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stage1_ingestion.py β Load, unify, deduplicate, and persist all datasets.
Reads from five dataset sources (ISOT, LIAR, Kaggle Combined / News_dataset,
Multi-Domain / overall, and supplementary training folder), maps them into a
single canonical schema, performs Sentence-BERT deduplication, and writes the
result to ``data/processed/unified.csv`` together with label-distribution
statistics in ``data/processed/stats.json``.
Usage:
python -m src.stage1_ingestion # from fake_news_detection/
python src/stage1_ingestion.py # direct execution
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import json
import logging
import os
import sys
import time
import uuid
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
from urllib.parse import urlparse
import pandas as pd
import yaml
# ββ Ensure project root is on sys.path when running directly ββ
_SCRIPT_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
_PROJECT_ROOT = _SCRIPT_DIR.parent
if str(_PROJECT_ROOT) not in sys.path:
sys.path.insert(0, str(_PROJECT_ROOT))
from src.utils.deduplication import deduplicate_dataframe # noqa: E402
from src.utils.text_utils import clean_empty_texts, build_full_text, word_count
# βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
# Logger
# βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
logging.basicConfig(
level=logging.INFO,
format="%(asctime)s β %(levelname)-8s β %(name)s β %(message)s",
datefmt="%H:%M:%S",
)
logger = logging.getLogger("stage1_ingestion")
# βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
# Config loader
# βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
def load_config(config_path: Optional[str] = None) -> dict:
"""Load the YAML configuration file.
Args:
config_path: Explicit path to ``config.yaml``. Falls back to
``<project_root>/config/config.yaml`` if not provided.
Returns:
Parsed configuration dictionary.
"""
if config_path is None:
config_path = str(_PROJECT_ROOT / "config" / "config.yaml")
with open(config_path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as fh:
cfg = yaml.safe_load(fh)
return cfg
# βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
# Schema constants
# βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
UNIFIED_COLUMNS = [
"article_id",
"title",
"text",
"source_domain",
"published_date",
"has_date",
"binary_label",
"dataset_origin",
]
# βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
# Helper: extract domain from URL
# βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
def extract_domain(url: Optional[str]) -> str:
"""Extract the domain (netloc) from a URL string.
Args:
url: Raw URL (may be ``None`` or malformed).
Returns:
Domain string such as ``"reuters.com"`` or ``"unknown"``.
"""
if not url or not isinstance(url, str):
return "unknown"
url = url.strip()
if not url.startswith(("http://", "https://")):
url = "http://" + url
try:
netloc = urlparse(url).netloc
# Strip leading 'www.'
if netloc.startswith("www."):
netloc = netloc[4:]
return netloc if netloc else "unknown"
except Exception:
return "unknown"
def _try_parse_date(val) -> pd.Timestamp:
"""Attempt to parse a value into a pandas Timestamp.
Args:
val: Any date-like value.
Returns:
``pd.Timestamp`` or ``pd.NaT`` on failure.
"""
if pd.isna(val):
return pd.NaT
try:
return pd.to_datetime(val)
except Exception:
return pd.NaT
# βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
# Dataset-specific loaders
# βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
def load_isot(dataset_root: str) -> pd.DataFrame:
"""Load the ISOT Fake Real News dataset (``True.csv`` + ``Fake.csv``).
Located at ``<dataset_root>/fake_real/``.
Args:
dataset_root: Path to the top-level Dataset folder.
Returns:
DataFrame in the unified schema.
"""
t0 = time.perf_counter()
logger.info("Loading ISOT dataset β¦")
base = os.path.join(dataset_root, "fake_real")
true_path = os.path.join(base, "True.csv")
fake_path = os.path.join(base, "Fake.csv")
df_true = pd.read_csv(true_path)
df_true["binary_label"] = 1
df_fake = pd.read_csv(fake_path)
df_fake["binary_label"] = 0
df = pd.concat([df_true, df_fake], ignore_index=True)
# Columns: title, text, subject, date
records: List[dict] = []
for _, row in df.iterrows():
pub_date = _try_parse_date(row.get("date"))
records.append({
"article_id": str(uuid.uuid4()),
"title": str(row.get("title", "") or ""),
"text": str(row.get("text", "") or ""),
"source_domain": "unknown", # ISOT has no URL column
"published_date": pub_date,
"has_date": not pd.isna(pub_date),
"binary_label": int(row["binary_label"]),
"dataset_origin": "isot",
})
result = pd.DataFrame(records, columns=UNIFIED_COLUMNS)
logger.info(
"ISOT loaded: %d rows (True=%d, Fake=%d) in %.1fs",
len(result),
(result["binary_label"] == 1).sum(),
(result["binary_label"] == 0).sum(),
time.perf_counter() - t0,
)
return result
# βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
# LIAR label mapping
_LIAR_LABEL_MAP = {
"true": 1,
"mostly-true": 1,
"half-true": 1,
"false": 0,
"barely-true": 0,
"pants-fire": 0,
}
_LIAR_COLNAMES = [
"id", "label", "statement", "subject", "speaker",
"job_title", "state", "party",
"barely_true_cnt", "false_cnt", "half_true_cnt",
"mostly_true_cnt", "pants_fire_cnt",
"context",
]
def load_liar(dataset_root: str) -> pd.DataFrame:
"""Load the LIAR dataset (``train.tsv``, ``valid.tsv``, ``test.tsv``).
Six-class labels are mapped to binary via ``_LIAR_LABEL_MAP``.
Args:
dataset_root: Path to the top-level Dataset folder.
Returns:
DataFrame in the unified schema.
"""
t0 = time.perf_counter()
logger.info("Loading LIAR dataset β¦")
base = os.path.join(dataset_root, "liar")
frames: List[pd.DataFrame] = []
for fname in ("train.tsv", "valid.tsv", "test.tsv"):
fp = os.path.join(base, fname)
if os.path.exists(fp):
tmp = pd.read_csv(fp, sep="\t", header=None, names=_LIAR_COLNAMES)
frames.append(tmp)
logger.info(" %s: %d rows", fname, len(tmp))
df = pd.concat(frames, ignore_index=True)
records: List[dict] = []
for _, row in df.iterrows():
label_str = str(row.get("label", "")).strip().lower()
binary = _LIAR_LABEL_MAP.get(label_str)
if binary is None:
continue # Skip rows with unrecognised labels
records.append({
"article_id": str(uuid.uuid4()),
"title": "", # LIAR has no title
"text": str(row.get("statement", "") or ""),
"source_domain": "politifact.com", # All LIAR data from PolitiFact
"published_date": pd.NaT,
"has_date": False,
"binary_label": binary,
"dataset_origin": "liar",
})
result = pd.DataFrame(records, columns=UNIFIED_COLUMNS)
logger.info(
"LIAR loaded: %d rows (True=%d, Fake=%d) in %.1fs",
len(result),
(result["binary_label"] == 1).sum(),
(result["binary_label"] == 0).sum(),
time.perf_counter() - t0,
)
return result
# βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
def load_kaggle_combined(dataset_root: str) -> pd.DataFrame:
"""Load the Kaggle Combined / News_dataset folder.
This folder mirrors the ISOT structure (``True.csv``, ``Fake.csv``).
Args:
dataset_root: Path to the top-level Dataset folder.
Returns:
DataFrame in the unified schema.
"""
t0 = time.perf_counter()
logger.info("Loading Kaggle Combined (News_dataset) β¦")
# Note: The actual folder has a trailing space: "News _dataset"
base = os.path.join(dataset_root, "News _dataset")
if not os.path.isdir(base):
# Fallback without space
base = os.path.join(dataset_root, "News_dataset")
frames: List[pd.DataFrame] = []
for fname in os.listdir(base):
fpath = os.path.join(base, fname)
if not fname.lower().endswith(".csv"):
continue
try:
tmp = pd.read_csv(fpath)
except Exception as exc:
logger.warning("Could not read %s: %s", fpath, exc)
continue
# Detect label
name_lower = fname.lower()
if "true" in name_lower or "real" in name_lower:
tmp["binary_label"] = 1
elif "fake" in name_lower:
tmp["binary_label"] = 0
elif "label" in [c.lower() for c in tmp.columns]:
# Dynamic: if there's a label column, try to map
label_col = [c for c in tmp.columns if c.lower() == "label"][0]
tmp["binary_label"] = tmp[label_col].apply(
lambda x: 1 if str(x).strip().lower() in ("1", "true", "real") else 0
)
else:
logger.warning("Cannot determine label for %s β skipping.", fname)
continue
frames.append(tmp)
logger.info(" %s: %d rows", fname, len(tmp))
if not frames:
logger.warning("No CSV files found in Kaggle Combined folder.")
return pd.DataFrame(columns=UNIFIED_COLUMNS)
df = pd.concat(frames, ignore_index=True)
# Detect column names dynamically
col_map = {c.lower().strip(): c for c in df.columns}
title_col = col_map.get("title")
text_col = col_map.get("text") or col_map.get("article") or col_map.get("content")
date_col = col_map.get("date") or col_map.get("published_date")
records: List[dict] = []
for _, row in df.iterrows():
pub_date = _try_parse_date(row.get(date_col)) if date_col else pd.NaT
records.append({
"article_id": str(uuid.uuid4()),
"title": str(row.get(title_col, "") or "") if title_col else "",
"text": str(row.get(text_col, "") or "") if text_col else "",
"source_domain": "unknown",
"published_date": pub_date,
"has_date": not pd.isna(pub_date),
"binary_label": int(row["binary_label"]),
"dataset_origin": "kaggle_combined",
})
result = pd.DataFrame(records, columns=UNIFIED_COLUMNS)
logger.info(
"Kaggle Combined loaded: %d rows (True=%d, Fake=%d) in %.1fs",
len(result),
(result["binary_label"] == 1).sum(),
(result["binary_label"] == 0).sum(),
time.perf_counter() - t0,
)
return result
# βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
def _load_txt_folder(folder: str, label: int) -> List[dict]:
"""Read all ``.txt`` files in *folder* and return a list of record dicts.
The first non-empty line is treated as the title; the remainder is the
body text.
Args:
folder: Directory containing ``.txt`` article files.
label: Binary label (0 = Fake, 1 = True) to assign.
Returns:
List of dicts suitable for DataFrame construction.
"""
records: List[dict] = []
if not os.path.isdir(folder):
return records
for fname in sorted(os.listdir(folder)):
if not fname.endswith(".txt"):
continue
fpath = os.path.join(folder, fname)
try:
with open(fpath, "r", encoding="utf-8", errors="replace") as fh:
lines = fh.read().strip().splitlines()
except Exception:
continue
title = lines[0].strip() if lines else ""
body = "\n".join(lines[1:]).strip() if len(lines) > 1 else ""
records.append({
"article_id": str(uuid.uuid4()),
"title": title,
"text": body,
"source_domain": "unknown",
"published_date": pd.NaT,
"has_date": False,
"binary_label": label,
"dataset_origin": "multi_domain",
})
return records
def load_multi_domain(dataset_root: str) -> pd.DataFrame:
"""Load the Multi-Domain Fake News dataset (``overall/`` folder).
Structure::
overall/overall/
fake/ β .txt files (label 0)
real/ β .txt files (label 1)
celebrityDataset/
fake/ β .txt files (label 0)
legit/ β .txt files (label 1)
Args:
dataset_root: Path to the top-level Dataset folder.
Returns:
DataFrame in the unified schema.
"""
t0 = time.perf_counter()
logger.info("Loading Multi-Domain dataset β¦")
base = os.path.join(dataset_root, "overall", "overall")
records: List[dict] = []
# Main fake / real folders
records.extend(_load_txt_folder(os.path.join(base, "fake"), label=0))
records.extend(_load_txt_folder(os.path.join(base, "real"), label=1))
# Celebrity sub-dataset
celeb = os.path.join(base, "celebrityDataset")
records.extend(_load_txt_folder(os.path.join(celeb, "fake"), label=0))
records.extend(_load_txt_folder(os.path.join(celeb, "legit"), label=1))
result = pd.DataFrame(records, columns=UNIFIED_COLUMNS)
logger.info(
"Multi-Domain loaded: %d rows (True=%d, Fake=%d) in %.1fs",
len(result),
(result["binary_label"] == 1).sum(),
(result["binary_label"] == 0).sum(),
time.perf_counter() - t0,
)
return result
# βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
def load_training_folder(dataset_root: str) -> pd.DataFrame:
"""Load supplementary training data from ``training/training/``.
Structure mirrors multi-domain with sub-datasets ``celebrityDataset``
and ``fakeNewsDataset``, each containing ``fake/`` and ``legit/`` folders.
Args:
dataset_root: Path to the top-level Dataset folder.
Returns:
DataFrame in the unified schema.
"""
t0 = time.perf_counter()
logger.info("Loading supplementary training folder β¦")
base = os.path.join(dataset_root, "training", "training")
records: List[dict] = []
for subdir in ("celebrityDataset", "fakeNewsDataset"):
sub_path = os.path.join(base, subdir)
if not os.path.isdir(sub_path):
continue
fake_recs = _load_txt_folder(os.path.join(sub_path, "fake"), label=0)
legit_recs = _load_txt_folder(os.path.join(sub_path, "legit"), label=1)
for r in fake_recs + legit_recs:
r["dataset_origin"] = f"training_{subdir}"
records.extend(fake_recs + legit_recs)
logger.info(" %s: %d fake + %d legit", subdir, len(fake_recs), len(legit_recs))
result = pd.DataFrame(records, columns=UNIFIED_COLUMNS)
logger.info(
"Training folder loaded: %d rows (True=%d, Fake=%d) in %.1fs",
len(result),
(result["binary_label"] == 1).sum(),
(result["binary_label"] == 0).sum(),
time.perf_counter() - t0,
)
return result
# βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
def load_testing_dataset(dataset_root: str) -> pd.DataFrame:
"""Load the sacred hold-out Testing_dataset (never used for training).
Structure::
Testing_dataset/testingSet/
fake/ β .txt files (label 0)
real/ β .txt files (label 1)
The catalog CSVs in this folder provide metadata; the actual article
bodies live in the ``fake/`` and ``real/`` sub-folders.
Args:
dataset_root: Path to the top-level Dataset folder.
Returns:
DataFrame in the unified schema with ``dataset_origin = "testing"``.
"""
t0 = time.perf_counter()
logger.info("Loading Testing dataset (hold-out) β¦")
base = os.path.join(dataset_root, "Testing_dataset", "testingSet")
records: List[dict] = []
fake_recs = _load_txt_folder(os.path.join(base, "fake"), label=0)
real_recs = _load_txt_folder(os.path.join(base, "real"), label=1)
for r in fake_recs + real_recs:
r["dataset_origin"] = "testing"
records.extend(fake_recs + real_recs)
# Optionally enrich with catalog metadata
for catalog_name, label in [("Catalog - Fake Articles.csv", 0), ("Catalog - Real Articles.csv", 1)]:
cat_path = os.path.join(base, catalog_name)
if os.path.exists(cat_path):
try:
cat = pd.read_csv(cat_path)
logger.info(" Catalog %s: %d entries", catalog_name, len(cat))
except Exception as exc:
logger.warning(" Could not read catalog %s: %s", catalog_name, exc)
result = pd.DataFrame(records, columns=UNIFIED_COLUMNS)
logger.info(
"Testing dataset loaded: %d rows (True=%d, Fake=%d) in %.1fs",
len(result),
(result["binary_label"] == 1).sum(),
(result["binary_label"] == 0).sum(),
time.perf_counter() - t0,
)
return result
# βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
# Main ingestion pipeline
# βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
def run_ingestion(cfg: dict) -> pd.DataFrame:
"""Execute the full Stage 1 ingestion pipeline.
Steps:
1. Load all five dataset sources.
2. Concatenate into a single DataFrame.
3. Run Sentence-BERT deduplication.
4. Persist ``unified.csv`` and ``stats.json``.
Args:
cfg: Parsed config dictionary (from ``config.yaml``).
Returns:
The final unified (deduplicated) DataFrame.
"""
pipeline_t0 = time.perf_counter()
logger.info("β" * 60)
logger.info(" STAGE 1 β INGESTION START")
logger.info("β" * 60)
dataset_root = os.path.abspath(
os.path.join(str(_PROJECT_ROOT), cfg["paths"]["dataset_root"])
)
logger.info("Dataset root resolved to: %s", dataset_root)
# ββ Step 1 : Load each dataset βββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
t0 = time.perf_counter()
df_isot = load_isot(dataset_root)
df_liar = load_liar(dataset_root)
df_kaggle = load_kaggle_combined(dataset_root)
df_multi = load_multi_domain(dataset_root)
df_training = load_training_folder(dataset_root)
df_testing = load_testing_dataset(dataset_root)
load_time = time.perf_counter() - t0
logger.info("All datasets loaded in %.1fs", load_time)
# ββ Step 2 : Concatenate βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
t0 = time.perf_counter()
all_frames = [df_isot, df_liar, df_kaggle, df_multi, df_training, df_testing]
df_unified = pd.concat(all_frames, ignore_index=True)
logger.info(
"Unified dataset: %d rows (concat took %.1fs)",
len(df_unified), time.perf_counter() - t0,
)
# Log per-origin counts
origin_counts = df_unified["dataset_origin"].value_counts()
for origin, cnt in origin_counts.items():
logger.info(" %-30s %6d rows", origin, cnt)
# ββ Prep βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
# FIX 1: Exclude Sacred Hold-out from Dedup
test_mask = df_unified["dataset_origin"] == "testing"
test_df = df_unified.loc[test_mask].copy()
train_pool_df = df_unified.loc[~test_mask].copy()
# FIX 3: Remove empty/near-empty texts from training ONLY
min_word_count = cfg.get("preprocessing", {}).get("min_word_count", 3)
train_before = len(train_pool_df)
train_pool_df = clean_empty_texts(train_pool_df, min_word_count=min_word_count)
empty_dropped = train_before - len(train_pool_df)
# Flag short texts in test_df instead of dropping them
test_full = test_df.apply(lambda r: build_full_text(r.get("title", ""), r.get("text", "")), axis=1)
test_df["short_text_flag"] = test_full.apply(word_count) < min_word_count
short_test_flagged = int(test_df["short_text_flag"].sum())
logger.info("Sacred test rows preserved: %d (flagged %d short texts)", len(test_df), short_test_flagged)
# ββ Step 3 : Deduplication βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
dedup_cfg = cfg.get("dataset", {})
threshold = dedup_cfg.get("dedup_threshold", 0.92)
batch_size = dedup_cfg.get("dedup_batch_size", 64)
train_pool_df["_dedup_text"] = (
train_pool_df["title"].fillna("") + " " + train_pool_df["text"].fillna("")
).str.strip()
mask_has_text = train_pool_df["_dedup_text"].str.len() > 10
df_with_text = train_pool_df.loc[mask_has_text].copy()
df_no_text = train_pool_df.loc[~mask_has_text].copy()
logger.info(
"Dedup candidates (train pool): %d rows with text, %d skipped (too short)",
len(df_with_text), len(df_no_text),
)
if len(df_with_text) > 0:
exact_counts = len(df_with_text) - len(df_with_text.drop_duplicates(subset=["_dedup_text"]))
df_deduped, dedup_stats = deduplicate_dataframe(
df_with_text,
text_column="_dedup_text",
threshold=threshold,
batch_size=batch_size,
origin_column="dataset_origin",
)
total_removed = len(df_with_text) - len(df_deduped)
semantic_counts = total_removed - exact_counts
else:
df_deduped = df_with_text
dedup_stats = {}
exact_counts = 0
semantic_counts = 0
train_pool_deduped = pd.concat([df_deduped, df_no_text], ignore_index=True)
train_pool_deduped.drop(columns=["_dedup_text"], inplace=True, errors="ignore")
# FIX 2: Stratified Holdout Carve-out
holdout_cfg = cfg.get("holdout", {})
stratified_test_size = holdout_cfg.get("stratified_test_size", 0.10)
random_state = holdout_cfg.get("random_state", 42)
from sklearn.model_selection import StratifiedShuffleSplit
sss = StratifiedShuffleSplit(n_splits=1, test_size=stratified_test_size, random_state=random_state)
train_pool_deduped = train_pool_deduped.reset_index(drop=True)
train_idx, held_idx = next(sss.split(train_pool_deduped, train_pool_deduped['binary_label']))
stratified_holdout = train_pool_deduped.iloc[held_idx].copy()
train_pool_final = train_pool_deduped.iloc[train_idx].copy()
stratified_holdout['dataset_origin'] = 'stratified_holdout'
logger.info("Train pool after carve-out: %d", len(train_pool_final))
logger.info("Stratified holdout: %d", len(stratified_holdout))
logger.info("Sacred test set: %d", len(test_df))
train_pool_final['short_text_flag'] = False
stratified_holdout['short_text_flag'] = False
df_final = pd.concat([
train_pool_final,
stratified_holdout,
test_df
], ignore_index=True)
logger.info("Post-dedup and split total: %d rows", len(df_final))
# ββ Step 4 : Ensure types ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
df_final["published_date"] = pd.to_datetime(
df_final["published_date"], errors="coerce"
)
df_final["has_date"] = df_final["published_date"].notna()
df_final["binary_label"] = df_final["binary_label"].astype(int)
# ββ Step 5 : Save unified CSV + stats ββββββββββββββββββββ
processed_dir = os.path.join(str(_PROJECT_ROOT), cfg["paths"]["processed_dir"])
os.makedirs(processed_dir, exist_ok=True)
csv_path = os.path.join(processed_dir, "unified.csv")
df_final.to_csv(csv_path, index=False)
logger.info("Saved unified CSV β %s (%d rows)", csv_path, len(df_final))
# Stats
stats = {
"total_rows": len(df_final),
"train_pool_rows": len(train_pool_final),
"stratified_holdout_rows": len(stratified_holdout),
"sacred_test_rows": len(test_df),
"fake_count": int((df_final["binary_label"] == 0).sum()),
"true_count": int((df_final["binary_label"] == 1).sum()),
"has_date_ratio": float(df_final["has_date"].mean()),
"empty_texts_dropped": empty_dropped,
"short_text_flagged_in_test": short_test_flagged,
"dedup_removed_exact": exact_counts,
"dedup_removed_semantic": semantic_counts,
"per_origin": df_final["dataset_origin"].value_counts().to_dict(),
"dedup_stats": {k: int(v) for k, v in dedup_stats.items()}
}
stats_path = os.path.join(processed_dir, "stats.json")
with open(stats_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as fh:
json.dump(stats, fh, indent=2, default=str)
logger.info("Saved stats β %s", stats_path)
pipeline_elapsed = time.perf_counter() - pipeline_t0
logger.info("β" * 60)
logger.info(" STAGE 1 β INGESTION COMPLETE (%.1fs total)", pipeline_elapsed)
logger.info("β" * 60)
return df_final
# βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
# __main__ block for standalone testing
# βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
if __name__ == "__main__":
cfg = load_config()
df = run_ingestion(cfg)
print("\n=== Final Unified Dataset ===")
print(f"Shape: {df.shape}")
print(f"\nLabel distribution:\n{df['binary_label'].value_counts()}")
print(f"\nOrigin distribution:\n{df['dataset_origin'].value_counts()}")
print(f"\nhas_date ratio: {df['has_date'].mean():.2%}")
print(f"\nSample rows:\n{df.head(3).to_string()}")
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