia"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bois perdrix",
+        "cassia"
+      ],
+      "description": "Siamese senna ( Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby) is a medium-sized, fast-growing tree legume that is used as fodder and browse for ruminant livestock in tropical lowlands. Its fruits and pods are edible and its wood can be used for fuel or for making poles and furniture. Siamese senna provides many environmental services and is used as an ornamental."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sulla (Hedysarum coronarium)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cock's-head",
+        "french honeysuckle",
+        "honeyplant",
+        "italian sainfoin",
+        "soola-clover",
+        "spanish sainfoin",
+        "sulla",
+        "sulla clover",
+        "sulla sweet vetch"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "sainfoin d'espagne",
+        "seille",
+        "sulla du nord"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sulla ( Hedysarum coronarium L. and other Hedysarum species), is a biennial or short-lived perennial herbaceous legume used for forage in the Mediterranean basin."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sicklebush (Dichrostachys cinerea)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bell mimosa",
+        "chinese lantern tree",
+        "kalahari christmas tree",
+        "marabu thorn",
+        "sicklebush"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "acacia saint domingue",
+        "lanterne chinoise",
+        "mimosa clochette"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sicklebush ( Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn.) is a thorny, semi-deciduous to deciduous leguminous shrub that can reach a height of 3-7 m . Sicklebush has an open round crown, 3 m wide , a deep tap root and many lateral horizontal roots that make eradication difficult . The bark is green when young and becomes grey-brown and fissured as the tree grows. The stem is less than 23 cm in diameter . The branches bear strong, long (8-10 cm), slightly recurved woody thorns . The leaves are petiolated, bipinnate, bearing 4-19 leaflets . The inflorescence is a fragrant, cylindrical 6-8 cm long bicoloured spike that bears reddish-purple sterile flowers in the upper part and pale yellow-cream fertile ones in the lower part . The fruits are narrow, 10 cm long indehiscent pods, yellow or brown, twisted or sickle-shaped (hence the name \"sicklebush\"), borne in clusters . The pods contain 4 seeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "benares hemp",
+        "indian hemp",
+        "madras hemp",
+        "sunn",
+        "sunn crotalaria",
+        "sunn hemp",
+        "sunnhemp"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "cascavelle",
+        "chanvre du bengale",
+        "chanvre indien",
+        "crotalaire effilée",
+        "crotalaire jonciforme",
+        "grand sonnette",
+        "grand tcha tcha",
+        "sonnette",
+        "tcha tcha"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sunn hemp ( Crotalaria juncea L.) is a multipurpose tropical and subtropical legume grown in many countries, notably India, mainly for its high quality fibre. The crop is grown for green manure, as a soil improver and as a disease break in cereal or other crop rotations . Sunn hemp is locally used as fodder ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Silverleaf desmodium (Desmodium uncinatum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "silver-leaf desmodium",
+        "silverleaf desmodium",
+        "silverleaf spanish clover",
+        "spanish tick clover"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "trèfle espagnol"
+      ],
+      "description": "Silverleaf desmodium ( Desmodium uncinatum (Jacq.) DC.) is a trailing perennial legume that may grow up to several meters long over surrounding vegetation. It has a large but shallow root system. Its stems are cylindrical or angular, densely hairy, and may root at the node in wet conditions. The leaves are trifoliate, borne on 2-7 cm long petioles. The leaflets are ovate, 3-6 cm long, 1.5-3 cm broad, dark green with a silvery midrib at the upper side. The lower side of the leaflet is covered with whitish hairs. Silverleaf desmodium flowers are 1 cm long, pink to bluish in colour as they mature, borne on long paired racemes. The fruits are light brown hairy pods that break readily into 4 to 8 segments at maturity, and tend to stick to animals and clothing. The seeds are olive-green in colour, triangle or oval shaped, 3 mm long x 2 mm wide ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sweet thorn (Acacia karroo)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cape gum",
+        "cape thorn tree",
+        "cockspur thorn",
+        "deo babool",
+        "karroo thorn",
+        "karrothorn",
+        "mimosa thorn",
+        "sweet thorn",
+        "white-thorn"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Sweet thorn ( Acacia karroo Hayne or Vachellia karroo (Hayne) Banfi & Galasso) is a very variable and very thorny tree species that is widespread in Africa and grows to a height of 5-12 m. It is a multipurpose tree providing food, feed, commercial products, and environmental services. Livestock and wild animals relish on its foliage, pods and seeds, which do not contain antinutritional factors."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "atro",
+        "purple bean",
+        "purple bush bean",
+        "siratro"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Siratro ( Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC.) Urb.) is a perennial tropical legume valuable for pasture."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Syrian mesquite (Prosopis farcta)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "syrian mesquite"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Syrian mesquite ( Prosopis farcta (Banks & Sol.) J. F. Macbr) is a woody perennial dwarf legume shrub, usually 0.4-1m high. However, in some situations, for example where weed control is absent, it can grow to 2-3 m, as tall as grape and citrus trees . Its well-developed root system and rhizomes can extend to a depth of 15-20 m into the soil. Its stems are erect and its slender branches have short prickles, similar to rose bushes. Leaves are bipinnately compound, with a 1.8-3.0 cm long rachis and 9-13 pairs of small leaflets. Small yellow flowers appear from May to August. On each raceme there are 1 or 2 oblong pods, which are dark brown when ripe. The mesocarp is pulpy ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Slenderleaf (Crotalaria brevidens)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "ethiopian rattlebox",
+        "rattle pea",
+        "rattlepod",
+        "slenderleaf"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "crotalaire",
+        "sonnette"
+      ],
+      "description": "Slenderleaf ( Crotalaria brevidens Benth.) is a tropical legume mostly cultivated for food . Unlike other Crotalaria species, its toxicity level is regarded as low and it can safely be used for forage."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Tagasaste (Cytisus proliferus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "escabon",
+        "tagasaste",
+        "tree lucerne",
+        "white-flowered tree lucerne"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "cytise"
+      ],
+      "description": "Tagasaste ( Cytisus proliferus L. f.), also called tree lucerne, is a fast growing evergreen legume tree from the Mediterranean region. Tagasaste is a long lived perennial that can survive 60-80 years. It is recommended for sandy, hilly, gravelly soils in drought-prone areas where it can provide good quality forage all year round. Cytisus proliferus var. palmensis is the true tagasaste: it is the only cultivated type and has been naturalized outside the Canary Islands. The other types, known locally as \"escobones\", are not cultivated. However, these types are grazed by goats and lopped by farmers ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Tembien clover (Trifolium tembense)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african clover",
+        "tembien clover"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "trèfle africain"
+      ],
+      "description": "Tembien clover ( Trifolium tembense Fres.) is one of the most common clovers found in the Ethiopian highlands. Tembien clover is an annual species. It is outstandingly tolerant of waterlogging."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "tamarind",
+        "tamarind tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "tamarinier"
+      ],
+      "description": "The tamarind ( Tamarindus indica L.) is a usually evergreen legume tree. It grows slowly, up to 25-30 m high, and can live as long as 200 years. Leaves are compound, divided in 10-18 opposite and oblong leaflets. Orange-yellow or pinkish flowers are grouped in racemes. Fruits occur 7-12 years after sowing. They are rusty-coloured pods, 10-18 cm long x 2 cm broad . The pods contain a sour pulp surrounding the seeds. They are edible and used in many culinary recipes around the world."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Townsville stylo (Stylosanthes humilis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "townsville lucerne",
+        "townsville stylo"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "luzerne de townsville",
+        "stylo annuel"
+      ],
+      "description": "Townsville stylo ( Stylosanthes humilis (Kunth) Hester) is a low growing annual (sometimes perennial), prostrate to erect legume. It may reach 50-70 cm in height. Townsville stylo has a taproot and may develop adventitious roots several inches from the taproot when the plant is heavily grazed or under high moisture conditions. The stems are narrow, hairy, many-branched, erect but they may be prostrate under high moisture conditions and then root from the nodes . The leaves are trifoliate and the leaflets are narrow and pointed, the terminal one being 15 mm long x 3.5 mm wide. Leaflets are mainly glabrous. Inflorescences are hirsute spikes bearing 5 to 15 bright-yellow flowers that develop into hairy, one-seeded, articulated pods once pollinated . Seeds are yellowish to brown, hooked ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Tropical kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "puero",
+        "tropical kudzu"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "kudzu tropical",
+        "puero"
+      ],
+      "description": "Tropical kudzu ( Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth.) is a vigorous, dense-growing vine cultivated in tropical countries as a cover crop, green manure and fodder for livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Umbrella thorn (Acacia tortilis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "israeli babool",
+        "sejal",
+        "talha",
+        "umbrella thorn",
+        "umbrella thorn acacia"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "acacia faux gommier"
+      ],
+      "description": "Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne is a thorny legume tree, usually about 4-8 m high, but it can reach 20 m. The crown is dense, umbrella-like and flat-topped. Leaves are compound and the leaflets (6-22 pairs) are very small (1-4 mm long x 0.6-1 mm broad), glabrous to pubescent. Flowers are white, cream or yellow, and highly aromatic. Fruit is a characteristic twisted browny pod, hence the epithet “tortilis” . Pods and leaves are used as a fodder. Fruits are more nutritious if ground. Trees can survive heavy browsing. Acacia tortilis pods are also used as a famine food in eastern Africa."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bengal bean",
+        "buffalobean",
+        "cowage",
+        "cowhage",
+        "cowitch",
+        "florida velvet bean",
+        "itchy bean",
+        "kapikachhu",
+        "krame",
+        "lacuna bean",
+        "lyon bean",
+        "mauritius velvet bean",
+        "pica-pica",
+        "velvet bean",
+        "yokohama velvet bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "dolic",
+        "haricot de floride",
+        "haricot de maurice",
+        "haricot pourpre",
+        "pois du bengale",
+        "pois mascate",
+        "pois velus"
+      ],
+      "description": "Velvet bean ( Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. utilis (Wall. ex Wight) Baker ex Burck) is a leguminous vine. It is annual or sometimes short-lived perennial. Velvet bean is vigorous, trailing or climbing, up to 6-18 m long . It has a taproot with numerous, 7-10 m long, lateral roots. The stems are slender and slightly pubescent . The leaves are generally slightly pubescent, alternate, trifoliolate with rhomboid ovate, 5-15 cm long x 3-12 cm broad, leaflets . The inflorescence is a drooping axillary raceme that bears many white to dark purple flowers. After flower pollination, velvet bean produces clusters of 10 to 14 pods. They are stout, curved, 10-12.5 cm long, with between two and six seeds, covered with greyish-white or orange hairs that may cause irritation to the skin . The velvet bean seeds are variable in colour, ranging from glossy black to white or brownish with black mottling. Seeds are oblong ellipsoid, 1.2 to 1.5 cm long, 1 cm broad and 0.5 cm thick ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "White clover (Trifolium repens)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "dutch clover",
+        "ladino clover",
+        "white clover",
+        "white dutch clover"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "trèfle blanc",
+        "trèfle de hollande",
+        "trèfle rampant"
+      ],
+      "description": "White clover ( Trifolium repens L.) is a creeping, herbaceous, perennial legume that spreads by means of a branched network of stolons . In warmer areas, it may behave as a summer growing annual. White clover develops a taproot that dies after the first year and is replaced by a secondary, mostly shallow root-system that develops from the stolons . The stolons are creeping, 10-40 cm long, and can produce roots, leafy branches or inflorescence stalks. White clover leaves are petiolated and trifoliate but they can vary widely in form and size, depending on cultivar or type . Leaflets are ovate, broad, solid dull green or occasionally marked with a white \"V\" and sometimes with dark red flecks . White clover bears globular racemes at the end of long peduncles that arise from the stolons leaf axils. The inflorescence has 20-40 white fragrant flowers. Once pollinated, the flowers develop into linear sessile pods containing 3-4 heart-shaped, smooth, bright yellow to yellowish brown seeds. Seed maturity occurs 3-4 weeks after pollination ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "White lupin (Lupinus albus) forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "egyptian lupin",
+        "lupin",
+        "white lupin"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "lupin blanc"
+      ],
+      "description": "White lupin ( Lupinus albus L.) is one of the 200 species of lupins, a genus of multipurpose annual legumes grown throughout the world both for their seeds used in feed and food, and for forage. Lupin seeds can be an alternative to soybean in all livestock species due to their high content in good quality protein (in the 30-40% range). Lupins also contribute to the sustainability of cropping systems . The other main cultivated lupin species are the yellow lupin ( Lupinus luteus ), the blue lupin (or narrow leaf lupin ( Lupinus angustifolius ) and the pearl lupin ( Lupinus mutabilis ) ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Yeheb (Cordeauxia edulis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "ye'eb",
+        "yeheb",
+        "yeheb bush",
+        "yeheb nut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Yeheb ( Cordeauxia edulis Hemsl.) is a woody legume of the arid semi-deserts of Ethiopia and Somalia. It is a multipurpose shrub highly valued both for its nutritious nut, which is a staple food in the drier areas of the region, and as forage for livestock during the dry season. Yeheb plays an important role in the livelihoods of the local communities but it is currently considered as a vulnerable species . Yeheb is the only species of the genus Cordeauxia ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus) seeds",
+      "english_names": [
+        "european yellow lupin",
+        "yellow lupin"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "lupin jaune"
+      ],
+      "description": "Yellow lupin ( Lupinus luteus L.) is one of the 200 species of lupins, a genus of multipurpose annual legumes grown throughout the world both for their seeds used in feed and food, and for forage. Lupin seeds can be an alternative to soybean in all livestock species due to their high content in good quality protein (in the 30-40% range). Lupins also contribute to the sustainability of cropping systems . The other main cultivated lupin species are the white lupin ( Lupinus albus ), the blue lupin (or narrow leaf lupin) ( Lupinus angustifolius ) and the pearl lupin ( Lupinus mutabilis ) . White and yellow lupin seeds provide higher protein than blue lupin seeds, which may be of importance when lupins are used to feed animals . Yellow lupin ( Lupinus luteus ) is mostly grown as fodder or green manure. However, in eastern Europe, it is increasingly cultivated for its seeds. As for white lupin there are sweet and bitter types of yellow lupin. Bitter types are mostly used for green manure ."
+    }
+  ],
+  "Sugar processing by-products": [
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sugarcane forage, whole plant",
+      "english_names": [
+        "sugarcane",
+        "whole sugar cane",
+        "whole sugarcane"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "canne à sucre"
+      ],
+      "description": "The sugarcane plant ( Saccharum officinarum ) is primarily cultivated for sugar production. However, the sugarcane plant is a tall, leafy, perennial tropical grass that outyields most tropical grasses and that can be a valuable fodder for livestock. As a forage plant, sugarcane has multiple advantages. Sugarcane forage remains available during the dry season and can also be kept as standover in the field during 18 to 20 months without losing its nutritive value, an exception among tropical grasses ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sugarcane tops",
+      "english_names": [
+        "sugarcane tops"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "amarres",
+        "bouts blancs de canne à sucre",
+        "têtes de canne"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sugarcane tops are one of the main by-products of sugarcane milling . At harvest time, the sugarcane biomass includes stalks which can be milled, tops, dead and dying leaves, stubble and roots . Sugarcane tops represent 15 to 25% of the aerial part of the plant. They generally consist of green leaves, bundle sheath and variable amounts of immature cane . Generally the cutting point is at the highest fully-formed node . Sugarcane tops contain phenols, amino acids and soluble polysaccharides that prevent optimal crystallization and cause undesirable colour in sugar . For that reason, they are the first by-product of the sugar milling process and are discarded on the field, where they are often burned and then used as fertilizer . Sugarcane tops from sugar production are harvested at maturity, which coincides with the dry season, but tops from sugarcane grown for animal feeding can be harvested at an immature stage."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Beet molasses",
+      "english_names": [
+        "beet molasses",
+        "sugar beet molasses",
+        "sugarbeet molasses"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "mélasse de betterave"
+      ],
+      "description": "Beet molasses is the syrupy by-product yielded after the crystallisation of sugar from concentrated sugar juice extracted from the roots of sugar beets ( Beta vulgaris L.) . It is viscous, dark, sweet, sugar-rich, with a caramel flavour. Like sugarcane molasses, it is very palatable to livestock. It is a major feed ingredient for all types of livestock including poultry. It is used as an energy source, as an appetizer, as a binder in compound feeds, and as a carrier for other ingredients such as sources of non-protein nitrogen (urea) ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sugar beet pulp, dehydrated",
+      "english_names": [
+        "sugar beet",
+        "sugarbeet"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "betterave sucrière",
+        "pulpe de betterave surpressée",
+        "pulpe de betteraves déshydratée",
+        "pulpe de betteraves fraîches"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sugarbeet pulp is the fibrous, energy rich by-product resulting from the water extraction of sugar contained in the root of the sugarbeet ( Beta vulgaris L.). Sugarbeet pulp is relished by all classes of farm animals (ruminants, pigs, poultry, rabbits and also horses) and much valued by farmers. It has outstanding feeding value gathering qualities of both chopped hay (for fibre) and maize (for energy content) . However, it should be noted that sugarbeet pulp results from various processes and may have variable quality."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sugar beet pulp, pressed or wet",
+      "english_names": [
+        "sugar beet",
+        "sugarbeet"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "betterave sucrière",
+        "pulpe de betterave surpressée",
+        "pulpe de betteraves déshydratée",
+        "pulpe de betteraves fraîches"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sugarbeet pulp is the fibrous, energy rich by-product resulting from the water extraction of sugar contained in the root of the sugarbeet ( Beta vulgaris L.). Sugarbeet pulp is relished by animals and much valued by farmers. It has an outstanding feeding value for all classes of livestock (ruminants, pigs and horses) but is particularly suited to dairy cattle as it has a galactogogue effect . However, it should be noted that sugarbeet pulp results from various processes and may have variable quality."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sugarcane juice",
+      "english_names": [
+        "sugarcane juice"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "vesou"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sugarcane juice is the opaque and viscous liquid, brownish to deep-green in colour, obtained by pressing sugarcane stalks. Sugarcane juice is mainly processed into sugar, but part of the production goes to human consumption as fresh juice or alcohol (cachaça). Juice from traditional production and surplus juice from sugar factories (when sugar prices are low) often goes to animal feeding . In traditional mills, the juice may be extracted using a simple crusher, draught powered, motorized or manually operated. The extraction rate is lower than at a sugar factory (40-50%). Cane juice, extracted in this way, contains approximately 10 to 13% more total sugars compared to factory juice, principally because no water is added ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sugarcane molasses",
+      "english_names": [
+        "a molasses",
+        "b molasses",
+        "c molasses",
+        "high-test molasses",
+        "integral molasses",
+        "molasses",
+        "sugarcane molasses",
+        "syrup-off",
+        "unclarified molasses"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "mélasse",
+        "mélasse de canne"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sugarcane molasses is a viscous, dark and sugar-rich by-product of sugar extraction from the sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum L.). It is a major feed ingredient, used as an energy source and as a binder in compound feeds."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sugarcane bagasse",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bagasse"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bagasse"
+      ],
+      "description": "Bagasse is the residual fibre resulting from the extraction of sugarcane juice. There are two main types of bagasse."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sugarcane press mud",
+      "english_names": [
+        "scum",
+        "sugarcane filter cake mud",
+        "sugarcane filter mud",
+        "sugarcane filter press mud",
+        "sugarcane filtercake",
+        "sugarcane pressmud"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "boues de filtration",
+        "boues de gâteau de filtration",
+        "gâteau de filtration"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sugarcane press mud is the residue of the filtration of sugarcane juice. The clarification process separates the juice into a clear juice that rises to the top and goes for manufacture, and a mud that collects at the bottom. The mud is then filtered to separate the suspended matter, which includes insoluble salts and fine bagasse. There are 3 types of filter: the press filters (used in carbonatation factories), mechanical filters and rotary vacuum filters . The yield of filter cake is variable, from 1 to 7 kg (wet basis) per 100 kg of cane . With a conservative yield of 2% and a total production of 1700 million t in 2009 , the world output of fresh filter press mud can be estimated to be about 30 million t."
+    }
+  ],
+  "Forage trees": [
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Acacia (Senegalia brevispica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "wait-a-bit thorn",
+        "wait-a-minute tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The acacia species Senegalia brevispica (Harms) Seigler & Ebinger (formerly Acacia brevispica Harms) is a fast growing, thorny acacia species that provides valuable fodder to goats and cattle in dry and semi-humid areas of Eastern and Southern Africa."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa & Parkia filicoidea)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african locust bean",
+        "fern leaf",
+        "monkey cutlass tree",
+        "two ball nitta-tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arbre à farine",
+        "caroubier africain",
+        "nerre",
+        "néré"
+      ],
+      "description": "African locust bean ( Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) G.Don and Parkia filicoidea Welw. ex Oliv.) is a multipurpose tree legume found in many African countries. The seeds, the fruit pulp and the leaves are used to prepare numerous foods and drinks, and to feed livestock and poultry."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Apple-ring acacia (Faidherbia albida)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "ana tree",
+        "anatree",
+        "apple-ring acacia",
+        "balanzan tree",
+        "winter thorn"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arbre blanc"
+      ],
+      "description": "The apple-ring acacia ( Faidherbia albida (Delile) A. Chev.) is a deciduous legume tree, up to 30 m high. It has a deep taproot, down to 40 m. Its branches bear paired thorns and its leaves are pinnate with 6-23 pairs of small oblong leaflets. Flowers are arranged in yellow spikes, fruits (pods) are twisted and shiny orange, indehiscent, 25 cm long and 5 cm broad . Faidherbia albida has an inverse phenology: it sheds its leaves during the wet season, while the leaves mature during the dry season and the pods ripen at the end. It is thus valuable in periods of scarcity as fodder but also as famine food: people eat the seeds during droughts, even though they require a long preparation time ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Afzelia (Afzelia africana)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african mahogany",
+        "african oak",
+        "afzelia",
+        "lucky-bean tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "doussié",
+        "lingué"
+      ],
+      "description": "Afzelia africana Sm. ex Pers. is a tropical African tree, medium to large, deciduous, up to 40 m high. It is mostly used for its high-grade timber but has good potential to provide fodder for livestock and food. Afzelia africana is a multipurpose tree suitable for use in agroforestry systems. It has been considered to be vulnerable because of pressure put by wood exploitation but also because of poor regeneration of stands due to browsing animals or intensive lopping."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Babul (Acacia nilotica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "babool",
+        "babul",
+        "black piquant",
+        "egyptian acacia",
+        "gum arabic tree",
+        "indian gum arabic tree",
+        "kikar",
+        "prickly acacia",
+        "sant tree",
+        "thorn mimosa",
+        "thorny acacia"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "acacia de cayenne",
+        "gommier rouge"
+      ],
+      "description": "Babul ( Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile) is a medium sized, thorny, nearly evergreen tree that can reach a height of 20-25 m but may remain a shrub in poor growing conditions . The trunk is short, thick (1 m in diameter) and cylindrical, covered with grey bark. The crown may be flattened or rounded. The root system depends on the growing conditions and subspecies: a deep taproot in dry conditions and extensive lateral roots in flooded conditions. The leaves are 5-15 cm long, alternate and compound with 7 to 36 pairs of elliptical, 1.5-7 mm long x 0.5-2 mm broad, grey-green, hairy leaflets. Flowers are sweetly scented and bright to golden yellow in colour. The fruits are linear, flattened, narrow indehiscent pods, 4-22 cm long and 1-2 cm broad, dark-brown to grey in colour and glabrous or velvety. The pods contain 8 to 15 elliptical, flattened bean-shaped dark seeds . There are two groups of Acacia nilotica subspecies. The first group ( nilotica, tomentosa, cupressiformis , indica ) consists of tall riverine trees that grow in seasonally flooded areas. Their pods have a characteristic \"necklace\" shape with constrictions between the seeds. The second group ( adstringens , kraussiana , leiocarpa , subalata ) grows in drier areas and has straight-edged pods ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Black cutch (Senegalia catechu)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "black catechu",
+        "black cutch",
+        "cashoo",
+        "cutchtree",
+        "khair",
+        "wadalee gum"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "acacia à cachou",
+        "cachoutier"
+      ],
+      "description": "Black cutch ( Senegalia catechu P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb., formerly known as Acacia catechu (L.) Willd., Oliv.) is a moderate-sized deciduous tree native from Asia which is valued for the production of tannin (\"cutch\") extracted from its heartwood. Its branches are extensively lopped for fodder before leaf fall ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Black thorn (Acacia mellifera)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "black thorn",
+        "hook thorn",
+        "wait-a-bit"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The black thorn ( Acacia mellifera (M. Vahl) Benth.) is an African shrub or small tree growing to a height of 9 m. It has an extensive root system that explores large volumes of soils, allowing survival in dry areas. It has a tangled, balled-shaped or flat-topped canopy that may reach down to ground level. The branches bear pairs of black hooked thorns every 5 to 15 mm. The leaves are bipinnate with only 1-2 (-4) pairs of pinnae each bearing 1-2 (-3) pairs of ovate or obovate leaflets. Leaflets are 3.5-15 mm long x 2-12 mm broad. Initially green, black thorn leaves become glaucous with maturity. The flowers are fragrant, sweetly scented, 3-5 cm long and creamy white in colour, borne in dense hanging spikes. The fruits are straw coloured flat pods, 3-8 cm long x 1.5-2.5 cm wide, that contain three seeds. The tree lives less than 10 years ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Black-hooked acacia (Senegalia laeta)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "black-hooked acacia"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Black-hooked acacia ( Senegalia laeta (R.Br. ex Benth.) Seigler & Ebinger, formerly known as Acacia laeta R.Br. ex Benth.), is an evergreen shrub or tree found in dry climates in Africa. Its leaves and pods provide valuable fodder for livestock. It yields an edible gum, though of lower value than that of Senegalia senegal ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Flamboyant (Delonix regia)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "royal peacock"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "flamboyant"
+      ],
+      "description": "The flamboyant ( Delonix regia (Bojer) Raf.) is a perennial legume tree, grown in tropical and subtropical regions as an ornamental species because of its showy flowers. It is a valuable shade tree and the leaves and seed meal can be used to feed livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "aaron's rod",
+        "gliricidia",
+        "mexican lilac",
+        "mother of cocoa",
+        "nicaraguan cocoashade",
+        "quick stick",
+        "st. vincent plum",
+        "tree of iron"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. is a perennial, medium-sized (2-15 m high) legume tree. It is mostly deciduous during the dry season but is reported to remain evergreen in humid areas. Leaves are imparipinnate; leaflets (5-20) are ovate, 2-7 cm long x 1-3 cm broad. The bright pink to lilac flowers are arranged in clustered racemes. The fruits are dehiscent pods, 10-18 cm long and 2 cm broad, that contain 8 to 10 seeds."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Guanacaste (Enterolobium cyclocarpum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "earpod",
+        "elephant's ear",
+        "guanacaste",
+        "mexican walnut",
+        "monkey ear",
+        "monkeysoap",
+        "mulatto ear",
+        "pichwood"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bois tanniste rouge",
+        "caro",
+        "oreille d'éléphant",
+        "oreille de singe"
+      ],
+      "description": "Guanacaste ( Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb.) is a fast growing forage tree legume from tropical America. It is a multipurpose species that can be used to feed browsing livestock in its native range . Guanacaste has high nutritive value and moderate palatability . The seeds are edible and sometimes used as human food. Guanacaste is a promising species for agroforestry systems in humid areas ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Golden tree (Cassia fistula)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cassia stick tree",
+        "golden pipe tree",
+        "golden rain tree",
+        "golden shower tree",
+        "golden tree",
+        "indian laburnum",
+        "pudding-pipe tree",
+        "purging cassia",
+        "purging fistula"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bâton casse",
+        "canéficer",
+        "casse doux",
+        "casse espagnole",
+        "casse fistuleuse",
+        "cassie fistuleuse",
+        "cassier commun",
+        "cytise indien",
+        "douche d'or"
+      ],
+      "description": "The golden tree ( Cassia fistula L.) is a tropical and subtropical legume tree that is used as an ornamental, for fodder and for fuel and timber."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Gum arabic tree (Acacia senegal)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "gum acacia",
+        "gum arabic tree",
+        "kher",
+        "senegal gum",
+        "sudan gum arabic"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "acacia sénégal",
+        "acacia à gomme arabique",
+        "gommier blanc"
+      ],
+      "description": "The gum arabic tree ( Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. or Senegalia senegal (L.) Britton) is a legume tree from the dry tropics and subtropics. It is valued for the production of gum arabic, the only acacia gum evaluated as a safe food additive. The leaves and pods are browsed by livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "honey locust",
+        "sweet bean",
+        "sweet locust",
+        "thornless honey locust",
+        "three thorn acacia"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "carouge à miel",
+        "févier d'amérique",
+        "févier à trois épines",
+        "févier épineux",
+        "piquant amourette",
+        "épine du christ"
+      ],
+      "description": "The honey locust ( Gleditsia triacanthos L.) is a legume tree up to 25-45 m high. It is deciduous with a long leaf retention period. It has a deep taproot growing down 3-6 m deep and few lateral roots that make it suitable for agroforestry systems . In young plants, stems bear very large, flat thorns and the young trees form very dense thorny thickets . The older tree has an erect, short trunk, 50-90 cm in diameter, which is many branched and forms a large open and spreading crown . The branches are covered with clusters of large and flat thorns . The leaves are sparse, alternate, 15-20 cm long, pinnately compound, bearing bright green leaflets that are oblong, small (25-40 mm long x 15 mm broad) and sparse . The inflorescence is a fragrant, pending raceme, up to 7 cm long . The small and greenish-white flowers can be male (preponderant), female or hermaphrodite and are generally found on different branches of the same tree . Fruits are flat, curved, many seeded pods, 15-40 cm long, dark shining brown and leathery, that become twisted as they mature. The pods contain 0.5-1.5 cm long, smooth beanlike seeds embedded in a pulpy tissue . Pods mature during late summer and early autumn and are shed from the tree during winter without opening ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Huizache (Acacia farnesiana)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "huisache",
+        "mimosa bush",
+        "opopanax",
+        "popinac",
+        "sweet acacia"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "acacie odorante",
+        "cassie",
+        "cassie ancienne",
+        "cassier",
+        "mimosa de farnèse",
+        "mimosa doux"
+      ],
+      "description": "Huizache ( Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. or Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn.) is a tropical leguminous shrub native of Central and South America. It is fast-growing, showy, thorny, evergreen or almost evergreen. Huizache is a multipurpose species: it produces gum, its fragrant flowers are used to make perfumes and it can be cut to make forage for small ruminants. The shrub also hosts the lac insect and is attractive to bees."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "jumbay",
+        "leucaena",
+        "white leadtree",
+        "white popinac",
+        "wild tamarind"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bois bourro",
+        "cassie blanc",
+        "faux mimosa",
+        "faux-acacia",
+        "leucaene à têtes blanches"
+      ],
+      "description": "Leucaena ( Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) is a fast growing, evergreen, thornless shrub, reaching a height of 5 m (Hawaiian type) to 20 m (Hawaiian giant type) . Leucaena is a long-lived perennial legume (around 23 year half-life in difficult conditions in Australia). It has a deep taproot and is highly branched. Leaves are bipinnate, bearing numerous leaflets 8 mm to 16 mm long . The inflorescence is a cream coloured globular shape producing clusters of flat brown pods, 13 to 18 mm long containing 15-30 seeds. Flowering and fruiting occur throughout the year ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Lebbek (Albizia lebbeck)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "east indian walnut",
+        "flea tree",
+        "frywood",
+        "koko",
+        "lebbeck",
+        "lebbek tree",
+        "siris tree",
+        "woman's tongue tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Lebbek ( Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.) is a deciduous, perennial medium-sized legume tree. It reaches 3-15 m in plantations and up to 30 m in the open. Its dense shade-producing crown can be as large as 30 m in diameter. Leaves are bipinnate with 3-11 pairs of bright green, oblong leaflets, 1.5-6.5 cm long x 0.5-3.5 cm broad. Inflorescences are globular clusters of 15-40 white fragrant flowers. The fruits are 10-30 cm long x 3-6 cm broad, reddish-brown pods that contain 5-15 flat rounded, free moving seeds. They produce an incessant rattle in the wind, reminding women's chatter, hence the name \"women's tongue\" ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Manila tamarind (Pithecellobium dulce)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "blackbead",
+        "camachile",
+        "guayamochil",
+        "madras thorn",
+        "manila tamarind",
+        "sweet inga"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "pois sucré",
+        "tamarin d'inde",
+        "tamarin de manille"
+      ],
+      "description": "Manila tamarind ( Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.) is a small to medium-sized semi-evergreen leguminous tree, 5 to 20 m high . Manila tamarind is a fast growing tree that may reach a height of 10 m in 5-6 years in favourable conditions . Manila tamarind has a short, stout, greyish trunk (30-100 cm in diameter) that bears low irregular branches and forms a broad crown . The leaves are paripinnate with 4 leaflets (2.0-3.5 cm long x 1.0-1.5 cm wide). Small thorns (2.0-15.0 mm long) are inserted on each side of the leaf pedicels, though some varieties are thornless. While tree appears evergreen, the leaflets are deciduous and shed in succession. The inflorescences are axillary panicles which bear spherical glomerules (1 cm in diameter) of small, white-greenish, slightly flagrant flowers. Fruits are greenish-brown to red-pinkish, indehiscent pods. Pods are rather thin, 10-15 cm long x 1-2 cm wide, and set in a spiral of 1 to 3 whorls. The pods contain 10 seeds. The seeds are flattened, black and shiny (1 cm in diameter) ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Monkey thorn (Acacia galpinii)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "monkey thorn",
+        "monkeythorn"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The monkey thorn ( Acacia galpinii Burtt Davy) is a large deciduous tree of Southern and Eastern Africa. A fast growing, long-lived tree, with a maximum height of 30 m, Acacia galpinii is the largest South African acacia. The trunk is 2 m in diameter. The bark is whitish-yellow in young trees and darkens with maturity. The wide spreading branches form a rounded canopy . The branchlets bear pairs of hooked and blackish prickles up to 1 cm long just below the nodes . The leaves are alternate, bipinnately compound, bearing 7-14 pairs of pinnae, each with 12-35 pairs of small hairless leaflets (4-10 mm long x 1-3 mm wide). The inflorescences are borne in clustered spikes from October to January . The flowers are creamy white, with a reddish calyx. The fruits, which ripen between February and March, are 8-15 seeded dehiscent pods, straight, large, papery to woody, 8-20 cm long x 25 mm broad, reddish to purple in colour. The seeds are flattened and ovoid, 12-15 mm x 10-12 mm ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cashaw",
+        "ironwood",
+        "meskit",
+        "mesquite"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bayahonde",
+        "bayarone français"
+      ],
+      "description": "Mesquite ( Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC), one of the 44 species of Prosopis , is an evergreen leguminous tree, typical of arid and semi-arid regions, growing up to 10-15 m high. The crown is large and the canopy is open. Mesquite is a phreatophyte and has a deep taproot, growing downwards in search of water tables (down to 35 m depth), with well-developed lateral roots competing with grasses. The stems are green-brown, twisted and flexible. They have long and strong thorns (1.2-5 cm long), though some varieties are thornless. Leaves are pinnately compound with 13-25 pairs of leaflets arranged on 1 or sometimes 2 pairs of pendulous rachis. Leaflets are oblong (3-16 mm long x 1.5-3 mm broad) . Flowers are light greenish-yellow, arranged in cylindrical spikes 5-10 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. Fruits are flattened, curved, indehiscent pods (4 mm thick, 1-1.5 cm wide and 15-20 cm long) . Pods are straw-coloured and contain a fleshy and sugary mesocarp . The pods contain 10-20 seeds that are 2-8 mm long . There is a wide range of mesquite varieties."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Orfot (Vachellia oerfota)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "orfot"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Orfot ( Vachellia oerfota (Forssk.) Kyal. & Boatwr. , formerly Acacia oerfota (Forssk.) Schweinf.) is an important legume tree and browse species for goats and camels in the arid and semi-arid zones of the Eastern Sahel and East Africa, where it is commonly found with other acacias such as Acacia mellifera and Acacia laeta ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Poro (Erythrina poeppigiana)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "coraltree",
+        "immortelle tree",
+        "mountain immortelle",
+        "poro"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bois immortel",
+        "erythrine bucare",
+        "immortelle jaune"
+      ],
+      "description": "Poro ( Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F. Cook) is a tropical evergreen tree with conspicuous orange-red flowers. Poro is mainly used as a shade tree in coffee and cocoa plantations (hence the spanish name \"Madre de cacao\") where trees are usually kept pruned to 2-3 m. Poro foliage can be a valuable source of fodder for livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Shittimwood (Acacia seyal)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "red acacia",
+        "shittah tree",
+        "shittim",
+        "shittimwood",
+        "thirty thorn",
+        "whistling tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Shittimwood ( Acacia seyal Del.) is a deciduous, prickly, small to medium sized shrub or tree. It reaches a height of 17 m after 8-10 years . The trunk is 20-60 cm in diameter, covered by a rust-coloured powdery bark. Shittimwood has a thin, top-flattened crown, similar to that of Acacia tortilis . It may be sparsely branched and the branches are horizontal or ascending . Sharp straight spines occur on the branches and smaller, curved thorns are present near the tips of the branches . The epidermis of twigs becomes reddish and shed annually . The leaves are dark green, bipinnate with 3-7 pinnae which bear 11-20 pairs of leaflets. The leaflets are 3-8 mm long x 0.75-1 mm wide . Shittimwood bears clusters of bright yellow, fragrant-spicy scented or sweet smelling flowers that grow short lateral shoots on the current season . Shittimwood fruits are 6-10 seeded curved pods, 7-20 cm long, 0.5-0.9 cm broad and contain elliptic seeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Siamese senna (Senna siamea)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "thai copper pod",
+        "thailand shower",
+        "yellow cassia"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bois perdrix",
+        "cassia"
+      ],
+      "description": "Siamese senna ( Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby) is a medium-sized, fast-growing tree legume that is used as fodder and browse for ruminant livestock in tropical lowlands. Its fruits and pods are edible and its wood can be used for fuel or for making poles and furniture. Siamese senna provides many environmental services and is used as an ornamental."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sweet thorn (Acacia karroo)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cape gum",
+        "cape thorn tree",
+        "cockspur thorn",
+        "deo babool",
+        "karroo thorn",
+        "karrothorn",
+        "mimosa thorn",
+        "sweet thorn",
+        "white-thorn"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Sweet thorn ( Acacia karroo Hayne or Vachellia karroo (Hayne) Banfi & Galasso) is a very variable and very thorny tree species that is widespread in Africa and grows to a height of 5-12 m. It is a multipurpose tree providing food, feed, commercial products, and environmental services. Livestock and wild animals relish on its foliage, pods and seeds, which do not contain antinutritional factors."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Syrian mesquite (Prosopis farcta)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "syrian mesquite"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Syrian mesquite ( Prosopis farcta (Banks & Sol.) J. F. Macbr) is a woody perennial dwarf legume shrub, usually 0.4-1m high. However, in some situations, for example where weed control is absent, it can grow to 2-3 m, as tall as grape and citrus trees . Its well-developed root system and rhizomes can extend to a depth of 15-20 m into the soil. Its stems are erect and its slender branches have short prickles, similar to rose bushes. Leaves are bipinnately compound, with a 1.8-3.0 cm long rachis and 9-13 pairs of small leaflets. Small yellow flowers appear from May to August. On each raceme there are 1 or 2 oblong pods, which are dark brown when ripe. The mesocarp is pulpy ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Umbrella thorn (Acacia tortilis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "israeli babool",
+        "sejal",
+        "talha",
+        "umbrella thorn",
+        "umbrella thorn acacia"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "acacia faux gommier"
+      ],
+      "description": "Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne is a thorny legume tree, usually about 4-8 m high, but it can reach 20 m. The crown is dense, umbrella-like and flat-topped. Leaves are compound and the leaflets (6-22 pairs) are very small (1-4 mm long x 0.6-1 mm broad), glabrous to pubescent. Flowers are white, cream or yellow, and highly aromatic. Fruit is a characteristic twisted browny pod, hence the epithet “tortilis” . Pods and leaves are used as a fodder. Fruits are more nutritious if ground. Trees can survive heavy browsing. Acacia tortilis pods are also used as a famine food in eastern Africa."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "African baobab (Adansonia digitata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african baobab",
+        "baobab",
+        "cream of tartar tree",
+        "dead rat tree",
+        "monkey bread tree",
+        "upside-down tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "baobab africain",
+        "calebassier du sénégal",
+        "pain de singe"
+      ],
+      "description": "The African baobab ( Adansonia digitata L.) is one of the eight species of baobab ( Adansonia ) and the only one native to mainland Africa. Like other baobabs, the African baobab is a massive deciduous fruit tree, up to 20-30 m high, with a lifespan of several hundred years. Its swollen and often hollow trunk looks like a huge bottle and can be as broad as 3-7 m in diameter. It bears short, stout and tortuous branches and has a thin canopy. Baobab is strongly anchored in the soil by an extensive and strong root system that grows 2 m deep, and whose diameter may be higher than the tree height. The leaves are simple or digitally compound, dark-green on top, and borne at the end of a 16 cm-long petiole. The leaflets are between 5-15 cm long and 1.5-7 cm broad. The baobab shed its leaves during the early dry season and new leaves appear after flowering. The pentamerous flowers are white, large (20 cm in diameter and 25 cm long), and hang from stalks on pedicels up to 90 cm long. The fruit is a voluminous (35 cm long and 17 cm in diameter) ovoid capsule with a hard woody envelope containing a pulp and black seeds. Once ripe, the fruit envelope becomes brittle and the pulp takes on a chalky consistency. The tree starts producing fruits 8-10 years after planting but consistent production only occurs after 30 years ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Assyrian plum (Cordia myxa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "assyrian plum",
+        "clammy cherry",
+        "gonda",
+        "indian cherry",
+        "sapistan",
+        "sebesten plum",
+        "selu",
+        "sudan teak"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bois savon",
+        "sébestier"
+      ],
+      "description": "The Assyrian plum ( Cordia myxa L.) is a multipurpose, perennial, medium sized, deciduous tree that is particularly suited in arid and semi-arid areas. Its fruits are edible and used in many dishes and for pickles. The wood makes good fuel or ornamental work. In Southeast Asia, the leaves are used to feed livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "African birch (Anogeissus leiocarpa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african birch"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bouleau d’afrique"
+      ],
+      "description": "The African birch ( Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC.) Guill. & Perr.) is a slow growing evergreen shrub or small to medium-sized tree, reaching up to 15-30 m in height. The bark is grey to mottled pale and dark brown, scaly, flaking off in rectangular patches, fibrous and exuding a dark gum. Leaves are alternate to nearly opposite, simple and entire, covered in dense silky hair when young. Flowers are pentamerous, pale yellow and fragrant. Fruits are rounded samaras, 4-10 mm × 6-11 mm × 2-2.5 mm, with 2 wings, and with a yellowish to reddish brown colour. They contain one seed, enclosed horizontally in a dense cone-like fructification ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Axlewood (Anogeissus latifolia)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "axlewood",
+        "baklee",
+        "buttontree",
+        "chall",
+        "dhaura",
+        "dindiga-tree",
+        "ghattitree",
+        "gum-ghatti",
+        "kardhaie"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Axlewood ( Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. ex Bedd.) is a small to medium-sized tree up to 20-36 m tall, with a straight and cylindrical bole up to 80-100 cm in diameter. Its wide leaves (that give it the name latifolia ) are opposite or sub-opposite, simple with grayish-yellow or whitish hairs below. The fruit is a 2-winged pseudo-achene, packed into a dense head with a single seed ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Banj oak (Quercus leucotrichophora)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "banj oak",
+        "blackjack oak",
+        "himalayan oak",
+        "white oak"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "chêne de l'himalaya"
+      ],
+      "description": "The banj oak ( Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus) is an evergreen oak tree of Asia, and particularly of the Central Himalayas."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Barwood (Pterocarpus erinaceus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african kino",
+        "african rosewood",
+        "african teak",
+        "barwood",
+        "black camwood",
+        "gambian kino",
+        "keno",
+        "kosso",
+        "madobia",
+        "senegal rosewood",
+        "west african kino",
+        "west african rosewood"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "hérissé",
+        "kino de gambie",
+        "palissandre du sénégal",
+        "santal",
+        "santal rouge d’afrique",
+        "ven",
+        "vène"
+      ],
+      "description": "Barwood ( Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir.) is a tropical tree from West and Central Africa that has long been a major source of fodder and timber in its native range. In the late 20th century and early 21th century, the overexploitation of this slow-growing species and the reduction of its habitat by land conversion has led to the significant decline of its once large population. The tree has now disappeared in certain regions and was listed as an endangered species in 2018. The current rate of exploitation is considered unsustainable and threatens the survival of the species in the wild ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Bauhinia (Bauhinia thonningii)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "camel's foot",
+        "monkey bread",
+        "rhodesian bauhinia",
+        "wild bauhinia"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Bauhinia thonningii is a legume tree 4 to 15 m high, with a round crown. The leaves are glossy, bi-lobed, reticulated, 15-17 cm long. They look like camel's foot and account for the tree common names \"camel's foot\" or \"kameelspoor\" . The bark is rough and fissured, dark brown to black. It has deep roots. Flowers are unisexual, usually found on different trees, white to pink, pendulous and fragrant . The fruits are indehiscent pods, 26 cm x 7 cm, hairy when young and dropping their hairs as they mature."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Blue Japanese oak (Quercus glauca)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bamboo-leaved oak",
+        "blue japanese oak",
+        "glaucous-leaf oak",
+        "ring-cupped oak"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "chêne bleu du japon"
+      ],
+      "description": "Blue Japanese oak ( Quercus glauca Thunb .) is a medium-sized tree native of Asia used as fodder in Nepal and India."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Coral tree (Erythrina variegata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "china coral tree",
+        "coral tree",
+        "coraltree",
+        "indian coral tree",
+        "lenten tree",
+        "mottled-leaf dapdap",
+        "sunshine tree",
+        "tall erythrina",
+        "tall wiliwili",
+        "tiger claw"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arbre corail",
+        "arbre corail de l'inde",
+        "arbre corail à feuilles panachées",
+        "bois immortel",
+        "bois immortel vrai",
+        "erythrine",
+        "pignon d'inde"
+      ],
+      "description": "Coral tree (Erythrina variegata L.) is a spreading tropical and subtropical tree legume, renowned as an ornamental for its conspicuous red blossoms. In India, it is one of the most used forage tree legume used as fodder for small ruminants . It is often used as an hedgerow and windbreak."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "False brandy bush (Grewia bicolor)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bastard brandy bush",
+        "donkey berry",
+        "false brandy bush",
+        "two-coloured grewia",
+        "white raisin"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "greuvier",
+        "grévier bicolore",
+        "nogo blanc"
+      ],
+      "description": "False brandy bush ( Grewia bicolor A. Juss.) is a many-stemmed shrub that may reach 7 to 14 m high. The bark is dark grey, deeply fissured and scaly in older trees. The leaves are alternate, elliptic to lanceolate, 1.5-12 cm long x 1-6 cm broad and typically bicoloured: the upper surface is dull green while the lower one is silvery white . The flowers are pentamerous, yellow, 1.5 cm in diameter. The fruit is a 2-lobed drupe, sometimes hairy, orange to purple black in colour and with a hard woody endocarp ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Indian laurel (Litsea glutinosa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bolly beech",
+        "brown beech",
+        "brown bollygum",
+        "brown bollywood",
+        "indian laurel",
+        "soft bollygum"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "avocat marron",
+        "bois d'oiseau",
+        "litsée glutineuse"
+      ],
+      "description": "The Indian laurel ( Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C. B. Rob.) is an evergreen, or deciduous, tree that reaches a height of 3-15 m. It is a polymorphic species with leaves that are alternate and elliptical to oblong-elliptical, 3.5-10 × 1.5-11 cm, velvety (particularly when young) or glabrous. Umbels contain many small yellowish flowers, the males having 8-20 stamens. Flowering occurs between March and June and fruits appear in September-October. Fruits are round and about 8 mm or less in diameter. The tree is able to reproduce vegetatively, accounting for over half of the stems produced, mostly from root-suckers ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Knob wood (Zanthoxylum chalybeum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "knob wood",
+        "kundanyoka knobwood"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Knob wood ( Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. var. chalybeum ) is a spiny deciduous shrub or tree up to 12 m high, with a rounded but open crown. It has compound leaves consisting usually of 3 to 5 pairs of shiny leaflets plus a terminal leaflet, with a strong citrus smell when crushed. The trunk has characteristic large, conical, woody knobs with sharp thorns. The fruit is spherical, about 5 mm in diameter, reddish-brown, splitting to allow the shiny black seeds to protrude ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Live oak (Quercus virginiana)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "live oak",
+        "southern live oak",
+        "virginia live oak"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The live oak ( Quercus virginiana ) is a shrubby to large perennial tree up to 20 m high that can span 50 m. It is an evergreen or almost evergreen tree."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Mango (Mangifera indica) forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "mango"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "mangue",
+        "manguier"
+      ],
+      "description": "The mango tree ( Mangifera indica L.) is primarily cultivated for its edible fruit, which is one of the most important fruit crop . While not usually considered as a forage tree, the mango tree also provides forage for animal feeding."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Manicoba (Manihot sp.)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "ceara rubber tree",
+        "manicoba",
+        "maniçoba",
+        "tree cassava"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "caoutchouc de ceara"
+      ],
+      "description": "Manicoba ( Manihot carthagenensis subsp. glaziovii (Müll. Arg.) Allem and other Manihot species) is a wild relative of cassava growing in the semi-arid region of North-Eastern Brazil. Manicoba is a shrub or tree up to 6 m high, occasionally taller . Like cassava, it has a well-developed tuberous root system that provides resistance to drought . The manicoba tree was cultivated from 1845 to 1912 for its rubber-like sap (ceara rubber) and was introduced for this purpose into Africa and Asia, until better rubber sources were developed. The roots are rich in starch but they are hard and woody, and contain HCN. In Gabon and East Africa, they are only occasionally cooked as a vegetable and eaten in times of food scarcity . Today, manicoba species are usually grown for forage and are particularly valuable in semi-arid conditions. The pornunça is a natural cassava-manicoba hybrid that used to be cultivated for its roots and is now planted as a shade or ornamental plant. Manicoba leaves are fed fresh, dried (hay) or ensiled ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Moringa (Moringa oleifera)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "ben oil tree",
+        "benzoil tree",
+        "benzolive tree",
+        "drumstick tree",
+        "horse-radish tree",
+        "horseradish tree",
+        "moringa",
+        "west indian ben"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "ben ailée",
+        "ben oléifère",
+        "moringa ailée",
+        "pois quénique"
+      ],
+      "description": "Moringa ( Moringa oleifera Lam.) is a multipurpose tropical tree. It is mainly used for food and has numerous industrial, medicinal and agricultural uses, including animal feeding. Nutritious, fast-growing and drought-tolerant, this traditional plant was rediscovered in the 1990s and its cultivation has since become increasingly popular in Asia and Africa, where it is among the most economically valuable crops. It has been dubbed the \"miracle tree\" or \"tree of life\" by the media ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Red bush willow (Combretum apiculatum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bush willow",
+        "red bush willow",
+        "sabi willow"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Red bush willow ( Combretum apiculatum Sond.) is a deciduous, small to medium-sized tree reaching 10 m in height that is found in many savannah areas of tropical eastern Africa and of southern Africa. It is widely browsed by wild and domestic ruminants."
+    }
+  ],
+  "Legume seeds and by-products": [
+    {
+      "feed_name": "African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa & Parkia filicoidea)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african locust bean",
+        "fern leaf",
+        "monkey cutlass tree",
+        "two ball nitta-tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arbre à farine",
+        "caroubier africain",
+        "nerre",
+        "néré"
+      ],
+      "description": "African locust bean ( Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) G.Don and Parkia filicoidea Welw. ex Oliv.) is a multipurpose tree legume found in many African countries. The seeds, the fruit pulp and the leaves are used to prepare numerous foods and drinks, and to feed livestock and poultry."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african yam bean",
+        "yam-pea"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The African yam bean ( Sphenostylis stenocarpa (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Harms) is a perennial climbing bush, 1-3 m high, generally grown as an annual. Its leaves are trifoliate with oval leaflets (2.7 to 13 cm long and 0.2 to 5.5 cm broad). Sphenostylis stenocarpa is cultivated for its edible tubers, which look like elongated sweet potatoes, and for its seeds, which are contained in hard and tough, 20-30 long pods. It is mainly used as food but can be used to feed animals."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) haulms",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bambara bean",
+        "bambara groundnut",
+        "bambarra groundnut",
+        "congo earth pea",
+        "congo goober",
+        "congo groundnut",
+        "earth pea",
+        "ground bean",
+        "hog-peanut",
+        "kaffir pea",
+        "madagascar groundnut",
+        "njugo bean",
+        "stone groundnut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "pois bambara",
+        "voandzou"
+      ],
+      "description": "Bambara groundnut ( Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) is an annual, creeping leguminous plant, grown primarily for its edible seeds. In Africa, Bambara groundnut is the third eaten legume after groundnut and cowpea . Bambara groundnut cultivation results in crop residues (haulms) that can be used as fodder ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Black gram (Vigna mungo)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "black gram",
+        "black lentil",
+        "black matpe bean",
+        "mungo bean",
+        "urad bean",
+        "urd bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "ambérique",
+        "haricot urd"
+      ],
+      "description": "Black gram ( Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) is an erect, fast-growing annual, herbaceous legume reaching 30-100 cm in height. It has a well-developed taproot and its stems are diffusely branched from the base. Occasionally it has a twining habit and it is generally pubescent. The leaves are trifoliate with ovate leaflets, 4-10 cm long and 2-7 cm wide. The inflorescence is borne at the extremity of a long (up to 18 cm) peduncle and bears yellow, small, papilionaceous flowers. The fruit is a cylindrical, erect pod, 4-7 cm long x 0.5 cm broad. The pod is hairy and has a short hooked beak. It contains 4-10 ellipsoid black or mottled seeds . Many Vigna mungo cultivars exist, each one adapted to specific environmental conditions. Early maturing, disease resistant and easily cultivated cultivars have been obtained ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) pods, shells and offals",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bambara bean",
+        "bambara groundnut",
+        "congo earth pea",
+        "congo goober",
+        "congo groundnut",
+        "earth pea",
+        "ground bean",
+        "hog-peanut",
+        "kaffir pea",
+        "madagascar groundnut",
+        "njugo bean",
+        "stone groundnut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "pois bambara",
+        "pois de terre",
+        "voandzou"
+      ],
+      "description": "Bambara groundnut pods, shells and offal are the by-product of processing the seeds into flour for human consumption. The offal is produced after splitting the seeds in an attrition mill to remove the shells, winnowing to remove loosened testa and converting the cotyledons into fine flour by milling several times followed by sieving. In Nigeria, large amounts of offal are being discarded as wastes ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "asian pigeonwings",
+        "blue pea",
+        "butterfly pea",
+        "cordofan pea",
+        "kordofan pea"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "pois bleu"
+      ],
+      "description": "The butterfly pea ( Clitoria ternatea L.) is a vigorous, trailing, scrambling or climbing tropical legume. Its sparsely pubescent stems are sub-erect and woody at the base and may be up to 5 m long. They root only at the tips . The leaves are pinnate, bearing 5-7 elliptical, 3-5 cm long leaflets. The flowers are solitary or paired, deep blue or pure white, about 4 cm broad. The fruits are flat, linear, sparsely pubescent pods that dehisce violently at maturity and throw 8-10 dark and shiny seeds . There are numerous ecotypes, agro-types and cultivars that differ in flowers and leaflets . Many cultivars have been bred in Latin America, notably in Cuba and Mexico ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bean",
+        "bush bean",
+        "common bean",
+        "flageolet bean",
+        "french bean",
+        "garden bean",
+        "green bean",
+        "haricot bean",
+        "kidney bean",
+        "navy bean",
+        "pole bean",
+        "runner bean",
+        "snap bean",
+        "string bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "flageolet",
+        "haricot",
+        "haricot commun",
+        "haricot pain",
+        "haricot vert",
+        "haricot à couper"
+      ],
+      "description": "The common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a major grain legume consumed worldwide for its edible seeds and pods. It is a highly polymorphic warm-season, herbaceous annual. There are 2 plant types: erect herbaceous bushes, up to 20-60 cm high; and twining, climbing vines up to 2-5 m long . It has a taproot with many adventitious roots . The stems of bushy types are rather slender, pubescent and many-branched. In twinning types, the stems are prostrate for most of their length and rise toward the end . The leaves, borne on long green petioles, are green or purple in colour and trifoliate. Leaflets are 6-15 cm long and 3-11 cm broad. The inflorescences are axillary or terminal, 15-35 cm long racemes. The flowers are arranged in pairs or solitary along the rachis, white to purple and typically papillonaceous . Once pollinated, each flower gives rise to one pod. Pods are slender, green, yellow, black or purple in colour, sometimes striped. They can be cylindrical or flat, straight or curved, 1-1.5 cm wide and up to 20 cm in length . The pods may contain 4 to 12 seeds. The seeds are 0.5-2 cm long, kidney-shaped and highly variable in colour depending on the variety: white, red, green, tan, purple, gray or black."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Common vetch (Vicia sativa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "common vetch",
+        "garden vetch",
+        "tare",
+        "the vesce"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "vesce commune",
+        "vesce cultivée"
+      ],
+      "description": "The common vetch ( Vicia sativa L.) is an annual scrambling and climbing legume. It has a slender highly branched taproot that can go down to 1-1.5 m deep. Its stems are thin, angled, procumbent and branched, reaching up to 2 m. The leaves are compound with 3-8 pairs of opposite leaflets and 2-3 terminal tendrils that help climbing. The leaflets are elliptic or oblong, 1.5-3.5 cm long, 5-15 mm wide. Stems and leaves are mainly glabrous. The flowers, borne on leaf axils, are blue to purple, sometimes white, mostly paired, sometimes unique. Pods are cylindrical, 3.5-8 cm long and erect; with 4-12 round, but flattened, black to brownish seeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Carob (Ceratonia siliqua)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "carob",
+        "carob tree",
+        "locust bean",
+        "st john's bread"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "caroube",
+        "caroubier"
+      ],
+      "description": "The carob tree ( Ceratonia siliqua L.) is an evergreen shrub or tree cultivated in the Mediterranean area for its sugar-rich pods and gum-containing seeds. It reaches a height of 8-17 m in the wild but cultivated trees are smaller. It has a broad hemispherical crown, a thick trunk and sturdy branches . The carob tree has an extensive root system with a deep taproot and lateral roots. Its leaves are alternate, pinnate, with or without terminal leaflets, and 10-20 cm long. The dark green leaflets have a very thick epidermis containing large amounts of tannins . Each tree bears both female and male, or hermaphroditic, flowers (some cultivars may be completely hermaphroditic): plantations should comprise about 12% of pollinators (male or hermaphroditic trees) . The small and numerous flowers are borne in clusters that grow directly along the branches . The fruit is an indehiscent straight or curved pod, 10-30 cm long, 1.5-3.5 cm broad and 6-20 mm thick. The pods have a wrinkled surface that turns dark brown and leathery at maturation. They contain 5 to 18 hard brown seeds (10% of the pod weight) embedded in a sweet thick pulpy substance . The seeds, all being the same size, are used as weights in eastern Mediterranean countries: the word \"carat\" comes from qīrā ṭ (قيراط), the Arabic name of the seeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Centro (Centrosema molle)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "butterfly pea",
+        "centro",
+        "spurred butterfly pea"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "fleur languette",
+        "pois bâtard"
+      ],
+      "description": "Centro ( Centrosema molle Mart. ex Benth.) is a vigorous twining, trailing and climbing perennial legume. It has a deep root-system with tap roots and lateral roots. Leaves are dark green and trifoliate . Leaflets are ovate, 4 cm long x 3.5 cm broad. Flowers, borne in axillary racemes, are bright or pale lilac with violet stripes. Pods are linear, slightly twisted, 7.5 cm to 15 cm long and become dark brown when ripe. They contain up to 20 seeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bengal gram",
+        "chick pea",
+        "chickpea",
+        "egyptian bean",
+        "gram pea"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "pois chiche"
+      ],
+      "description": "The chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) is a major grain legume cultivated for its edible seeds in the Mediterranean Basin, Asia and Australia. The plant is quick-growing, branched, and reaches a height between 20 and 60 cm, even up to 1 m. It has a deep taproot, down to 2 m, and many lateral secondary roots exploring the upper layers (15-30 cm) of the soil. The stems are hairy, simple or branched, straight or bent. Leaves are 5 cm long with 10 to 20 sessile, ovate to elliptical leaflets. Chickpea flowers are white, pink to purplish or blue, typically papillonaceous and solitary. The pod is pubescent, inflated and oblong, with 2 or 3 seeds. The seeds are variable in size (5 to 10 mm in diameter), shape (spherical to angular) and colour (creamy-white to black) . Cicer arietinum is the only cultivated species among the 43 species of the Cicer genus. There are no less than 40,000 accessions in the world. Cultivated chickpeas are divided into 2 main groups, the Desi and the Kabuli groups. Desi seeds are small, darker coloured and smooth or wrinkled. Kabuli seeds are larger and cream-coloured. Kabuli seeds contain less fibre and cook faster than Desi seeds and are thus more desirable for food. Desi chickpeas are bushy plants with relatively small leaflets and flowers, with purplish anthocyanin pigments in their stems and blue-violet flowers, and are primarily grown in Southern Asia and Ethiopia. Kabuli types have erect growth and white flowers, and are grown in the Mediterranean region ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Faba bean (Vicia faba)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bell bean",
+        "broad bean",
+        "broadbean",
+        "english bean",
+        "faba bean",
+        "fava bean",
+        "field bean",
+        "horse bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "fève",
+        "féverole",
+        "féverolle",
+        "gourgane"
+      ],
+      "description": "Faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) is a legume crop grown primarily for its edible seeds (beans). Faba bean is a major legume seed consumed by humans worldwide. The seeds of some varieties are an important livestock feed. Faba bean is also grown for fodder."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Guanacaste (Enterolobium cyclocarpum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "earpod",
+        "elephant's ear",
+        "guanacaste",
+        "mexican walnut",
+        "monkey ear",
+        "monkeysoap",
+        "mulatto ear",
+        "pichwood"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bois tanniste rouge",
+        "caro",
+        "oreille d'éléphant",
+        "oreille de singe"
+      ],
+      "description": "Guanacaste ( Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb.) is a fast growing forage tree legume from tropical America. It is a multipurpose species that can be used to feed browsing livestock in its native range . Guanacaste has high nutritive value and moderate palatability . The seeds are edible and sometimes used as human food. Guanacaste is a promising species for agroforestry systems in humid areas ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) forage, seed and meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        ": calcutta lucerne",
+        "cluster bean",
+        "clusterbean",
+        "guar",
+        "plant",
+        "siam bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "cyamopse à quatre ailes"
+      ],
+      "description": "Guar ( Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) is an erect, bushy annual herbaceous legume up to 3 m high, with trifoliate leaves up to 10 cm long, and white or rose coloured flowers. The pods are straight, hairy, pale green, up to 12 cm long and contain 5 to 12 hard seeds (beans) each. However, the plant morphology is highly variable. Guar has a deep tap root system that can find moisture well below the soil surface ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "chickling pea",
+        "chickling vetch",
+        "dogtooth pea",
+        "grass pea",
+        "grass peavine",
+        "indian pea",
+        "riga pea",
+        "wedge peavine"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "gesse commune",
+        "gesse cultivée",
+        "lentille d'espagne",
+        "pois carré"
+      ],
+      "description": "Grass pea ( Lathyrus sativus L.) is a dual purpose annual legume grown for its seeds for human consumption, and fodder for livestock feeding. Grass pea is one of the preferred legume seeds in low fertility soils and arid areas because of its outstanding tolerance of dry or flooding conditions, but its contains a toxic component that may cause paralysis in humans and livestock if consumed in excessive amounts ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cardyne vetch",
+        "corbière hairy vetch",
+        "fodder vetch",
+        "hairy vetch",
+        "lana vetch",
+        "sand vetch",
+        "smooth vetch",
+        "thick-fruited vetch",
+        "winter vetch",
+        "woolly vetch",
+        "woolly-pod vetch"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "vesce bigarrée",
+        "vesce de cerdagne",
+        "vesce de russie",
+        "vesce variable",
+        "vesce variée",
+        "vesce velue",
+        "vesce à gousses velues"
+      ],
+      "description": "Hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth) is an annual or biannual viny legume with a woolly appearance due to long soft hairs borne on the stems and leaves . It remains green longer than the common vetch ( Vicia sativa ). It flowers and seeds late in the season and often survives the dry season, regenerating to almost full strength during the next rainy season ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "brazilian broad bean",
+        "chickasaro lima bean",
+        "horse gram",
+        "jack bean",
+        "one-eye-bean (west indies)",
+        "overlock bean",
+        "sword bean (australia)"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "fève jacques"
+      ],
+      "description": "Jack bean ( Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.) is a climbing perennial legume commonly cultivated as an annual. It grows up to 2 m high with 8-20 cm long trifoliate leaves and a strong root system. Flowers are pink, mauve or white with a red base. Pods are up to 36 cm long and contain 1-2 cm long, ellipsoid seeds. Pods and seeds are edible and used for food, the young pods being cooked as a vegetable. The whole plant, the pods and seeds are also used to feed animals."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Lablab (Lablab purpureus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bataw",
+        "bonavist bean",
+        "dolichos bean",
+        "egyptian kidney bean",
+        "field bean",
+        "hyacinth bean",
+        "lab-lab bean",
+        "lablab",
+        "lablab bean",
+        "pig-ears",
+        "poor man's bean",
+        "rongai dolichos",
+        "seim bean",
+        "tonga bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "dolique d'egypte",
+        "dolique lab-lab",
+        "lablab",
+        "pois antaque",
+        "pois boucoussou",
+        "pois de senteur",
+        "pois gervais",
+        "pois gerville",
+        "pois nourrice"
+      ],
+      "description": "Lablab ( Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet) is a summer-growing annual or occasionally short-lived perennial forage legume. It is a twining, climbing, trailing or upright herbaceous plant that can grow to a length of 3-6 m. It has a deep taproot and vigorous, glabrous or pubescent trailing stems. Lablab leaves are alternate and trifoliolate. The leaflets are rhomboid in shape, 7.5-15 cm long x 8-14 cm broad, acute at the apex. The upper surface is smooth while the underside has short hairs. Inflorescences are many-flowered racemes borne on elongated peduncles. The flowers are white to blue or purple in colour, about 1.5 cm long, typically papillonaceous in shape. Lablab fruits are linear, 4-15 cm long x 1-4 cm broad, smooth and beaked pods that contain between 2 and 8 seeds. Lablab seeds (beans) are ovoid, laterally compressed with a conspicuous linear hilum. Lablab beans are variable in colour, depending on variety or cultivar, usually white to dark brown, and some are black. Wild varieties and some cultivated varieties tend to have mottled seeds . Lablab purpureus is the only species of the Lablab genus. There are three subspecies:"
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "butter bean",
+        "java bean",
+        "lima bean",
+        "madagascar bean",
+        "sieva bean",
+        "sugar bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "haricot de lima",
+        "haricot du cap",
+        "pois du cap"
+      ],
+      "description": "Lima bean ( Phaseolus lunatus L.) is a tropical and subtropical legume cultivated for its edible seeds. There are wild and cultivated types of Phaseolus lunatus , generally referred to as Phaseolus lunatus var. silvester Baudet and Phaseolus lunatus var. Lunatus respectively. Lima bean is a herbaceous plant with two main types of growth habit. The perennial form is an indeterminate, vigorous, climbing and trailing plant, up to 2-6 m tall, with axillary flowering only. It has swollen and fleshy roots up to 2 m long. Annual lima bean is a pseudo-determinate, bushy plant, 0.3-0.9 m tall with both terminal and axillary flowering. It has thin roots . The stems may be up to 4.5-8 m long. The leaves are alternate and trifoliate with ovate leaflets, 3-19.5 cm long x 1-11 cm broad. Inflorescences are 15 cm long and bear 24 white or violet bisexual flowers. The fruits are 5-12 cm long, dehiscent pods with 2 to 4 seeds . Seeds are very variable in size, shape and colour. Cultivar groups have been distinguished according to seed differences ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Lentil (Lens culinaris)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "lentil",
+        "red dahl"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "lentille"
+      ],
+      "description": "Lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik.) is a legume mainly grown for its edible seeds . It is an annual, bushy and herbaceous plant that can reach 60-75 cm high. The stems are hairy, slender and many-branched. The leaves are pinnately compound, ending in a tendril or bristle. The 5 to 16 leaflets are opposite, oblong to elliptical, 3-20 mm long x 2-8 mm broad. The papilionaceous flowers vary in colour from white to purple and are borne on 2-5 cm long axillary racemes. The fruits are small, laterally compressed pods that contain two or three lens-shaped, grey, green, brownish, pale red or black seeds, the size of which depends on cultivar type and ranges from 2-9 mm x 2-3 mm . The lentil species Lens culinaris has one cultivated subspecies ( Lens culinaris Medik. subsp. culinaris ) and 3 wild subspecies ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "dew bean",
+        "dew gram",
+        "indian moth bean",
+        "kidney bean",
+        "mat bean",
+        "math",
+        "matki",
+        "moth",
+        "moth bean",
+        "turkish gram"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Moth bean ( Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal) is an annual herbaceous trailing legume native to South Asia used for food (seeds) and feed (forage) that has outstanding tolerance of dry conditions."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Mung bean (Vigna radiata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "celera bean",
+        "golden gram",
+        "green gram",
+        "jerusalem pea",
+        "moong bean",
+        "mung bean",
+        "mungbean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "ambérique verte",
+        "haricot mungo"
+      ],
+      "description": "The mung bean ( Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) is a legume cultivated for its edible seeds and sprouts across Asia. There are 3 subgroups of Vigna radiata : one is cultivated ( Vigna radiata subsp. radiata ), and two are wild ( Vigna radiata subsp. sublobata and Vigna radiata subsp. glabra ). The mung bean plant is an annual, erect or semi-erect, reaching a height of 0.15-1.25 m . It is slightly hairy with a well-developed root system. Wild types tend to be prostrate while cultivated types are more erect . The stems are many-branched, sometimes twining at the tips . The leaves are alternate, trifoliolate with elliptical to ovate leaflets, 5-18 cm long x 3-15 cm broad. The flowers (4-30) are papillonaceous, pale yellow or greenish in colour. The pods are long, cylindrical, hairy and pending. They contain 7 to 20 small, ellipsoid or cube-shaped seeds. The seeds are variable in colour: they are usually green, but can also be yellow, olive, brown, purplish brown or black, mottled and/or ridged. Seed colours and presence or absence of a rough layer are used to distinguish different types of mung bean . Cultivated types are generally green or golden and can be shiny or dull depending on the presence of a texture layer . Golden gram, which has yellow seeds, low seed yield and pods that shatter at maturity, is often grown for forage or green manure. Green gram has bright green seeds, is more prolific and ripens more uniformly, with a lower tendency for pods to shatter. In India, two other types of mung beans exist, one with black seeds and one with brown seeds . The mung bean resembles the black gram ( Vigna mungo (L.) ) with two main differences: the corolla of Vigna mungo is bright yellow while that of Vigna radiata is pale yellow; mung bean pods are pendulous whereas they are erect in black gram. Mung bean is slightly less hairy than black gram. Mung bean is sown on lighter soils than black gram ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Narbon vetch (Vicia narbonensis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "moor's pea",
+        "narbon bean",
+        "narbon vetch",
+        "narbonne vetch"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "vesce de narbonne"
+      ],
+      "description": "The Narbon vetch ( Vicia narbonensis L.) is an annual legume with thick, angular and erect pubescent stems that can grow without support up to 30-60 cm high . The root system is well developed. The leaves are bi-foliolate, born in pairs, with elliptic to ovate leaflets, 20-50 mm long x 20-30 mm broad. The flowers are papillonaceous, purple or white in colour, and borne in axillary racemes of up to 40 flowers. The fruit is a dehiscent pod containing several smooth seeds, often called Narbon beans, which are 5.5-6 mm wide and brown in colour ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Peanut forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "chinese nut",
+        "earthnut",
+        "goober pea",
+        "groundnut",
+        "peanut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arachide",
+        "cacahouète",
+        "cacahuète",
+        "pinotte",
+        "pois de terre"
+      ],
+      "description": "The peanut plant ( Arachis hypogaea L.) is grown mainly for its seeds, which are used either as food (snacks, peanut butter, etc.) or for their edible oil. After peanuts are harvested, aerial parts of the plant become available in large quantities and are used fresh or dried as a nutritious livestock feed in all peanut-producing countries."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Prickly sesban (Sesbania bispinosa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "canicha",
+        "prickly sesban",
+        "sesbania",
+        "spiny sesbania"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The prickly sesban ( Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W. F. Wight) is a fast-growing tropical annual legume shrub used for fodder in Asia, Africa, and Central America."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Purple vetch (Vicia benghalensis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "algerian vetch",
+        "purple vetch",
+        "reddish tufted vetch"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "vesce du bengale",
+        "vesce pourpre",
+        "vesce pourpre foncé"
+      ],
+      "description": "Purple vetch ( Vicia benghalensis L.) is a climbing herbaceous legume from the Mediterranean area commonly used as a cover crop and green manure or for fodder, hay and silage."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Rice bean (Vigna umbellata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "climbing mountain bean",
+        "mambi bean",
+        "oriental bean",
+        "red bean",
+        "rice bean",
+        "ricebean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "haricot riz"
+      ],
+      "description": "Rice bean ( Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & Ohashi) is a tropical to temperate grain legume primarily grown for food, especially in Asia. Rice bean seeds and vegetative parts are also used for fodder."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Soybean (general)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "haba soya",
+        "miracle bean",
+        "soja bean",
+        "soy",
+        "soya",
+        "soya bean",
+        "soybean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "haricot oléagineux",
+        "pois chinois",
+        "soja"
+      ],
+      "description": "The soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an erect leguminous plant, up to 1 m high. A fast growing herbaceous annual, it is native to Asia but currently grown worldwide. Its tap-root can extend to 2 m deep in good soil conditions, with secondary roots exploring the upper 15-20 cm of the soil. Roots bear nodules resulting from Bradyrhizobium japonicum infection (in most cases). Leaves are trifoliate and leaflets are oval to lanceolate, mostly broad in commercial cultivars . The papilionaceous flowers are white, pink, purple or bluish, with a 5 to 7 mm long corolla . Fruits are two or three-seeded pods containing yellow, rounded seeds with a hilum colour ranging from yellow to black ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Soybean forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "forage soybean",
+        "soybean forage",
+        "soybean hay",
+        "soybean straw"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "foin de soja",
+        "paille de soja",
+        "soja fourrager"
+      ],
+      "description": "Soybean ( Glycine max . L.) is a major legume crop grown for its protein- and oil-rich seeds but it also makes valuable forage for grazing, silage and hay."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sesban (Sesbania sesban)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "common sesban",
+        "egyptian rattle pod",
+        "egyptian river hemp",
+        "sesban"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Sesban ( Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.) is a fast-growing, perennial legume tree, reaching a height of up to 8 m. It has a shallow root system and its stems may reach 12 cm in diameter. Leaves are pinnately compound with 6 to 27 pairs of leaflets. Leaflets are linear oblong, 26 mm long x 5 mm broad. Inflorescences are 30 cm long racemes bearing 2 to 20 yellow flowers with purple or brown streaks. Fruits are linear or slightly curved pods up to 30 cm long. Pods contain 10 to 50 seeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Syrian mesquite (Prosopis farcta)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "syrian mesquite"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Syrian mesquite ( Prosopis farcta (Banks & Sol.) J. F. Macbr) is a woody perennial dwarf legume shrub, usually 0.4-1m high. However, in some situations, for example where weed control is absent, it can grow to 2-3 m, as tall as grape and citrus trees . Its well-developed root system and rhizomes can extend to a depth of 15-20 m into the soil. Its stems are erect and its slender branches have short prickles, similar to rose bushes. Leaves are bipinnately compound, with a 1.8-3.0 cm long rachis and 9-13 pairs of small leaflets. Small yellow flowers appear from May to August. On each raceme there are 1 or 2 oblong pods, which are dark brown when ripe. The mesocarp is pulpy ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "tamarind",
+        "tamarind tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "tamarinier"
+      ],
+      "description": "The tamarind ( Tamarindus indica L.) is a usually evergreen legume tree. It grows slowly, up to 25-30 m high, and can live as long as 200 years. Leaves are compound, divided in 10-18 opposite and oblong leaflets. Orange-yellow or pinkish flowers are grouped in racemes. Fruits occur 7-12 years after sowing. They are rusty-coloured pods, 10-18 cm long x 2 cm broad . The pods contain a sour pulp surrounding the seeds. They are edible and used in many culinary recipes around the world."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bengal bean",
+        "buffalobean",
+        "cowage",
+        "cowhage",
+        "cowitch",
+        "florida velvet bean",
+        "itchy bean",
+        "kapikachhu",
+        "krame",
+        "lacuna bean",
+        "lyon bean",
+        "mauritius velvet bean",
+        "pica-pica",
+        "velvet bean",
+        "yokohama velvet bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "dolic",
+        "haricot de floride",
+        "haricot de maurice",
+        "haricot pourpre",
+        "pois du bengale",
+        "pois mascate",
+        "pois velus"
+      ],
+      "description": "Velvet bean ( Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. utilis (Wall. ex Wight) Baker ex Burck) is a leguminous vine. It is annual or sometimes short-lived perennial. Velvet bean is vigorous, trailing or climbing, up to 6-18 m long . It has a taproot with numerous, 7-10 m long, lateral roots. The stems are slender and slightly pubescent . The leaves are generally slightly pubescent, alternate, trifoliolate with rhomboid ovate, 5-15 cm long x 3-12 cm broad, leaflets . The inflorescence is a drooping axillary raceme that bears many white to dark purple flowers. After flower pollination, velvet bean produces clusters of 10 to 14 pods. They are stout, curved, 10-12.5 cm long, with between two and six seeds, covered with greyish-white or orange hairs that may cause irritation to the skin . The velvet bean seeds are variable in colour, ranging from glossy black to white or brownish with black mottling. Seeds are oblong ellipsoid, 1.2 to 1.5 cm long, 1 cm broad and 0.5 cm thick ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus) seeds",
+      "english_names": [
+        "european yellow lupin",
+        "yellow lupin"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "lupin jaune"
+      ],
+      "description": "Yellow lupin ( Lupinus luteus L.) is one of the 200 species of lupins, a genus of multipurpose annual legumes grown throughout the world both for their seeds used in feed and food, and for forage. Lupin seeds can be an alternative to soybean in all livestock species due to their high content in good quality protein (in the 30-40% range). Lupins also contribute to the sustainability of cropping systems . The other main cultivated lupin species are the white lupin ( Lupinus albus ), the blue lupin (or narrow leaf lupin) ( Lupinus angustifolius ) and the pearl lupin ( Lupinus mutabilis ) . White and yellow lupin seeds provide higher protein than blue lupin seeds, which may be of importance when lupins are used to feed animals . Yellow lupin ( Lupinus luteus ) is mostly grown as fodder or green manure. However, in eastern Europe, it is increasingly cultivated for its seeds. As for white lupin there are sweet and bitter types of yellow lupin. Bitter types are mostly used for green manure ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) seeds",
+      "english_names": [
+        "blue lupine",
+        "european blue lupine",
+        "narrow-leaf lupin",
+        "narrow-leaved lupin",
+        "new zealand blue lupin",
+        "sweet lupinseed"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "lupin bleu",
+        "lupin petit bleu",
+        "lupin à feuilles étroites"
+      ],
+      "description": "Blue lupin ( Lupinus angustifolius L.) is one of the 200 species of lupins, a genus of multipurpose annual legumes grown throughout the world both for their seeds used in feed and food, and for forage. Lupin seeds can be an alternative to soybean in all livestock species due to their high content in good quality protein (in the 30-40% range). Lupins also contribute to the sustainability of cropping systems . The other main cultivated lupin species are the white lupin ( Lupinus albus ), the yellow lupin ( Lupinus luteus ) and the pearl lupin ( Lupinus mutabilis ) . Lupin ( Lupinus spp.) is the most important legume crop grown in Australia, and blue lupins represent 91% of total lupin cultivation area . In Australia, the bitter varieties that form blue flowers and have high alkaloid content are called \"blue lupin\" and are used as green manure. The sweet varieties of Lupinus angustifolius with low alkaloid content are known as \"narrow-leaf lupin\". Their seeds are harvested and fed raw or ensiled to livestock. Their stubbles are used as forage or as pasture (during late winter or early spring) for livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) seeds",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bambara bean",
+        "bambara groundnut",
+        "congo earth pea",
+        "congo goober",
+        "congo groundnut",
+        "earth pea",
+        "ground bean",
+        "hog-peanut",
+        "kaffir pea",
+        "madagascar groundnut",
+        "njugo bean",
+        "stone groundnut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "pois bambara",
+        "pois de terre",
+        "voandzou"
+      ],
+      "description": "The bambara groundnut ( Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) is an annual, creeping legume with glabrous, trifoliate leaves. It has a deep taproot surrounded by lateral profuse roots bearing N-fixing nodules. Flowers are presented as papilionaceous racemes. Once fertilized, the flower is drawn below the soil through a tunnel. Fruits are 2 or 3-seeded pods, 1.5 to 3 cm long, wrinkled and at first indehiscent. Seeds are round, smooth and very hard when dry . Average yields are 300-800 kg/ha, but can range from 100 kg/ha up to 4 t/ha."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds",
+      "english_names": [
+        "asparagus bean",
+        "black-eyed pea",
+        "catjang",
+        "catjang cowpea",
+        "chinese long bean",
+        "clay pea",
+        "cow-pea",
+        "cowpea",
+        "cream pea",
+        "crowder pea",
+        "pea bean",
+        "purple-hull pea",
+        "southern pea",
+        "sow pea",
+        "yard-long bean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "dolique asperge",
+        "dolique mongette",
+        "haricot asperge",
+        "haricot indigène",
+        "niébé",
+        "pois à vaches"
+      ],
+      "description": "Cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is one of the most popular grain legumes in Africa as well as in some regions of America and Asia. The main subspecies is Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata (L.) Walp. Cowpea is often called \"black-eyed pea\" due to its black- or brown-ringed hylum. Cowpea is called the \"hungry-season crop\" because it is the first crop to be harvested before the cereal crops . Its fresh or dried seeds, pods and leaves are commonly used as human food. Since they are highly valuable as food, cowpeas are only occasionally used to feed livestock but the hay and silage can be an important fodder. Cowpea has great flexibility in use: farmers can choose to harvest them for grains or to harvest forage for their livestock, depending on economical or climatological constraints . Dual-purpose varieties have been developed in order to provide both grain and fodder while suiting the different cropping systems encountered in Africa . Cowpea by-products such as cowpea seed waste and cowpea hulls (which result from the dehulling of the seeds for food) have been used to replace conventional feedstuffs in some developing countries ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Peanut seeds",
+      "english_names": [
+        "chinese nut",
+        "earthnut",
+        "goober",
+        "groundnut",
+        "peanut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The fruit (pod, nut) of the peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) is made of an external shell (or hull) (21-29%) and of the nut itself (79-71%), which consists of a thin hull (\"skin\", seed coat) (2-3%), the kernel (69-73%) and the germ (2.0-3.5%) . The term \"peanut\" may refer to the whole fruit (including the shell), to the kernel with its thin coat, or to the kernel without the thin coat. Peanuts are nutrient- and energy-rich products that are mainly used for food, but whole cull peanuts or decorticated peanuts are occasionally sold for feed. Like other peanut products, peanuts can be contaminated by aflatoxins and should be tested before being fed to livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Peanut skins",
+      "english_names": [
+        "chinese nut",
+        "earthnut",
+        "goober",
+        "groundnut",
+        "peanut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The fruit (pod, nut) of the peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) is made of an external shell (or hull) (21-29%) and of the nut itself (79-71%), which consists of the kernel (69-73%), the germ (2.0-3.5%) and of an enclosing thin hull (testa or seed coat) (2-3%), usually paper-like and coloured, more commonly referred to as the peanut skin . Peanut skins are a by-product of the blanching process, which consists of removing the skins using peelers, which have rollers covered with abrasive material allowing the removal of the skin. Blanching is often done in specialised plants and carried out to prepare peanuts for the manufacture of snack food, peanut butter and other peanut-based foods . Marketed peanut skins contain not only the actual skins but also some kernels, kernels fragments and germs . It should be noted that in francophone Africa this product is more accurately called peanut bran ( son d'arachide ) ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Pea seeds",
+      "english_names": [
+        "feed pea",
+        "field pea",
+        "pea",
+        "protein pea"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "pois",
+        "pois protéagineux"
+      ],
+      "description": "Peas (usually Pisum sativum L.) are one of the four most important legume crops next to soybean, groundnut, and beans. It is a particularly important legume grain in temperate areas with numerous food (dry seed, vegetable) and feed (seed, fodder) usages ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seeds",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cajan pea",
+        "no-eye pea",
+        "no-eyed pea",
+        "pigeon pea",
+        "tropical green pea"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "ambrevade",
+        "pois cajan",
+        "pois d'angole",
+        "pois-congo"
+      ],
+      "description": "Pigeon pea ( Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth) is one of the most common tropical and subtropical legumes cultivated for its edible seeds. Pigeon pea is fast growing, hardy, widely adaptable, and drought resistant . Because of its drought resistance it can be considered of the utmost importance for food security in regions where rainfall is unreliable and droughts are prone to occur ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Peanut hulls",
+      "english_names": [
+        "chinese nut",
+        "earthnut",
+        "goober",
+        "groundnut",
+        "peanut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The fruit (pod, nut) of the peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) consists of an external hull (or shell) (21-29%) surrounding the nut (79-71%) . Peanut hulls, not to be confounded with peanut skins (which are the thin paper-like seed coats enclosing the kernel), are a by-product of peanut processing. The shelling of peanuts is often the second operation (after cleaning) of peanut processing, as both the production of peanut oil and the production of peanut snacks, peanut butter and other peanut-based foods require kernels without hulls (except the production of in-shell peanuts). Peanut hulls usually consist of fragmented hulls with variable amounts of whole or broken kernels ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Peanut meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "chinese nut",
+        "earthnut",
+        "goober",
+        "groundnut",
+        "peanut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Peanut meal is the by-product obtained after the extraction of oil from peanut seeds (also called peanuts) ( Arachis hypogaea L.). It is a protein-rich ingredient that is widely used to feed all classes of livestock. Peanut meal is the sixth most common oil meal ingredient produced in the world after soybean meal, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, cottonseed meal and palm kernel meal . Peanut meal is generally considered as an excellent feed ingredient due to its high protein content, low fibre, high oil (for expeller meal) and relative absence of antinutritional factors. It is often the default high protein source in regions where soybean meal is too expensive or not available. However, aflatoxin contamination remains a serious issue, particularly for peanut meal produced from seeds grown in smallholder systems (see Potential constraints on the \"Nutritional aspects\" tab). After the aflatoxin crises in the 1960-1970s, exports to developed countries nearly stopped and the product is now mostly used in the countries of production ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Soybean seeds",
+      "english_names": [
+        "full-fat soybean",
+        "manchurian bean",
+        "miracle bean",
+        "soja bean",
+        "soy",
+        "soya",
+        "soya bean",
+        "soybean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "haricot oléagineux",
+        "pois chinois",
+        "soja",
+        "soja graine entière"
+      ],
+      "description": "Soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is the largest oilseed crop, with 276 million t produced in 2013, the main producers being the USA, Brazil, Argentina and China. The value of the crop is partly driven by the demand for soybean meal, which is the by-product of oil extraction, one of the major feed commodities and the main protein source in many animal diets . Whole soybean seeds, usually called soybeans or full-fat soybeans to differentiate them from soybean meal, are also used for animal feeding."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Soybean meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "soya bean meal",
+        "soyabean meal",
+        "soybean cake",
+        "soybean meal",
+        "soybean oil cake",
+        "soybean oil meal"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "tourteau de soja"
+      ],
+      "description": "Soybean meal is the most important protein source used to feed farm animals. It represents two-thirds of the total world output of protein feedstuffs, including all other major oil meals and fish meal . Its feeding value is unsurpassed by any other plant protein source and it is the standard to which other protein sources are compared . While it has been an accepted part of livestock and poultry diets in the USA since the mid-1930s , soybean feed production took off in the mid-1970s and then accelerated in the early 1990s due to a growing demand from developing countries. The expansion of aquaculture and prohibitions on the feed use of slaughterhouse by-products have also fueled the demand for this high-quality source of protein ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "White lupin (Lupinus albus) seeds",
+      "english_names": [
+        "egyptian lupin",
+        "lupin",
+        "lupine",
+        "white lupin",
+        "white lupine"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "lupin blanc"
+      ],
+      "description": "White lupin ( Lupinus albus L.) is one of the 200 species of lupins, a genus of multipurpose annual legumes grown throughout the world both for their seeds used in feed and food, and for forage. Lupin seeds can be an alternative to soybean in all livestock species due to their high content in good quality protein (in the 30-40% range). Lupins also contribute to the sustainability of cropping systems . The other main cultivated lupin species are the yellow lupin ( Lupinus luteus ), the blue lupin, or narrow leaf lupin ( Lupinus angustifolius ), and the pearl lupin ( Lupinus mutabilis ) . White and yellow lupin seeds provide higher protein than blue lupin seeds, which may be of importance when lupins are used to feed animals ."
+    }
+  ],
+  "Toxic plants": [
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Creeping indigo (Indigofera spicata and Indigofera hendecaphylla)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "creeping indigo",
+        "indigo",
+        "spicate indigo",
+        "trailing indigo"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Creeping indigo ( Indigofera spicata Forssk. and Indigofera hendecaphylla Jacq.) is a perennial legume grown in tropical and subtropical regions mostly as a cover crop and for green manure. Highly palatable and nutrient-rich, it was once considered as a potentially valuable fodder but the toxicity of certain varieties for all livestock species led to its abandonment. Creeping indigo is still used for pasture in East Africa."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Blue Japanese oak (Quercus glauca)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bamboo-leaved oak",
+        "blue japanese oak",
+        "glaucous-leaf oak",
+        "ring-cupped oak"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "chêne bleu du japon"
+      ],
+      "description": "Blue Japanese oak ( Quercus glauca Thunb .) is a medium-sized tree native of Asia used as fodder in Nepal and India."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bitter apple",
+        "colocynth",
+        "vine of sodom",
+        "wild gourd"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "coloquinte",
+        "coloquinte officinale"
+      ],
+      "description": "The colocynth ( Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.) is a member of the cucurbits family. It is a perennial trailing vine from the Mediterranean Basin and subtropical and tropical Asia that is able to grow in desert areas. It is mainly cultivated for its many ethnomedecinal and ethnoveterinary uses. Once cooked, the seeds become edible. They yield a considerable amount of oil, which makes colocynth a potential source of energy (biodiesel)."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bucknut",
+        "coffee berry",
+        "coffee bush",
+        "coffee nut",
+        "deer nut",
+        "goat nut",
+        "goatnut",
+        "gray box bush",
+        "jojoba",
+        "jojowi",
+        "lemon leaf",
+        "pig nut",
+        "quinine nut",
+        "quinine plant",
+        "wild hazel"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "jojoba"
+      ],
+      "description": "Jojoba ( Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C. K. Schneid.) is a shrub native to Northern Mexico and the South-Western USA, which has become a minor oil crop since the 1980s. Its seeds contain a liquid wax similar to spermwhale oil (spermaceti) in composition with properties that have numerous industrial uses."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Mahua (Madhuca longifolia)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "butter tree",
+        "honey tree",
+        "llupai",
+        "mahua",
+        "mahwa",
+        "mohwa",
+        "mohwra"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arbre à beurre",
+        "bassie",
+        "illipe",
+        "madhuca"
+      ],
+      "description": "Mahua ( Madhuca longifolia (L.) J. F. Macbr.) is a multipurpose tropical tree mainly cultivated or harvested in the wild in Southern Asia for its edible flowers and oil seeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Russian comfrey (Symphytum × uplandicum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "blue comfrey",
+        "quaker comfrey",
+        "russian comfrey"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "consoude d'upland",
+        "consoude panachée",
+        "consoude voyageuse"
+      ],
+      "description": "The Russian comfrey ( Symphytum × uplandicum Nyman) is a cultivated perennial herb reaching about 1 m high with large, lance-shaped hairy leaves, hairy stems and magenta-pink flowers . The root system of a well-established comfrey plant is fleshy and extensive. The plant can be harvested for both leaves and tubers ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Jatropha (Jatropha sp.) kernel meal and other jatropha products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "jatropha",
+        "nettlespurge",
+        "physic nut",
+        "pulza",
+        "purging nut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "médicinier",
+        "pignon d'inde",
+        "pourghère"
+      ],
+      "description": "Jatrophas are oil plants belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family. The Jatropha genus includes more than 175 species, among which Jatropha curcas L. and Jatropha platyphylla Müll. Arg. have drawn particular attention as potential biofuel and animal feed sources. Jatropha curcas has both toxic and non-toxic genotypes while Jatropha platyphylla is a non-toxic species ."
+    }
+  ],
+  "Oil plants and by-products": [
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Pinto peanut (Arachis pintoi)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "pinto peanut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arachide de pinto"
+      ],
+      "description": "Pinto peanut ( Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C. Greg.) is a perennial tropical legume useful for pasture, ground cover and as an ornament. Pinto peanut is a valuable forage, easy to establish, persistent, and combines well in mixtures under a wide range of climate and soil conditions, including heavy grazing ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Peanut forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "chinese nut",
+        "earthnut",
+        "goober pea",
+        "groundnut",
+        "peanut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arachide",
+        "cacahouète",
+        "cacahuète",
+        "pinotte",
+        "pois de terre"
+      ],
+      "description": "The peanut plant ( Arachis hypogaea L.) is grown mainly for its seeds, which are used either as food (snacks, peanut butter, etc.) or for their edible oil. After peanuts are harvested, aerial parts of the plant become available in large quantities and are used fresh or dried as a nutritious livestock feed in all peanut-producing countries."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Soybean (general)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "haba soya",
+        "miracle bean",
+        "soja bean",
+        "soy",
+        "soya",
+        "soya bean",
+        "soybean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "haricot oléagineux",
+        "pois chinois",
+        "soja"
+      ],
+      "description": "The soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an erect leguminous plant, up to 1 m high. A fast growing herbaceous annual, it is native to Asia but currently grown worldwide. Its tap-root can extend to 2 m deep in good soil conditions, with secondary roots exploring the upper 15-20 cm of the soil. Roots bear nodules resulting from Bradyrhizobium japonicum infection (in most cases). Leaves are trifoliate and leaflets are oval to lanceolate, mostly broad in commercial cultivars . The papilionaceous flowers are white, pink, purple or bluish, with a 5 to 7 mm long corolla . Fruits are two or three-seeded pods containing yellow, rounded seeds with a hilum colour ranging from yellow to black ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Soybean forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "forage soybean",
+        "soybean forage",
+        "soybean hay",
+        "soybean straw"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "foin de soja",
+        "paille de soja",
+        "soja fourrager"
+      ],
+      "description": "Soybean ( Glycine max . L.) is a major legume crop grown for its protein- and oil-rich seeds but it also makes valuable forage for grazing, silage and hay."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Moringa (Moringa oleifera)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "ben oil tree",
+        "benzoil tree",
+        "benzolive tree",
+        "drumstick tree",
+        "horse-radish tree",
+        "horseradish tree",
+        "moringa",
+        "west indian ben"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "ben ailée",
+        "ben oléifère",
+        "moringa ailée",
+        "pois quénique"
+      ],
+      "description": "Moringa ( Moringa oleifera Lam.) is a multipurpose tropical tree. It is mainly used for food and has numerous industrial, medicinal and agricultural uses, including animal feeding. Nutritious, fast-growing and drought-tolerant, this traditional plant was rediscovered in the 1990s and its cultivation has since become increasingly popular in Asia and Africa, where it is among the most economically valuable crops. It has been dubbed the \"miracle tree\" or \"tree of life\" by the media ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Argan (Argania spinosa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "argan",
+        "argan tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arganier"
+      ],
+      "description": "Argan ( Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) is a thorny tree from the arid and semi-arid regions of Morocco and Algeria. It is mainly cultivated for its oil and it is an important fodder tree in Morocco, particularly for goats. The fruit pulp and the oil extraction by-products are also fed to livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) nuts and by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cashew",
+        "cashew nut tree",
+        "cashew tree",
+        "cashewnut tree",
+        "tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "anacardier",
+        "baume cajou",
+        "cajou",
+        "noix de cajou",
+        "pomme cajou",
+        "pomme de cajou",
+        "pulpe de pomme cajou"
+      ],
+      "description": "The cashew tree ( Anacardium occidentale L.) is a medium-sized tropical tree usually cultivated for its fruit (cashew nut) and pseudofruit (cashew apple). It is also a multipurpose species that provides a broad range of services. About 30-40% cashew kernels are discarded during the process of roasting and are then fed to livestock ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bucknut",
+        "coffee berry",
+        "coffee bush",
+        "coffee nut",
+        "deer nut",
+        "goat nut",
+        "goatnut",
+        "gray box bush",
+        "jojoba",
+        "jojowi",
+        "lemon leaf",
+        "pig nut",
+        "quinine nut",
+        "quinine plant",
+        "wild hazel"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "jojoba"
+      ],
+      "description": "Jojoba ( Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C. K. Schneid.) is a shrub native to Northern Mexico and the South-Western USA, which has become a minor oil crop since the 1980s. Its seeds contain a liquid wax similar to spermwhale oil (spermaceti) in composition with properties that have numerous industrial uses."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Luffa (Luffa aegyptiaca)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "dishrag gourd",
+        "egyptian cucumber",
+        "loofah",
+        "lufah",
+        "luffa",
+        "rag gourd",
+        "smooth luffa",
+        "sponge gourd",
+        "vegetable-sponge",
+        "vietnamese gourd",
+        "vietnamese luffa"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "courge torchon",
+        "courge éponge",
+        "liane torchon",
+        "luffa",
+        "pétole",
+        "éponge végétale"
+      ],
+      "description": "Luffa ( Luffa aegyptiaca Mill.) is a plant from the cucumber family, mainly grown for fibre production."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Mahua (Madhuca longifolia)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "butter tree",
+        "honey tree",
+        "llupai",
+        "mahua",
+        "mahwa",
+        "mohwa",
+        "mohwra"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arbre à beurre",
+        "bassie",
+        "illipe",
+        "madhuca"
+      ],
+      "description": "Mahua ( Madhuca longifolia (L.) J. F. Macbr.) is a multipurpose tropical tree mainly cultivated or harvested in the wild in Southern Asia for its edible flowers and oil seeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Neem (Azadirachta indica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "indian lilac",
+        "margosa",
+        "neem",
+        "neem tree",
+        "nimtree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "margosier",
+        "margousier",
+        "neem"
+      ],
+      "description": "Neem ( Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) is a multipurpose tree that is highly popular in India, where it provides food and insecticide, and is used for its great number of ethnomedicinal properties. Neem leaves and the oil cake resulting from oil extraction can be used for livestock feeding, but the raw cake is poorly palatable, toxic and requires processing."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sal (Shorea robusta) seeds and oil meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "sakhua",
+        "sal",
+        "sal tree",
+        "shala tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "dammar de l'inde",
+        "sal",
+        "sâla"
+      ],
+      "description": "The sal tree ( Shorea robusta C. F. Gaertn.) is a hardwood timber tree, up to 30-35 m tall. The crown is spreading and spherical. Leaves are 20 cm long, simple, shiny and glabrous, delicate green, broadly oval at the base. Fruits are 1-1.5 cm large and ovoid ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sunflower (general)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "common sunflower",
+        "sunflower"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "tournesol"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) is the 5 th most important oilseed crop in the world and accounts for 8% of oilseed world production , with 32.3 million tons for the 2010/2011 harvest ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Maize germ meal and maize germ",
+      "english_names": [
+        "corn germ oil cake",
+        "corn germ oil meal",
+        "corn oil cake",
+        "corn oil meal",
+        "maize germ cake",
+        "maize germ meal",
+        "maize germ oil cake",
+        "maize germ oil meal",
+        "maize oil cake",
+        "maize oil meal",
+        "spent germs"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "germes de maïs",
+        "tourteau de germes de maïs"
+      ],
+      "description": "Maize germ meal (corn germ meal) is the by-product of oil extraction from maize germs obtained from maize processing. It is a product of moderate to good nutritive value suitable for all classes of livestock but its composition is highly variable."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Peanut seeds",
+      "english_names": [
+        "chinese nut",
+        "earthnut",
+        "goober",
+        "groundnut",
+        "peanut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The fruit (pod, nut) of the peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) is made of an external shell (or hull) (21-29%) and of the nut itself (79-71%), which consists of a thin hull (\"skin\", seed coat) (2-3%), the kernel (69-73%) and the germ (2.0-3.5%) . The term \"peanut\" may refer to the whole fruit (including the shell), to the kernel with its thin coat, or to the kernel without the thin coat. Peanuts are nutrient- and energy-rich products that are mainly used for food, but whole cull peanuts or decorticated peanuts are occasionally sold for feed. Like other peanut products, peanuts can be contaminated by aflatoxins and should be tested before being fed to livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Peanut skins",
+      "english_names": [
+        "chinese nut",
+        "earthnut",
+        "goober",
+        "groundnut",
+        "peanut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The fruit (pod, nut) of the peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) is made of an external shell (or hull) (21-29%) and of the nut itself (79-71%), which consists of the kernel (69-73%), the germ (2.0-3.5%) and of an enclosing thin hull (testa or seed coat) (2-3%), usually paper-like and coloured, more commonly referred to as the peanut skin . Peanut skins are a by-product of the blanching process, which consists of removing the skins using peelers, which have rollers covered with abrasive material allowing the removal of the skin. Blanching is often done in specialised plants and carried out to prepare peanuts for the manufacture of snack food, peanut butter and other peanut-based foods . Marketed peanut skins contain not only the actual skins but also some kernels, kernels fragments and germs . It should be noted that in francophone Africa this product is more accurately called peanut bran ( son d'arachide ) ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Peanut hulls",
+      "english_names": [
+        "chinese nut",
+        "earthnut",
+        "goober",
+        "groundnut",
+        "peanut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The fruit (pod, nut) of the peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) consists of an external hull (or shell) (21-29%) surrounding the nut (79-71%) . Peanut hulls, not to be confounded with peanut skins (which are the thin paper-like seed coats enclosing the kernel), are a by-product of peanut processing. The shelling of peanuts is often the second operation (after cleaning) of peanut processing, as both the production of peanut oil and the production of peanut snacks, peanut butter and other peanut-based foods require kernels without hulls (except the production of in-shell peanuts). Peanut hulls usually consist of fragmented hulls with variable amounts of whole or broken kernels ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Peanut meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "chinese nut",
+        "earthnut",
+        "goober",
+        "groundnut",
+        "peanut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Peanut meal is the by-product obtained after the extraction of oil from peanut seeds (also called peanuts) ( Arachis hypogaea L.). It is a protein-rich ingredient that is widely used to feed all classes of livestock. Peanut meal is the sixth most common oil meal ingredient produced in the world after soybean meal, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, cottonseed meal and palm kernel meal . Peanut meal is generally considered as an excellent feed ingredient due to its high protein content, low fibre, high oil (for expeller meal) and relative absence of antinutritional factors. It is often the default high protein source in regions where soybean meal is too expensive or not available. However, aflatoxin contamination remains a serious issue, particularly for peanut meal produced from seeds grown in smallholder systems (see Potential constraints on the \"Nutritional aspects\" tab). After the aflatoxin crises in the 1960-1970s, exports to developed countries nearly stopped and the product is now mostly used in the countries of production ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Soybean seeds",
+      "english_names": [
+        "full-fat soybean",
+        "manchurian bean",
+        "miracle bean",
+        "soja bean",
+        "soy",
+        "soya",
+        "soya bean",
+        "soybean"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "haricot oléagineux",
+        "pois chinois",
+        "soja",
+        "soja graine entière"
+      ],
+      "description": "Soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is the largest oilseed crop, with 276 million t produced in 2013, the main producers being the USA, Brazil, Argentina and China. The value of the crop is partly driven by the demand for soybean meal, which is the by-product of oil extraction, one of the major feed commodities and the main protein source in many animal diets . Whole soybean seeds, usually called soybeans or full-fat soybeans to differentiate them from soybean meal, are also used for animal feeding."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Soybean meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "soya bean meal",
+        "soyabean meal",
+        "soybean cake",
+        "soybean meal",
+        "soybean oil cake",
+        "soybean oil meal"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "tourteau de soja"
+      ],
+      "description": "Soybean meal is the most important protein source used to feed farm animals. It represents two-thirds of the total world output of protein feedstuffs, including all other major oil meals and fish meal . Its feeding value is unsurpassed by any other plant protein source and it is the standard to which other protein sources are compared . While it has been an accepted part of livestock and poultry diets in the USA since the mid-1930s , soybean feed production took off in the mid-1970s and then accelerated in the early 1990s due to a growing demand from developing countries. The expansion of aquaculture and prohibitions on the feed use of slaughterhouse by-products have also fueled the demand for this high-quality source of protein ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Almond hulls and almond by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "almond",
+        "bitter almond",
+        "sweet almond (tree)"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The almond tree ( Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb) is cultivated worldwide for its valuable edible seed kernels which are highly priced for their numerous culinary uses. Almond kernels are consumed raw, cooked or dry-roasted, sliced, ground or whole, blanched (without the skin) or unblanched (with the skin). They are extensively used in bakery and confectionery, and as an ingredient in manufactured food products due to their physico-chemical, nutritional, and sensorial features. They can be candied or used to make \"turron\" and other delicacies. Soaking ground kernels in water yields almond milk, a traditional product which is consumed as a substitute for cow milk by people who are lactose-intolerant, have milk allergies or want to avoid dairy products. The kernels are rich in oil which is extracted to be used for culinary and industrial purposes, notably cosmetics."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Babassu (Attalea speciosa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "babassu",
+        "babassu palm"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "babassou"
+      ],
+      "description": "Babassu ( Attalea speciosa Mart. ex Spreng.) is an erect perennial evergreen palm, reaching up a height of 15 to 30 m. The trunk is slender, ringed with leaf scars, 20-50 cm in diameter. A dense rounded crown, 8 m in diameter, is formed by 15-20 huge leaves up to 9 m long. Attalea speciosa bears 2-4 inflorescences of whitish or yellowish flowers. Bunches are 1 m long, weigh 40-90 kg and bear 250 to 600 fruits twice a year. The fruits are oblong nuts (8-15 cm long x 5-9 cm broad) containing 3-8 kernels surrounded by fleshy pulp and a hard woody shell, similar to the coconut shell."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Borneo tallow nut (Shorea stenoptera) oil meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "borneo tallow nut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "illipé de bornéo"
+      ],
+      "description": "Borneo tallow nut oil cake is the product resulting from the oil extraction of the fruit of Shorea stenoptera , a tropical tree from Indonesia and Malaysia."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Camelina (Camelina sativa) seeds and oil meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "big seed false flax",
+        "camelina",
+        "dutch flax",
+        "false flax",
+        "german sesame",
+        "gold-of-pleasure",
+        "large seeded false flax",
+        "linseed dodder",
+        "western false flax",
+        "wild flax"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "caméline ciliée",
+        "caméline cultivée",
+        "caméline de l’ouest",
+        "caméline faux-lin",
+        "faux-lin",
+        "faux-lin de l’ouest",
+        "lin bâtard",
+        "petit lin",
+        "sésame bâtard",
+        "sésame d’allemagne"
+      ],
+      "description": "Camelina ( Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) is an ancient oil and food crop with current potential for biodiesel production and animal feeding."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cotton (general)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cotton"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Cotton is a multipurpose crop cultivated for its highly valuable textile fibre (lint). Textiles made of cotton lint are strong, comfortable, washable and printable . Cotton has been domesticated for this purpose since ancient times in both hemispheres, and in both Old and New Worlds . The name cotton comes from the Arabic word qutn قطن, which refers to species that produce fibres on their seed coats that can be spun . Cotton is the most important textile fibre crop in the world . Another important cotton product is cottonseed oil, which dominated the U.S. and world edible oil markets until just before World War II, when it was displaced by soybean oil . Cotton is still the fourth most important oil crop in the world, after soybean, rapeseed and oil palm . Cultivated Gossypium species encompass hundreds of varieties, including genetically modified cultivars ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Castor bean (Ricinus communis) seeds, oil meal and by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "castor bean",
+        "castor oil plant",
+        "castor plant",
+        "castor-oil plant",
+        "palma christi"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "ricin commun"
+      ],
+      "description": "The castor plant ( Ricinus communis L.), also called castor bean plant or castor oil plant, is a shrub or small tree cultivated in tropical and temperate regions for its seeds rich in an oil valued for its many industrial applications: lubricants (the Castrol automotive lubricant is a contraction of \"castor oil\"), hydraulic fluids, paints, coatings, inks, cold resistant plastics, waxes and polishes, nylon, pharmaceuticals, emollients, perfumes, etc. . Castor oil was used for lighting (though the smell is unpleasant), and in medicine as a purge or to treat sores. The castor plant is also an energy crop used to produce biodiesel ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Copra meal and coconut by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "coconut cake",
+        "coconut meal",
+        "copra cake",
+        "copra meal",
+        "expeller copra cake",
+        "expeller copra meal"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "tourteau de copra"
+      ],
+      "description": "Copra meal, or coconut meal, is an important feed ingredient and the by-product of the oil extraction from dried coconut kernels (copra)."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Crambe (Crambe abyssinica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "abyssinian cabbage",
+        "abyssinian kale",
+        "colewort"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "chou d'abyssinie",
+        "crambe",
+        "crambe d'abyssinie"
+      ],
+      "description": "Crambe ( Crambe abyssinica Hochst. ex R. E. Fr.) is a cruciferous oil plant that can be grown as a winter or spring crop . It has low cultivation costs and can be mechanically harvested . Crambe is mainly grown for its oil and oil products that have many industrial applications. It is a source of protein isolates, and is used as an additive to waxes . Erucamide, a substance yielded from the oil, is a high value product for the cosmetic industry. Crambe meal can be used as a protein source for ruminants. However, crambe oil contains glucosinolates and erucic acid, which are potentially toxic and limit the use of crambe products and by-products in monogastric animals."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Grape seeds and grape seed oil meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "defatted grape seeds",
+        "defatted grapeseeds",
+        "grape seed meal",
+        "grape seed oil cake",
+        "grape seed oil meal",
+        "grape seeds",
+        "grapeseed meal",
+        "grapeseeds"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "farine de pépins de raisin",
+        "pépins de raisin",
+        "tourteau de pépins de raisin"
+      ],
+      "description": "Grape seeds are a by-product of the pressing of grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) berries for making wine or grape juice. Grape seed oil meal is the by-product of oil extraction from grape seeds. Grape seeds and grape seed oil meal are fibrous, tannin-rich by-products of limited nutritional value, even for ruminant livestock. Since the year 2000, these products have received renewed interest due to their potential as sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids and beneficial antioxidants."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Hemp (Cannabis sativa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cannabis",
+        "ganja",
+        "hashish",
+        "hemp",
+        "indian hemp",
+        "marihuana",
+        "marijuana"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "chanvre",
+        "chanvre agricole",
+        "chanvre indien",
+        "chanvre industriel",
+        "chanvre textile",
+        "chènevis"
+      ],
+      "description": "Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) is an annual erect herb up to 3 m (or more) tall. It has palmately compound leaves with 5-11 leaflets (usually 7-9). \"Sativa\" varieties are taller than the bushier \"Indica\" varieties. All varieties belong to two main types:"
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Jatropha (Jatropha sp.) kernel meal and other jatropha products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "jatropha",
+        "nettlespurge",
+        "physic nut",
+        "pulza",
+        "purging nut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "médicinier",
+        "pignon d'inde",
+        "pourghère"
+      ],
+      "description": "Jatrophas are oil plants belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family. The Jatropha genus includes more than 175 species, among which Jatropha curcas L. and Jatropha platyphylla Müll. Arg. have drawn particular attention as potential biofuel and animal feed sources. Jatropha curcas has both toxic and non-toxic genotypes while Jatropha platyphylla is a non-toxic species ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Kapok (Ceiba pentandra)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "capoc",
+        "ceiba",
+        "java cotton",
+        "java kapok",
+        "kapok",
+        "kapok tree",
+        "silk cotton tree",
+        "white silk-cotton tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bois coton",
+        "fromager",
+        "kapokier"
+      ],
+      "description": "Kapok ( Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.) is a large deciduous tree, best known for the fibre produced by its fruit. It usually reaches a height of about 30-40 m but some varieties such as caribaea can reach 70 m . Kapok has a broad straight trunk and almost horizontally spreading branches. Trunk and branches are supported by prickly buttresses at the base . Some varieties are covered with rounded spines . The leaves are compound (5 to 8 leaflets) . Kapok produces large quantities of clustered flowers, yellowish white to rose, silky and densely hairy on the outer surface . The fruit is a long (10-30 cm) capsule hanging from branches and contains 120-175 rounded dark brown to black seeds embedded in a mass of grey woolly hairs (floss) . Kapok is a fast growing tree and becomes productive within 4 to 5 years. Yields increase for about 8 years and its economical lifespan is about 60 years . A tree under optimal conditions may yield 330-400 fruits per year, giving 15-18 kg fibre and about 30 kg seeds. A satisfactory fibre yield is about 450 kg/ha and a very good yield is about 700 kg/ha ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Karanja (Millettia pinnata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "indian beech",
+        "indian pongamia",
+        "karanj",
+        "karanja",
+        "pongam",
+        "pongamia",
+        "pongamia tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arbre de pongolote"
+      ],
+      "description": "Karanja ( Millettia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi) is a fast-growing, multipurpose tree of the humid tropic. It is one of the few N-fixing trees that produce oilseeds . With the increasing production of oil for biofuel, large amounts of oil cake are available for livestock feeding. \"Karanja\" is the popular name of Millettia pinnata in Hindi while it is called \"pongam\" in tamil ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Linseed meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "flax meal",
+        "flaxseed meal",
+        "linseed cake",
+        "linseed meal",
+        "linseed oil cake",
+        "linseed oil meal"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "tourteau de lin"
+      ],
+      "description": "Linseed meal is the by-product of oil production from linseeds ( Linum usitatissimum L.). Linseeds are primarily used for the production of linseed oil, which is used in paints and in other industries, such as the manufacture of linoleum. Linseeds and linseed meal have attracted considerable attention since the 1990s due to the presence in the oil of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), notably alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, an omega-3 fatty acid) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Supplying these fatty acids to the diets of livestock is being used to alter the fatty acid profile of meat, milk and eggs in order to provide health benefits to human consumers. Other benefits include laxative properties and positive effects on the appearance of skin and hair . Linseeds and linseed oil contain large amount of lignans, which act in mammalians as phytoestrogens and have anti-carcinogenic properties ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Linseeds",
+      "english_names": [
+        "flax seeds",
+        "flaxseeds",
+        "linseed seeds",
+        "linseeds"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "graines de lin"
+      ],
+      "description": "Linseeds are the seeds of the flax plant ( Linum usitatissimum L.). Flax is grown for its oil or its fibre, depending on the variety, and linseeds usually come from flax varieties intended for oil production. Linseeds are rich in oil and protein and are suitable for livestock, particularly as a source of polyunsaturated and omega-3 fatty acids."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "hawaii nut",
+        "macadamia",
+        "macadamia nut",
+        "queensland nut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "noix de possum",
+        "noix du queensland"
+      ],
+      "description": "The macadamia tree ( Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche, Macadamia ternifolia F. Muell. and Macadamia tetraphylla L.A.S. Johnson) is a tropical and subtropical tree valued for its edible oily nuts (kernels). Culled macadamia nuts, nuts husks and macadamia oil cake resulting from the oil extraction of nuts can be used as animal feeds."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Marula (Sclerocarya birrea)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cider tree",
+        "marula"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "marula",
+        "prunier d'afrique"
+      ],
+      "description": "Marula ( Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst.) is a multipurpose deciduous African tree that produces prized juicy fruits, seeds rich in oil and protein. Marula is well known for its multiple potential uses, including animal feeding, and it could be valuable in agroforestry systems. However, as of 2021, the tree is not widely cultivated and remains underutilized."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Niger (Guizotia abyssinica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "niger",
+        "nigerseed"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "guizotia oléifère",
+        "noug",
+        "tourteau de niger",
+        "tourteau de noug",
+        "tourteau de nyger"
+      ],
+      "description": "Niger ( Guizotia abyssinica (L. f.) Cass.) is an oilseed crop cultivated in Ethiopia and India for its edible oil. Niger seeds yield niger oil and niger oil cake. Niger oil cake is a feed rich in protein, oil and fibre, free from any toxic substance and suited to all classes of livestock that can digest fibrous feeds."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Olive oil cake and by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "olive",
+        "olive tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "olivier"
+      ],
+      "description": "Olive oil extraction generates several by-products that can be used to feed animals, particularly the cakes and pomaces obtained from the extraction process, and leaves and other residues resulting from the cleaning operations. The young shoots coming out from the base of the tree can be browsed by sheep and the olives themselves can be eaten by pigs in extensive systems, such as those producing the Jamón ibérico in Spain."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Palm kernel meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "expeller palm kernel meal",
+        "palm kernel cake",
+        "palm kernel meal",
+        "solvent-extracted palm kernel meal"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "tourteau de palmiste"
+      ],
+      "description": "Palm kernel meal is an important feed ingredient and the by-product of the oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). This palm tree is cultivated for its oils rich in highly saturated vegetable fats: the palm oil, extracted from the fruit flesh; and the palm kernel oil, extracted from the fruit kernel. Palm oil is both a major staple oil (a \"poor man’s cooking oil\", common in South-East Asia and tropical Africa) and an indispensable ingredient for the food industry . It has also numerous non-food applications, including as a feedstock for biodiesel. Palm kernel oil, which is semi-solid at room temperature, is economically less important. The demand for palm oil, fueled by the growth of the Chinese and Indian economies, has been growing rapidly since the 1990s. Palm oil production doubled between 1996 and 2005 and increased yearly by 10% during the 2000s. Palm oil overtook soybean oil in 2004 to be the world’s leading vegetable oil . The production of palm kernel oil, while less important overtook that of groundnut oil in 2007 ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Peach palm (Bactris gasipaes)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "peach palm"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "palmier pêche",
+        "parepon",
+        "parépou (french guyana)"
+      ],
+      "description": "The peach palm ( Bactris gasipaes Kunth) is a dual-purpose tropical tree cultivated for its edible nutritious fruit that provides pulp, flour, cooking oil, and oil meal, and for the production of heart-of-palm. It yields many crop residues and by-products: leaves, discarded fruits, seeds, oil cake (resulting from oil extraction), and heart-of-palm rinds. All these by-products and crop residues can be used for animal feeding."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Poppy (Papaver somniferum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "opium poppy",
+        "poppy"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "pavot des jardins",
+        "pavot somnifère",
+        "pavot à opium"
+      ],
+      "description": "The opium poppy ( Papaver somniferum L.) is a multipurpose crop. It is an annual erect plant, 60-120 cm in height, rarely branching, with ovate-oblong leaves. It bears large showy flowers and nearly globose to spherical capsules, containing small black, white, blue or brown kidney-shaped seeds . The opium poppy is generally grown for the latex extracted from the immature seed capsules. The dried latex, or opium, is the source of many opiates, including morphine, thebaine, codeine and papaverine . The oil extracted from the seed is used for culinary and pharmaceutical purposes, as well as for making soaps, paints and varnishes . The seeds, which are normally free of alkaloids, are used for birdseed and as a food item in confectionery and bakery food products . The main feed ingredient derived from the poppy is the poppy seed meal, which is the protein-rich by-product of oil extraction. The terms poppy seed meal and poppy seed cake usually refer to the solvent-extracted and mechanically-extracted by-products respectively."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Rapeseed hulls",
+      "english_names": [
+        "canola hulls",
+        "rapeseed hulls"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "coques de canola",
+        "coques de colza",
+        "pellicules de canola",
+        "pellicules de colza"
+      ],
+      "description": "Rapeseed hulls - called canola hulls in North America and other countries - are the teguments of the seeds of the oilseed rape plant ( Brassica napus L. and interspecific crosses of Brassica napus with other Brassica species including Brassica rapa L. and Brassica juncea (L.) Czern), resulting from the extraction of rapeseed oil. Rapeseed hulls are a fibrous byproduct, but they also have a valuable oil and protein content and they can be used to feed ruminants and rabbits."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Rapeseeds",
+      "english_names": [
+        "canola seeds",
+        "full-fat canola seeds",
+        "full-fat rapeseeds",
+        "rape seeds",
+        "rapeseeds"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "colza",
+        "colza \"00\""
+      ],
+      "description": "Rapeseeds - called canola seeds in North America and other countries - are the seeds of the oilseed rape plant ( Brassica napus L. and interspecific crosses of Brassica napus with other Brassica species including Brassica rapa L. and the brown mustard Brassica juncea (L.) Czern). Rapeseeds are the 3 rd source of both vegetable oil (after soybean and oil palm) and oil meal (after soybean and cotton). They are the most widely cultivated crop species in the Brassicaceae family, which also includes cabbages, mustards, turnips, radishes and cauliflowers. There is a very wide range of rapeseed varieties for all types of purposes . Modern rapeseed varieties with low concentrations in erucic acid and glucosinolates (see below) are mainly used for edible oil, biofuel, industrial oil and lubricants. Rapeseeds are also a valuable energy feed for livestock due to their high protein and lipid content."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Rapeseed meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "canola meal",
+        "canola seed meal",
+        "cold-pressed canola meal",
+        "cold-pressed rapeseed cake",
+        "rapeseed meal",
+        "rapeseed oil meal"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "tourteau de colza déshuilé",
+        "tourteau de colza expeller",
+        "tourteau de colza gras"
+      ],
+      "description": "Rapeseed meal, called canola meal in North America, Australia and some other countries, is the by-product of the extraction of oil from rapeseed ( Brassica napus L., Brassica rapa L. and Brassica juncea L., and their crosses). It is a protein-rich ingredient that is widely used to feed all classes of livestock. Worldwide production of rapeseed meal is second only to soybean meal . Rapeseed oil used to have a poor reputation due to the presence of erucic acid, which has a bitter taste and was later found to cause health problems. The use of rapeseed meal as an animal feed was also limited by the presence of glucosinolates, which are antinutritional factors detrimental to animal performance. In the 1960-1970s, low-erucic varieties (\"0\") and low-erucic, low-glucosinolate varieties (\"00\", double-zero, double low, canola) were developed, allowing rapeseed oil to become a major food oil, and rapeseed meal and rapeseeds to grow in importance as fed to livestock. The first 00 varieties were introduced commercially in Canada in the mid-1970s. In some countries, such as France, 00 varieties became commercially available in the late 1980s . Low-erucic, low-glucosinolate varieties are now the main types grown worldwide for edible oil, biofuel, industrial oil and lubricants. There are also high-erucic varieties grown for specific industrial purposes . While solvent-extracted rapeseed meal remains the main type of rapeseed meal commercially available, oil-rich rapeseed meals obtained by mechanical pressure have gained popularity since the turn of the century with the development of organic farming and on-farm oil production."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "hevea",
+        "para rubber tree",
+        "rubber tree",
+        "sharinga tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arbre de para",
+        "arbre à caoutchouc",
+        "hévéa"
+      ],
+      "description": "The rubber tree ( Hevea brasiliensis ) is a fast growing, medium to tall tree (25 m high in plantations and up to 40 m in the wild), with deep tap-roots. The trunk is smooth and straight with a grayish bark. It is known for its laticiferous system from which latex is extracted by tapping the trunk. Leaves are trifoliate, 10 to 15 cm long and 3 to 6 cm broad. Flowers are monoecious and borne in panicles with apical flowers being female and lateral ones male ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) seeds and oil meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "false saffron",
+        "safflower"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "carthame des teinturiers",
+        "safran bâtard",
+        "safran des teinturiers"
+      ],
+      "description": "Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) was originally grown for its flowers, which were used in making red and yellow dyes for clothing and food preparation. Today, safflower is primarily cultivated for its oil, which is used for food and industrial purposes. Safflower is a minor crop with a world production of about 650,000 t in 2009 ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sesame (Sesamum indicum) seeds and oil meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "beni",
+        "beniseed",
+        "benne",
+        "benneseed",
+        "gingelly",
+        "sesame"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "sésame"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sesame ( Sesamum indicum L.) is a tropical and subtropical plant cultivated for its seeds, which yield about 50% of a high quality edible oil. Sesame oil meal, the by-product of sesame oil extraction, is used as a feed ingredient."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Soybean hulls",
+      "english_names": [
+        "soybean hulls",
+        "soybean mill feed",
+        "soybean mill run"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "coques de soja"
+      ],
+      "description": "Soybean hulls are a by-product of the extraction of oil from soybean seeds ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.). After entering the oil mill, soybeans are screened to remove broken and damaged beans, and foreign material . The beans are then cracked, and their hulls, which mainly consist of the outer coats, are removed (see figure above). Hulls are fibrous materials with no place in human food, but are very valuable for ruminants . Soybean hulls are often reintroduced in the final oil meal in order to reduce its protein content, resulting in soybean meal types with a maximum protein + fat guarantee of 44 to 48%. However, this end use decreases when the demand for high protein soybean meal increases. Soybean hulls are thus available and very valuable feeds for on-farm feeding of cattle ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sunflower seeds",
+      "english_names": [
+        "full-fat sunflower seeds",
+        "sunflower seeds",
+        "sunflowerseed"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "graines de tournesol"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sunflower seeds are the fruits (achenes) of the sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.). The seeds are 10-15 mm long and 4 mm broad, cylindrical or drop-shaped. The sunflower seed consists of a hard hull (pericarp) and a kernel, which is the actual seed . There are two major types of sunflower seeds:"
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Walnut (Juglans regia)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "caucasian walnut",
+        "chile walnut",
+        "circassian walnut",
+        "common walnut",
+        "english walnut",
+        "european walnut",
+        "french walnut",
+        "italian walnut",
+        "madeira walnut",
+        "manchurian walnut",
+        "persian walnut",
+        "royal walnut",
+        "walnut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "calottier",
+        "gojeutier",
+        "noyer commun",
+        "noyer royal",
+        "écalonnier"
+      ],
+      "description": "Walnut, the fruit of the walnut tree ( Juglans regia L.), has been used in human nutrition since ancient times. Walnut trees were cultivated in Europe as early as 1000 BC . The walnut tree is a deciduous medium-sized to tall tree that can reach up to a height of 45 m . The fruit is a spherical drupe with a green fleshy husk that opens at maturity to reveal a nut. The nut consists of a hard lignified shell containing a wrinkled kernel made up of two halves separated by a partition. Depending on the ecotype, shells can be large or small, light brown or dark brown in colour, smooth or knobby ."
+    }
+  ],
+  "Other forage plants": [
+    {
+      "feed_name": "African baobab (Adansonia digitata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african baobab",
+        "baobab",
+        "cream of tartar tree",
+        "dead rat tree",
+        "monkey bread tree",
+        "upside-down tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "baobab africain",
+        "calebassier du sénégal",
+        "pain de singe"
+      ],
+      "description": "The African baobab ( Adansonia digitata L.) is one of the eight species of baobab ( Adansonia ) and the only one native to mainland Africa. Like other baobabs, the African baobab is a massive deciduous fruit tree, up to 20-30 m high, with a lifespan of several hundred years. Its swollen and often hollow trunk looks like a huge bottle and can be as broad as 3-7 m in diameter. It bears short, stout and tortuous branches and has a thin canopy. Baobab is strongly anchored in the soil by an extensive and strong root system that grows 2 m deep, and whose diameter may be higher than the tree height. The leaves are simple or digitally compound, dark-green on top, and borne at the end of a 16 cm-long petiole. The leaflets are between 5-15 cm long and 1.5-7 cm broad. The baobab shed its leaves during the early dry season and new leaves appear after flowering. The pentamerous flowers are white, large (20 cm in diameter and 25 cm long), and hang from stalks on pedicels up to 90 cm long. The fruit is a voluminous (35 cm long and 17 cm in diameter) ovoid capsule with a hard woody envelope containing a pulp and black seeds. Once ripe, the fruit envelope becomes brittle and the pulp takes on a chalky consistency. The tree starts producing fruits 8-10 years after planting but consistent production only occurs after 30 years ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Assyrian plum (Cordia myxa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "assyrian plum",
+        "clammy cherry",
+        "gonda",
+        "indian cherry",
+        "sapistan",
+        "sebesten plum",
+        "selu",
+        "sudan teak"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bois savon",
+        "sébestier"
+      ],
+      "description": "The Assyrian plum ( Cordia myxa L.) is a multipurpose, perennial, medium sized, deciduous tree that is particularly suited in arid and semi-arid areas. Its fruits are edible and used in many dishes and for pickles. The wood makes good fuel or ornamental work. In Southeast Asia, the leaves are used to feed livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Banj oak (Quercus leucotrichophora)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "banj oak",
+        "blackjack oak",
+        "himalayan oak",
+        "white oak"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "chêne de l'himalaya"
+      ],
+      "description": "The banj oak ( Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus) is an evergreen oak tree of Asia, and particularly of the Central Himalayas."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Blue Japanese oak (Quercus glauca)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bamboo-leaved oak",
+        "blue japanese oak",
+        "glaucous-leaf oak",
+        "ring-cupped oak"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "chêne bleu du japon"
+      ],
+      "description": "Blue Japanese oak ( Quercus glauca Thunb .) is a medium-sized tree native of Asia used as fodder in Nepal and India."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "False brandy bush (Grewia bicolor)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bastard brandy bush",
+        "donkey berry",
+        "false brandy bush",
+        "two-coloured grewia",
+        "white raisin"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "greuvier",
+        "grévier bicolore",
+        "nogo blanc"
+      ],
+      "description": "False brandy bush ( Grewia bicolor A. Juss.) is a many-stemmed shrub that may reach 7 to 14 m high. The bark is dark grey, deeply fissured and scaly in older trees. The leaves are alternate, elliptic to lanceolate, 1.5-12 cm long x 1-6 cm broad and typically bicoloured: the upper surface is dull green while the lower one is silvery white . The flowers are pentamerous, yellow, 1.5 cm in diameter. The fruit is a 2-lobed drupe, sometimes hairy, orange to purple black in colour and with a hard woody endocarp ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Mango (Mangifera indica) forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "mango"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "mangue",
+        "manguier"
+      ],
+      "description": "The mango tree ( Mangifera indica L.) is primarily cultivated for its edible fruit, which is one of the most important fruit crop . While not usually considered as a forage tree, the mango tree also provides forage for animal feeding."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Manicoba (Manihot sp.)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "ceara rubber tree",
+        "manicoba",
+        "maniçoba",
+        "tree cassava"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "caoutchouc de ceara"
+      ],
+      "description": "Manicoba ( Manihot carthagenensis subsp. glaziovii (Müll. Arg.) Allem and other Manihot species) is a wild relative of cassava growing in the semi-arid region of North-Eastern Brazil. Manicoba is a shrub or tree up to 6 m high, occasionally taller . Like cassava, it has a well-developed tuberous root system that provides resistance to drought . The manicoba tree was cultivated from 1845 to 1912 for its rubber-like sap (ceara rubber) and was introduced for this purpose into Africa and Asia, until better rubber sources were developed. The roots are rich in starch but they are hard and woody, and contain HCN. In Gabon and East Africa, they are only occasionally cooked as a vegetable and eaten in times of food scarcity . Today, manicoba species are usually grown for forage and are particularly valuable in semi-arid conditions. The pornunça is a natural cassava-manicoba hybrid that used to be cultivated for its roots and is now planted as a shade or ornamental plant. Manicoba leaves are fed fresh, dried (hay) or ensiled ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Moringa (Moringa oleifera)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "ben oil tree",
+        "benzoil tree",
+        "benzolive tree",
+        "drumstick tree",
+        "horse-radish tree",
+        "horseradish tree",
+        "moringa",
+        "west indian ben"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "ben ailée",
+        "ben oléifère",
+        "moringa ailée",
+        "pois quénique"
+      ],
+      "description": "Moringa ( Moringa oleifera Lam.) is a multipurpose tropical tree. It is mainly used for food and has numerous industrial, medicinal and agricultural uses, including animal feeding. Nutritious, fast-growing and drought-tolerant, this traditional plant was rediscovered in the 1990s and its cultivation has since become increasingly popular in Asia and Africa, where it is among the most economically valuable crops. It has been dubbed the \"miracle tree\" or \"tree of life\" by the media ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Red bush willow (Combretum apiculatum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bush willow",
+        "red bush willow",
+        "sabi willow"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Red bush willow ( Combretum apiculatum Sond.) is a deciduous, small to medium-sized tree reaching 10 m in height that is found in many savannah areas of tropical eastern Africa and of southern Africa. It is widely browsed by wild and domestic ruminants."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Azolla",
+      "english_names": [
+        "azolla",
+        "duckweed fern",
+        "fairy moss",
+        "mosquito fern",
+        "water fern"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Azolla ( Azolla sp.) is an aquatic fern consisting of a short, branched, floating stem, bearing roots which hang down in the water. The leaves are alternately arranged, each consisting of a thick aerial dorsal lobe containing green chlorophyll and a slightly larger thin, colourless, floating ventral lobe. Under some conditions, an anthocyanin pigment gives the fern a reddish-brown colour. Plant diameter ranges from 1-2.5 cm for small species such as Azolla pinnata , to 15 cm or more for Azolla nilotica . Azolla plants are triangular or polygonal in shape, and float on the surface of the water, individually or in mats. They give the appearance of a dark green to reddish carpet, except Azolla nilotica that does not produce the red anthocyanin pigment. The most remarkable characteristic of azolla is its symbiotic relationship with the nitrogen-fixing blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Anabaena azollae . The fern provides nutrients and a protective cavity in each leaf to Anabaena colonies in exchange for fixed atmospheric nitrogen and possibly other growth-promoting substances ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "\"million dollar weed\"",
+        "common water hyacinth",
+        "water hyacinth"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "camalote",
+        "jacinthe d'eau"
+      ],
+      "description": "The water hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) is a free floating perennial herb of fresh water ecosystems. It is found at the surface of rivers, lakes, canals and ponds and may root in the mud of shallow waters. It is generally 10-20 cm high but can reach 1 m high when established in dense mats . Water hyacinth is a rhizomatous and stoloniferous plant with long, pendant and adventitious roots. The leaves arise from the rhizome nodes and stand above the water. They are dark green, ovate and cordate at the base, borne on swollen bladder-like petioles . The plant has considerable buoyancy and the leaves act as sails in the wind . The inflorescence bears 8-10 pale violet or blue lily-like flowers. The fruit is a dehiscent capsule containing up to 200 small seeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Argan (Argania spinosa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "argan",
+        "argan tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arganier"
+      ],
+      "description": "Argan ( Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) is a thorny tree from the arid and semi-arid regions of Morocco and Algeria. It is mainly cultivated for its oil and it is an important fodder tree in Morocco, particularly for goats. The fruit pulp and the oil extraction by-products are also fed to livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Acanthus (Acanthus mollis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "artist's acanthus",
+        "bear's breech",
+        "bear's breeches",
+        "oyster plant",
+        "sea dock"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "acanthe molle",
+        "acanthe à feuille molles",
+        "acanthe à feuilles larges"
+      ],
+      "description": "Acanthus mollis L. is a perennial herb that can grow to a height of 0.9-1 m. It is a popular ornamental plant well-known for its large (30-60 cm), dark glossy leaves that served as a model for foliage decoration in Ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine architecture . The leaves are opposite, oblong with deeply pinnate toothed lobes, and the lower leaves are borne on large (up to 50 cm long) petioles. The stems are coarse, simple, cylindrical, upright and erect. The spike-like terminal inflorescence, which can be as high as the plant, bears large (3.5-5 cm long) flowers with whitish, purple-veined corollas. The fruits are dehiscent, glabrous capsules that contain 2-4 large ovoid seeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Achyranthes (Achyranthes aspera)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "birdweed",
+        "chaff burr",
+        "chaff flower",
+        "devil's horsewhip",
+        "prickly chaff flower",
+        "rough chaff flower"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "herbe d'eugène",
+        "herbe des jeunes",
+        "herbe sergent",
+        "herbe zinde",
+        "herbe à bengalis",
+        "la zinde",
+        "queue de rat"
+      ],
+      "description": "Achyranthes aspera L. is an herbaceous plant from the tropics and subtropics, mainly used for food and ethnomedicine, and consumed by ruminants, horses, and rabbits ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Asna (Terminalia elliptica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "asna",
+        "black murdah",
+        "crocodile-bark tree",
+        "indian laurel",
+        "saaj",
+        "saj",
+        "silver grey wood",
+        "taukkyan",
+        "white chuglam"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Asna ( Terminalia elliptica Willd.) is a medium to large deciduous tree native to southern and southeast Asia. It is mainly used as a valuable timber and for its ethnomedicinal properties. It is lopped for livestock feeding in India and Nepal, and is one of the main host for the tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta , an economically important producer of wild silk in several states of India."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "African sheepbush (Pentzia incana)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african sheepbush",
+        "anchor karoo",
+        "australian sheepbush",
+        "common karro",
+        "good karoo",
+        "karroo bush",
+        "sheep bush"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "African sheepbush ( Pentzia incana (Thunb.) Kuntze) is an aromatic rounded subshrub that is one of the most important species of the Karroo complex in South Africa. It is considered an important fodder plant for sheep in semi-arid and arid areas, hence the Afrikaans name skapbossie (sheepbush). In South Africa, it is thought to provide the distinctive flavour of Karoo lamb (a registered geographical indication) ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "African spiderflower (Gynandropsis gynandra)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african spiderflower",
+        "bastard mustard",
+        "cat's whiskers"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "brède caya",
+        "feuilles caya",
+        "mousambé à fleurs blanches",
+        "mozambé",
+        "pissat de chien"
+      ],
+      "description": "African spiderflower ( Gynandropsis gynandra L.) is an tropical annual herb mainly used as a vegetable in Africa and Asia. It is grazed by different classes of livestock and wild games. The seeds are eaten by birds and the oilseed meal can be used as a feed ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Annatto (Bixa orellana)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "achiote tree",
+        "annatto",
+        "lipstick tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "rocou",
+        "rocouyer",
+        "roucou"
+      ],
+      "description": "Annatto ( Bixa orellana L.) is a tropical and subtropical perennial shrub or small tree cultivated for the orange-red pigment extracted from its seeds and used in foods, drugs and cosmetics. The spent seeds resulting of pigment extraction can be used for livestock feeding as a source of protein and energy, and small amounts of whole seeds can be included in poultry diets as sources of pigment."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Black mulberry (Morus nigra)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "black mulberry",
+        "common mulberry",
+        "small-fruited mulberry",
+        "sycamine"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Black mulberry ( Morus nigra L.) is is a small deciduous tree cultivated worldwide, mainly for its edible fruits. Its leaves, like those of the white mulberry ( Morus alba L.) can be used to feed silkworms but the silk is of lesser quality. The leaves are used as cattle fodder ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Boscia (Boscia angustifolia)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "boscia"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Boscia ( Boscia angustifolia A. Rich.) is an African multipurpose tree that is mainly used for fodder and food ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Banana leaves and pseudostems",
+      "english_names": [
+        "banana",
+        "cooking banana",
+        "french plantain",
+        "plantain"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "banane",
+        "banane plantain",
+        "plantain"
+      ],
+      "description": "While banana production is a fruit crop, it generates large amounts of forage material that can be used to feed livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Banyan (Ficus benghalensis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "banyan",
+        "banyan fig",
+        "banyantree",
+        "bengal fig",
+        "east indian figtree",
+        "horn fig",
+        "indian banyan"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The banyan tree ( Ficus benghalensis L.) is a large evergreen tree native of Asia, characterized by its trunk-like aerial roots. Banyans are lopped for forage in Asia, particularly in times of scarcity."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "breadfruit",
+        "breadnut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arbre à pain"
+      ],
+      "description": "The breadfruit tree ( Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg) is an evergreen multipurpose and traditional agroforestry species. Its starchy fruits are a staple food in the Pacific Islands. The name breadfruit is due to the flavour of the fruit after being cooked, which is similar to that of freshly cooked bread ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Breadnut (Brosimum alicastrum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "breadnut",
+        "maya nut",
+        "ramón"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "noix-pain",
+        "noyer à pain"
+      ],
+      "description": "The breadnut tree ( Brosimum alicastrum Swartz) is a tree mostly grown in Central America for its foliage, edible fruits and seeds, and good quality wood. Its foliage is frequently pruned, and the fruits are harvested once a year ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Buffalo thorn (Ziziphus mucronata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "buffalo thorn",
+        "cape thorn"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The buffalo thorn ( Ziziphus mucronata Willd.) is a multipurpose tree whose leaves and fruits are a valuable fodder source."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "balsam pear",
+        "bitter cucumber",
+        "bitter gourd",
+        "bitter melon",
+        "leprosy gourd"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "concombre africain",
+        "concombre amer",
+        "margose",
+        "paroka"
+      ],
+      "description": "The bitter gourd ( Momordica charantia L.) is an horticultural species from the tropics and subtropics cultivated for its edible fruits known for their extreme bitterness. Information about the use in animal feeding of bitter gourd and its products is extremely limited."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cadaba (Cadaba farinosa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cadaba bush",
+        "herd-boy’s fruit"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Cadaba ( Cadaba farinosa Forssk.) is an evergreen shrub found in Africa that is mostly used as a browse for livestock. Fruits are edible and were referred to as famine food ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Century plant (Agave americana)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "american agave",
+        "american aloe",
+        "century plant"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "agave américain",
+        "agave d'amérique",
+        "choka bleu"
+      ],
+      "description": "The century plant ( Agave americana L.) is a perennial succulent herb, up to 10 m tall when flowering. It is native to Mexico and to the Southern USA, and its has been introduced in all warm areas around the world as an ornemental. Like other agaves, Agave americana has long been used by the populations of Central and South America for a large variety of purposes, including handicrafts, food, ethnomedicine and livestock feeding."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Calotropis (Calotropis procera)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "akund",
+        "apple of sodom",
+        "auricula tree",
+        "king's crown",
+        "madar",
+        "mudar",
+        "roostertree",
+        "rubber bush",
+        "rubber tree",
+        "small crownflower",
+        "sodom apple",
+        "sodom's milkweed",
+        "stabragh"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arbre de satan",
+        "arbre à soie",
+        "pommier de sodome"
+      ],
+      "description": "Calotropis ( Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton) is a spreading shrub or medium-sized tree reaching 2.5 to 6 m in height. It has a deep taproot, 3-4 m deep, and a secondary root system with woody lateral roots that may rapidly regenerate adventitious shoots when the plant is injured. The stems are crooked and covered with a fissured corky bark. The grey-green leaves are 15-30 cm long and 2.5-10 cm broad and have a succulent and waxy appearance, hence the name procera , which means wax in latin . The flowers are pentamerous, small, cream or greenish white at the base and purple violet at the extremity of the lobes. The fruit is a fleshy and inflated, up to 10 cm or more in diameter ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cissus (Cissus quadrangularis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "adamant creeper",
+        "asthisamharaka",
+        "devil's backbone",
+        "hadjod",
+        "pirandai",
+        "veldt-grape",
+        "winged treebine"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Cisssus quadrangularis is a deciduous, woody climber belonging to the grape family. Stems are succulent, quadrangular, sometimes pubescent at the angles. Leaves are simple and reniform. Fruits are ovoid, red when ripe . In South Africa, it is used by farmers for treating worm infestations and coughs in livestock . It is an important medicinal plant in Southern and South East Asia. In India, stems are also eaten fried or curried ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Carrot (Daucus carota)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "carrot"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "carotte"
+      ],
+      "description": "The carrot ( Daucus carota L.) is an annual or biennial herb with a thick fleshy taproot, which is the primary organ of agricultural importance. Carrot roots are usually orange, but there are also white, black, yellow, red and purple varieties. The roots range in length from 5 cm to more than 50 cm and are generally conical. However, there is tremendous diversity in root shapes and sizes. The leaves are alternate and compound and organized as a rosette. Carrot roots are an important food product. Depending on the variety, carrots are sold fresh or processed: pre-packed, boiled and canned, frozen, diced and sliced, etc. ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) nuts and by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cashew",
+        "cashew nut tree",
+        "cashew tree",
+        "cashewnut tree",
+        "tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "anacardier",
+        "baume cajou",
+        "cajou",
+        "noix de cajou",
+        "pomme cajou",
+        "pomme de cajou",
+        "pulpe de pomme cajou"
+      ],
+      "description": "The cashew tree ( Anacardium occidentale L.) is a medium-sized tropical tree usually cultivated for its fruit (cashew nut) and pseudofruit (cashew apple). It is also a multipurpose species that provides a broad range of services. About 30-40% cashew kernels are discarded during the process of roasting and are then fed to livestock ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bitter apple",
+        "colocynth",
+        "vine of sodom",
+        "wild gourd"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "coloquinte",
+        "coloquinte officinale"
+      ],
+      "description": "The colocynth ( Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.) is a member of the cucurbits family. It is a perennial trailing vine from the Mediterranean Basin and subtropical and tropical Asia that is able to grow in desert areas. It is mainly cultivated for its many ethnomedecinal and ethnoveterinary uses. Once cooked, the seeds become edible. They yield a considerable amount of oil, which makes colocynth a potential source of energy (biodiesel)."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cassava leaves and foliage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "brazilian arrowroot",
+        "cassava",
+        "tapioca"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "manioc",
+        "tapioca"
+      ],
+      "description": "Cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) is mainly grown for its tubers that are used as staple food or for starch but cassava foliage can be a valuable fodder. It is then cultivated as a semi-perennial forage that can be harvested several times per biological cycle (every two or three months) . Cassava foliage can be fed fresh, but it is often preferable to dry it (cassava leaf meal) or ensile it as the leaves contain hydrogen cyanide that can be toxic to livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cassava peels, cassava pomace and other cassava by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "brazilian arrowroot",
+        "cassava",
+        "tapioca"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "manioc",
+        "tapioca"
+      ],
+      "description": "The processing of cassava tubers yields the following by-products that can be valuable livestock feeds when properly processed :"
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Castor bean (Ricinus communis) forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "castor bean",
+        "castor oil plant",
+        "castor plant",
+        "castor-oil plant",
+        "palma christi"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "ricin commun"
+      ],
+      "description": "The castor plant ( Ricinus communis L.), also called castor bean plant or castor oil plant, is a shrub or small tree cultivated in tropical and temperate regions for its seeds rich in an oil valued for its many industrial applications. The plant, and particularly its seeds, contain several toxic and even lethal substances. While castor plant foliage is less harmful than the seeds, its utilization as fodder is limited due to its potential toxicity, and it should be used carefully."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Creeping saltbush (Atriplex semibaccata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "australian saltbush",
+        "berry saltbush",
+        "creeping saltbush",
+        "diamond saltbush",
+        "half-berry saltbush"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Creeping saltbush ( Atriplex semibaccata R. Br.) is a shrub from dry and saline regions that is a valued forage."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Desert date (Balanites aegyptiacus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "balanite",
+        "desert date",
+        "egyptian balsam tree",
+        "soapberry tree",
+        "thorn tree",
+        "zachum oil tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "dattier du désert",
+        "dattier sauvage",
+        "héglik"
+      ],
+      "description": "The desert date tree ( Balanites aegyptiacus (L.) Delile) is a deep-rooted, evergreen or semi-deciduous tree, up to 12 m high. The thorns, up to 8 cm long, are soft at first and later become woody . Leaves are bi-foliolate and spirally arranged on the shoots, dark green or grey-green, fleshy succulent with 2 firm coriaceous leaflets. The fruit is an ellipsoid drupe, about 2.5-4 cm long and 1.2 cm in diameter. The ripe fruit is brown or pale brown to yellow and resembles a small date."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Enset (Ensete ventricosum) leaves",
+      "english_names": [
+        "abyssinian banana",
+        "enset",
+        "ensete",
+        "ethiopian banana",
+        "false banana"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bananier d'abyssinie"
+      ],
+      "description": "Enset ( Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman) is a tall herbaceous plant from Eastern tropical Africa related to the banana. Enset is grown in Ethiopia for its starch-rich basal pseudostems and their swollen underground parts, called corms. These are an important staple food for the inhabitants of South and South-West Ethiopia. Enset leaves are an important crop residue left after harvesting of the corms and pseudostems. They can also be cut on demand when need arises without hampering plant growth. Due to their availability and relatively high nutritive value, enset leaves are widely used in enset-producing regions to feed livestock . However, the sustainability of enset farming systems is currently endangered by the bacterial wilt disease, putting the future of this crop in question. Enset also grows in many tropical countries and enset leaves appear to be an underexploited feed resource."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Foxtail amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cat-tail",
+        "foxtail",
+        "foxtail amaranth",
+        "inca-wheat",
+        "love-lies-bleeding",
+        "purple amaranth",
+        "red-hot-cattail",
+        "tassel-flower",
+        "tumbleweed",
+        "velvet flower"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The foxtail amaranth ( Amaranthus caudatus L.) is one of the most popular species of domesticated amaranths. It has been cultivated for a long time as a multipurpose pseudocereal of high nutritive value, as a vegetable and as an ornamental plant . It belongs to the group of grain amaranths, along with Amaranthus cruentus and Amaranthus hypochondriacus . The plant residue after grain harvest may be fed to livestock or used for thatching."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Grape leaves and vine shoots",
+      "english_names": [
+        "common grapevine",
+        "european grape",
+        "grape",
+        "grapevine"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "feuilles de vignes",
+        "raisin",
+        "rameaux de vigne",
+        "résidus de taille de la vigne",
+        "sarments",
+        "vigne"
+      ],
+      "description": "The grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) is a vine cultivated worldwide for its edible berries (grapes) that are eaten fresh or pressed to make wine or grape juice. An important by-product of the grape crop are the leaves and shoots that are pruned once a year for crop management. These crop residues form a continuum of decreasing feeding value, ranging from fresh green leaves to dry woody shoots (canes). Grape leaves and vine shoots have been used traditionally to feed livestock in vineyards, particularly in Mediterranean countries."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Ganna bush (Salsola aphylla)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "coastal ganna",
+        "ganna bush",
+        "lye bush",
+        "lye ganna",
+        "lye ganna bush",
+        "lyebush"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Ganna bush ( Salsola aphylla ) is a succulent, halophytic shrub native of southern Africa where it grows in floodplains or in arid areas where underground water is available. It is browsed by domestic and wild animals."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Guava (Psidium guajava)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "common guava",
+        "guava",
+        "yellow guava"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "goyave",
+        "goyavier"
+      ],
+      "description": "Guava ( Psidium guajava L.) is an important tropical tree cultivated for its fruits. The fruit processing by-products, the leaves and the fruits themselves can be used to feed livestock though their nutritional value is low."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "ber",
+        "chinee apple",
+        "chinese apple",
+        "cottony jujube",
+        "dungs",
+        "indian jujube",
+        "indian plum",
+        "jujube",
+        "masau"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "jujube",
+        "jujubier"
+      ],
+      "description": "Indian jujube ( Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) is a shrub or small tree of the dry tropical and subtropical regions that is browsed by livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "jack",
+        "jackfruit",
+        "jak"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The jackfruit tree ( Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is a tropical to subtropical, multipurpose tree mainly grown for its edible, energy- and protein-rich fruits. Its leaves, culled fruits, and fruit peelings are valuable for livestock feeding. It is a major fruit tree in some Asian countries and it is widely spread around the world."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bucknut",
+        "coffee berry",
+        "coffee bush",
+        "coffee nut",
+        "deer nut",
+        "goat nut",
+        "goatnut",
+        "gray box bush",
+        "jojoba",
+        "jojowi",
+        "lemon leaf",
+        "pig nut",
+        "quinine nut",
+        "quinine plant",
+        "wild hazel"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "jojoba"
+      ],
+      "description": "Jojoba ( Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C. K. Schneid.) is a shrub native to Northern Mexico and the South-Western USA, which has become a minor oil crop since the 1980s. Its seeds contain a liquid wax similar to spermwhale oil (spermaceti) in composition with properties that have numerous industrial uses."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "jerusalem artichoke",
+        "sunchoke",
+        "sunroot"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "artichaut de jérusalem",
+        "topinambour",
+        "truffe du canada"
+      ],
+      "description": "The Jerusalem artichoke ( Helianthus tuberosus L.) is an erect, rhizomatous perennial herb, up to 3-4 m high. Though perennial, it is mainly grown as an annual. It is a highly variable plant: many characteristics, including size (2 to 4 m), tuber colour (green or violet), stem number and the number of branches per stem depend on genetics and environmental conditions. The stems are generally hairy and branch in their lower part. The root system is fibrous and develops cord-like rhizomes that can reach more than 1 m in length. The apical part of the rhizome is swollen and forms a fleshy tuber. The leaves are opposite or alternate, ovate to lanceolate, toothed, pubescent on the lower surface and 3-20 cm long x 5-8 cm broad. The inflorescence is a pseudanthium borne alone or in groups at the end of the stem or on terminal axillary branches. The flower head is 5-11 cm in diameter (much smaller than that of the sunflower) and bears many small yellow tubular fertile flowers surrounded by yellow ray sterile flowers, the ligules of which are thought of as petals. The fruit is a hairy achene containing a mottled black or brown seed, 5 mm long x 2 mm wide ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Kapok bush (Aerva javanica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "desert cotton",
+        "kapok bush",
+        "pillow-weed"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The kapok bush ( Aerva javanica (Burm. f.) Juss. ex Schult.) is a perennial semi-shrubby plant growing in tropical and subtropical dry areas. It is both erect and spreading, grows up to a height of 1.5 m high, and is covered with densely matted hairs on stems and leaves. Aerva javanica is much-branched, with vigorous round stems that are woody at the base, and a dark stout taproot. It has numerous leaves, ovate to lanceolate, 10-20 x 40-75 mm, alternate and white to grey. The flowers are small and whitish and arranged in dense, woolly terminal panicles ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Luffa (Luffa aegyptiaca)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "dishrag gourd",
+        "egyptian cucumber",
+        "loofah",
+        "lufah",
+        "luffa",
+        "rag gourd",
+        "smooth luffa",
+        "sponge gourd",
+        "vegetable-sponge",
+        "vietnamese gourd",
+        "vietnamese luffa"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "courge torchon",
+        "courge éponge",
+        "liane torchon",
+        "luffa",
+        "pétole",
+        "éponge végétale"
+      ],
+      "description": "Luffa ( Luffa aegyptiaca Mill.) is a plant from the cucumber family, mainly grown for fibre production."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Mahua (Madhuca longifolia)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "butter tree",
+        "honey tree",
+        "llupai",
+        "mahua",
+        "mahwa",
+        "mohwa",
+        "mohwra"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arbre à beurre",
+        "bassie",
+        "illipe",
+        "madhuca"
+      ],
+      "description": "Mahua ( Madhuca longifolia (L.) J. F. Macbr.) is a multipurpose tropical tree mainly cultivated or harvested in the wild in Southern Asia for its edible flowers and oil seeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Mexican marigold (Tagetes erecta)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african marigold",
+        "aztec marigold",
+        "mexican marigold"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "rose d'inde",
+        "souci africain",
+        "souci aztèque",
+        "tagète"
+      ],
+      "description": "Mexican marigold ( Tagetes erecta L.) is an herbaceous plant from the sunflower family, cultivated commercially for its yellow flowers, both as an ornamental plant and as a source of feed pigments and food colouring additives."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bolivian sunflower",
+        "japanese sunflower",
+        "mexican sunflower",
+        "mexican tournesol",
+        "nitobe chrysanthemum",
+        "shrub sunflower",
+        "tithonia",
+        "tree marigold",
+        "wild sunflower"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "fleur la fête des mères",
+        "petite fleur soleil",
+        "tournesol mexicain"
+      ],
+      "description": "Mexican sunflower ( Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray) is a tropical herb or shrub cultivated in many countries of Africa, Asia, and South America for its multipurpose value. As fodder, it is rich in protein, valuable for ruminants and rabbits, but less for poultry and pigs, probably due to the presence of fibre and antinutritional factors."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Nacedero (Trichanthera gigantea)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "trichanthera"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Nacedero ( Trichanthera gigantea (Humboldt & Bonpland.) Nees) is a multipurpose, versatile tree native of South America that thrives in a wide range of tropical ecosystems. It is used for fodder for pigs, rabbits and ruminants."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Neem (Azadirachta indica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "indian lilac",
+        "margosa",
+        "neem",
+        "neem tree",
+        "nimtree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "margosier",
+        "margousier",
+        "neem"
+      ],
+      "description": "Neem ( Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) is a multipurpose tree that is highly popular in India, where it provides food and insecticide, and is used for its great number of ethnomedicinal properties. Neem leaves and the oil cake resulting from oil extraction can be used for livestock feeding, but the raw cake is poorly palatable, toxic and requires processing."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Olive forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "olive",
+        "olive tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "olivier"
+      ],
+      "description": "The olive tree ( Olea europaea L.) is a slow growing evergreen tree that reaches a height of 5-10 m. It is an emblematic tree of the Mediterranean basin. It has a rather shallow root system. The trunk is erect, deeply fissured and distorted. The leaves are simple, lanceolate, 3-9 cm × 0.5-3 cm, leathery, dark grey-green and glabrous on the upper side, and densely covered with silvery scales underneath. They are covered by a cuticle that prevents dehydration. The tree shed its leaves once every three years. The inflorescences are 3-8 cm long, many-flowered, borne on the leaf axils. Only 1-5% of the flowers develop into fruits. The fruit is a drupe containing a fleshy mesocarp (pulp) and a woody endocarp (stone or pit). The pulp contains some 20% oil and is highly bitter due to its high tannin content. The tree starts producing fruits between 4 and 7 years after propagation, through cuttings or suckers. It remains productive for up to 50 years and its life-span may reach 500 years ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bluegreen saltbush",
+        "giant saltbush",
+        "old man saltbush"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arroche nummulaire"
+      ],
+      "description": "Old man saltbush ( Atriplex nummularia Lindl.) is a halophyte species and one of the most important forage shrubs suited to alkaline and saline lowlands . It is a very hardy species, able to thrive under harsh conditions . It is considered a drought reserve . Atriplex nummularia is much valued for its ability to provide all-year grazing of green feed by extending feed availability into dry periods ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Papaya (Carica papaya) fruits, leaves and by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "papaw",
+        "papaya",
+        "pawpaw"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "melon des tropiques",
+        "papayer"
+      ],
+      "description": "The papaya tree ( Carica papaya L.) is a fast growing perennial branchless tree up to 10 m high, with a crown of very large palmate leaves, at the base of which the fruits are clustered. It is mainly cultivated for its edible fruits which appear 10 months after planting. They are pyriform, orange or red-orange when ripe and may weigh up to 9 kg each. Fruits are tasty, sweet and juicy. Papaya fruits are a palatable feedstuff and the leaves and fruit by-products are also used to feed animals ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Pineapple leaves",
+      "english_names": [
+        "pineapple"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "ananas"
+      ],
+      "description": "The pineapple ( Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) is one of the most popular tropical fruit in the world. World pineapple production was 18 million tons in 2009 . Beside fruits, pineapple fields yield large amounts of leaves that may be used for their high quality fibre or as feedstuff for ruminants ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bulrush",
+        "coco-grass",
+        "egyptian paper-reed",
+        "indian matting plant",
+        "nile grass",
+        "paper reed",
+        "papyrus",
+        "papyrus sedge"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "herbe-à-oignon",
+        "jonc du nil",
+        "papier du nil",
+        "papyrus",
+        "souchet rond",
+        "souchet à papier",
+        "souchet à tubercules"
+      ],
+      "description": "Papyrus ( Cyperus papyrus L.) is an aquatic sedge mostly known for its use as paper by the ancient Egypt, Greek and Roman civilizations. It has been assessed as fodder for feeding livestock. The pith is edible and can be eaten raw or cooked. The dry plant can be burned for fire production. Papyrus is now widely used as an ornemental ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "barbary fig",
+        "indian fig",
+        "mission cactus",
+        "nopal",
+        "opuntia",
+        "prickly pear",
+        "prickly pear cactus",
+        "smooth mountain prickly pear",
+        "tuberous prickly pear",
+        "tuna cactus"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "figuier d'inde",
+        "figuier de barbarie",
+        "oponce"
+      ],
+      "description": "The prickly pear ( Opuntia ficus-indica ) is a cactus species widespread in semiarid and arid regions of Americas, Africa, Asia, Southern Europe and Australia. It is a multipurpose crop and a valuable source of water and forage for livestock in dry areas."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "quinoa"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is an Andean pseudo-cereal crop that is mainly cultivated for its energy and protein-rich, gluten-free seeds. Quinoa can be grown as a green vegetable, and its leaves can be eaten fresh or cooked. Leaves, seeds and crop residues from grain harvesting and milling can be fed to livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "buckhorn",
+        "buckhorn plantain",
+        "english plantain",
+        "lance-leaved plantain",
+        "narrow-leaved plantain",
+        "narrowleaf plantain",
+        "ribgrass",
+        "ribwort plantain"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "petit plantain",
+        "plantain lancéolé",
+        "plantain étroit"
+      ],
+      "description": "Ribwort plantain ( Plantago lanceolata L.) is a stemless herbaceous perennial plant, 20 to 80 cm high. It has a thick rhizome and fibrous roots. Leaves are arranged in a dense rosette. Petioles are as long as leaves (10-20 cm long). Leaves are lanceolate, 1 to 3 cm broad and glabrous or sparsely pubescent (more hairy in dry habitats). Inflorescence is a short spike, densely flowered with white flowers. Fruit is a capsule, 3-5 mm long, with 1 to 3 seeds. Seeds are yellow brown to dark brown or black, oblong, 2-3 mm long and mucilaginous when wet . The mass of 1000 seeds is 1-1.5 g ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Rape forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "canola forage",
+        "forage rape",
+        "rape forage",
+        "rapeseed forage"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "canola fourrager",
+        "colza fourrager",
+        "colza-fourrage"
+      ],
+      "description": "Rape forage ( Brassica napus L. and interspecific crosses of other Brassica species including Brassica rapa L. and Brassica campestris L.) is a catch crop that can be sown from spring to autumn and produce valuable fodder for livestock. A high-quality forage, it can be grazed, cut for cut-and-carry systems, or made into hay or silage. In temperate areas, rape forage helps bridging the forage gap by the end of summer. Rape forage provides several environmental services . Cultivars of rape developed specifically for forage production are available worldwide."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Roxburgh fig (Ficus auriculata)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "elephant ear fig tree",
+        "roxburgh fig"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The roxburgh fig tree ( Ficus auriculata Lour.) is a perennial evergreen shrub or small tree that grows up to 12 m high. Leaves are ovate and very large (30-40 cm). They start off being red then turn to green. Fruits are pear-shaped and reddish-brown, hanging on peduncles 2.5 cm or longer. Fruits appear on thin branches emerging from the trunk or from the roots. The fruits are edible and are used to make jams, juices and curries in India. In Vietnam, unripe fruits are also used in salads. Leaves are used as fodder for ruminants ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Russian comfrey (Symphytum × uplandicum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "blue comfrey",
+        "quaker comfrey",
+        "russian comfrey"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "consoude d'upland",
+        "consoude panachée",
+        "consoude voyageuse"
+      ],
+      "description": "The Russian comfrey ( Symphytum × uplandicum Nyman) is a cultivated perennial herb reaching about 1 m high with large, lance-shaped hairy leaves, hairy stems and magenta-pink flowers . The root system of a well-established comfrey plant is fleshy and extensive. The plant can be harvested for both leaves and tubers ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "false saffron",
+        "safflower"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "carthame des teinturiers",
+        "safran bâtard",
+        "safran des teinturiers"
+      ],
+      "description": "Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an annual herbaceous, highly branched plant that can reach 0.3-1.5 m in height. It has an extensive root system with a strong fleshy taproot reaching 2-3 m in depth and thin lateral roots exploring the first 30 cm of the soil . The stems are glabrous, greenish white, cylindrical and woody near the base. The leaves are sessile, arranged in a rosette from the base, 4-20 cm long × 1-5 cm broad, glossy dark green; the upper leaves bear many sharp spines. Each stem bears a terminal inflorescence. It is a globular capitulum, 1.3-3.5 cm in diameter, containing 20-80 tubular orange-red flowers becoming dark red during flowering. Each flower produces one fruit. Safflower fruits are achenes, usually called \"seeds\", surrounded by a thick fibrous hull. They are smooth, shiny and angular, about 6-9 mm long, white or brownish and white with grey, brown or black stripes. They generally contain 33-60% hull and 40-67% kernel ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sal (Shorea robusta) seeds and oil meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "sakhua",
+        "sal",
+        "sal tree",
+        "shala tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "dammar de l'inde",
+        "sal",
+        "sâla"
+      ],
+      "description": "The sal tree ( Shorea robusta C. F. Gaertn.) is a hardwood timber tree, up to 30-35 m tall. The crown is spreading and spherical. Leaves are 20 cm long, simple, shiny and glabrous, delicate green, broadly oval at the base. Fruits are 1-1.5 cm large and ovoid ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Saltbush (Atriplex halimus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "mediterranean saltbush",
+        "saltbush",
+        "sea orache",
+        "shrubby orache"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arroche",
+        "arroche en arbre",
+        "arroche halime",
+        "arroche marine",
+        "fessecul",
+        "pourpier de mer",
+        "épinard de mer"
+      ],
+      "description": "Saltbush ( Atriplex halimus L.) is a halophytic perennial shrub that can grow in arid and semi-arid conditions. Its resistance to high levels of salinity and drought makes it a suitable species for landscaping in arid and salt-affected areas where it produces valuable forage for livestock . Saltbush leaves are edible and they can be eaten cooked, like spinach or raw, like salad."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sugar palm (Borassus flabellifer)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african fan palm",
+        "palmyra palm",
+        "sugar palm"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "palmier palmyre",
+        "rondier",
+        "ronier",
+        "sentinelle de la savane"
+      ],
+      "description": "Tall erect palm with fan-shaped leaves and a black stem, usually 15-20 m but sometimes 30 m tall. Cultivated for its edible fruits and for its sap, which can be fermented into palm wine (toddy). The sap, which has a sugar content of about 14%, is also collected and converted into syrup by boiling. After cooling, the syrup hardens into lumps of sugar."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Saltbush (Salvadora persica)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "arak",
+        "miswak",
+        "mustard tree",
+        "saltbush",
+        "toothbrush tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arbre brosse à dents",
+        "arbre à cure-dents",
+        "arbre à frotte-dents"
+      ],
+      "description": "Saltbush ( Salvadora persica Garc.) is an evergreen shrub or small tree that can reach a height of 6-7 m. It has an erect trunk with slightly rough bark and a wide crown of profuse, crooked and dropping branches. Saltbush leaves are opposite, oblong-elliptic to almost circular, 3 x 7 cm, light to dark green, rather fleshy, borne on a 1 cm long petiole. The inflorescence is a 10 cm long panicle that bears very small, greenish to yellowish flowers. The fruit is pink to scarlet, spherical, fleshy, 5-10 mm in diameter. It contains one seed that turns from pink to purple to semi transparent at maturity ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sugarcane tops",
+      "english_names": [
+        "sugarcane tops"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "amarres",
+        "bouts blancs de canne à sucre",
+        "têtes de canne"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sugarcane tops are one of the main by-products of sugarcane milling . At harvest time, the sugarcane biomass includes stalks which can be milled, tops, dead and dying leaves, stubble and roots . Sugarcane tops represent 15 to 25% of the aerial part of the plant. They generally consist of green leaves, bundle sheath and variable amounts of immature cane . Generally the cutting point is at the highest fully-formed node . Sugarcane tops contain phenols, amino acids and soluble polysaccharides that prevent optimal crystallization and cause undesirable colour in sugar . For that reason, they are the first by-product of the sugar milling process and are discarded on the field, where they are often burned and then used as fertilizer . Sugarcane tops from sugar production are harvested at maturity, which coincides with the dry season, but tops from sugarcane grown for animal feeding can be harvested at an immature stage."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sunflower (general)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "common sunflower",
+        "sunflower"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "tournesol"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) is the 5 th most important oilseed crop in the world and accounts for 8% of oilseed world production , with 32.3 million tons for the 2010/2011 harvest ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "sweet potato"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "patate douce"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) is a plant grown for its tuberous roots in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate regions. Sweet potato tubers are a staple food or an alternative food in many countries and part of the production is used for animal feeding."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sheanut (Vitellaria paradoxa)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "butter tree",
+        "shea",
+        "shea butter tree",
+        "shea nut",
+        "shea tree",
+        "sheanut",
+        "vitellaria"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "beurre de karité",
+        "karité"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sheanut ( Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn.) is a deciduous, small to medium-sized tree growing up to a height of 15-25 m. Leaves are caducous and spirally arranged, mostly in dense clusters at the tips of branches. Fruit is a 1 or 2-seeded ellipsoid berry (4-8 cm), weighing 10-50 g, initially green but turning yellowish green or brown at maturity . Sheanut fruits are a source of energy during the dry season. The large fleshy seeds yield about 45% edible lardlike fat, the sheanut butter, used for food and cosmetics. A by-product of the butter extraction is sheanut cake or meal, which can be used as a feedstuff."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Tomato leaves and crop residues",
+      "english_names": [],
+      "french_names": [
+        "feuilles de tomate et résidus de récolte",
+        "pieds de tomate"
+      ],
+      "description": "Tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) leaves and crop residues (stubble, stalk) are the residues of tomato crop: vegetative parts of the plant left on the ground after harvest. They can be used for the following purposes:"
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Taro (Colocasia esculenta)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cocoyam",
+        "dasheen",
+        "eddo",
+        "eddoe",
+        "elephant's ear",
+        "madumbe",
+        "taro"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arouille violette",
+        "chou de chine",
+        "colocase",
+        "dachine",
+        "madère",
+        "songe",
+        "taro"
+      ],
+      "description": "The taro ( Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) is an herbaceous perennial, mostly cultivated as an annual. It grows up to a height of 2 m. Its adventicious and shallow root system arises from the corm, a swollen underground stem that contains high levels of fine starch and weighs up to 1 kg. Corms are usually cylindrical and 30 cm long x 15 cm diameter, but they are highly variable in size, shape and colour. The leaves are 30-90 cm long and 20-60 cm broad, and are borne in crowns at the end of upright, thick, succulent, 0.9-2 m high petioles. The inflorescence is a large pale green spathe ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Wild amaranth (Amaranthus graecizans)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "prostrate amaranth",
+        "spreading pigweed",
+        "wild amaranth"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "amarante africaine",
+        "amarante sauvage",
+        "amarante sylvestre"
+      ],
+      "description": "The wild amaranth ( Amaranthus graecizans L.) is an annual, summer growing herb species found in Africa, Asia and Southern Europe. It is mainly used as a vegetable. Its use for fodder (silage) has been reported in Sahelian Africa but information is limited."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "White mulberry (Morus alba)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "russian mulberry",
+        "silkworm mulberry",
+        "white mulberry"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "mûrier blanc"
+      ],
+      "description": "White mulberry ( Morus alba L.) is a high-yielding pantropical and subtropical medium-sized tree. While it is traditionally used as fodder for silkworms, white mulberry provides a highly palatable forage suitable for most farm animals ."
+    }
+  ],
+  "Fruits and by-products": [
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Moringa (Moringa oleifera)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "ben oil tree",
+        "benzoil tree",
+        "benzolive tree",
+        "drumstick tree",
+        "horse-radish tree",
+        "horseradish tree",
+        "moringa",
+        "west indian ben"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "ben ailée",
+        "ben oléifère",
+        "moringa ailée",
+        "pois quénique"
+      ],
+      "description": "Moringa ( Moringa oleifera Lam.) is a multipurpose tropical tree. It is mainly used for food and has numerous industrial, medicinal and agricultural uses, including animal feeding. Nutritious, fast-growing and drought-tolerant, this traditional plant was rediscovered in the 1990s and its cultivation has since become increasingly popular in Asia and Africa, where it is among the most economically valuable crops. It has been dubbed the \"miracle tree\" or \"tree of life\" by the media ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Banana leaves and pseudostems",
+      "english_names": [
+        "banana",
+        "cooking banana",
+        "french plantain",
+        "plantain"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "banane",
+        "banane plantain",
+        "plantain"
+      ],
+      "description": "While banana production is a fruit crop, it generates large amounts of forage material that can be used to feed livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "breadfruit",
+        "breadnut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arbre à pain"
+      ],
+      "description": "The breadfruit tree ( Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg) is an evergreen multipurpose and traditional agroforestry species. Its starchy fruits are a staple food in the Pacific Islands. The name breadfruit is due to the flavour of the fruit after being cooked, which is similar to that of freshly cooked bread ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Breadnut (Brosimum alicastrum)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "breadnut",
+        "maya nut",
+        "ramón"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "noix-pain",
+        "noyer à pain"
+      ],
+      "description": "The breadnut tree ( Brosimum alicastrum Swartz) is a tree mostly grown in Central America for its foliage, edible fruits and seeds, and good quality wood. Its foliage is frequently pruned, and the fruits are harvested once a year ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) nuts and by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cashew",
+        "cashew nut tree",
+        "cashew tree",
+        "cashewnut tree",
+        "tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "anacardier",
+        "baume cajou",
+        "cajou",
+        "noix de cajou",
+        "pomme cajou",
+        "pomme de cajou",
+        "pulpe de pomme cajou"
+      ],
+      "description": "The cashew tree ( Anacardium occidentale L.) is a medium-sized tropical tree usually cultivated for its fruit (cashew nut) and pseudofruit (cashew apple). It is also a multipurpose species that provides a broad range of services. About 30-40% cashew kernels are discarded during the process of roasting and are then fed to livestock ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bitter apple",
+        "colocynth",
+        "vine of sodom",
+        "wild gourd"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "coloquinte",
+        "coloquinte officinale"
+      ],
+      "description": "The colocynth ( Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.) is a member of the cucurbits family. It is a perennial trailing vine from the Mediterranean Basin and subtropical and tropical Asia that is able to grow in desert areas. It is mainly cultivated for its many ethnomedecinal and ethnoveterinary uses. Once cooked, the seeds become edible. They yield a considerable amount of oil, which makes colocynth a potential source of energy (biodiesel)."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Guava (Psidium guajava)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "common guava",
+        "guava",
+        "yellow guava"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "goyave",
+        "goyavier"
+      ],
+      "description": "Guava ( Psidium guajava L.) is an important tropical tree cultivated for its fruits. The fruit processing by-products, the leaves and the fruits themselves can be used to feed livestock though their nutritional value is low."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "jack",
+        "jackfruit",
+        "jak"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "The jackfruit tree ( Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is a tropical to subtropical, multipurpose tree mainly grown for its edible, energy- and protein-rich fruits. Its leaves, culled fruits, and fruit peelings are valuable for livestock feeding. It is a major fruit tree in some Asian countries and it is widely spread around the world."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Luffa (Luffa aegyptiaca)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "dishrag gourd",
+        "egyptian cucumber",
+        "loofah",
+        "lufah",
+        "luffa",
+        "rag gourd",
+        "smooth luffa",
+        "sponge gourd",
+        "vegetable-sponge",
+        "vietnamese gourd",
+        "vietnamese luffa"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "courge torchon",
+        "courge éponge",
+        "liane torchon",
+        "luffa",
+        "pétole",
+        "éponge végétale"
+      ],
+      "description": "Luffa ( Luffa aegyptiaca Mill.) is a plant from the cucumber family, mainly grown for fibre production."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Papaya (Carica papaya) fruits, leaves and by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "papaw",
+        "papaya",
+        "pawpaw"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "melon des tropiques",
+        "papayer"
+      ],
+      "description": "The papaya tree ( Carica papaya L.) is a fast growing perennial branchless tree up to 10 m high, with a crown of very large palmate leaves, at the base of which the fruits are clustered. It is mainly cultivated for its edible fruits which appear 10 months after planting. They are pyriform, orange or red-orange when ripe and may weigh up to 9 kg each. Fruits are tasty, sweet and juicy. Papaya fruits are a palatable feedstuff and the leaves and fruit by-products are also used to feed animals ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Pineapple leaves",
+      "english_names": [
+        "pineapple"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "ananas"
+      ],
+      "description": "The pineapple ( Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) is one of the most popular tropical fruit in the world. World pineapple production was 18 million tons in 2009 . Beside fruits, pineapple fields yield large amounts of leaves that may be used for their high quality fibre or as feedstuff for ruminants ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Tomato leaves and crop residues",
+      "english_names": [],
+      "french_names": [
+        "feuilles de tomate et résidus de récolte",
+        "pieds de tomate"
+      ],
+      "description": "Tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) leaves and crop residues (stubble, stalk) are the residues of tomato crop: vegetative parts of the plant left on the ground after harvest. They can be used for the following purposes:"
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Grape seeds and grape seed oil meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "defatted grape seeds",
+        "defatted grapeseeds",
+        "grape seed meal",
+        "grape seed oil cake",
+        "grape seed oil meal",
+        "grape seeds",
+        "grapeseed meal",
+        "grapeseeds"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "farine de pépins de raisin",
+        "pépins de raisin",
+        "tourteau de pépins de raisin"
+      ],
+      "description": "Grape seeds are a by-product of the pressing of grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) berries for making wine or grape juice. Grape seed oil meal is the by-product of oil extraction from grape seeds. Grape seeds and grape seed oil meal are fibrous, tannin-rich by-products of limited nutritional value, even for ruminant livestock. Since the year 2000, these products have received renewed interest due to their potential as sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids and beneficial antioxidants."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Marula (Sclerocarya birrea)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cider tree",
+        "marula"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "marula",
+        "prunier d'afrique"
+      ],
+      "description": "Marula ( Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst.) is a multipurpose deciduous African tree that produces prized juicy fruits, seeds rich in oil and protein. Marula is well known for its multiple potential uses, including animal feeding, and it could be valuable in agroforestry systems. However, as of 2021, the tree is not widely cultivated and remains underutilized."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Olive oil cake and by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "olive",
+        "olive tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "olivier"
+      ],
+      "description": "Olive oil extraction generates several by-products that can be used to feed animals, particularly the cakes and pomaces obtained from the extraction process, and leaves and other residues resulting from the cleaning operations. The young shoots coming out from the base of the tree can be browsed by sheep and the olives themselves can be eaten by pigs in extensive systems, such as those producing the Jamón ibérico in Spain."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Walnut (Juglans regia)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "caucasian walnut",
+        "chile walnut",
+        "circassian walnut",
+        "common walnut",
+        "english walnut",
+        "european walnut",
+        "french walnut",
+        "italian walnut",
+        "madeira walnut",
+        "manchurian walnut",
+        "persian walnut",
+        "royal walnut",
+        "walnut"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "calottier",
+        "gojeutier",
+        "noyer commun",
+        "noyer royal",
+        "écalonnier"
+      ],
+      "description": "Walnut, the fruit of the walnut tree ( Juglans regia L.), has been used in human nutrition since ancient times. Walnut trees were cultivated in Europe as early as 1000 BC . The walnut tree is a deciduous medium-sized to tall tree that can reach up to a height of 45 m . The fruit is a spherical drupe with a green fleshy husk that opens at maturity to reveal a nut. The nut consists of a hard lignified shell containing a wrinkled kernel made up of two halves separated by a partition. Depending on the ecotype, shells can be large or small, light brown or dark brown in colour, smooth or knobby ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Apple pomace and culled apples",
+      "english_names": [
+        "apple pomace"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "marc de pommes",
+        "pommes au sol",
+        "pommes de retrait",
+        "pommes fermentées"
+      ],
+      "description": "Apple pomace ( Malus domestica Borkh.) is the solid residue that remains after milling and pressing of apples for cider, apple juice or puree production . Culled, dropped and damaged apples (broken, injured during plucking, unfit for packing) are available in plenty during the apple season and are sometimes used for feeding livestock ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Banana (general)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "banana",
+        "cooking banana",
+        "french plantain",
+        "plantain"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "banane",
+        "banane plantain",
+        "plantain"
+      ],
+      "description": "Banana ( Musa sp.) is one of the major fruit crops, cultivated in all warm and humid tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, America, Africa and Australia. While bananas are primarily grown for food, 30-40% of the crop is considered unfit for human consumption and is potentially available for animal feeding. Banana peels and the vegetative parts of the plants are also used in animal feeding."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Banana peels",
+      "english_names": [
+        "banana",
+        "cooking banana",
+        "french plantain",
+        "plantain"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "banane",
+        "banane plantain",
+        "plantain"
+      ],
+      "description": "Banana peels are the outer envelopes of banana fruits. They are the by-product of household consumption and banana processing."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Banana fruits",
+      "english_names": [
+        "banana",
+        "cooking banana",
+        "french plantain",
+        "plantain"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "banane",
+        "banane plantain",
+        "plantain"
+      ],
+      "description": "Bananas are the fruits of the banana tree ( Musa sp.). Bananas grow in bunches with a varying number (up to 200) of \"fingers\" each. Depending on cultivars and landraces, bananas are 6-35 cm long, green, yellow, red or brown, cylindrical or angled, straight or curved, and seeded or seedless . The banana is picked green and ripened in sheds. It has been estimated that 30% to 40% of the total banana production are rejected for failing to meet quality standards, and are potentially available to livestock . In exporting countries, particularly in Latin America and Asia, bananas are rejected for being damaged and for being under- or over-sized. In countries where consumption is local, notably in Africa, only the fruits fully unfit for humans may be given to animals. For this reason, plantains are rarely used to feed animals and most of the scientific literature deals with bananas. Note: in the rest of this datasheet, the term \"banana\" will be used as a generic name for both bananas and plantains, except when the term plantain is specified."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Citrus fruits",
+      "english_names": [
+        "grapefruits",
+        "lemons",
+        "limes",
+        "mandarines",
+        "tangerines",
+        "whole citrus fruits",
+        "whole oranges"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "agrumes",
+        "citrons",
+        "citrons verts",
+        "oranges",
+        "pamplemousses",
+        "tangerines"
+      ],
+      "description": "The citrus industry produce fruits that do not meet requirements for fresh products (up to 2% in Spain, for instance) or that have to be withdrawn from the market in order to maintain prices (up to 5% of commercialized fruits in the European Union) . One possible use for these discarded fruits is animal feeding. Citrus fruits can be given to animals: they can be fed whole or sliced and they can be fed fresh, ensiled or dried."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Coffee hulls, fruit pulp and by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "arabian coffee",
+        "arabica coffee",
+        "coffee",
+        "coffee tree"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "caféier d'arabie"
+      ],
+      "description": "The coffee bean ( Coffea arabica L.) is used to make one of the most popular beverages in the world and considerable amounts of coffee bean are processed every day, leading to large quantities of by-products that may be used to feed livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Date palm fruits",
+      "english_names": [
+        "date",
+        "date palm"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "dattier",
+        "palmier dattier"
+      ],
+      "description": "Dates, the fruits of the date palm tree ( Phoenix dactylifera L.), are a major staple food in arid areas of North Africa and the Middle East, and the date crop plays a central role in the economy and social life of these regions . There are more than 3000 date varieties in the world. Iran, Irak, Morocco and Tunisia have the most diversified germplasm . While date palms are primarily cultivated for food, some local varieties are traditionally grown for animal consumption ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Grape pomace",
+      "english_names": [
+        "common grapevine",
+        "european grape",
+        "grape",
+        "grapevine"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "marc de raisin",
+        "marc de raisin degrappé",
+        "marc de raisin eraflé",
+        "marc de raisin épuisé",
+        "pulpe de raisin",
+        "raisin",
+        "vigne"
+      ],
+      "description": "The grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) is a woody vine cultivated worldwide for its edible berries (grapes) that are eaten fresh or pressed to make beverages. Most grape juice is fermented and macerated to make wine, and the remainder is used as a refreshing beverage. Grape processing generates a large number of by-products that can be broadly classified as follows: solid by-products (leaves, stems, seeds, skins, and pulp), highly viscous by-products (lees), and low-viscosity by-products (wastewater) . The seeds (pips) are sometimes extracted to make oil. This datasheet deals with grape pomace (grape marc), which is the main solid residue of grape processing. Grape pomace always includes the pressed skins and the disrupted cells of grape pulp, and, depending on the process, the stems and the seeds. Grape leaves and grape seeds and oil meal are presented in their own datasheets."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Mango (Mangifera indica) fruit and by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "mango"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "mangue",
+        "manguier"
+      ],
+      "description": "Mangos are the most important tropical fruit crop after bananas and plantains . The mango fruit is a large fleshy drupe, highly variable in size, shape, colour and taste, weighing up to 1 kg in some cultivars. There are more than 1000 mango cultivars. Green when unripe, after 3 to 6 months the fruit turns orange-reddish as it ripens. The fruit consists of a woody endocarp (pit), a resinous edible mesocarp (flesh) and a thick exocarp (peel). The majority of mango production is consumed fresh and about 1-2% of the production is processed to make products such as juices, nectars, concentrates, jams, jelly powders, fruit bars, flakes and dried fruits . Mango varieties too fibrous or too soft for fresh consumption can be used for juice making ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Pineapple by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "pineapple"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "ananas"
+      ],
+      "description": "With a world production of more than 18 million tons in 2009, pineapple ranks 12 th among fruits crop worldwide . About 70% of the pineapple produced in the world is consumed as a fresh fruit in the country of origin . The remaining 30% is exported or transformed into canned slices, chunks, crush (solid pack) and juice. The post-harvest processing of pineapple fruits yields skins (outer peels), crowns, bud ends, cores, waste from fresh trimmings and the pomace of the fruit from which the juice has been extracted. Leaves and other non-fruit parts can be added to the wastes . These by-products account for approximately 30-35% of the fresh fruit weight. They can be used as soil amendments or as feedstuffs for all classes of livestock . Like other fresh fruit by-products, fresh pineapple cannery wastes are rich in water (about 90%) and soluble carbohydrates and, therefore, decay very quickly. They must be consumed as soon as possible, but canneries are often not located in areas of animal production, and transportation of such bulky products is expensive and may require daily visits to the cannery . For those reasons, fresh pineapple waste is often preserved by drying or ensiling."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Tomato fruits",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cull tomatoes",
+        "culled tomato",
+        "dried tomato",
+        "dried tomato pulp",
+        "fresh tomatoes",
+        "tomatoes"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "tomate"
+      ],
+      "description": "Tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruits that do not meet grade standards for fresh market or processing are discarded. Such fruits may be damaged, diseased, too small, misshapen, etc. In Florida, for instance, cull tomatoes represent 20 to 40% of the tomato production, depending on the time of the year and weather events . This large amount of tomato wastage has always been a problem for tomato growers, and cull tomatoes are often scattered on vacant land and pastures or buried in the ground. Feeding them to livestock is a common way to get rid of them ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Tomato pomace, tomato skins and tomato seeds",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cull tomatoes",
+        "culled tomato",
+        "dried tomato",
+        "dried tomato pulp",
+        "fresh tomatoes",
+        "tomatoes"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "graines de tomates",
+        "marc de tomate",
+        "peaux de tomates",
+        "pelures de tomates",
+        "tomate"
+      ],
+      "description": "Tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) are one of the major vegetables and second only to potatoes in terms of world production . While the majority of tomatoes are sold fresh, a little more than one third of the production is processed for canning, tomato juice, tomato paste or puree, sauces and ketchup (click here to see a diagram of Tomato processing )."
+    }
+  ],
+  "Aquatic plants": [
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Azolla",
+      "english_names": [
+        "azolla",
+        "duckweed fern",
+        "fairy moss",
+        "mosquito fern",
+        "water fern"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Azolla ( Azolla sp.) is an aquatic fern consisting of a short, branched, floating stem, bearing roots which hang down in the water. The leaves are alternately arranged, each consisting of a thick aerial dorsal lobe containing green chlorophyll and a slightly larger thin, colourless, floating ventral lobe. Under some conditions, an anthocyanin pigment gives the fern a reddish-brown colour. Plant diameter ranges from 1-2.5 cm for small species such as Azolla pinnata , to 15 cm or more for Azolla nilotica . Azolla plants are triangular or polygonal in shape, and float on the surface of the water, individually or in mats. They give the appearance of a dark green to reddish carpet, except Azolla nilotica that does not produce the red anthocyanin pigment. The most remarkable characteristic of azolla is its symbiotic relationship with the nitrogen-fixing blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Anabaena azollae . The fern provides nutrients and a protective cavity in each leaf to Anabaena colonies in exchange for fixed atmospheric nitrogen and possibly other growth-promoting substances ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Duckweed",
+      "english_names": [
+        "common duckweed",
+        "lemna minor:",
+        "lesser duckweed",
+        "the main duckweed species are the following:"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "lenticule mineure",
+        "lentille d'eau bossue",
+        "petite lentille d'eau",
+        "spirodèle polyrhize"
+      ],
+      "description": "Duckweeds are tiny free-floating vascular plants found throughout the world on fresh (or sometimes brackish) waters."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Microalgae",
+      "english_names": [
+        "microalgae"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "microalgues"
+      ],
+      "description": "Microalgae are small-sized organisms found in fresh and saline waters, in both benthic and littoral habitats, and also throughout the ocean waters as phytoplankton, while the larger macroalgae (seaweeds) occupy the littoral zone . Microalgae are unicellular to filamentous in form. They lack roots, vascular systems, leaves and stems, and are autotrophic and photosynthetic. Microalgae are generally eukaryotic organisms, although cyanobacteria, such as spirulina, which are prokaryotes, are included under microalgae due to their photosynthetic and reproductive properties . Microalgae range in size from about 5 µm ( Chlorella ) to more than 100 µm (spirulina) . The commercial cultivation of microalgae began in Japan with the cultivation of Chlorella in the 1960s, followed by the cultivation of spirulina in Mexico and the USA in the 1970s. Since then, the industrial biotechnology of microalgae has grown tremendously. The immense chemical diversity of microalgae provides numerous applications in the food, feed and pharmaceutical industries. Microalgae are cultivated for the production of whole biomass and valuable substances such as nutraceuticals, carotenoids, phycocyanin and poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are utilised in the food and feed (notably aquaculture) industry. The production of biofuel from lipid- or carbohydrates-rich microalgae is under way ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Seaweeds (marine macroalgae)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "kelp",
+        "macroalgae",
+        "marine macroalgae",
+        "seaweed"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "algue noueuse",
+        "algue à vache",
+        "algues",
+        "algues marines",
+        "ascophylle noueuse",
+        "favach",
+        "goémon noir",
+        "goémon à vache",
+        "kelp géant",
+        "laitue de mer",
+        "laminaire",
+        "maërl",
+        "petit goémon",
+        "robert",
+        "sargasse",
+        "ulve",
+        "varech"
+      ],
+      "description": "Algae are an heterogeneous group of plants with a complex and often controversial taxonomy. There are two main types of algae: the macroalgae (seaweeds), which occupy the littoral zone and can be of very large size, and the small-sized microalgae, which are found in benthic and littoral habitats as well as throughout the ocean waters as phytoplankton . There are about 10,000 species of seaweeds , but only a few of them are of interest in animal feeding. This datasheet deals exclusively with seaweeds: for the utilization of microalgae species such as spirulina ( Arthrospira ) in animal feeding, see the Microalgae datasheet."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "\"million dollar weed\"",
+        "common water hyacinth",
+        "water hyacinth"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "camalote",
+        "jacinthe d'eau"
+      ],
+      "description": "The water hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) is a free floating perennial herb of fresh water ecosystems. It is found at the surface of rivers, lakes, canals and ponds and may root in the mud of shallow waters. It is generally 10-20 cm high but can reach 1 m high when established in dense mats . Water hyacinth is a rhizomatous and stoloniferous plant with long, pendant and adventitious roots. The leaves arise from the rhizome nodes and stand above the water. They are dark green, ovate and cordate at the base, borne on swollen bladder-like petioles . The plant has considerable buoyancy and the leaves act as sails in the wind . The inflorescence bears 8-10 pale violet or blue lily-like flowers. The fruit is a dehiscent capsule containing up to 200 small seeds ."
+    }
+  ],
+  "Other products": [
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Microalgae",
+      "english_names": [
+        "microalgae"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "microalgues"
+      ],
+      "description": "Microalgae are small-sized organisms found in fresh and saline waters, in both benthic and littoral habitats, and also throughout the ocean waters as phytoplankton, while the larger macroalgae (seaweeds) occupy the littoral zone . Microalgae are unicellular to filamentous in form. They lack roots, vascular systems, leaves and stems, and are autotrophic and photosynthetic. Microalgae are generally eukaryotic organisms, although cyanobacteria, such as spirulina, which are prokaryotes, are included under microalgae due to their photosynthetic and reproductive properties . Microalgae range in size from about 5 µm ( Chlorella ) to more than 100 µm (spirulina) . The commercial cultivation of microalgae began in Japan with the cultivation of Chlorella in the 1960s, followed by the cultivation of spirulina in Mexico and the USA in the 1970s. Since then, the industrial biotechnology of microalgae has grown tremendously. The immense chemical diversity of microalgae provides numerous applications in the food, feed and pharmaceutical industries. Microalgae are cultivated for the production of whole biomass and valuable substances such as nutraceuticals, carotenoids, phycocyanin and poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are utilised in the food and feed (notably aquaculture) industry. The production of biofuel from lipid- or carbohydrates-rich microalgae is under way ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Mexican marigold (Tagetes erecta)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "african marigold",
+        "aztec marigold",
+        "mexican marigold"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "rose d'inde",
+        "souci africain",
+        "souci aztèque",
+        "tagète"
+      ],
+      "description": "Mexican marigold ( Tagetes erecta L.) is an herbaceous plant from the sunflower family, cultivated commercially for its yellow flowers, both as an ornamental plant and as a source of feed pigments and food colouring additives."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Starches",
+      "english_names": [
+        "starch"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "amidon",
+        "fécule"
+      ],
+      "description": "Starch is a carbohydrate (polysaccharide) consisting of a large number of glucose units. It is found in the storage organs of many plants. It is the main energy component of most staple foods, including cereal grains (wheat, maize, barley, rye, rice, oats, sorghum, millet), roots and tubers (potatoes, cassava, sago, arrowroot) . It is also found in many legume grains (peas, faba beans, common beans) and in some fruits. In the cell, starch is stored in amyloplasts and forms starch granules. Starch is arranged in two types of macro-molecules: amylose (linear and helical polymer) and amylopectin (branched polymer). Amylose is usually dominant but high amylopectin varieties (mutant waxy maize) or subspecies (e.g. the glutinous rice, Oryza sativa var. glutinosa ) exist. High amylose cultivars have been developed ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Potato (Solanum tuberosum) protein concentrate",
+      "english_names": [
+        "potato protein concentrate"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "concentré protéique de pomme de terre"
+      ],
+      "description": "Potato protein concentrate is a byproduct of potato starch production. Consisting in almost pure protein, it is of outstanding nutritive value for all classes of livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Brewers yeast",
+      "english_names": [
+        "brewer's yeast",
+        "brewers yeast",
+        "brewers' dried yeast",
+        "brewers' yeast dehydrated",
+        "top-fermenting yeast"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "levure de brasserie",
+        "levure de brasserie déshydratée",
+        "levure de brasserie liquide"
+      ],
+      "description": "Brewers yeast is a by-product from the breweries, which use the micro-organism and fungal yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Brewers yeast is obtained by the removal of yeast after the brewing process and subsequent inactivation by means of organic acids . Brewers yeast is used as a flavouring ingredient in the food industry, and as feedstuff for pigs, ruminants, poultry and fish . Brewers yeast is mainly a source of protein, vitamins and minerals . Yeast inactivation is necessary to prevent further fermentation after consumption by animals, that may cause severe gastro-intestinal problems in pigs . Inactivated brewers yeast is a highly valuable source of protein, phosphorous and B vitamins . Brewers yeast may be fed fresh (liquid form) or dried (brewers dried yeast), which is costly and thus only used in specialty feeds ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Bakery waste",
+      "english_names": [
+        "bakery waste",
+        "bread crumbs",
+        "stale bread"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "pain rassis",
+        "résidus de boulangerie"
+      ],
+      "description": "Bakery wastes are products obtained from the recycling of bakery and viennoiserie industry (croissants, sweet breads, cakes, dough, tarts or pies), raw or baked ."
+    }
+  ],
+  "Other feeds": [
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Microalgae",
+      "english_names": [
+        "microalgae"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "microalgues"
+      ],
+      "description": "Microalgae are small-sized organisms found in fresh and saline waters, in both benthic and littoral habitats, and also throughout the ocean waters as phytoplankton, while the larger macroalgae (seaweeds) occupy the littoral zone . Microalgae are unicellular to filamentous in form. They lack roots, vascular systems, leaves and stems, and are autotrophic and photosynthetic. Microalgae are generally eukaryotic organisms, although cyanobacteria, such as spirulina, which are prokaryotes, are included under microalgae due to their photosynthetic and reproductive properties . Microalgae range in size from about 5 µm ( Chlorella ) to more than 100 µm (spirulina) . The commercial cultivation of microalgae began in Japan with the cultivation of Chlorella in the 1960s, followed by the cultivation of spirulina in Mexico and the USA in the 1970s. Since then, the industrial biotechnology of microalgae has grown tremendously. The immense chemical diversity of microalgae provides numerous applications in the food, feed and pharmaceutical industries. Microalgae are cultivated for the production of whole biomass and valuable substances such as nutraceuticals, carotenoids, phycocyanin and poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are utilised in the food and feed (notably aquaculture) industry. The production of biofuel from lipid- or carbohydrates-rich microalgae is under way ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Brewers yeast",
+      "english_names": [
+        "brewer's yeast",
+        "brewers yeast",
+        "brewers' dried yeast",
+        "brewers' yeast dehydrated",
+        "top-fermenting yeast"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "levure de brasserie",
+        "levure de brasserie déshydratée",
+        "levure de brasserie liquide"
+      ],
+      "description": "Brewers yeast is a by-product from the breweries, which use the micro-organism and fungal yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Brewers yeast is obtained by the removal of yeast after the brewing process and subsequent inactivation by means of organic acids . Brewers yeast is used as a flavouring ingredient in the food industry, and as feedstuff for pigs, ruminants, poultry and fish . Brewers yeast is mainly a source of protein, vitamins and minerals . Yeast inactivation is necessary to prevent further fermentation after consumption by animals, that may cause severe gastro-intestinal problems in pigs . Inactivated brewers yeast is a highly valuable source of protein, phosphorous and B vitamins . Brewers yeast may be fed fresh (liquid form) or dried (brewers dried yeast), which is costly and thus only used in specialty feeds ."
+    }
+  ],
+  "Roots, tubers and by-products": [
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Carrot (Daucus carota)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "carrot"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "carotte"
+      ],
+      "description": "The carrot ( Daucus carota L.) is an annual or biennial herb with a thick fleshy taproot, which is the primary organ of agricultural importance. Carrot roots are usually orange, but there are also white, black, yellow, red and purple varieties. The roots range in length from 5 cm to more than 50 cm and are generally conical. However, there is tremendous diversity in root shapes and sizes. The leaves are alternate and compound and organized as a rosette. Carrot roots are an important food product. Depending on the variety, carrots are sold fresh or processed: pre-packed, boiled and canned, frozen, diced and sliced, etc. ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cassava leaves and foliage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "brazilian arrowroot",
+        "cassava",
+        "tapioca"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "manioc",
+        "tapioca"
+      ],
+      "description": "Cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) is mainly grown for its tubers that are used as staple food or for starch but cassava foliage can be a valuable fodder. It is then cultivated as a semi-perennial forage that can be harvested several times per biological cycle (every two or three months) . Cassava foliage can be fed fresh, but it is often preferable to dry it (cassava leaf meal) or ensile it as the leaves contain hydrogen cyanide that can be toxic to livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cassava peels, cassava pomace and other cassava by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "brazilian arrowroot",
+        "cassava",
+        "tapioca"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "manioc",
+        "tapioca"
+      ],
+      "description": "The processing of cassava tubers yields the following by-products that can be valuable livestock feeds when properly processed :"
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "jerusalem artichoke",
+        "sunchoke",
+        "sunroot"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "artichaut de jérusalem",
+        "topinambour",
+        "truffe du canada"
+      ],
+      "description": "The Jerusalem artichoke ( Helianthus tuberosus L.) is an erect, rhizomatous perennial herb, up to 3-4 m high. Though perennial, it is mainly grown as an annual. It is a highly variable plant: many characteristics, including size (2 to 4 m), tuber colour (green or violet), stem number and the number of branches per stem depend on genetics and environmental conditions. The stems are generally hairy and branch in their lower part. The root system is fibrous and develops cord-like rhizomes that can reach more than 1 m in length. The apical part of the rhizome is swollen and forms a fleshy tuber. The leaves are opposite or alternate, ovate to lanceolate, toothed, pubescent on the lower surface and 3-20 cm long x 5-8 cm broad. The inflorescence is a pseudanthium borne alone or in groups at the end of the stem or on terminal axillary branches. The flower head is 5-11 cm in diameter (much smaller than that of the sunflower) and bears many small yellow tubular fertile flowers surrounded by yellow ray sterile flowers, the ligules of which are thought of as petals. The fruit is a hairy achene containing a mottled black or brown seed, 5 mm long x 2 mm wide ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) forage",
+      "english_names": [
+        "sweet potato"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "patate douce"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) is a plant grown for its tuberous roots in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate regions. Sweet potato tubers are a staple food or an alternative food in many countries and part of the production is used for animal feeding."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Taro (Colocasia esculenta)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "cocoyam",
+        "dasheen",
+        "eddo",
+        "eddoe",
+        "elephant's ear",
+        "madumbe",
+        "taro"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arouille violette",
+        "chou de chine",
+        "colocase",
+        "dachine",
+        "madère",
+        "songe",
+        "taro"
+      ],
+      "description": "The taro ( Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) is an herbaceous perennial, mostly cultivated as an annual. It grows up to a height of 2 m. Its adventicious and shallow root system arises from the corm, a swollen underground stem that contains high levels of fine starch and weighs up to 1 kg. Corms are usually cylindrical and 30 cm long x 15 cm diameter, but they are highly variable in size, shape and colour. The leaves are 30-90 cm long and 20-60 cm broad, and are borne in crowns at the end of upright, thick, succulent, 0.9-2 m high petioles. The inflorescence is a large pale green spathe ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "arrow-root",
+        "arrowroot",
+        "bermuda arrowroot",
+        "west indian arrowroot"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "arrow-root",
+        "dictame",
+        "herbe aux flèches",
+        "marante",
+        "mouchasse",
+        "rouroute"
+      ],
+      "description": "Arrowroot ( Maranta arundinacea L.) is a tropical herb used for its tubers, which contain a highly valuable starch. The leaves and the by-products of starch extraction are fed to livestock."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Beet molasses",
+      "english_names": [
+        "beet molasses",
+        "sugar beet molasses",
+        "sugarbeet molasses"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "mélasse de betterave"
+      ],
+      "description": "Beet molasses is the syrupy by-product yielded after the crystallisation of sugar from concentrated sugar juice extracted from the roots of sugar beets ( Beta vulgaris L.) . It is viscous, dark, sweet, sugar-rich, with a caramel flavour. Like sugarcane molasses, it is very palatable to livestock. It is a major feed ingredient for all types of livestock including poultry. It is used as an energy source, as an appetizer, as a binder in compound feeds, and as a carrier for other ingredients such as sources of non-protein nitrogen (urea) ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Cassava roots",
+      "english_names": [
+        "brazilian arrowroot",
+        "cassava",
+        "tapioca"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "manioc",
+        "tapioca"
+      ],
+      "description": "Cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a shrub grown in the tropics and subtropics for its underground starchy tuberous roots. Cassava roots, also called cassava tubers, are a major staple food for more than 800 million people in the world ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Enset (Ensete ventricosum) corms and pseudostems",
+      "english_names": [
+        "abyssinian banana",
+        "enset",
+        "ensete",
+        "ethiopian banana",
+        "false banana"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "bananier d'abyssinie"
+      ],
+      "description": "Enset ( Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman) is a tall herbaceous plant from tropical Eastern Africa related to the banana. Enset is grown in Ethiopia for its starch-rich basal pseudostems (trunks) and their swollen underground parts, called corms, which are an important staple food for the inhabitants of the southern and south-western areas of the country. In Ethiopia, enset corms and pseudostems play a major role in food security, and they are also occasionally fed to livestock . The sustainability of enset farming systems is currently endangered by the bacterial wilt disease, so the future of the crop is in question. However, enset grows in many tropical countries and its corms and pseudostems are an underexploited high-energy feed resource."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Fodder beet roots",
+      "english_names": [
+        "field beet",
+        "fodder beet root",
+        "forage beet",
+        "mangel",
+        "mangel beet",
+        "mangelwurzel",
+        "mangold",
+        "mangold-wurzel"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "betterave fourragère"
+      ],
+      "description": "Fodder beet ( Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris L.) is a biennial plant grown for its fleshy and swollen root. The size, shape and colour of the root are extremely variable and depend on the variety. Roots from fodder varieties tend to be less deeply buried (up to 2/3 above ground) than those of sugar and intermediate fodder-sugar varieties . The vegetative part develops mainly during the first year of growth. The dark green, heart-shaped leaves are borne in a rosette, lying horizontally to catch as much light as possible. After the first year, if the root is not harvested and after exposure to cold, the rosette turns into a 50-80 cm tall flower stalk that bears small, green and bisexual flowers without petals . Fodder beet crops that are intended for fodder (rather than for seed production) are cultivated as annual crops and the roots must be harvested before winter since they do not withstand frost ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Potato (Solanum tuberosum) by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "abraded peel"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "boues de pommes de terre",
+        "chips de retrait",
+        "frites de retrait",
+        "gâteau de filtration de pomme de terre",
+        "mash/purée déshydraté.e de pomme de terre",
+        "pelure vapeur",
+        "pelures d'abrasion",
+        "pulpe de pomme de terre issue de l'extraction d'amidon",
+        "purée de pomme de terre",
+        "purée pelure",
+        "screenings"
+      ],
+      "description": "The processing of potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) for food and for the manufacture of starch, alcohol, glucose and dextrin has been steadily increasing and yields large amounts of an extremely diverse range of by-products. These by-products can be a threat to the environment, but they are also very valuable for animal feeding . Potato by-products are numerous and very variable depending on the processing method that yielded them."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers",
+      "english_names": [
+        "potato",
+        "spud"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "patate",
+        "pomme de terre"
+      ],
+      "description": "Potato tubers are the subterranean swollen, starchy tubers of the potato plant ( Solanum tuberosum L.) and are of utmost importance as staple food for hundreds of millions of people in the world. Potatoes are cultivated in 149 countries . Potato tubers have been considered a good, succulent feed for farm animals for a long time . Feed-grade potato tubers are culled or discarded potatoes that did not meet market requirements because of size, appearance, diseases, damage, or that were in oversupply . Potatoes may be fed raw to cattle, sheep, horses and pigs but are best cooked for the latter ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sugar beet pulp, dehydrated",
+      "english_names": [
+        "sugar beet",
+        "sugarbeet"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "betterave sucrière",
+        "pulpe de betterave surpressée",
+        "pulpe de betteraves déshydratée",
+        "pulpe de betteraves fraîches"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sugarbeet pulp is the fibrous, energy rich by-product resulting from the water extraction of sugar contained in the root of the sugarbeet ( Beta vulgaris L.). Sugarbeet pulp is relished by all classes of farm animals (ruminants, pigs, poultry, rabbits and also horses) and much valued by farmers. It has outstanding feeding value gathering qualities of both chopped hay (for fibre) and maize (for energy content) . However, it should be noted that sugarbeet pulp results from various processes and may have variable quality."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) by-products",
+      "english_names": [
+        "sweet potato",
+        "sweetpotato",
+        "sweetpotatoes"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "patate douce"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sweet potato tubers ( Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) are a staple food, an alternative food, or an animal feed ingredient in many countries. Sweet potatoes are consumed fresh, canned or processed (purée, crisps, starch...), and they are used for the production of drinks (alcoholic or not) and bioethanol. Their processing results in numerous by-products which are extremely variable. Like the by-products of the potato (see the Potato by-products datasheet), sweet potato by-products can be raw or result from processes involving heat."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sugar beet pulp, pressed or wet",
+      "english_names": [
+        "sugar beet",
+        "sugarbeet"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "betterave sucrière",
+        "pulpe de betterave surpressée",
+        "pulpe de betteraves déshydratée",
+        "pulpe de betteraves fraîches"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sugarbeet pulp is the fibrous, energy rich by-product resulting from the water extraction of sugar contained in the root of the sugarbeet ( Beta vulgaris L.). Sugarbeet pulp is relished by animals and much valued by farmers. It has an outstanding feeding value for all classes of livestock (ruminants, pigs and horses) but is particularly suited to dairy cattle as it has a galactogogue effect . However, it should be noted that sugarbeet pulp results from various processes and may have variable quality."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) tubers",
+      "english_names": [
+        "sweet potato"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "patate douce"
+      ],
+      "description": "Sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) is a plant grown for its tuberous roots in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate regions. Sweet potato tubers are a staple food or an alternative food in many countries and part of the production is used for animal feeding."
+    }
+  ],
+  "Animal by-products": [
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Blood meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "blood flour",
+        "blood meal",
+        "fresh blood"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "farine de sang",
+        "sang frais"
+      ],
+      "description": "Blood can be collected during the slaughter of various livestock species (cattle, pigs, chickens, etc.) under a wide range of conditions. It is usually dried and made into blood meal so that it can be handled and incorporated into rations more easily. Other feed products derived from blood include fresh blood, hemoglobin and plasma. Blood meal contains mostly protein and is used to supplement diets based on cereal grains, plant by-products and forages. It has been shown to be a satisfactory replacement for other protein sources in various animal production diets for dairy cattle, beef cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry, various fish species and silkworms. However blood meal is not very palatable and its amino acid content is imbalanced (see Nutritional attributes on the \"Nutritional aspects\" tab). It is not advisable to include high rates of blood meal in livestock diets."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Earthworm meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "brandling worm",
+        "common earthworm",
+        "dew worm",
+        "earthworm",
+        "grandaddy earthworm (canada)",
+        "lob worm",
+        "nightcrawler (usa)",
+        "panfish worm",
+        "red wiggler worm",
+        "redworm",
+        "tiger worm",
+        "trout worm",
+        "worms"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "lombric",
+        "ver de fumier",
+        "ver de terre",
+        "ver de terre commun"
+      ],
+      "description": "Earthworm meal consists in processed worms reared for vermicomposting, a method of composting that consists in the conversion of fruit and vegetable wastes, animal dung, methanizer residues or sewage into organic soil amendments for agriculture and horticulture, which are produced by the worms and deposited on the surface as wormcast (castings). The protein-rich earthworms are a byproduct of vermicomposting. They can be used in farm animal feeding, especially poultry, pigs and aquaculture species. Rearing earthworms could be a way to reduce wastes and feed/food competition. It could be easier to grow earthworms than insects from an economic and energy point of view as the many earthworm species are adapted to broader temperature ranges than insects ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Feather meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "feather meal",
+        "feathermeal",
+        "hydrolyzed feather meal",
+        "hydrolyzed poultry feather meal",
+        "poultry feather meal"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "farine de plumes",
+        "farine de plumes hydrolysées"
+      ],
+      "description": "Feather meal results from the processing of the feathers obtained after poultry slaughtering. Feather meal is used as a source of protein for farm animals and as a fertilizer. Feathers are a byproduct of broiler, turkey and and other poultry processing operations. Feathers represent 3-7% weight of the live bird, therefore producing a considerable mass of protein ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Fish meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "brown fish meal",
+        "fish meal",
+        "fishmeal",
+        "low-temperature (lt) fish meal",
+        "prime fish meal",
+        "white fish meal"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "farines de poisson"
+      ],
+      "description": "Fish meal is obtained by cooking, pressing, drying and milling fresh raw fish or fish trimmings . There are several types of fish meal in the market depending on the source of fish or fishery by-products used and on the processing technology involved. Fish meal is a more or less coarse brown flour."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Locust meal, locusts, grasshoppers and crickets",
+      "english_names": [
+        "acrididae",
+        "acridids",
+        "cricket meal",
+        "crickets",
+        "desert locust",
+        "field cricket",
+        "grasshopper meal",
+        "grasshoppers",
+        "gryllidae",
+        "house cricket",
+        "katydids",
+        "locust meal",
+        "locusts",
+        "migratory locust",
+        "mormon cricket",
+        "orthoptera",
+        "red locust",
+        "tettigoniidae"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "criquets",
+        "grillons",
+        "locustes",
+        "sauterelles"
+      ],
+      "description": "Locusts, grasshoppers (mostly Acrididae and Pyrgomorphidae), crickets (Gryllidae) and katydids (Tettigoniidae) are insects of the order Orthoptera. Many are edible and more than 80 species of locusts, grasshoppers and crickets are consumed worldwide for human food in Africa, South America and Asia. They may be part of the normal diet, or delicacies sold by street vendors. They are eaten at home or in restaurants, both in rural and urban areas ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "dried mealworms",
+        "mealworm",
+        "mealworm meal",
+        "mealworms",
+        "yellow mealworm"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "ténébrion meunier",
+        "ver de farine"
+      ],
+      "description": "Mealworms are the larvae of two species of darkling beetles of the Tenebrionidae family, the yellow mealworm beetle , and the smaller and less common dark or mini mealworm beetle . Mealworm beetles are indigenous to Europe and are now distributed worldwide. Tenebrio molitor is a pest of grain, flour and food stores, but often not of much importance since populations are quite small . Mealworms are easy to breed and feed, and have a valuable protein profile. For these reasons, they are produced industrially as feed for pets and zoo animals, including birds, reptiles, small mammals, batrachians and fish. They are usually fed live, but they are also sold canned, dried, or in powder form ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Snail meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "apple snail",
+        "channeled applesnail",
+        "golden apple snail"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Snails are plentiful in some regions. They can also be introduced and raised on agricultural waste provided that they cannot escape and become a threat for the environment. They can be collected and processed into a viable supplementary source of protein that can be used to replace other animal protein sources in feed rations."
+    }
+  ],
+  "Feeds from animal origin": [
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Blood meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "blood flour",
+        "blood meal",
+        "fresh blood"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "farine de sang",
+        "sang frais"
+      ],
+      "description": "Blood can be collected during the slaughter of various livestock species (cattle, pigs, chickens, etc.) under a wide range of conditions. It is usually dried and made into blood meal so that it can be handled and incorporated into rations more easily. Other feed products derived from blood include fresh blood, hemoglobin and plasma. Blood meal contains mostly protein and is used to supplement diets based on cereal grains, plant by-products and forages. It has been shown to be a satisfactory replacement for other protein sources in various animal production diets for dairy cattle, beef cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry, various fish species and silkworms. However blood meal is not very palatable and its amino acid content is imbalanced (see Nutritional attributes on the \"Nutritional aspects\" tab). It is not advisable to include high rates of blood meal in livestock diets."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Earthworm meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "brandling worm",
+        "common earthworm",
+        "dew worm",
+        "earthworm",
+        "grandaddy earthworm (canada)",
+        "lob worm",
+        "nightcrawler (usa)",
+        "panfish worm",
+        "red wiggler worm",
+        "redworm",
+        "tiger worm",
+        "trout worm",
+        "worms"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "lombric",
+        "ver de fumier",
+        "ver de terre",
+        "ver de terre commun"
+      ],
+      "description": "Earthworm meal consists in processed worms reared for vermicomposting, a method of composting that consists in the conversion of fruit and vegetable wastes, animal dung, methanizer residues or sewage into organic soil amendments for agriculture and horticulture, which are produced by the worms and deposited on the surface as wormcast (castings). The protein-rich earthworms are a byproduct of vermicomposting. They can be used in farm animal feeding, especially poultry, pigs and aquaculture species. Rearing earthworms could be a way to reduce wastes and feed/food competition. It could be easier to grow earthworms than insects from an economic and energy point of view as the many earthworm species are adapted to broader temperature ranges than insects ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Feather meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "feather meal",
+        "feathermeal",
+        "hydrolyzed feather meal",
+        "hydrolyzed poultry feather meal",
+        "poultry feather meal"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "farine de plumes",
+        "farine de plumes hydrolysées"
+      ],
+      "description": "Feather meal results from the processing of the feathers obtained after poultry slaughtering. Feather meal is used as a source of protein for farm animals and as a fertilizer. Feathers are a byproduct of broiler, turkey and and other poultry processing operations. Feathers represent 3-7% weight of the live bird, therefore producing a considerable mass of protein ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Fish meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "brown fish meal",
+        "fish meal",
+        "fishmeal",
+        "low-temperature (lt) fish meal",
+        "prime fish meal",
+        "white fish meal"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "farines de poisson"
+      ],
+      "description": "Fish meal is obtained by cooking, pressing, drying and milling fresh raw fish or fish trimmings . There are several types of fish meal in the market depending on the source of fish or fishery by-products used and on the processing technology involved. Fish meal is a more or less coarse brown flour."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Locust meal, locusts, grasshoppers and crickets",
+      "english_names": [
+        "acrididae",
+        "acridids",
+        "cricket meal",
+        "crickets",
+        "desert locust",
+        "field cricket",
+        "grasshopper meal",
+        "grasshoppers",
+        "gryllidae",
+        "house cricket",
+        "katydids",
+        "locust meal",
+        "locusts",
+        "migratory locust",
+        "mormon cricket",
+        "orthoptera",
+        "red locust",
+        "tettigoniidae"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "criquets",
+        "grillons",
+        "locustes",
+        "sauterelles"
+      ],
+      "description": "Locusts, grasshoppers (mostly Acrididae and Pyrgomorphidae), crickets (Gryllidae) and katydids (Tettigoniidae) are insects of the order Orthoptera. Many are edible and more than 80 species of locusts, grasshoppers and crickets are consumed worldwide for human food in Africa, South America and Asia. They may be part of the normal diet, or delicacies sold by street vendors. They are eaten at home or in restaurants, both in rural and urban areas ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "dried mealworms",
+        "mealworm",
+        "mealworm meal",
+        "mealworms",
+        "yellow mealworm"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "ténébrion meunier",
+        "ver de farine"
+      ],
+      "description": "Mealworms are the larvae of two species of darkling beetles of the Tenebrionidae family, the yellow mealworm beetle , and the smaller and less common dark or mini mealworm beetle . Mealworm beetles are indigenous to Europe and are now distributed worldwide. Tenebrio molitor is a pest of grain, flour and food stores, but often not of much importance since populations are quite small . Mealworms are easy to breed and feed, and have a valuable protein profile. For these reasons, they are produced industrially as feed for pets and zoo animals, including birds, reptiles, small mammals, batrachians and fish. They are usually fed live, but they are also sold canned, dried, or in powder form ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Snail meal",
+      "english_names": [
+        "apple snail",
+        "channeled applesnail",
+        "golden apple snail"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [],
+      "description": "Snails are plentiful in some regions. They can also be introduced and raised on agricultural waste provided that they cannot escape and become a threat for the environment. They can be collected and processed into a viable supplementary source of protein that can be used to replace other animal protein sources in feed rations."
+    }
+  ],
+  "Insects": [
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Locust meal, locusts, grasshoppers and crickets",
+      "english_names": [
+        "acrididae",
+        "acridids",
+        "cricket meal",
+        "crickets",
+        "desert locust",
+        "field cricket",
+        "grasshopper meal",
+        "grasshoppers",
+        "gryllidae",
+        "house cricket",
+        "katydids",
+        "locust meal",
+        "locusts",
+        "migratory locust",
+        "mormon cricket",
+        "orthoptera",
+        "red locust",
+        "tettigoniidae"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "criquets",
+        "grillons",
+        "locustes",
+        "sauterelles"
+      ],
+      "description": "Locusts, grasshoppers (mostly Acrididae and Pyrgomorphidae), crickets (Gryllidae) and katydids (Tettigoniidae) are insects of the order Orthoptera. Many are edible and more than 80 species of locusts, grasshoppers and crickets are consumed worldwide for human food in Africa, South America and Asia. They may be part of the normal diet, or delicacies sold by street vendors. They are eaten at home or in restaurants, both in rural and urban areas ."
+    },
+    {
+      "feed_name": "Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor)",
+      "english_names": [
+        "dried mealworms",
+        "mealworm",
+        "mealworm meal",
+        "mealworms",
+        "yellow mealworm"
+      ],
+      "french_names": [
+        "ténébrion meunier",
+        "ver de farine"
+      ],
+      "description": "Mealworms are the larvae of two species of darkling beetles of the Tenebrionidae family, the yellow mealworm beetle , and the smaller and less common dark or mini mealworm beetle . Mealworm beetles are indigenous to Europe and are now distributed worldwide. Tenebrio molitor is a pest of grain, flour and food stores, but often not of much importance since populations are quite small . Mealworms are easy to breed and feed, and have a valuable protein profile. For these reasons, they are produced industrially as feed for pets and zoo animals, including birds, reptiles, small mammals, batrachians and fish. They are usually fed live, but they are also sold canned, dried, or in powder form ."
+    }
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file