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matrix-game-rag / rag-data /toward-serious-matrix-games.html

move rag data to rag-data folder (and out of the gitignored folder data/) and add langchain-community to requirements.txt

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	<title>Toward serious matrix games \| PAXsims</title>
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	<h2 class="title">Toward serious matrix games</h2>

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	Posted by <span class="author"><a href="https://paxsims.wordpress.com/author/rexjbrynen/" title="Posts by Rex Brynen" rel="author">Rex Brynen</a></span> on <span class="time">21/09/2014</span>
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	<p><em>In recent weeks PAXsims has reviewed a new book on <a href="https://paxsims.wordpress.com/2014/09/20/review-matrix-games-for-modern-wargaming/" target="_blank">Matrix Games for Modern Wargaming</a>, and also offered an<a href="https://paxsims.wordpress.com/2014/09/01/isil-matrix-game-aar/" target="_blank"> after action review</a> of a recent matrix game in the UK that examined the current political and military situation in northern Iraq. Today we’re pleased to feature a guest blog post by <strong>Ben Taylor</strong> in which he further explores the value of such games for policy analysis and decision support.</em></p>
	<p><em>Ben Taylor is Team Leader for Strategic Planning Operations Research at the <a href="http://www.drdc-rddc.gc.ca/en/science-tech/research-analysis.page" target="_blank">Centre for Operational Research and Analysis</a>, Defence Research and Development Canada. The views expressed below are those of the author and not necessarily those of DRDC.</em></p>
	<p style="text-align:center;">* * *</p>
	<p>Matrix games exist in a space between conventional rules-based wargames and role-playing games. Rather than have complex rules to cover all the possible actions players can undertake matrix games tend to be very light on rules and instead allow players to make structured arguments as to what actions are undertaken and what results occur. The players, guided by an umpire as to what is plausible or probable, collectively built a narrative. Since players can make arguments as to why another player’s proposed course of action will, or will not, succeed the game has elements of both cooperation and competition.</p>
	<p>Matrix games can be liberating in that they avoid the need for lots of charts and tables and complex calculations to resolve actions. If the players and umpire agree that something is plausible and likely to work, then it is likely that it will work and the umpire can rule on whether it turns out as planned by a single roll of the dice. This construct allows players who understand the context of a game very well to explore the situation very quickly without cumbersome game mechanics. On the other hand, as Hollywood action movies teach us, historical accuracy and the laws of physics can be set aside in favour of a good story line. If too much violence is done to reality then a matrix game, however much fun to play, will provide the players with few useful insights into the subject of the game. How then do we design a matrix game that is useful as a serious tool?</p>
	<p><strong>Games for experts</strong></p>
	<p>Real experts in a subject may not need the artificial construct of a matrix game to have a meaningful and useful discussion on the subject. They may find however that the competitive structure of the game does force them to think through strategies and their strengths and weaknesses. For such a group the role of the umpire is simply to translate the interaction between the players into the matrix argument format and to let the players drive the game.</p>
	<p><strong>Games without experts</strong></p>
	<p>When setting up a game with a group of players who are not experts in the subject of the game, or who have a mix of levels of expertise, then the designer has other issues to consider. Do non-expert players need more or less discussion around the game? On the one hand they are less familiar with the scenario and the actors and so would benefit from building more shared understanding. On the other hand non-experts talking to one another could just lead to groupthink and building a consensus around false assumptions.</p>
	<p>It is likely that more thought need be given to keeping the players grounded in the subject without them feeling overly constrained.</p>
	<p>Providing players with a rich ‘primer’ of background information will make it easier to role-play. Time spent creating the ‘back story’ for even actors in fictitious conflicts will likely be time well spent. The primer should provide a rich context from which to role-play rather than just the key elements of the current situation and objectives.</p>
	<p><strong>Non-player roles</strong></p>
	<p>Three distinct non-player roles can be identified in matrix games. Each of which is critical in ensuring a useful outcome from a serious game:</p>
	<ul>
	<li>Game owner – the individual for whom the game is being run. This could be the boss if it is being used for a training application or a study director if the game forms part of an analysis exercise.</li>
	<li>Game controller (or umpire) – the individual charged with making the game work, to administer the rules and to make assessments on the resolution of actions.</li>
	<li>White Cell – one or more individual subject matter experts (SMEs) who provide injects into the game to maintain realism.</li>
	</ul>
	<p>The game controller is critical to the success of any matrix game. The skills required include those of a facilitator – to ensure that everyone gets to speak at the appropriate time and nobody dominates –as well as the arbiter of all of the arguments proposed by players. It is essential that the game controller is even-handed and consistent in his or her rulings and application of the rules so that they do not skew the flow of the game. A good game controller can coach less experienced players without guiding their play, which will help the game achieve its intended purpose. The controller may allow a practice round of arguments to help players settle in before starting the game proper. This would help avoid any poor first turn choices by inexperienced players.</p>
	<p>The game owner should resist the temptation to inject new events into the game (e.g. “the bridge being used by the aid convoys has collapsed”)? This may be useful in forcing players to investigate specific problems, but on the other hand the owner can be accused of forcing a preferred result or conclusion. The former issue may be a positive in a training or education context, but the latter is troublesome in an analytical game.</p>
	<p>The white cell (which could be one or more people depending upon the scale of the game) should be able to inject events, or even introduce new arguments and/or reasons into the game. This would be less problematic than allowing the owner to intervene as the white cell’s role is to make sure the game has the right ‘look and feel’, not that it achieves a preconceived result. Nudging the game toward realistic course of events may be necessary from time to time.</p>
	<p>The game controller should not be able to inject events or argument as his/her role is to run the game mechanics. The only exceptions would be:</p>
	<ul>
	<li>If it is made clear that the umpire is also the white cell and is so permitted to add reasons for or against player actions.</li>
	<li>The scenario has scripted actions (e.g. if the capital falls then new rebel units immediately appear, or on turn 4 a flood washes away the bridge to the northern province).</li>
	</ul>
	<p><strong>Pregame actions</strong></p>
	<p>In some cases players could be allowed one or more pregame actions. These would be limited to setting precedents for later and could not be used to change the physical start state of the scenario or to counter any special bonuses or penalties described in the scenario briefing materials. In many cases these could be interpreted as clarifying the start state where the scenario briefing materials are silent. For example the following arguments could be made:</p>
	<ul>
	<li>Action: NATO has deployed a naval task group to the area. Result: +1 on future actions supported by air strikes or amphibious forces</li>
	<li>Action: Insurgency has infiltrated Army command. Result: -1 on future army actions to target insurgency units.</li>
	</ul>
	<p>The reason for doing this would be to allow players to refine the starting situation before anyone starts making actions to move or attack anywhere. Once this happens other players may feel forced to respond with their own moves. Some players may be in a position where they could gain advantage by forcing the game to quickly escalate on turn one.</p>
	<p>There should be limits on the number of such actions and a number of them may be secret actions (i.e. known only to the player and the controller). The umpire, white cell and game owner might need to have the ability to veto pre-game arguments.</p>
	<p><strong>Scenario Design</strong></p>
	<p>The design of the scenario, that is the description of the starting situation and any maps and playing pieces used to depict the situation, is clearly critical in providing the context through which the players interact. Very careful thought needs to be given to what information is provided as it may shape player perceptions and lead them to certain courses of action. For example, if one described a failed state intervention scenario and put lots of refugee markers on the map that may guide players into treating it as primarily a humanitarian mission. But if the same scenario was described but players shown no refugee markers but lots of hidden weapon cache markers then that may cause players to treat it as a counter-insurgency mission?</p>
	<p>Is there a type of scenario that a matrix game is particularly well-suited (or poorly suited) to? Strictly one-sided (government vs. nature in a domestic disaster relief operation), two-sided, multi sided, straight forward shooting war, complex hybrid failed state environment? The opportunity for direct interactions between players to cut deals would suggest that this game type is well suited to multi-sided complex operating environments. Conversely using them for two-sided combat scenarios may be a weaker application (although examples of these have been played in the recreational gaming community). Note that it is always possible to convert a one-sided or two-sided scenario into a multi-sided scenario by splitting sides up into factions that are competing at some level and which may have slightly different objectives (e.g. different allied nations of a coalition, different services, different government agencies or political leaders within the same nation).</p>
	<p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>
	<p>A matrix game may be a powerful tool in exploring the dynamics of a scenario through forcing them to articulate arguments as to what would happen and thus build a narrative. If the intention is to draw observations for serious purposes or to use the game to teach an understanding of the scenario then there are steps that can be taken to make the game more robust. Game designers must always keep in mind why the game is being run in the first place.</p>
	<p style="text-align:right;"><em>Ben Taylor </em></p>
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	<cite class="fn"><a href="http://www.wargaming.co/" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Tom Mouat</a></cite> <a href="https://paxsims.wordpress.com/2014/09/21/toward-serious-matrix-games/#comment-8742">10/10/2014 at 10:30 am</a>
	<div class="comment-body"><p>I have to say, as one of the co-authors of Matrix Games for Modern Wargaming, that I found this one of the most helpful articles on Matrix Games I have seen – the articulation of insights that have been tugging away at the dim corners of my brain is simply excellent and I’m very grateful!</p>
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	<caption>September 2014</caption>
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	<th scope="col" aria-label="Monday">M</th>
	<th scope="col" aria-label="Tuesday">T</th>
	<th scope="col" aria-label="Wednesday">W</th>
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	<tr><td><a href="https://paxsims.wordpress.com/2014/09/01/" aria-label="Posts published on September 1, 2014">1</a></td><td>2</td><td><a href="https://paxsims.wordpress.com/2014/09/03/" aria-label="Posts published on September 3, 2014">3</a></td><td><a href="https://paxsims.wordpress.com/2014/09/04/" aria-label="Posts published on September 4, 2014">4</a></td><td>5</td><td>6</td><td><a href="https://paxsims.wordpress.com/2014/09/07/" aria-label="Posts published on September 7, 2014">7</a></td>
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	<td><a href="https://paxsims.wordpress.com/2014/09/08/" aria-label="Posts published on September 8, 2014">8</a></td><td>9</td><td>10</td><td><a href="https://paxsims.wordpress.com/2014/09/11/" aria-label="Posts published on September 11, 2014">11</a></td><td><a href="https://paxsims.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/" aria-label="Posts published on September 12, 2014">12</a></td><td><a href="https://paxsims.wordpress.com/2014/09/13/" aria-label="Posts published on September 13, 2014">13</a></td><td>14</td>
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	<td><a href="https://paxsims.wordpress.com/2014/09/15/" aria-label="Posts published on September 15, 2014">15</a></td><td>16</td><td>17</td><td>18</td><td><a href="https://paxsims.wordpress.com/2014/09/19/" aria-label="Posts published on September 19, 2014">19</a></td><td><a href="https://paxsims.wordpress.com/2014/09/20/" aria-label="Posts published on September 20, 2014">20</a></td><td><a href="https://paxsims.wordpress.com/2014/09/21/" aria-label="Posts published on September 21, 2014">21</a></td>
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	<td><a href="https://paxsims.wordpress.com/2014/09/22/" aria-label="Posts published on September 22, 2014">22</a></td><td>23</td><td><a href="https://paxsims.wordpress.com/2014/09/24/" aria-label="Posts published on September 24, 2014">24</a></td><td>25</td><td>26</td><td>27</td><td>28</td>
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	<td><a href="https://paxsims.wordpress.com/2014/09/29/" aria-label="Posts published on September 29, 2014">29</a></td><td>30</td>
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	</nav></div></div><div id="linkcat-643923807" class="widget widget_links"><h3 class="widget-title">Associations</h3>
	<ul class='xoxo blogroll'>
	<li><a href="https://www.adfwga.com">Australian Defence Force Wargaming Group</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://www.connections-netherlands.nl" rel="noopener" title="Connections Netherlands professional wargaming conference" target="_blank">Connections Netherlands</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://paxsims.wordpress.com/connections-north/" title="Connections North professional wargaming conference">Connections North (Canada)</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://connectionsoz.wordpress.com" rel="noopener" title="Connections Oz professional wargaming conference" target="_blank">Connections Oz (Australiasia)</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.professionalwargaming.co.uk" rel="noopener" title="Connections UK professional wargaming conference" target="_blank">Connections UK</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://connections-wargaming.com" rel="noopener" title="Connections US wargaming conference" target="_blank">Connections US</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://www.guwargaming.org" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Georgetown University Wargaming Society</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.igda.org/" rel="noopener" title="The International Game Developers Association is the largest non-profit membership organization serving individuals that create video games." target="_blank">International Game Developers Association</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://isaga.com" rel="noopener" title="https://isaga.com" target="_blank">International Simulation and Gaming Association</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://www.mors.org/Communities/Communities-of-Practice/Wargaming" rel="noopener" target="_blank">MORS Wargaming Community of Practice</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://nasaga.org" rel="noopener" target="_blank">North American Simulation and Gaming Association</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.sagset.org/" rel="noopener" title="Society for the Advancement of Games and Simulation in Education and Training" target="_blank">SAGSET</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://sgnfr.wordpress.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Serious Games Network – France</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.sisostds.org" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Simulations Interoperability Standards Organization</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://www.ukfightclub.co.uk" rel="noopener" target="_blank">UK Fight Club</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.usafight.club" rel="noopener" title="USA Fight Club Wargaming Group" target="_blank">USA Fight Club Wargaming Group</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://womenswargaming.org" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Women's Wargaming Network</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://zenobiaaward.org">Zenobia Award</a></li>

	</ul>
	</div>
	<div id="linkcat-16096215" class="widget widget_links"><h3 class="widget-title">Institutions (public and commercial)</h3>
	<ul class='xoxo blogroll'>
	<li><a href="https://adersim.info.yorku.ca" rel="noopener" title="ADERSIM at York University" target="_blank">Advanced Disaster, Emergency and Rapid Response Simulation</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://www.boozallen.com/expertise/consulting/wargames-and-exercise-design.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Booz Allen Hamilton—experiential analytics</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.breakawaygames.com/serious-games/solutions/social/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">BreakAway—serious games</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://islandnet.com/~ltmurnau/text/mygames.htm" rel="noopener" title="A list of commercial conflict simulation by designer Brian Train." target="_blank">Brian Train-game designs</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.civicmirror.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Civic Mirror</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://www.cnas.org/gaming-lab">CNAS Gaming Lab</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.consimworld.com/" rel="noopener" title="Conflict simulation gaming news and discussion." target="_blank">ConSimWorld</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.decisive-point.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Decisive Point</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.fablusi.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Fabulsi—online roleplay simulations</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://fierydragon.com/dragonsbreath/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Fiery Dragon Productions</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://sites.tufts.edu/issp/simulex/" title="Each year, ISSP conducts SIMULEX, a major crisis management exercise in which participants assume the roles of national policy makers in an international scenario.">Fletcher School/Tufts University—SIMULEX</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://www.matrixgames.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Fort Circle Games</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.gamepolitics.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">GamePolitics</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.wargaming.co" rel="noopener" target="_blank">History of Wargaming Project</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.imaginetic.net">Imaginetic</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk/research/wargaming-network" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Kings College London—Kings Wargaming Network</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://lbsconsultancy.co.uk/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">LBS – Professional Wargaming</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://www.lecmgt.com" title="Blog of LECMgt, a company specializing in wargaming and crisis management training.">LECMgt</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.mcmun.org/" rel="noopener" title="McMUN is Canada’s premier university-level model United Nations simulation, bringing together approximately 1400 students annually." target="_blank">McGill Model UN</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.mcsgroup.org/" rel="noopener" title="Modern Conflict Studies Group" target="_blank">MCS Group</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://megagamemakers.uk" rel="noopener" title="A loose association of game designers who club together to set up and run large multi-team, multi-player simulations and wargames." target="_blank">MegaGame Makers</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.modsimworldconference.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">MODSIM World conference</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://www.movesinstitute.org/" title="Modeling, Virtual Environments, and Simulation (MOVES) Institute">Naval Postgraduate School—MOVES Institute</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://casl.ndu.edu/" title="The Center designs, develops and conducts strategic-level games and exercises to provide experiential learning In support of the teaching objectives of the National Defense University.">NDU—Center for Applied Strategic Learning</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://nusbacher.com">Nusbacher & Associates</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://www.nutspublishing.com/eshop/index.php">Nuts! Publishing</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.peacemakergame.com/" rel="noopener" title="A political simulation of the Arab-Israeli conflict." target="_blank">Peacemaker Game</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://persuasivegames.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Persuasive Games</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.planpolitik.de" rel="noopener" target="_blank">PlanPolitik</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.rand.org/capabilities/methods-centers/gaming.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">RAND Center for Gaming</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.seriousgames.dk" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Serious Games Interactive</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://www.slitherine.com">Slitherine Software</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.statecraftsim.com" rel="noopener" title="Online international relations simulation." target="_blank">Statecraft</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://www.stonepaperscissors.co.uk" rel="noopener" title="Insight through play." target="_blank">Stone Paper Scissors</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://www.strategyandtacticspress.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Strategy and Tactics Press</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.track-4.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Track4</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.uiccs.org" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Utrecht Institute for Crisis and Conflict Simulation</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://valensglobal.com">Valens Global</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://wargamingcommunity.wordpress.com" rel="noopener" title="A community of practice for practitioners of wargaming-related disciplines." target="_blank">Wargaming Connection</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.wikistrat.com/blog/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Wikistrat blog</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://worldpeacegame.org" rel="noopener" target="_blank">World Peace Game Foundation</a></li>

	</ul>
	</div>
	<div id="linkcat-185636" class="widget widget_links"><h3 class="widget-title">Journals and Publications</h3>
	<ul class='xoxo blogroll'>
	<li><a href="http://www.battlesmagazine.com">Battles Magazine</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.c3iopscenter.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">C3i Magazine</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.eludamos.org/index.php/eludamos/index">Eludamos: Journal of Computer Game Culture</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.gamejournal.it" rel="noopener" target="_blank">GAME: The Italian Journal of Game Studies</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.igi-global.com/journal/international-journal-gaming-computer-mediated/1125" rel="noopener" target="_blank">International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://journalofroleplaying.org/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">International Journal of Role-Playing</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://www.halldale.com/publications/3-military-simulation-training" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Military Training & Simulation</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://journals.openedition.org/sdj/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Sciences du jeu</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://sag.sagepub.com/" title="An Interdisciplinary Journal of Theory, Practice and Research">Simulation & Gaming</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.sagepub.com/journals/Journal201959">The Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.defensenews.com/section/TSJ/Training-Simulation-Journal">Training & Simulation Journal</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://paper.li/f-1336584021" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Virtual Training & Simulation News</a></li>

	</ul>
	</div>
	<div id="linkcat-16039835" class="widget widget_links"><h3 class="widget-title">Simulations and Games</h3>
	<ul class='xoxo blogroll'>
	<li><a href="http://activelearningps.com" rel="noopener" title="The goal of the blog is to provide resources and ideas for using active learning techniques in the political science classroom and to promote general discussion about innovative teaching methods." target="_blank">Active Learning in Political Science</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://reacting.barnard.edu" title="“Reacting to the Past” (RTTP) consists of elaborate games, set in the past, in which students are assigned roles informed by classic texts in the history of ideas.">Barnard College—Reacting to the Past</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://BestDelegate.com/" rel="noopener" title="Model UN tips and strategy." target="_blank">Best Delegate</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://www.beyondintractability.org/educationtraining/exercises-and-simulations" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Beyond Intractability—Exercises and Simulations</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://boardgamegeek.com/" rel="noopener" title="The leading resource and online community on boardgames of all sorts," target="_blank">BoardGameGeek</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.classwargames.net/" rel="noopener" title="Class Wargames is an avant-garde movement of artists, activists, and theoreticians engaged in the production of works of ludic subversion in the bureaucratic society of controlled consumption." target="_blank">Class Wargames</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://caho.columbia.edu/main/sim/index.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Columbia American History Online—classroom simulations</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://organizinggame.org/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Community Organizing Toolkit—game</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.consimworld.com" rel="noopener" title="Supporting the wargaming community since 1996." target="_blank">ConSimWorld</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.crisp-berlin.org/" rel="noopener" title="RISP – Crisis Simulation for Peace e. V. – facilitates seminars and trainings dealing with conflict management and political participation. With the use of simulation games enirched by role-play elements CRISP aims for a self organizing, holistic, and h" target="_blank">CRISP: Crisis Simulation for Peace</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://games.commons.gc.cuny.edu/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">CUNY Games Network</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.gamesforchange.org/game/darfur-is-dying/" rel="noopener" title="Web-based educational and advocacy game on the situation in Darfur." target="_blank">Darfur is Dying—game</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.economicsnetwork.ac.uk/themes/games.htm">Economics Network—classroom experiments and games</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.ecbproject.org/resources/library/tag/Simulations+Materials" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Emergency Capacity Building project — simulation resources</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://eurowargames.wordpress.com/" rel="noopener" title="The history, state and future of professional and public (war)gaming in Europe." target="_blank">EuroWarGames</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://gamedesignconcepts.wordpress.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Game Design Concepts</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.gametheory.net/" rel="noopener" title="A resource for educators and students of game theory." target="_blank">Game Theory .net</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://gameful.org/">Gameful</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://moerg.wordpress.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Games & Social Networks in Education</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.gamesforchange.org" rel="noopener" title="Games for Change (G4C) provides support, visibility and shared resources to organizations and individuals using digital games for social change. This is the primary community of practice for those interested in making digital games about the most pressing" target="_blank">Games for Change</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://osu-geogames.blogspot.com/" rel="noopener" title="Thoughts on web-map-gaming." target="_blank">GeoGame</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://giantbattlingrobots.blogspot.com" rel="noopener" title="The mathematics and statistics of games" target="_blank">Giant Battling Robots</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://masstrails.com/mrap4/global-justice-game/the-game/" rel="noopener" title="The Global Justice Game is intended as a tool for the global justice movement to use in training activists and for critical pedagogy in teaching undergraduate courses on globalization issues." target="_blank">Global Justice Game</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://grognews.blogspot.com" rel="noopener" title="International military news and wargames" target="_blank">Grog News</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://gunsdicebutter.libsyn.com" title="Wargaming podcasts.">Guns, Dice, Butter</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.bogost.com/" rel="noopener" title="Video game theory, criticism, and design." target="_blank">Ian Bogost</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://ict4peace.wordpress.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">ICT for Peacebuilding</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.jvwresearch.org" rel="noopener" title="Published by the Virtual Worlds Research Consortium." target="_blank">Journal of Virtual Worlds Research</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.islandnet.com/~ltmurnau/lilwars.htm" rel="noopener" title="Wargame designer Brian Train’s webpage, devoted to “links to other useful gaming places and to some home-made games, scenarios and variants I have cooked up over the years.”" target="_blank">Little Wars</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://brtrain.wordpress.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Ludic Futurism</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.ludology.libsyn.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Ludology</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.mikecosgrave.com/blog2006/?p=115" rel="noopener" title="Wargame design class" target="_blank">Mike Cosgrove—wargame design class</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://web.mit.edu/publicdisputes/teach/list.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">MIT-Harvard Public Disputes Program—simulation materials</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://mssv.net" rel="noopener" target="_blank">MSSV</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.simulationinformation.com" title="The National Center for Simulation is a member supported non-profit organization formed in 1993 as the link among the defense industry, government, and academia on behalf of the entire simulation, training, and modeling community.">National Center for Simulation</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/NSDM-The-National-Security-Decision-Making-Game-187557132044/" rel="noopener" title="The National Security Decision Making (NSDM) Game is a fast-paced, challenging simulation of contemporary politics and eternal strategic principles. It is modeled after the simulations used by senior U.S. Government officials to explore geopolitical optio" target="_blank">National Security Decision-Making game</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://megagamemaker.com" title="Musings and discussion on designing games">No Game Survives…</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.nasaga.org/" rel="noopener" title="A network of professionals working on the design, implementation, and evaluation of games and simulations to improve learning results in all types of organizations." target="_blank">North American Simulation and Gaming Association</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.oilshockwave.com/" rel="noopener" title="Online materials to enable college instructors to hold an energy policy simulation in the classroom." target="_blank">Oil Shockwave Simulation</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.paxwarrior.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Pax Warrior</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://pervasivegames.wordpress.com/" rel="noopener" title="Creatings a theoretical and design-oriented way of understanding pervasive games…" target="_blank">Pervasive Games: Theory and Design</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.playthepast.org/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Play the Past</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://playthinklearn.net" rel="noopener" title="Playful thoughts on games and learning." target="_blank">Play Think Learn</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.purplepawn.com" rel="noopener" title="Gaming news" target="_blank">Purple Pawn</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.seriousgamesatwork.org">Serious Games at Work</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://sgnfr.wordpress.com" rel="noopener" title="Serious Games Network France" target="_blank">Serious Games Network France</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.strategikon.info" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Strategikon (French)</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://tag.hexagram.ca" rel="noopener" title="The research centre in Technoculture, Art and Games (TAG) is an interdisciplinary collaboration platform for research/creation in game studies and design, digital culture and interactive art based at Concordia University in Montreal." target="_blank">Technoculture, Art, and Games</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://terranova.blogs.com/terra_nova/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Terra Nova (Simulation + Society + Play)</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://cove.army.gov.au/" rel="noopener" title="The Australian Army’s professional development website, with many wargaming articles." target="_blank">The Cove: Wargaming</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://theforge.defence.gov.au/wargaming" rel="noopener" title="The Forge is an online hub supported by the Australian Defence College. It includes a series of articles on wargaming." target="_blank">The Forge Wargaming Series</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.jesperjuul.net/ludologist/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">The Ludologist</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://theopenendedmachine.blogspot.com/" title="The Open-Ended Machine is a game framework inspired from the MATRIX game system that aim to allow to adjudicate open-ended games with easy to use mechanics. ">The Open-Ended Machine</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.tiltfactor.org" rel="noopener" title="The Tiltfactor™ Laboratory is a conceptual design lab that researches, designs, launches, and published games and interactive experiences related to technology and human values." target="_blank">Tiltfactor</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.mapsymbs.com/wargames.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Tom Mouat's wargames page</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.eusimulations.org/" title="EuroSim is an annual international, intercollegiate simulation of the European Union (EU). This conference brings together over 225 students and faculty from more than 20 colleges and universities in the United States and Europe.">Trans-Atlantic Consortium for European Union Studies & Simulations</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://www.usip.org/simulations" rel="noopener" target="_blank">United States Institute for Peace—Simulations</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.icons.umd.edu/" title="The ICONS Project at the University of Maryland is an experiential learning program that uses customized Web-based tools to support educational simulations and simulation-based training.">University of Maryland—ICONS Project</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.ms.army.mil" rel="noopener" target="_blank">US Army—Modelling and Simulation</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://ict.usc.edu/" title="Center devoted to producing virtual humans, computer training simulations and immersive experiences for decision-making, cultural awareness, leadership and health.">USC—Institute for Creative Technologies</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.wargamespace.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Wargame_[space]</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://grognard.com/" title="‘Grognard’ is slang for someone who likes playing wargames. ‘Web-Grognards’ therefore has a unique collection of various conflict simulation game (i.e. wargame) information, including (but not limited to) rules errata and variants, game reviews and links">Web Grognards</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://zoi.wordherders.net/" rel="noopener" title="A game studies blog (mostly tabletop) by Matthew Kirschenbaum." target="_blank">Zones of Influence</a></li>

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